Database Management Systems

Database Design (2)

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 Topics
 Data Base Design
 Logical Design (Review)
 Physical Design
 Entity Relationship (ER) Model to Relational Model
 Entity
 Relationship
 Attributes

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 Database Design
 Database design is the process of producing a detailed data
model of a database.
 Database design includes:
 Determining data to be stored
 Determining main entities and their attributes
 Determining relationships between entities
 Designing a suitable model to store them

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 Logical and Physical Design
 Logical design is about gathering requirements and converting
those requirements into a model.
 Physical design is the process of converting the logical model into
database tables.

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 Converting E-R Model into Relational
Model
 Each entity in an E-R model is converted to a table in
relational model.
 The attributes of the entity become fields of the table
 Primary key is given by the identifiers of the entity

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 Sample E-R Model

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 Example
CREATE Table Employee
(
Code Integer PRIMARY KEY,
Surname Char(30),
Salary Integer,
Age Integer
)

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 One-to-One Relationships
 One-to-one relationships are defined as attributes.
 e.g. Book  ISBN : Each book has only one ISBN and each
ISBN represents only one book. ISBN should be an attribute
for book.

 For restricting access to sensitive data, some attributes can be

stored in a second table.
 User and Password have a one-to-one relationship. Password
should be an attribute for the user but we generally create a
new table as <UsrID,Password>

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 One-to-Many Relationships (1)
 One-to-many relationships are defined as foreign keys.
 e.g. An employee is a member of one department
A department has many members
In employee table define attribute dept to show the department
of each employee. dept is a foreign key referring to
Department.

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 One-to-Many Relationships (2)
 If relation has attributes then we have to define it as a table.
 e.g. The relationship Membership between Employee and
Department has “start date” attribute.
 The relationship which is defined as a table can store the history of a
relationship.
 The primary keys of both entities and the attributes of the
relationship are added to the table

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 Example
Create Table Membership
( EmpCode Number references Employee(code),
DeptName char(20) references
department(name),
startDate date,
position char(30),
PRIMAR KEY ( EmpCode, DeptName, startDate)
)

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 Many-to-Many Relationships
 All many to many relationships are defined as tables.
 e.g. Student  Course
 A student takes many courses and a course is taken by many
students
 The primary key of both entities are added to the table
 <StudentID, CourseCode,Year-Semester, Grade>

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 Recursive Relationships
 Recursive relationships are defined as a foreign key attribute.
 e.g.
Human < ID, Name, Surname, Birth Date, Sex, Father >
Father is a foreign key to table Human (recursive)

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 Ternary Relationships
 Ternary relationships are defined as a table.

 The primary key of three tables are included in the table

 e.g. A client borrows a book from a library

entities are: Client, Book, Library
Borrow < BookID, ClientID, LibID, Date,..>

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 Composite Attributes
 Composite attributes are defined as a table
 The primary key of the composite attribute table is added to
the table using it as foreign key.
 e.g. Address<Street, HouseNumber, PostCode>
PostCode is primary key
 Person <Surname, Age, Sex, PostCode >
PostCode is foreign key

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 Summary
 Database design is the process of modeling data in an
information system.
 E-R model is converted into relational tables in physical
design.
 Entities and many-to-many relationships, and one-to-many
relationships with attribute in E-R model are converted to
tables.

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 Questions?

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 Term Projects
 Follow the following steps in your term project:
 Choose your teammate (groups of two at most)
 Choose a title, e.g. Library Database
 Send your team members, project title by email to me.

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 Term Projects
 Create a list of data items that will be stored in your
project. For example, in library project, you may ask the
library. Items need not be put in any order.
 Find and list all entities.
 Find the attributes of entities (the attributes are data
items that you already found)
 Define restrictions for each attribute (e.g. Number of
digits in student ID, range of values for Age attribute, …)

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 Term Projects
 Define relationships between entities and their types (Explain
how you found the type of the relationships)
 Create Entity-Relationship (ER) model of your database.
 Create necessary tables for your database.
 Show in which normal forms your tables are.

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 Term Projects
 Design necessary queries based on the requirements of the
project
 Write necessary SQL commands to create tables and queries
 Write a report for your project (put all steps explained
above)
 Implement your project using a DBMS (Oracle, MS-SQL,
MySQL, MS-Access, … )

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 Term Projects
Evaluation
 Gathering data items (10)
 Defining entities, the attributes of the entities, the
restrictions on the attributes (15)
 Relationships (10)
 ER model (10)
 Queries (15)
 Implementation (15)
 Report (10)
 Presentation (15) (is necessary)
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 Presentations
 Will be during the last week of the semester starting from
June 15th
 The presentation schedule is posted on the webpage of the
course.

Database Management Systems, Roya

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