Attachment 24

Report on the Gully Analysis

 Assessment Report on Existing Gullies in Inle Lake Watershed

1 Background and Objective

The flow of soil and sand into Inle Lake is a serious situation, which is said to be caused by
gully erosion in the upstream area of Inle Lake. However, the extent of gully erosion is
uncertain, and quantitative evaluation has not been carried out yet. Therefore, the aim of this
study is to determine the distribution of gully erosion in the upstream areas of Inle Lake (Kalaw,
Negya, Namlet, and Upper Balu basins) by interpreting gullies on satellite images and map
them.

2 What Is Gully Erosion?

Gully erosion is a form of erosion by rainwater and refers to ravines formed by the action of
water. The scale varies from large to small.

Source: http://muses.muses.tottori-u.ac.jp/dept/F/dept/F/erosion/water%20erosion.htm

Gully erosion in the Inle Lake Basin (Kalaw)

3 Target of the Gully Mapping

The target area of gullies mapping is Kalaw, Negya, Namlet and Upper Balu basins, with total
surface area about 2,900km2.

App. - 3 - 1
 Map of basins in Inle Lake area.

4 Gully Interpretation and Mapping Method

4.1 Interpretation Method

Gully mapping was carried out according to the specifications and instructions descried below.

App. - 3 - 2
4.1.1 Minimum mapping unit and satellite data used
The minimum mapping unit was 5mm in length (about 25m in actual size on the ground)
with a scale of 1/5000 on a computer display. Images used for the mapping is ArcGIS
Online images (copyright-free, commercially available).

4.1.2 Mapping Procedure

i. Interpretation was carried out for each sub-basin.
ii. Enlarged target sub-basin to about 1/15,000, and checked the presence or absence of
gully erosion.
iii. Enlarged the site of gully erosion to 1/5000 and drawn a line at the center of gully
erosion (with reference to the Shape File of river system map and the gully chart
provided by Dr. Furuchi).
iv. Enter satellite image information to the attributes of GIS data for each sub-basin
(satellite name (Description, source_info), date of shooting (Date), and resolution
(Resolution))

4.1.3 General mapping instruction

‧ Make sure to snap the line when gullies are connected.
‧ If gully is present across sub-basins, a line should be drawn across the sub-basins.
‧ For areas that could not be seen due to clouds, create polygons of the clouds.

OK NG

Gully Line

4.2 Order of interpretation

(1) Kalaw 3 blocks (to finish the work first, being a priority area)
(2) Namlet 4 blocks, Negya1 block, and Upper Balu 3 blocks (worked in parallel)

4.3 Quality control

Second check of all interpreted gullies was performed.

4.4 Outputs
(1) A set of shape file (.shp) of gully map (all the gullies in the target area are compiled in one shape
file)

App. - 3 - 3
 (2) Set of cloud area polygons (.shp)
(3) Small basin polygon (.shp) (satellite image information entered as attribute information)

4.5 Interpretation key

Test interpretation and field ground truth survey were carried out, and interpretation keys were prepared as
follows.

(1) Large-scale gully

Characteristics
Gully line
‧ Branched, wide
‧ With or without vegetation

Mapping instruction
‧ Draw a line from the head of gully toward the center

App. - 3 - 4
(2) Waterway with vegetation

Characteristics
‧ Water channel on a flat land or with little slope
‧ Vegetation is grown along the channel

Mapping instruction
‧ Draw a line in the center of the channel
‧ Do not acquire lines for satellite images that show water

App. - 3 - 5
(3) Waterway without vegetation

Characteristics
‧ Lie on a relatively flat area
‧ Grayish in color
‧ No vegetation is seen, but grooves (shadow) are visible

Mapping instruction
‧ Draw a line in the center of the channel
‧ If water is visible on satellite image, line shall not be drawn

(4) Surface erosion

App. - 3 - 6
Characteristics
‧ It is found in hilly areas with a slight slope.
‧ The color of the soil can be clearly visible.
‧ Difficult to see the groove.

Mapping instruction
‧ Determine the groove (with shadow) that has been confirmed.
It is not necessary to overtake.

The following two features are susceptible to be wrongly interpreted as gully, so pay utmost
attention to them not to draw them as gully line:
・ Road

After reaching the fields and villages, its width is still constant (i.e. a road does not taper but
a gully does taper).

App. - 3 - 7
・ Vegetation planted along the field

Vegetation planted around the field is often not a gully.

4.6 Results

The gully interpretation chart, the gully density division chart, and the distribution of the
acquisition date of the images used for gully interpretation are given below.

Table 1 Overall results of gulley interpretation1

Gross extension of Gully density
River basin Total land area (ha)
gully (m) (m/ha)
Namlet 119,509.98 650,786 5.45
Negya 25,594.19 235,897 9.22
Kalaw 76,385.14 566,122 7.41
Upper Balu 72,007.20 242,480 3.37

Looking at the overall averages, the Negya basin had the highest gully densities, followed by
the Kalaw, the Namlet, and the Upper Balu. Looking at the density profile for each small basin,
it was in the southeastern part of Kalaw that the small basin with a gully density of 20m/ha or
more was the most gully concentrated area. In the northwestern part of the Namlet upstream
region, there is also a concentration of gullies. Satellite images were compared in southeastern
Kalaw and northwestern Namlet (Fig. 4). In the southeastern part of Kalaw, gully is located in
a gently sloping hills, which is wide, and branched. It can also be seen from the satellite image
that it is deep. Gullies in northwestern Namlet are mainly located in mountains, with dense
vegetation and slightly narrower widths. It was confirmed that the southeastern part of Kalaw
has large gullies and the severity of gully is also high.

App. - 3 - 8
Figure 1 Gully Map1

App. - 3 - 9
Figure 2. Gully Density Map (m/ha)2

App. - 3 - 10
Figure 3. Satellite Image Date (ESRI, Satellite Image on ArcGIS Online, spatial resolution 0.3-0.5
m)3

App. - 3 - 11
 Gully in the upper part of the Namlet: It is seen in a steep part of the mountain. The
gully width is not very large.

Gully in the lower part of the Kalaw: it is seen on relatively loose slopes of hills. The gully is wide, and
the soil color can be seen from place to place.
Figure 4. Comparisons of gullies in northwestern 4 Namlet and southeastern Kalaw4

App. - 3 - 12
5 Gully Type Category

5.1 Gully Type Legend Definition

In order to analyze the results of the gully interpretation in more detail, the gully type
classification was performed as follows. An example of the Gully Type Legend Table
and by Type is shown below.

Table 2: Legend Table of Gully Types2

No Gully type Place of Scale Vegetation Remarks
occurrence conditions
1 Natural waterway type Flat About 2m of Grass, shrub,
width and bare land
2 Mountain type Mountains ― Including those
with severe
surface erosion

3 Medium-sized vegetation Hilly area 5~15m Grass, shrub, Those whose

mold and tall trees depth can be
4 Medium-sized Hilly area 5~15m Bare land confirmed
vegetation-free type comparing with 1
5 Large-scale vegetation Hilly area 15 m or Grass, shrub, and 2
mold more and tall trees

6 Large-scale vegetation- Hilly area 15 m or

free more

(Source: gully_digitized_wrev. shp/field: g_type_12)

App. - 3 - 13
○ Gully Type No. 1: Natural waterway type
Flat areas, mainly surrounding areas of agricultural land, are shallow and thin (All satellite images are on the same scale).

App. - 3 - 14
○ Gully type number 2: mountain type
It is located in a steep mountain area and is shallow and thin. Also included in this type is a pattern around which surface erosion can be clearly seen (see 7).

App. - 3 - 15
○ Gully Type Numbers 3, 4, 5, and 6: Medium to Large-Scale Large-scale vegetation No medium-sized
It is found in hilly areas and deeper than natural waterway type and mountain area type. (Shadows vegetation
can be clearly seen on satellite images).
The scale was discriminated by the range, and the existence of vegetation was classified as the existence
of vegetation is over 80% of the whole small basin.

No large-scale
vegetation

App. - 3 - 16
5.2 Gully type classification results
The tabulation results for each type category and for each basin, and the Gully Type
Category Chart are shown below. The most common of the gulley types were 1: native
waterway type, followed by 5: large-scale vegetation type. Looking at each basin, the
Namlet basin is mostly of the 1: natural waterway type, and mountainous types are
distributed in mountains in northern and southern parts of the basin, and the medium to
large-scale type was scarcely observed. The Negya basin is 1: natural waterway type, 2:
mountainous type on the east side, and medium to large-scale type on the west side. In
particular, many large-scale vegetation types are distributed. In the Kalaw basin, large-
scale gullies are concentrated in the southeastern region, and some large-scale vegetation-
free types are concentrated in some areas. In the Upper Balu basin, medium to large-scale
types were concentrated in the northeastern part of the basin, and many other types of
waterway type and mountainous type were observed.
Table 3. Gully length for each gully type category and for each basin3
Upper
No. Gully type Namlet Negya Kalaw Total
Balu
1 Natural waterway type 494,896 28,054 32,162 53,928 610,071
2 Mountain type 142,074 69 11,347 4,998 158,754
Medium-sized vegetation
3 13,815 74,417 83,872 64,658 236,762
mold
Medium-sized vegetation-
4 0 16,637 21,633 9,989 48,259
free type
5 Large-scale vegetation mold 0 80,316 262,922 87,144 430,382
Large-scale vegetation-free
6 0 36,404 154,186 21,762 214,763
type
Total 650,786 235,897 566,122 242,480 1,698,992

The results of typing superimposed on geological and forest cover maps are shown in
Figures 6 and 7. Looking at geological maps, large-scale gullies are predominantly
located on the limestone plateau (Plateau Limestone Group) of the Triassic period.
Among the limestone plateaus that extend from Kalaw to Upper Balu, large gullies are
found in the southeastern part of the Kalaw basin, with few forests found in the vicinity
and covered by agricultural land. On the other hand, in the eastern part of the Upper Balu
basin, which has similar geological characteristics, there are relatively fewer gullies, but
the surrounding forest cover status shows that there are more forests than in the Kalaw.

App. - 3 - 17
Figure 5. Gully Type Segment Diagram

App. - 3 - 18
Figure 6. Gully Type Classification and Geological Map Superimposition5

App. - 3 - 19
Figure 7. Superimposition of Gully Type Category and Forest Covering Diagram6

App. - 3 - 20
 Attachment 25
Community Forestry Promotion
Plan
 Community Forestry (CF) Promotion Plan

1. Current Condition
1.1. Overall view of CF
In Myanmar, Community Forestry (CF) is a legal instrument to involve communities in forest
management by granting formal endorsement and rights to communities on the control, use and
management of forest resources in their respective localities. The basic logic of CF is as follows:
1). Forests have been degraded by human activities as they are freely accessible to local
communities residing in the surrounding villages;
2). The first step of CF is to form a village-level institution with regulating rules on forest
management so that local communities could play an important role in protection,
regeneration, and management of the degraded forests on their own initiative. The
institutional set-ups at village level is often led by donor-funded projects, CSOs or other
outside institutions.
3). The conditions of degraded forests can be gradually improved by forest protection and
management activities done by the village-level institution; therefore forest products and
ecosystem services provided by forests in CF area can also be enhanced in the long run; and
4). In the initial stage, local communities may face difficulties in accessing forests, which may
further cause the limitation of livelihood opportunities especially for those most dependent
on forests, but they can have substantial benefits from forests once they are restored and
rehabilitated over the course of CF implementation.
Sustainable forest management means the sustainable management of the entire forest
ecosystem which encompasses forest depended communities. Hence, due consideration should
be given to the involvement of local communities in the planning and implementation of forest
management activities, to address local needs along with forest management and, more
importantly, to enhance a sense of ownership among local communities.
1.2. Objective of CF
According to the latest version of Community Forestry Instruction (2019), the objectives of the
Community Forestry are as follows:
✓ To provide forest and tree related basic needs such as wood and non-wood forest products
for local communities;
✓ To enhance employment and income opportunities for local community and reduce poverty;
✓ To increase forest covered area in a sustainable manner and to ensure sustainable utilization;
✓ To promote participatory forest management system; and
✓ To enhance environmental services that can support climate change mitigation and adaption
through preventing deforestation and forest degradation.
1.3. Main Activity in CF
The main CF activities which Forest Department (FD), NGOs and development partners have

1
conducted in the watershed so far are afforestation with provision of seedlings, patrolling to
control forest fires and illegal hunting, and planting of cash crops for income generating. On the
other hand, the benefits that local communities or members of CF Users Groups (CFUGs) expect
from CF are: protection of water sources, soil conservation, collection of firewood, collection
of branches for building of a house, planting of cash crops, and protection of traditional sacred
tree and natural resources in the localities.
1.4. Number of Existing CF Sites and Areas
The following table shows the number of existing CF in Taunggyi District as of 2018. As the
table indicates, Nyanshwe Township (NS) has the largest number and area of CF, followed by
Kalaw Township (KL). These two townships can be regarded as the significant areas in the
district in terms of CF support. In NS, the majority of CF areas are in reserved/protected forests,
while KL has CF areas in non-reserved/protected areas in addition to those in reserved/protected
forests.
Table 1.1 Number and Areas of CF in Taunggyi District in 2018
Reserved/ Protected Unclassified Forest
Grand
Natural Natural User
No. Township Type of CF Plantation Total Total Total Members
Forest Plantation Forest Groups
Acre Acre Acre Acre Acre Acre Acre
Normal CF - - - - 164.86 164.86 164.86 2 364
1 Taunggyi Encroachment 434.60 - 434.60 - - - 434.60 1 155
Total 434.60 - 434.60 164.86 164.86 599.46 3 519
Normal CF 430.28 1,641.07 2,071.35 - 7,266.60 7,266.60 9,337.95 88 3310
2 Kalaw Encroachment 1,666.23 - 1,666.23 - - - 1,666.23 16 832
Total 2,096.51 1,641.07 3,737.58 - 7,266.60 7,266.60 11,004.18 104 4142
Normal CF 402.00 3,063.00 3,465.00 - 6,764.00 6,764.00 10,229.00 40 1170
3 Pinlaung Encroachment 2,749.15 - 2,749.15 - - - 2,749.15 16 1303
Total 3,151.15 3,063.00 6,214.15 - 6,764.00 6,764.00 12,978.15 56 2473
Normal CF 11.00 - 11.00 - 6,230.03 6,230.03 6,241.03 26 3133
4 Pindaya Encroachment - - - - - - - 0 0
Total 11.00 - 11.00 - 6,230.03 6,230.03 6,241.03 26 3133
Normal CF 4,037.10 26,462.60 30,499.70 - 22.50 22.50 30,522.20 76 5421
Nyaung
5 Encroachment 5,909.46 - 5,909.46 - - - 5,909.46 37 2199
Shwe
Total 9,946.56 26,462.60 36,409.16 - 22.50 22.50 36,431.66 113 7620
Normal CF - - - - 10,709.98 10,709.98 10,709.98 40 2912
6 Ywar Ngan Encroachment - - - - - - - 0 0
Total - - - - 10,709.98 10,709.98 10,709.98 40 2912
Normal CF - - - - 2,156.15 2,156.15 2,156.15 6 467
7 Hsihseng Encroachment 8,205.10 - 8,205.10 - - - 8,205.10 18 1564
Total 8,205.10 - 8,205.10 - 2,156.15 2,156.15 10,361.25 24 2031
Normal CF - - - - - - - 0 0
8 Lawksawk Encroachment 4,820.64 - 4,820.64 - - - 4,820.64 14 946
Total 4,820.64 - 4,820.64 - - - 4,820.64 14 946
Normal CF - - - - - - - 0 0
Pekon Encroachment 670.00 - 670.00 - - - 670.00 12 161
9 Total 670.00 - 670.00 - - - 670.00 12 161
Grand
Total 29,335.56 31,166.67 60,502.23 - 33,314.12 33,314.12 93,816.35 392 23,937

Source: Taunggyi District FD, MONREC

1.5. Institutional Framework for Implementation of CF

CF is implemented under the responsibility of FD at national, state/region, district and township
levels. The institutional framework for implementation of CF is shown in Figure 1.1 below. The

2
roles and responsibilities of the respective actors in the framework are described below.
・ Community Forestry National Working
Director G’eneral’s Office
Group (CFNWG) is a semi-government
national coordinating platform established for
CF NWG
promotion of CF throughout the country.
CFNWG, chaired by Dy DG of FD and vice Extension Division (Head Office CF Unit)
chaired by a former DG of FD who is a leader of
an NGO in Myanmar, is composed of directors
of FD and representatives of national and State/Region
FD
international NGOs in Myanmar.
District FD (CF Working Group)
・ Head Office CF unit is responsible for
supervising, monitoring and evaluation and
Township FD
reporting of CF implementation in the country.
・ CF Working Groups at the district level Figure 1.1 Institutional Arrangement
(CFDWG) is the main body for CF of CF at FD, MONREC
implementation in the district. Assistant Director
of District FD who is the chairperson of CFDWG, is devolved to award the CF Certificates
to CF User Groups on behalf of DG of FD.
・ Towinship FD is responsible for CF promotion and management activities at field level in
collaboration with local communities.
As described above, the institutional structure for implementation of CF has been already in
place; however, the implementation of CF has been affected by the allocation of human and
financial resources for CF implementation. The FD officials at district and staff levels often have
several tasks at a time.
1.6. Budget of CF Promotion
No datum on budget allocation specifically for CF promotion was collected from the relevant
offices. In principle, there is a tendency that FD at township level has faced difficulties in
securing sufficient budget specifically for CF promotion, and often used the budget allocated
for afforestation, such as distribution of seedlings and plantation establishment, for CF
promotion.

2. Challenges in CF Promotion
Through a series of field visits, household interview survey, PRA and pilot activities conducted
by JET in collaboration with FD, some challenges are recognized. Key issues to be overcome
are outlined below.
(1). Budget Limitation at FD
Although field officers in FD are motivated to work for CF promotion, it is likely that they face
limitations of time and budget to cover the entire responsible area. While the cost for distribution
of seedling is likely to be covered by FD budget, other expenditures for CF field activities, such
as transportation to visit CF villages, workshops/ meetings with local communities in CF
villages, and conducts of field survey, seem to be limited in the budget. It has often led to the
improper or insufficient application of CFI at field level.

3
(2). Limited Sustainability of CF Users Groups (CFUGs)
In many cases, the sustainability of CFUGs is a crucial issue to be addressed. CFUGs are
supposed to be responsible for continuation of CF activities after obtaining CF certificates with
or without FD’s assistance. However, there are CFUGs which seem not to function mainly due
to the following reasons:
i) Limited understanding of the purpose of CF;
ii) Limited support from FD and other external organizations; and
iii) Limited financial resources of CFUGs for CF activities.
In general, projects supported by NGOs/ development partners can support local communities
and FD in the establishment and management of CF during the project period; however, the
support ends when the projects are finished and the responsibility for CF activities is handed
over to CFUGs and FD. FD has the essential task in terms of CF support, but the township level
FD also struggles with the limited human and financial resources as mentioned above.
(3). Lack of Awareness of CF
It has been often said that the carelessness of local villagers about environmental issues leads to
the mismanagement and overexploitation of natural resources. However, the surveys of JET, i.e.,
the household interview survey and PRA, revealed that local villagers in the Inle Lake watershed
seemed to recognize and understand well the importance of soil and water conservation. What
is needed for them would be the opportunity to get to know how to use CF for improvement of
local environment and livelihoods. For instance, there were cases that the majority of local
villagers did not know ‘CF’ itself, even though the village has had the CF certificate before. The
shortening of the process of CF introduction/ establishment is considered as one of the reasons
behind the less understanding of CF among local communities in CF villages.
(4). Lack of Collaboration among Stakeholders
The stakeholder analysis conducted by JET reveals that many organizations working in the Inle
Lake watershed have been involved in some way to environmental protection. At present, more
than 50 organizations, namely CSOs/NGOs, public institutions, development partners, and
private companies at national and international levels, are working for conservation of Inle Lake
environment. The same analysis also reveals that there are some overlapped in activities among
those working in the watershed; therefore, the NGOs participating in the stakeholder workshop
realized the necessity of coordinating their activities and cooperate with each other in terms of
the target area as well as activities. The same can be said to CF promotion. The more active
collaboration stakeholders could make, the more effective and efficient the approach to CF
promotion could be. CFUGs could have widespread support which would strengthen its capacity
for sustainable operations of CF if they could well coordinate and collaborate with one another.
(5). Limitation of Establishment of CF
As presented in Table 1.1 in Chapter 1.4, a majority of CFs are established in Reserved/Protected
Forest. CF can be introduced or established in Reserve Forest categorized as the local working
circle or protection working circle, while CF is not allowed to be established in the commercial
working circle in principle as such a type of Reserve Forest is part of the important state asset.
Hence, Reserved Forest categorized as the commercial working circle is supposed to be
protected by FD, particularly those at township level. In reality, it is not necessarily easy for the
4
township offices, particularly their field officers, to protect such a type of Reserved Forest as
the control area of one officer is too large to protect and each officer has many tasks to do.
Th pilot activity conducted by JET in Pha Yar Phyu village in Kalaw township has assisted
villagers in the introduction of CF in the part of the existing reserved forest, namely Aungban
Reserved Forest, near the village, since villagers of Pha Yar Phyu village have a strong intention
to protect the area as they recognize the values of forests in the area, such as protection of water
sources, reduction of potential risks of climate-related events (e.g., landslide and drought), and
maintenance of the scenery of the village. FD officers and JET also confirm in the field that
existing forests in the proposed area for CF have been damaged by human activities caused by
local communities from the surrounding villages.
Although the necessity of introduction of CF in the proposed area is the common understanding
of FD and JET to effectively protect the same, it is currently difficult to empower villagers of
Pha Yar Phyu village to protect and conserve the proposed area as Aungban Reserved Forest is
registered as the commercial reserved forest in 1986. There is no legal justification to allocate
the proposed area for management of local communities, particularly under the framework of
CF.

3. Pilot Activity of CF Introduction conducted by JET

JET has implemented the CF introduction in Pha Yar Phyu village as one of the pilot activities
of sustainable land and forest management under the design phase of Component 2. The outline
of the pilot activity is summarized below.
Items Descriptions
Location Aungbang Reserve Forest near Pha Yar Phy village
Timeframe August 2019 – January 2020
Purpose Introduction of CF in the part of reserve forest in accordance with the latest CFI with full
participation of local communities
Major activities The following meetings and activities have been conducted with local communities.
Steps Outline of the Work Timeframe
1. Consultation with ◼ Explain the purpose, activities, and expected 1 day
local communities benefits of the pilot activities to local
communities.
◼ Confirm their preference and acceptance of the
pilot activities.
2. Identification and ◼ Identify households / community members 1 day
selection of households who will participate in CFUG.
who participate in the ◼ Introduce major activities to be carried out by
activities members of CFUG.
3. Organization of ◼ Discuss vision, missions, objectives, and 2 days
CFUG functions of CFUG.
◼ Discuss roles and responsibilities of the
members and management group of CFUG.
◼ Selection of members of the management
group, i.e., Leader, Secretary, Casher, and 2
core members.
◼ Finalize the bylaw of CFUG.

5
 Items Descriptions
4. Identification of ◼ Assess the present land use using google earth 2 days
target areas for CF images or aerial photos of village.
◼ Identify the target area for CF in the google
earth image or aerial photos of village.
◼ Conduct the field survey of the identified areas
and demarcate the boundaries of the identified
areas on the ground.
◼ Develop a location map of the identified area
using google earth images or aerial photo of
village.
5. Preparation and ◼ Develop and submission an application form 3 days
submission of the for establishment of CF together with members
application for of CFUG.
establishment of CF ◼ Conduct the filed visit to the identified area for
validation of the application form.
6. Development of a ◼ Introduce and explain the purpose and contents 3 days
forest management of a forest management and activities required
plan for preparation of the plan.
◼ Assess the current situation of the CF area
together with members of CFUG.
◼ Discuss rules on management of forests, lands,
and other resources in the CF area.
◼ Identify necessary activities to be undertaken
for improvement and protection of existing
forests in the CF area.
◼ Develop a forest management plan together
with members of CFUG. (Arrange and hold a
series of meetings with members of CFUG.)
◼ Submit the forest management plan to FD.
7. Issuance of CF ◼ Approval of the forest management plan. 1 day
certificate ◼ Introduce the forest management plan,
particularly the rules on management of the CF
area to members of CFUG and other
households in the village.
8. Development of an ◼ Preparation of an annual work plan based on 2 days
annual work plan the forest management plan together with
members of CFUG.
Source: JICA Expert Team (2019)
Major Outputs The following outputs have been developed through a series of discussions and meetings with
local communities in Pha Yar Phyu village.
- By-laws of CFUG with vision, missions, and function of the group and roles of the
respective members of the group
- Forest management plan of the proposed area for CF
Total cost MKY 3,080,000
Source: JICA Expert Team (2020)

Owing to the participatory process taken in the pilot activity, local communities, particularly
local leaders of Pha Yar Phyu, seem to deepen their understanding of the objectives of CF as
well as the roles and responsibilities of CFUG for protection of forests in the proposed area. JET
also plans to conduct interviews to local leaders of Pha Yar Pyu village to confirm the
effectiveness of the process in February 2020.

6
4. CF Promotion Plan
4.1. Ten Years CF Establishment Plan (Master Plan of District)
As Nyaung Shwe and Kalaw townships covers the majority of the Inle Lake watershed, the CF
promotion plan hereafter targets the two township in principle. As the first step of the formation
of the promotion plan, JET has reviewed the existing 10-year CF Establishment Plan of the
district, which is described in Chapter 1.4 of this report. The following table presents the number
and area to be CF in the two townships. According to the plan, both the townships plans to
establish CF at 10-12 places (or 808-1,320 acres) annually on average in Reserved Forest.
Table 4.1 Ten years CF Establishment Plan at Kalaw/Pinlaung and Nyanshwe Township
Year 2017- 2018- 2019- 2020- 2021- 2022- 2023- 2024- 2025- 2026-
Township Avg.
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Number of CF
Kalaw, 1 10 6 3 6 10 22 19 13 12 10
Pinlaung
Nyaung 5 N/A N/A N/A 22 13 11 8 15 11 12
Shwe
Area of CF (acre)
Kalaw, 592.00 578.82 964.87 594.20 791.13 1,441.6 853.83 765.40 595.70 904.83 808.24
Pinlaung 5
Nyaung 1,821.5 1,077 1,205.0 2,088.3 1239.7 550.77 2,044 627.82 1,226.9 1,321.9 1,320.3
Shwe 9 5 9 3 7 2 2
Source: Ten years plan on CF establishment (2017-2027) at Taunggyi District FD, MONREC

Each township office has made efforts to achieve the targets set by the 10-year plan. According
to FD offices of NS and KL townships, they have worked for establishment of CF in their areas
in accordance with the plan. However, there might be a tendency that the process of CF
introduction is often short-cut or skipped or the involvement of local communities in the process
is limited or minimal.
For the reference, the following map (See Figure 4.1) highlights the establishment plan of CF
with number, location, areas at Nyaung Shwe and Kalaw townships. All locations are situated
in Reserved Forest.

7
Source: Taunggyi District FD, MONREC

Figure 4.1 CF Establishment at Nyanshwe and Kalaw Township

8
4.2. Scale-up Plan of CF for the Next Three Years
(1) Basic Concepts
Having referred to the existing plan, actual accomplishments in CF establishment in NS and KL
townships, and key challenges stated in Chapter 2, JET proposes a three-year CF scale-up plan
in consideration of the following points:
i) Contribution to the achievement of the district master plan;
ii) Ensuring of the sustainability of CFUGs (or Sufficient capacity enhancement of village
leaders and members of CFUGs) though application of the process/ procedures
demonstrated in the pilot activity during the design phase of Component 2;
iii) Contribution to sustainable land and forest management along with livelihood
improvement in the watershed;
iv) Establishment of CF not only in Reserved Forest but also outside Reserved Forest;
v) Enhancement of the capacity of technical and field officers of FD townships; and
vi) Development of a/ model/s of a new instrument for collaborative protected area
management or Joint Forest Management.
(2) Target Areas
Although the 10-year plan targets only Reserved Forest for CF promotion, it is important to
include existing forests outside Reserved Forest as they are also considered as important forest
resources remaining in the watershed. In addition to unclassified forests (forests outside
Reserved Forest), Reserved Forest classified as the commercial working circle, may also be
considered for a trial case of the collaborative forest management/ joint forest management. In
fact, Pha Yar Phyu village should be one of the target areas for implementation of the forest
management plan of the collaborative forest management.
(3) Five Years Targets
The following table shows the proposed number of CF promotion in NS and KL townships for
the next five years. Part of the targets might be implemented by the FD offices with technical
and financial support from Component 2 of FDSNR in the initial three years.
Table 4.2 Planned and Potential Number of CF Promotion
Year 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 Total.
Township
10-year plan Acre (No.) Acre (No.) Acre (No.) Acre (No.) Acre (No.) Acre (No.)
Kalaw, Pinlaung 594 (3) 791 (6) 1,442 (10) 854 (22) 765 (19) 4,446 (60)
Nyaung Shwe 2,088 (N/A) 1,240 (22) 551 (13) 2,044 (11) 628 (8) 6,551 (> 54)
Target with support of Component 2 No. No. No. No. No. No.
Kalaw <1 2 4 4 - - 10
Nyaung Shwe 2 4 4 - - 10
Note: The numbers include the implementation of the FMP in Pha Yar Phyu village.
Source: Ten years plan on CF establishment (2017-2027) at Taunggyi District FD, MONREC and JICA Expert Team
(2020)

The targets given above should be further reviewed and discussed with the NS and KL township
offices to check its validity in terms of financial and human resources of the offices. Due
consideration should also be given to quality of the works so as to make CFUGs operational and
sustainable even with less support from FD.
9
(4) Major Activities to be conducted in CF Promotion
The activities listed below should be carried out in target CF villages selected for CF promotion.
◼ Introduction of CF
◼ Implementation of CF FMP for 1~2 years
◼ Coordination with other stakeholders who may work in CF villages
◼ Review and revision of CF FMP (if necessary)
(5) Organizations involved in CF Promotion
FD township offices at NS and KL will be the main implementing bodies for CF promotion.
CFDWG and FD Taunggyi District will provide necessary policy and administrative support to
the township offices so that they could expand CF in their jurisdictional areas smoothly in a
proper manner. General Administration Department (GAD) and Department of Agricultural
Land Management and Statistics (DALMS) will be involved in the process when non-classified
forests are targeted for CF. Department of Agriculture (DoA) is expected to play a role in
supporting local communities in CF village for improvement of land management and crop
production. CSOs and other external organizations, e.g., development partners’ projects, are also
important players for CF promotion. Among others, Component 2 of FDSNR will directly assist
the FD offices in the implementation of the plan and the enhancement of capacity of their field
officers to scale up CF in a proper manner.
5. Key Elements for Way Forward
Discussed in chapters above, some key elements to be addressed are summarized as follows.
(1). Raising of Awareness among Local Communities in the Process of CF Establishment
Awareness raising among local communities, particularly local leaders of CF village, is essential
to the sustainability of CFUGs. Hence it is crucially important to involve local communities in
the process of CF establishment so that they could enhance their understanding of CF, their roles
and responsibilities for CF management along with the expected benefit, and forest management
activities to be conducted with assistance from FD. More importantly, they can enhance a sense
of ownership of CF area which encourages them to participate in forest management activities.
The more villagers understand the essence of CF, the more CF would be managed effectively
and sustainably by local community.
(2). Allocation of Sufficient Financial and Human Resources
As both the townships might not have sufficient human and financial resources to promote CF
in several villages in a year in accordance with the process of the CFI, as it would take
considerable time and expenditures as demonstrated in the pilot activity. It is, however,
meaningless to just increase the number of CFUGs without their sustainability. Hence, due
consideration should be given to the establishment of the implementation mechanism with
budget allocation sufficient for CF promotion. In the implementation phase of Component 2 of
FDSNR, JET will further communicate and collaborate with CFDWG so that it could develop a
work and budget plan for implementation of the CF promotion plan.
(3). Technical Transfer in CF Promotion

10
Another key element for successful CF promotion is to enhance the capacity of FD officers at
township and district levels, so that they could further scale up CF areas without assistance of
component 2 of FDSNR. Hence, the next three years should be used as opportunities for FD
technical and field officers to learn the way of introduction of CF and implementation of a CF
forest management plan. They could learn the process of CF introduction and implementation
through hands-on experience in the field with technical guidance of JET.
At the same time, due attention should be paid to the enhancement of capacity of local
communities, particularly members of CFUG management committee (CFUGMC), for
management, operations, and monitoring of CF. They would be the field managers of forest
resources on the ground; hence their capacities as well as sense of ownership should be enhanced
over the course of CF introduction and implementation in the initial stage.
(4). Collaboration among Stakeholders
It is difficult for FD or a single organization to satisfy all the needs of local communities or
cover a wide range of areas in the watershed. Hence, meaningful collaboration with/among
relevant stakeholders working in the Inle Lake watershed should be facilitated. They could
complement each other, and what is more, generate synergy effect, which may bring the bigger
impact on a large scale. In particular, local CSOs are keen to work together with other
stakeholders. As they are willing to work for local communities on a long-term basis and well
understand the local context in the respective localities, they should be treated as important
partners for sustainable development of CF villages in the Inle Lake watershed.
(5). Collaborative Forest Management in Reserved Forest
As pointed out in Chapter 2, there may be a need to develop a new community-based forest
management instrument applicable to production forest or protected area with a new legal
document. The experience of Pha Yar Phyu village would be a model case of the collaborative
protected area management or joint forest management, which is a community-based forest
management focusing more on protection and conservation of forest resources rather than
utilization.
It is, therefore, important to continuously support Pha Yar Phyu village in the implementation
of its forest management plan, namely reforestation in open areas, protection of existing forests,
and development of agroforestry models in encroachment areas, to assess the effectiveness of
the approach and extract lessons learned through the trial case.

11
 Attachment 26
Reports on
the Project Seminars
 Report
on
Kick-off Meeting of Component 2 of FDSNR
1. Project Name Component 2 of the Project for Capacity Building for Sustainable Natural
Resource Management (MONREC-JICA FDSNR Project)

2. Date 2nd August 2019

3. Venue Hupin Hotel, Khaung Daing

4. Attendees (Attached)

5. Agenda (Attached)

6. Main discussion points

(1) Open remarks and self-introduction

Opening Remarks by H.E. Minister of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation

The meeting was opened with the opening remarks made by Dr. Nyi Nyi Aung, the member of the
government of Shan State and the Minister for Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Conservation. In his remarks, he welcomed the participants and reiterated the Shan State Government’s
commitment to conserve the environment of Inle Lake as well as sustainable management of natural
resources in Inle Lake Basin. He also guaranteed the full support from the Shan State Government for
successful implementation of the project. His Excellency suggested that lessons from the past projects
implemented by various organizations in Inle Lake watershed be fully taken into account for
implementation of Component 2 of FDSNR. Finally, he expressed his appreciation to the organizer of the
meeting as well as his wishes that the participants in the meeting could have active discussions and
productive exchange of ideas for fruitful results.

Opening Remarks by H.E. Minister for Inthar Ethnic Affairs

Dr. Htun Hlaing, the member of Shan State Government and the Minister for Inthar Ethnic Affairs, stressed
the importance of six pillars of Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) in his opening remarks, namely,
i) Institutions, ii) Policies, iii) Participation, iv) Technologies, v) Information, and vi) Finance. He also
encouraged the relevant stakeholders to make full use of the knowledge and experiences gained through
the implementation of the JICA project so that they could become self-reliant in sustainable management
of Inle Lake watershed in the post project period. His Excellency concluded his opening remarks with his
appreciation to the Japanese Government and JICA for provision of supports for conservation and
management of Inle Lake.

Self-introduction

All the participants in the meeting introduced themselves.

(2) Presentations by the Project Team
Session 1: Overall Framework of Component 2

Mr. Yoji Mizuguchi, Team Leader of Design Phase of Component 2 of FDSNR, introduced the overall project
framework and major project activities of Component 2, particularly design phase from March 2019 to
February 2020. In the presentation, he also stressed the necessity of formation of the proposed
organization set-ups, namely Sub-Project Management Unit (Sub-PMU) for operations and management
of Component 2 and field working groups for collaboration between the JICA Project Team and relevant
government organizations, namely FD, IWUMD, and DoA, for successful implementation of the
component 2 of the FDSNR.

Session 2: Assessment of soil erosion potentials in Inle Lake watershed through Gully mapping and USLE

In the second session, Dr. Toru Inada of the Project Expert Team of Design Phase of Component 2 of FDSNR
made a presentation on “Assessment of soil erosion potentials in Inle Lake watershed through Gully
mapping and USLE.” He introduced the objectives and process of the assessment including mapping of
soil erosion potentials and distribution of existing gullies. His presentation indicated that the intensity
and severity of gully erosion was very high in the southeastern part of Kalaw watershed area based on the
assessment. He also explained the results of Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) assessment, which was
based on the mathematical modeling to describe soil erosion processes. The total soil erosion potential in
Inle Lake Watershed is estimated at about 1,818,000 ton per year accordingly. He concluded that the
Kalaw sub-watershed should be selected as a target watershed for the Component 2, where proposed
countermeasures should be demonstrated in the course of project implementation, as the gully density
and the severity of erosion conditions were high in Kalaw catchment area.

Session 3: Possible Mechanism of Gully Erosion in Kalaw sub-watershed

Dr. Hirotaka Ochiai of the Project Expert Team explained the soil protection function of forest lands in
comparison with those of grass and bare lands. He clarified the mechanism of the occurrence of gully
erosion. He concluded in his presentation that the permeability and soil strength of saturated and
unsaturated soils were crucial factors relevant to gully erosion in Kalaw sub-watershed.

Session 4: Ideas on Potential Measures Effective in Reducing the Progress of Gully Erosion

Mr. Hideki Imai of the Project Expert Team clarified that the objectives of the pilot project for gully erosion
control was to “to identify effective measures reducing the progress of gully erosion”. He also
recommended several actions to be taken for reduction of the progress of gully erosion in Inle Lake
watershed, such as i) development of a roadmap for gully erosion control, ii) identification of target gullies,
iii) development of a plan for effective countermeasures, and iv) allocation of sufficient resources, such
as budget, human resources, and technologies, necessary for effective countermeasures.

He also explained the concept, basic plan and design of countermeasures proposed as the pilot activity
for gully erosion control with i) criteria for selection of gully type as well as target area and ii) sample cases
of erosion control techniques used in Japan. He stressed in his presentation that combination/ series of
structures were more effective than single structure; and simple structure might not necessarily be
effective in reducing the progress of gully erosion.

Session 5: Proposed plan of monitoring of river discharge and suspended sediment of the major rivers

Dr. Hirotaka Ochiai again made a presentation on “Proposed plan of monitoring of river discharge and
suspended sediment of the major rivers” in Session 5. He introduced work plans and methodologies of
monitoring of i) river discharge, ii) suspended sediment in river flow, iii) gully process, and iv) deposition
of suspended sediment in Inle Lake. He also briefly introduced the equipment and devices to be used for
monitoring and proposed locations where such equipment and devices should be put in place in his
presentation.

Session 6: Current socio-economic conditions and forest management support

in Kalaw sub-watershed

U Saw Eh Doh, the member of the Project Expert Team, briefly explained the results of the socio-economic
survey, which was designed by the Project Expert Team and implemented by the national NGO named
FREDA with technical assistance from the Project Expert Team. In particular, his presentation put its focus
on the introduction of: i) agricultural practices and household economy, ii) major issues on forest and
natural resource management as well as those on livelihood improvement, iii) potential measures to
improve such issues, and iv) options (two options) to be implemented as the pilot activities in the design
phase of Component 2. He also briefly introduced the following two options with the target village and
tentative schedule of the proposed activities.

1. Introduction of an/ agroforestry model/s of valuable tree/s ; to help local communities develop an
agroforestry farm to increase vegetation covers balancing with income generation;
2. Introduction of Community Forestry (CF); to demonstrate the process and procedures for
introduction of community forestry in line with the latest CFI.

Session 7: Major Activities in the Next 6 Months

Finally, Mr. Mizuguchi briefly introduced the overall work plan and major activities to be carried out in the
next six (6) months by the Project Expert Team.

Question and Clarification Section

The question and clarification section was conducted after the presentation ended.

(1) The staff officer of Forest department of Kalaw Township requested further explanation/ clarification
of the sentence of “weak or improper management of forests” in the presentation of Session 6. The
member of the Project Expert Team explained that this was not necessarily the general characteristics
in the watershed, but the indication based on the local people’s understanding of CF and forest
management, which was confirmed in PRA conducted in one of the surveyed villages.
(2) The staff officer also questioned whether a series of masonry check dams were efficient and effective
for controlling gully erosion. The expert of the Project Expert Team replied that i) the durability of
masonry check dam could be about 15 years while the same of sandbag/ stone check dam with
wooden frame might last only four (4) to five (5) years, and ii) the consecutive structures, such as
check dams with stone pavement waterways, could be more effective for stabilization of existing
gullies.

(3) He also suggested to the Project Expert Team that the Team should use the term of “stream” instead
of “river” as the major water channels flowing into Inle Lake were rather small in size.

(4) U Myat Min Soe, the representative of CSOs in Inle Lake Area requested the JICA expert Team to clarify
the name of the 14 organizations who would participate in the project activities. He also suggested
that the project should work together with CSOs rather than government organizations because the
political situations could be changed though the local CSOs could keep working in the Inle Lake area.

Deputy Director General of FD replied that, in recognition of the importance of CSOs in the Inle Lake
area, FD and the project invited local CSOs, NGOs and INGOs to the Kick-off Meeting. He then clarified
that 14 organizations, which were the members of Sub-Project Management Unit (Sub-PMU) for
Component 2, as mentioned in the presentation of the Team, but not necessarily from 14
organizations as some of the members were from the same department. He also stressed the
importance of CSOs and NGOs for conservation and sustainable management of the watershed area
of Inle Lake not only in the project period but also after the end of the project.

(5) He also suggested that the project should also target the eastern part of Inle Lake in addition to the
four (4) major river basins to solve the issue of sedimentation in Inle Lake. The Team Leader of the
Project Expert Team replied that the catchments of the four (4) major rivers occupied the large part
of the watershed of Inle Lake; hence they should be more relevant to watershed management,
particularly in terms of sediment control.

(6) U Sithu Aung, the staff officer of Watershed Management Division of FD, inquired whether the Project
Expert Team had a plan to give training on gully erosion control to FD officers at the central office. Mr.
Imai, the expert of the Project Expert Team, replied that the Team planned to arrange and organize a
one-day seminar or training course on erosion control named “Construction Cycle of Gully Erosion
Control Measures” sometime in September 2019.

(7) U Soe Naing Aye from MIID raised the question on the difference in effectiveness and efficiency of
the erosion control measures between “soft-type” measures, i.e., vegetative measures using trees
and grasses, and simple ones using sand bags and wooden wattles, and “hard-type” measures, i.e.,
masonry check dams made of cements and stones. The expert of the Project Expert Team replied that
masonry works with stone and cement should be more effective, efficient and sustainable in the long
run, particularly in the areas where construction materials could be transported, but simple stone
works and vegetative works could be used in a small scale erosion or not severe eroded area (such as
a small erosion area where No.5 and No.6 check dams were constructed in the pilot area).
(8) H.E. Minister of Inthar Affiars first expressed his sincere gratitude to JICA for its technical and financial
support for Inle Lake, and then, he questioned whether the project involved socio-economic
development activities such as infrastructure development. The Team Leader of the Project Expert
Team clarified that the project would not include infrastructure development since its main
counterpart was Forest Department and the project mainly focused on erosion control and
sustainable land and forest management in the watershed. Nevertheless, he stated that the project
aimed to contribute to the socio-economic development through improvement of local livelihoods by
project activities, such as introduction of valuable tree crops and diversification of cash crops in
farmlands.

Closing section

Deputy Director General of Forest Department delivered the closing remarks of the meeting. He expressed
his high expectation of the project and guaranteed continuous support from FD for the successful
implementation of the project. He also encouraged the participants, particularly those from related
organizations, to provide their full support to the project and participate in its activities. In conclusion he
showed his appreciation to all the participants for their attendance and sharing of their insights and
knowledge with the Project Expert Team in the meeting.
 Agenda of the Kick-off Meeting of Component 2 of FDSNR
Ser. Subject Time frame Resource person
Registration (12:30-13:00)

Opening Section
1. Opening Remarks (1) 13:00-13:10 H.E. Minister for Ministry of
Natural Resources and
Environment, Shan State

2. Opening remarks (2) 13:10-13:20 H.E. Minister for Inthar

Affairs, Shan State

Coffee Break (Photo Session: 13:20-13:30)

3. Introduction of the participants 13:30-13:40 MC : Ms.Khin Hnin Thet,
Range Officer, FD Taunggyi
4. Session 1: Overall Framework of Component 2, 13:40-14:00 Mr. Yoji Mizuguchi, JICA
particularly its Design Phase Project Expert Team

5. Session 2: Assessment of soil erosion 14:00-14:20 Mr. Toru Inada, JICA Project
potentials in Inle Lake watershed through Expert Team
Gully mapping and USLE

6. Session 3: Possible mechanism of gully erosion 14:20-14:40 Mr. Hirotaka Ochiai, JICA
in Kalaw sub-watershed Project Expert Team

7. Session 4: Ideas on potential measures 14:40-15:00 Mr. Hideki Imai, JICA Project
effective in reducing the progress of gully Expert Team
erosion

Coffee Break (15:00-15:15)

8. Session 5: Proposed plan of monitoring of river 15:15-15:35 Mr. Hirotaka Ochiai, JICA
discharge and suspended sediment of the Project Expert Team
major rivers

9. Session 6: Current socio-economic conditions 15:35-15:55 Mr. Aung Myo Khaing,

and major issues on land and forest Assistant Director, FD
management in Kalaw sub-watershed Taunggyi

Mr. Saw Eh Doh, JICA Project

Expert Team

10. Major activities in the next 6 months 15:55-16:10 Mr. Yoji Mizuguchi

11. Questions and Clarifications 16:10-16:50 MC and All Participants

12. Closing Remarks 16:50-17:00 Deputy Director General of

FD
 2019/9/8

1. Background of the Project (Component 2)

 Inle Lake Integrated Watershed Management is one of the component
of the Project for Capacity Building of Sustainable Natural Resource
Management (FDSNR), which comprises of three components,
Session 1：Overall Framework of namely:
1) forest management;
Component 2, 2) integrated watershed management; and
particularly its Design Phase 3) biodiversity conservation.
 Prior to the full implementation of the 2nd component, it was decided
that collection and assessment of baseline on the watershed should be
carried out to figure out the mechanism of sedimentation in Inle Lake
August 2019 and design effective measures for watershed management.
 The design phase of Component 2 started its works in the middle of
JICA Project Expert Team March 2019.

1. Background of the Project (Component 2) 1. Background of the Work

Population increase Changes in land use
Difficulties in
Limited Difficulties in application of
Gullies coordination measures
among relevant
Integrated effective in
stakeholders for Watershed reducing
Upland fields suspended
watershed Management
management sediment in
major rivers
FLG Paddy fields
Contamination by Agri-inputs
Inle Lake Limited understanding of problems Lack of quantitative data to grasp
Inflow of Discharged Water Influx of Sediment and their underlying causes among the situations of Inle Lake
relevant stakeholders watershed
Development
Sedimentation in the Inle Lake, apparently caused by the influx of Insufficient monitoring system and data on suspended sediment in the rivers
suspended sediment in the major rivers, is one of the great concerns to and soil runoff in the upper watershed
be addressed. Soil erosion/ run-off in the upper watersheds is considered
as the main source of sediment.

2. Objectives of the Work 3. Plan of Operations

 The main objective of Component 2 is to improve integrated
watershed management in Inle Lake.
 Specifically, the design phase of Component 2 aims to lay the
groundwork for smooth implementation of effective measures for
watershed management in a coordinated manner.
 The emphasis of the design phase is placed on:
- Assessment of the mechanism of generation of sediment in the
watershed;
- Communication with a wide range of stakeholder to form a platform
for effective information sharing;
- Demonstration of some potential measures for soil erosion control
and sustainable land management in collaboration with local
communities;
- Facilitation of stakeholders’ understanding of the situations of the
watershed; and
- Development of a plan and procedures for scale-up of the
measures in the watershed.

1
 2019/9/8

4. Major Activities (completed) 4. Major Activities (on-going)

4.1 Assessment of Soil Erosion Potentials in the Watershed 4.3 Determination of Potential Effective Measures
 Analysis of surface soil erosion potentials using the universal soil loss for Watershed Management
equation (USLE) method.
 Analysis of existing gullies through visual interpretation using Google  Topographic survey at selected typical gullies (for gully erosion control)
Earth Images  Assessment of the results of the socio-economic survey (for
sustainable land and forest management)
4.2 Collection of Socio-economic data  Identification of possible measures for gully erosion control and
sustainable land and forest management
 Conduct of a socio-economic survey composed of household
interviews and PRA  Planning and designing of potential effective measures with FD and
other relevant organizations
 Targets of household interviews: 540 HHs in 12 villages
 Implementation of one or two of potential effective measures as a pilot
 Targets of PRA: 4 villages
activity together with FD and other relevant organizations
 Review of the results of the pilot activity with FD and other relevant
organizations

4. Major Activities (planned) 4. Major Activities (planned)

4.4 Collection of River Monitoring Data 4.5 Analysis of sedimentation in floating garden
 Installation of water level meters and auto sampler Visible light images taken by drone

 Monitoring of river water level with current and suspended sediment  Measurement of the
Lake side differences in turbidity
Mountain side
in floating garden.
Potential site
along Negya
Measurement of
verocity and water  Analysis of suspended
river sampling
Floating Garden Area sediment in the flow in
Potential site gloating garden.
along Namlet

Installation of auto
river  Measurement of
sampler along Kalaw current velocity in
river
Potential site
Water floating garden.
channel
along Kalaw  Analysis of soil
river Expected Core sampling
Output Core sampling
Core smapling
particles and
Quantitative
radiocarbon dating of
assessment
Current

Legend bottom layer in floating

Color of turbidity

of
sedimentation
Potential site Auto sampler garden.
along Upper Water Level ●
Sedimentation in Sedimentation in Sedimentation in
Balu river meter the bottom the bottom the bottom

Distance from the Lake Front

4. Major Activities (Planned) 5. Proposed Organizational Set-ups

4.6 Development of an Implementation Plan of 5.1 Sub-Project Management Unit (Sub-PMU)
Effective Measures for Watershed Management Sun-Project Management Unit (Sub-PMU) for Component 2 will be formed
for smooth and collaborative implementation of the project.
 Analysis of the results of the pilot activities
The proposed
 Development of implementation plans of proposed measures structure of Sub-
effective in gully erosion control and sustainable land and forest PMU is shown
management in the watershed right.
 Clarification of the organizational structure for implementation with
expected roles and responsibilities of the relevant organizations

2
 2019/9/8

Work Plan and Progress of Component 2 (as of July 2019)

5. Proposed Organizational Set-ups
Year & Month 2019 2020
Activities
5.2 Field Working Groups 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
Assessment of (Plan)
 The formation of two (2) working groups listed below is proposed. erosion potential (Actual)
a. Working Group of water monitoring and erosion control (WG- Socio economic (Plan)
WM&EC) survey (Actual)
b. Working Group of community forestry and sustainable land Collection of river (Plan)
management (WG-CF&SLM) monitoring data (Actual)
 The proposed structures of the respective working groups are as Analysis of (Plan)
follows: sedimentation in
floating gardens
i) WG-WM&EC
Survey at gullies (Plan)
 Staff Officers from Kalaw and Nyaung Shwe FD and analysis of PRA (Actual)
 2 Assistant Engineers from Nyaung Shwe IWUMD (Plan)
Implementation of
 2 Range Officers from WMD of FD pilot activities
ii) WG-CF&SLM Development of (Plan)
 Staff Officers from Kalaw and Nyaung Shwe FD proposed measures

 Staff Officers from Kalaw and Nyaung Shwe DoA Project Seminar

3
 2019/9/8

Design Phase of Component 2 (Integrated Watershed Management in the Inle Lake Watershe
d) of The Project for Capacity Building for Sustainable Natural Resource Management
Objective of Gully Mapping
• To identify the distribution of gully erosion in the
upstream areas of Inle Lake (Kalaw, Negya, Namlet,
Session 2 : Assessment of soil erosion and Upper Balu sub-watersheds), which to be used
for finding priority areas for countermeasures.
potentials in Inle Lake watershed
What Is Gully Erosion?
through Gully mapping
• Gully erosion is a form of
and USLE erosion by rainwater and
refers to ravines formed by
the action of water. The
August 2019
scale varies from large to
JICA Project Expert Team small!
2

Target area Mapping Method

Field survey
• Data: Satellite imageries from
ArcGIS online
• The target area of Create interpretation keys

• Technique: Visual interpretation

gullies mapping is • Scale: 1/5000
The scale setting (1/5000)

Kalaw, Negya, Namlet • Field survey: Before starting Look into the imageries

and Upper Balu sub- interpretation, several gullies

Identify gullies
watersheds, with total were visited by the interpreter
and interpretation keys were
surface area about created
Refer water courses and the
previous work by Dr. Furuichi

2,900km2 • Gully types: Gullies were grouped Make lines in the center of the gullies
into 6 types based on topography,
Make gully type definition (6 types)
size and vegetation.
Identify gully types for interpreted gullies
3 4

Interpretation key: Overall results of gulley interpretation

e.g. Waterway without vegetation
Characteristics
• Lie on a relatively flat River sub- Total land area Gross extension Gully density
area watershed (ha) of gully (m) (m/ha)
• Grayish in color
• No vegetation is seen,
but grooves (shadow) Namlet 119,509.98 650,786 5.45
are visible

Mapping instruction Negya 25,594.19 235,897 9.22

• Draw a line in the
center of the channel Kalaw 76,385.14 566,122 7.41
• If water is visible on
satellite image, line
shall not be drawn Upper Balu 72,007.20 242,480 3.37

5 6

1
 2019/9/8

Gully Map Gully type: Six

Place of Vegetation
No Gully type Scale Remarks
occurrence conditions
1 Natural waterway Flat About 2m Grass,
type of width shrub, and
Negya
bare land
2 Mountain type Mountains ― Inc. those with
severe surface
Kalaw erosion
3 Medium-sized Hilly area 5~15m Grass, Those whose
vegetation mold shrub &tall depth can be
trees confirmed
4 Medium-sized Hilly area 5~15m Bare land comparing
vegetation-free type with 1 and 2
5 Large-scale Hilly area 15 m or Grass,
vegetation mold more shrub, and
tall trees
6 Large-scale Hilly area 15 m or
vegetation-free more
• Gully Map • Gully Density Map (m/ha) 7 8
(Source: gully_digitized_wrev. shp/field: g_type_12)

Natural waterway type, Medium to Large-Scale, Gully length for each gully type category Unit: meter
Flat area Hilly area Gully type Namlet Negya Kalaw
Upper
Total
Balu
1 Natural waterway type 494,896 28,054 32,162 53,928 610,071
2 Mountain type 142,074 69 11,347 4,998 158,754
Medium-sized with
3 13,815 74,417 83,872 64,658 236,762
vegetation
Medium-sized vegetation-
4 0 16,637 21,633 9,989 48,259
free type

5 Large-scale with vegetation 0 80,316 262,922 87,144 430,382

Mountain type
Large-scale vegetation-free
6 0 36,404 154,186 21,762 214,763
type
700,000

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0
Namlet Negya Kalaw Upper Balu
Natural waterway type Mountain type Medium-sized with vegetation
9 Medium-sized vegetation-free type Large-scale with vegetation Large-scale vegetation-free type 10

Consideration for a priority area Summary for Gully mapping

• In the northwestern part of the
Namlet upstream region, there
is a concentration of gullies, with • In the southeastern part
dense vegetation and slightly of Kalaw, gully is located
narrower width. in a gently sloping hills,
• Negya sub-watershed has the which is wide, branched
highest gully densities, followed and deep.
by the Kalaw, the Namlet, and • The southeastern part of
the Upper Balu. Kalaw has large gullies
• In the southeastern part of and the deepness is high.
Kalaw has a gully density of
20m/ha or more which is the
most gully concentrated area.

11 12

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Application of USLE Average annual soil erosion (ton/year) =A was

1) Objective: To grasp the calculated by the following formula;
surface erosion potential of A=R*K*L*S*C*P
the entire Inle Lake sub-
watershed. List of parameters in the USLE
2) Method: USLE method A Average annual soil loss (ton per hector per year) References
3) What is USLE: The Universal 12
𝑃𝑖 2
R Rainfall erosivity index (MJ*mm/(ha*hr)) R= 1.735 × 10（1.5𝑙𝑜𝑔10(𝑃
)−0.08188)

Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is i=1

a widely used mathematical

K Soil erodibility factor (ton*ha*hr/(ha·Mj·mm)) Zaw (2014)
model that describes soil
erosion processes. It was L Slope length (m) Aster GDEM
developed in the 1930s by the S Slope Aster GDEM
U.S. Department of
C Cropping (soil management) factor Thin Nwe Htwe (2015)
Agriculture (USDA) .
13 P Conservation practice (maintenance) factor No data. Not used 14

Rainfall erosivity factor (R) Soil erodibility factor (K) map Topographic factor (LS) map Soil management factor (C) map
15 16

Soil erosion estimation (t/ha/year) of Inle Lake area

using USLE Summary for USLE results

River sub- Area Maximu Mean

Namlet • Soil erosion estimation in Negya is high at
Total (t) t/km2
watershed (km2) m (t/ha) (t/ha) 15.23 ton/ha because of the hilly slopes, while
Namlet 1,170 671.33 9.36 1,069,634.25 914.22 Kalaw
Negya it is similar at Namlet and Kalaw at 9.36 and
9.06 respectively.
Negya 261 677.19 15.23 388,405.26 1,488.14
Upper
Balu
• Total erosion is the highest at Namlet because
Kalaw 754 1,516.97 9.06 667,129.59 884.79
it has the most extensive area.
Upper Balu 716 237.86 4.34 303,806.43 424.31
Delta
2,508 1,116.73 7.42 1,818,335.70 725.01
range

17 18

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 2019/9/8

Evaluation of the four sub-watersheds based on Consideration for a priority area

previous researchers and JICA expert team estimation
• In terms of gully density (m/ha) and its
Items Namlet Negya Kalaw Upper Balu severity on erosive conditions, Kalaw and
Catchment area <1 1,149 km2 250 km2 742 km2 813 km2 Negya are high, although the total gully
Total sediment input 103,600 19,000 ton/yr 56,500 ton/yr 98,300 ton/yr length is the longest at Namlet. Namlet
<1 ton/yr (76 (76 (121 • According to Dr. Furuichi’s report, gully
(input per unit) (90 ton/yr/km2) ton/yr/km2) ton/yr/km2) intensity is high at Kalaw and Namlet.
ton/yr/km2)
Type of soil erosion Surface: High Surface: Surface: Surface: High • In terms of surface soil erosion intensity Kalaw Negya
<3 Gully: Low Medium Medium Gully: Low (t/km) through USLE analysis, Negya is the
Gully: High Gully: High highest followed by Namlet and Kalaw.
Sediment trap <4 Exist Exist None None • The area of Negya is smaller than other
Deposition in the 0.85 ton/yr 0.15 ton/yr 0.50 ton/yr 0.03 ton/yr areas and therefore total amount of soil
lake <1 Upper
erosion might be not so high.
Outflow at outlet <2 0% 0% 13% 50% Balu
• Based on above conditions when the
Sources: application of countermeasures is
<1 Catchment Processes and Sedimentation in Lake Inle, Southern Shan State, Takahisa Furuichi, 2008
<2 Estimated by the JICA Project Expert Team based on the Dr. Furuichi’s report
considered, it may be effective at Kalaw
<3 Initial estimation by the JICA Project Expert Team based on the GIS assessment and interpretation of Google Earth Images than other sub-catchments.
<4 IWUMD Nyaung Shwe 19 20

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Function of Erosion Prevention

JICA - FDSNR - Integrated Watershed Management for the Inle Lake, Myanmar
1. Suppression of rain drop splash energy

2. Reduction of surface runoff velocity

3. Decrease of runoff discharge

4. Holding of soil particles

樹幹遮断
Session 3: Possible mechanism of Interception 降雨
Rain
gully erosion
地表流
in Kalaw sub-watershed Surface runoff

August 2019
地中への浸透
JICA Project Expert Team Infiltration

Soil erosion volume from bare land, grass land and forest

Hitting

Filling up

Splashing

Unpermeable crust layer was formed

Rain splashing process on sand surface (Mihara, 1951)

Litter layer and overlandflow

Soil particle movements when a rain drop hit on the shallow water. Development of erosion
（Fukada，1993）

1
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乾燥地の分布 水による侵食の分布

UNEP. 1992. World Atlas of Desertification. Edward Arnold, London (UK) UNEP. 1992. World Atlas of Desertification. Edward Arnold, London (UK)
7 8

土壌荒廃と植生の分布 Gully Development

in Pasture Land
(Sao Paulo, Brazil)

UNEP. 1992. World Atlas of Desertification. Edward Arnold, London (UK)

JICA Forest and Environment Conservation Research Project (1993 – 1998)
9 10

Large scale Erosion in Loess Plateau, China Evolution of Valley Side Slopes in Japan (Matsukura, Y, 1987)

JICA Forest conservation technical training in Loess plateau in China

Sakurajima-vocano, Kagoshima, Japan
(1990 ～ 1995)
11 12

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 2019/9/8

Side slopes of valleys in Pumice, Kagoshima, Japan

Model for valey-side slope evolution

Evolution of Valley Side Slopes in Japan (Matsukura, Y, 1987) Evolution of Valley Side Slopes in Japan (Matsukura, Y, 1987)
13 14

Critical height of valley side slopes

Yellow River

4c sin i cos 
HC 
 1  cos(i   )
Critical height of slopes (Culmann, K, 1866)

Evolution of Valley Side Slopes in Japan (Matsukura, Y, 1987) Loess plateau in China (1993 - 1994)
15 16

Landslide initiation of Loess plateau in China (Ochiai, H. 1994) Landslide initiation of Loess plateau in China (Ochiai, H. 1994)
17 18

3
 2019/9/8

Shear strength differences Landslide initiation caused by

between dry and saturated condition of Loess soils the water level rise and decrease in strength of slopes
Shear stress

Normal stress

Landslide initiation of Loess plateau in China (Ochiai, H. 1994) Landslide initiation of Loess plateau in China (Ochiai, H. 1994)
19 20

Sapping process and the development of Tapered and theater-headed canyons developed in the Navajo Sandstone,
attributed to the relative effectiveness of overland-flow or ground-water
theater-headed valley networks on the Colorado Plateau erosional processes
(after Laity, J.E. 1994)

(after Laity, J.E. 1994)

21 22

A general model of drainage extension by sapping processes

Longitudinal profiles of tributaries to the Escalante River (after Dunne, 1980).
Ground water flowing toward base An outcropping joint or erosional
level encounters an irregularity notch that causes ground water to
converge

The sapping process, causing

(after Laity, J.E. 1994) headward migration of the valley (after Laity, J.E. 1994)
23 24

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Interpretation of network pattern, valley morphology, Hydrology, mechanics, and geomorphic of erosion by subsurface flow
and structural relationships (after Dunne, T., 1990)

(after Laity, J.E. 1994)

25 26

(after Dunne, T., 1990)

(after Dunne, T., 1990)

Two ways in which the extension of valley Forms of valley heads
networks may be resisted by sediment influx produced by seepage
27 erosion 28

Seepage erosion To clarify the mechanism of gully erosion

in Kalaw river basin in Kalaw sub-watershed

 Infiltration characteristics of saturated and unsaturated soil

 Soil strength of saturated and unsaturated condition
 3D-seepage analysis
 3D-slope stability analysis

29 30

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Design Phase of Component 2 (Integrated Watershed Management in the Inle Lake Watershed) of
The Project for Capacity Building for Sustainable Natural Resource Management
Outline of gully distribution and
Major type types of gully
Session 4: Ideas on potential • There are 6 types of gully in Inle Lake Basin
1. Natural water way type
measures effective in 2.
3.
Mountain area gully type with steep slope
Hill area gully with gentle slope in medium scale with vegetation

reducing the progress of gully 4.

5.
Ditto in medium scale without vegetation
Ditto in large scale with vegetation, and

erosion 6. Ditto in large scale without vegetation

• The major gully types in the basin can be said as 1) natural
water way type, 2) mountain area gully, and 3) hill area gully
August 2019 • Number/ total length of gully of 3) is the biggest in the three
types
JICA Project Expert Team
Hill area gully type is the major in Inle Lake Basin

Candidates of Gully for the Pilot

activity
• Target gully for the Pilot activity is selected from the
major type 3) above (1) Gully at Ein Ya Village
• The selection criteria are:
• Good access to the site
• Compact and easy to see whole area from 1 to 2 places
• A gully located in Kon Ni Village and another gully in Ein
Ya Village are considered as the candidates for the pilot
site
(2) Gully at Kon Ni Villae

Location of candidate pilot site

Concept of countermeasure against

Selection of plot site
gully erosion
• Based on discussion and consideration with FD Kalaw and • The target gully is developing and has high risk to be expand.
IWUMD Nyaunshwe about the points below, the gully at Kon
Ni Village was selected as the target gully for pilot activity • The complete measure to restore the gully is not realistic
• Typical type gully considering its cost and time required.
• Good access to the site Therefore, the basic concepts of the countermeasures are
• Scale of countermeasure (it should not be much large.)
• Inclusion of some new technologies (there should be some new
determined as below based on discussions with Myanmar side.
technologies/ approaches in the pilot activity.) • Minimum input to reduce the pace of expansion of erosion
• Stabilization of gully bed and slope foot to accelerate the
regeneration of natural vegetation.
Additionally, FD Kalaw has installed some sand bag check
dams in the gully at Kon Ni village and they are necessary Then
to be improved. The natural vegetation in the gully will be recovered in the near
future.

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Basic plan Design outline

• The basic plan of countermeasures against the gully • Target segment of gully
erosion is set as below. • Approx. 100m the lower segment from the junction with the main
gully is covered by natural rock.
• Divert surface runoff to prevent water flow into the gully • The upper stream from the point where the FD installed sand bag
• Control the water flow in the gully to stop the erosion of the check dam upto the head, approx. 60m is the target segment.
gully bed and slope foot • Design outline
• Stabilize the gully bed and slope foot and accelerate natural • The erosion is caused by surface runoff and ground water flow.
vegetation recovery • Therefore, the structures shall function to control the water flows
and prevent erosion.
• The actual major structures are below
a. Water channel: control the water flow
b. Check dam: support the water channel, stabilize the slope foot

Introduced Japanese forest

Gully head
conservation technology
Surface runoff Existing protection(sand bag)

Existing check dam (sand bag)

Ground Natural
water bed rock
covering

Slope erosion cased by gully bed

erosion (slope foot un-stability)

Current condition of the target gully

Plan view drawing

Water channel wall

Wall
Water channel

Water channel
Wall wall
Longitudinal profile
Water channel
Masonry wall at slope failure in Japan
Outline of distribution of water channel and walls
Masonry water channel in Japan

Refence of example of combination work in Japan Refence of example of masonry work in Japan
Quoted from: 「治山技術写真図説」(Explanation with photos of forest conservation technology) Quoted from: 「治山技術写真図説」(Explanation with photos of forest conservation technology)

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 2019/9/8

Plan View Drawing Kon Ni

Design of pilot activity for erosion
control at Kon Ni Village Surface runoff
Diversion protection
(Sand bag)
Diversion
• The design was prepared by he JICA expert team and
discussed with Myanmar side. Temporary yard
No.2 Gully
No.7 Check dam (masonry)
head protection
• Myanmar side (FD, IWUMD) gave some suggestions Sand bag diversion
(sand bag): comp
No.6 Water channel (Stone)
below. No.1 Gully head protection:
improve: masonry
• 50cm Thickness (depth) of water channel is too much, 30cm is No.6 Check dam (masonry)
enough. No.5 Check dam (masonry)
• Ratio of masonry material (stone, sand, cement, and water)
was given by the Norm. No.5 Water
• Some vegetation work was suggested to accelerate the Channel (stone)
No.1 Water channel (stone)
recovery but the planting in gully would be better when the
bed and slope foot will be stabilized, some years later. No.4 Check dam
(improve: masonry)
No.1 Check dam (improve: masonry)

• The design was finalized including the suggestions. No.4 Water channel
No.3 Water channel
No.2 Water channel (stone)
No.3 Check dam No.2 Check dam (masonry)

Construction Schedule

Outline of pilot project

Schedule of pilot activity for erosion
1. Layout of schedule Pilot Acivitiy of Guly Erosion Control at Kon Ni Village, Kalaw

Date July 2019

Work item Duration Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed
26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

control
0 Preparation ( 7days ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 Mobilization ( 3days ) 1 1 1

2 Material purchase ( 2days ) 1 1

3 Temporary yard preparation ( 3days ) 1 1 1

4 Material arrivale at site

• The outline of the work schedule was discussed with

Stone ( 5days ) 1 1 1 1 1
Cement ( 2days ) 1 1
Sand ( 2days ) 1 1

the Myanmar side. 5 Miscellaneous procurement

6 Construction
( 3days )

( 20days )
1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

7 Demobilization ( 4days ) 1 1 1 1

• The draft detailed schedule of the pilot activities and Note 1: Preparation work includes; design and cost estimation with C/Ps
Note 2: Mobilization includes negotiation (site use agreement with Kon Ni village, workers recruitment with Kon Ni village, material procurement with suplliers)
Note 3: Miscellaneous procurement (safety goods,

the construction were prepared by the JICA team. 0 . Preparation: planning, design preparation, discussion, cost estimation, etc.
• The schedule was finalized and the pilot activity started 1. Mobilization: necessary members move and negotiation with Village such as, land use, duration
of the construction, use of access road passing in the field, works and skilled owrkers provision,
on the end of June, 2019. and some other cooperation.
2. Material purchase: major material for this construction are: stone, sand, cement.
3. The temporary yard to storage material is the first work at the site.
4. Miscellaneous material are: water tank, sand bag, blue sheet, and goods for safety control such
as helmet/ grove for workers and all visitors at the site.
5. The major construction work are: ground breaking (marking pegs), excavation, masonry, and dry
stone setting.
6. When the work will be completed, all the site shall be cleaned and material, equipment,
machines shall be demobilized.

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 2019/9/8

Structure Work item Date July 2019

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
No.1 Water channel (dry stone)

Construction Schedule Structure wise schedule Marking on ground

Excavation
1
1
Stone installation 1 1
2. Construction Schedule structure-wise Compaction 1

Structure Work item Date No.1 Check dam (improve by masonry)

Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Marking on ground 1
Excavation 1
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Masonry work 1 1
No.1 Water channel (dry stone) 1 1 1 Maintenance of Masonry 1 1

No.1 Check dam (improve by masonry) 1 1 1 1 1 No.2 Water Channel (dry stone)
Marking on ground 1
No.2 Water Channel (dry stone) 1 1 1 Excavation 1
Stone installation 1 1
No.2 Check dam (new by masonry) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Compaction 1
No.3 Water Channel (dry stone) 1 1 1
No.2 Check dam (new by masonry)
No.3 Check dam (new by masonry) 1 1 1 Marking on ground 1
Excavation 1 1 1
No.4 Water Channel (dry stone) 1 1 1 Masonry work 1 1
Maintenance of Masonry 1 1
No.4 Check dam (improve by masonry) 1 1 1 1 1 1
No.3 Water Channel (dry stone)
No.5 Water Channel (dry stone) 1 1 1 1 Marking on ground 1
Excavation 1
No.1 Gully head protction (improve by masonry) 1 1 1 1 1 Stone installation 1 1 1
Compaction 1

No.3 Check dam (new by masonry)

Major structure: Marking on ground

Excavation
1
1 1
Masonry work 1
- Check dam, water channel Maintenance of Masonry

No.4 Water Channel (dry stone)

Marking on ground 1

- No.1, 3 check dam are improvement of the existing ones Excavation

Stone installation
Compaction
1
1 1
1
- No. 2, 4 check dam are newly constructed No.4 Check dam (improve by masonry)

- No.1 gully head protection is improvement Marking on ground

Excavation
Masonry work
1
1 1
1 1
- The water channels are constructed newly Maintenance of Masonry 1 1

No.5 Water Channel (dry stone)

Marking on ground 1
Excavation 1
Stone installation 1 1
Compaction 1

No.1 Gully head protction (improve by masonry)

Marking on ground
Detailed construction schedule 1
Excavation 1
Masonry work 1 1
Maintenance of Masonry 1 1

Before After

Progress of work (as of July 10) Diversion protection

(Sand bag)

• The following works have been finished by July 10

Temporary yard
• Temporary yard (completed) No.2 Gully
No.7 Check dam (masonry)
Before head protection

• Diversion of the surface water (:drainage) and end Sand bag diversion
(sand bag): comp
No.6 Water channel (Stone)
No.1 Gully head protection:
treatment (completed) improve: masonry
During

• No.2 check dam: excavation was completed and masonry No.6 Check dam (masonry)

work is on-going No.5 Check dam (masonry)

After
• No.3 check dam: same as ditto No.5 Water
Channel (stone)
The additional works below have been completed. No.1 Water channel (stone)
• No. 2 gully head protection (additional work)
No.4 Check dam No.1 Check dam (improve: masonry)
• No.5 check dam (additional work) (improve: masonry)
• No.6 check dan (additional work) No.4 Water channel
No.3 Water channel
No.2 Water channel (stone)
No.3 Check dam No.2 Check dam (masonry)

Diversion protection
Findings through Pilot activity
(Sand bag)

• Combination/ series of structures are more effective

Temporary yard
No.2 Gully
head protection
No.7 Check dam (masonry)
than single structure (: discussion results with FD Kalaw)
• FD does little experience of such countermeasure
Sand bag diversion
No.6 Water channel (Stone)
No.1 Gully head protection: (sand bag): comp

• Importance of cycle if erosion control activity (Planning/

improve: masonry
No.6 Check dam (masonry)

No.5 Check dam (masonry) design concept/ ground survey/ design/ cost estimate/
construction planning/ monitoring)
No.5 Water
Channel (stone)
No.1 Water channel (stone)

No.4 Check dam No.1 Check dam (improve: masonry)

(improve: masonry)

No.4 Water channel

No.3 Water channel
No.2 Water channel (stone)
No.3 Check dam No.2 Check dam (masonry)

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End of • Thank you very much for lisning

presentation

5
 2019/9/8

1. Basic Approaches to the Work

1. Collection and analysis of data in a scientific manner

Session 5: Proposed plan of monitoring using high-tech devices and equipment and
development of monitoring methods for continuous
of river discharge and suspended data collection
sediment of the major rivers
2. Use of scientific data for determination of effective measures for
soil erosion potential and sustainable land use management with
due consideration of ethnic minorities, gender, stakeholders’
2 August, 2019 capacity, and development needs

Hirotaka Ochiai, PhD. 3. Facilitation of mutual understanding between/among

stakeholders with clarification of stakeholders' roles in watershed
management

1. Water discharge
2. Series of monitoring and data collection monitoring
(location)

Types Objectives Equipment

1.Water discharge Measuring water level Auto data Negya river potential
monitoring sites (point3)
monitoring logger
2.TSS discharge Collect water sample Auto water
monitoring sampler
Namlet river potential
Monitoring monitoring sites (point1)
3.Precipitation Identify pattern of rainfall Rain Gauge
monitoring or
4.Gully process Understanding process of gully Trail Camera Kalaw river potential
monitoring development monitoring sites (point4)

5.Soil sample To understand sedimentation history, Soil sampler

collection collet soil sample from surface to
Data 2~3m below.
Namlet river potential
collection 6.Gully surface In order to evaluate check-dam effect, Laser monitoring sites (point2)
measurement current status of gully surface shall be measurement
identified. (OWL)
UpperBilu river potential
monitoring sites (point5)

1. Water discharge monitoring 2.TSS discharge monitoring

(Equipment and methodology; Auto data logger for monitoring water level)

Data
logger

Anchoring tube to
bridge pier

Current meter
Kalaw river potential TSS
monitoring sites Auto-sampler system
velocity
Water level gauge
Riverbed
Equation of water level and velocity
Velocity
62 cm

Timeseries water level data and equation of

water level and velocity enable us to
identify timeseries water discharge!!
Equation shall be developed
by sampling data Water level 40 cm

1
 2019/9/8

3. Precipitation monitoring (location TBD) 4. Gully process monitoring (Aya village)

4. Gully process monitoring (Aya village)
5. Soil sample collection (Kalaw river exit from cave)
6. Gully surface measurement (Aya and KhoNi village)

Rain gauge Trail Camera

Soil sampler Laser measurement

5. Soil sample collection (past case) 6.Gully surface measurement (Aya village)

Geoffrey, H. et. al (2019) Holocene environmental change at Inle Lake, Shan State, Myanmar,
and its implications for the regional development of agriculture

6.Gully surface measurement (Khon Ni village)

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1. Socio-Economic Survey
(1) Objective
To identify the socio-economic situations, utilization and
management practices of natural resources of Kalaw
Session 6: Current socio-economic watershed in Taunggyi district

conditions and forest management support (2) Methodology

in Kalaw sub-watershed a. Secondary data collection
b. Household interview survey
c. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA)

(3) Period: May-June 2019

August 2019
JICA Project Expert Team (4) Survey design: JICA Expert Team
Implementor: FREDA
2

1.1 Household Interview Survey

1) Target: 540 households in 12 villages in Kalaw sub-watershed 4) Target villages
2) Selection of target villages: The following points/criteria were considered
S. N. Village for HH survey Ethnicity CF PRA
in the evaluation
Accessibility 1 Kone Ni Danu Established Conducted
Allocation of Community Forest (CF) or possibility of allocation of CF 2 Kone Paw Paoh Submitted
Existence of gullies / Slope conditions 3 Nyaung Kyoe Paoh Not established
Ethnicity 4 Hpa Yar Hpyu Taung Yo Not established Conducted
5 Thit Ae Tit Hta Naw Not established
Location of village (distance from the stream/river of the selected target
6 Ein Yar Danu Not established Conducted
watershed and even distribution of the villages in the watershed)
7 Kan Bar Ni (South) Danu Established
3) Data collected 8 Ngoke (North) Paoh Established
Item Contents 9 Htin Yu Kone Paoh Not established
Basic information Population, Number of households, Average income, Poor/Socially vulnerable, Infrastructure, Ethnic 10 Thar Mong Hkam Danu Established
groups, History, Location (GPS)
Household Family member, History, Academic background, House type, Access to Water /Electricity, Main source 11 Nan Thon Danu, Taung Yo Established Conducted
of fuel for cooking
Agriculture Land ownership/tenure (Land holding size, Own farming area, Renting/Borrowing area), Cropped area,
Type of crops grown/harvested in farms, Agri. Products and Inputs, Crop calendar, Production, 12 Nang Ong Ywar Ma Taung Yo Established
Sales/Income
Financial Main income sources, Cash income, Monetary value, Main expenditures, Average monthly expenditure
information of major cost items 4
Natural resources Firewood consumption, NTFPs, others

Target villages: 12 Heho airport

5) Preliminary results

Kalaw
Main cooking source
Qty / Village
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Fire wood

Fire wood

Fire wood

Fire wood

Fire wood

Fire wood

Fire wood

Fire wood

Fire wood

Fire wood

Fire wood

Fire wood
None
Electricity (line)

Electricity (line)
Charcoal

Charcoal

Charcoal

Charcoal
Electricy (line)

Electricy (line)

Ein Yar Htin Yu Kone Kan Kone Ni Kone Nang Nang Ngoke Nyaung Kyo Phayar Tha Ae Thar Hmong Kham
Par Ni Paw Ohn Thon Phyu Tit
Ywa
Ma
5 6

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Agriculture: Sales, Cost and Net income

Agricultural input
Village Sales (Kyat) Cost (Kyat) Net income
Ein Yar 7,292,014 1,553,323 5,738,691
Htin Yu Kone 4,094,200 995,748 3,098,452
Kan Par Ni 3,278,116 1,407,889 1,870,226
Kone Ni 3,107,327 1,157,272 1,947,023
Kone Paw 4,488,137 1,413,370 3,074,767
Nang Ohn Ywa Ma 4,067,929 1,242,458 2,825,472
Nang Thon 2,363,354 959,501 1,403,853
Ngoke 1,446,891 563,652 883,238
Nyaung Kyo 2,505,378 1,313,388 1,147,892
Phayar Phyu 1,845,754 772,990 1,072,764
Tha Ae Tit 1,222,232 780,635 441,597
Thar Hmong Kham 4,737,185 759,557 3,977,628
Average 3,370,710 1,076,649 2,290,134
Crop production: Sales and Cost ratio
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Ein Yar Htin Yu Kan Par Ni Kone Ni Kone Paw Nang Ohn Nang Thon Ngoke Nyaung Phayar Tha Ae Tit Thar
7 Kone Ywa Ma Kyo Phyu Hmong 8
Kham
Sales (Kyat) Cost (Kyat)

Total income and expense 1.2 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

Village Total income Total expense Total net income
Ein Yar 6,461,158 1,570,764 4,890,394
Htin Yu Kone 4,506,071 1,242,258 3,263,813 1) Target villages: 4 villages selected from the 12 villages of
Kan Par Ni 2,516,895 1,046,653 1,470,242
Kone Ni 3,077,216 1,517,254 1,559,962 household interview survey
Kone Paw 3,426,089 1,568,098 1,857,991
Nang Ohn Ywa Ma 4,141,063 1,224,173 2,916,889 2) Selection of target villages:
Nang Thon 2,077,186 1,136,307 940,879
Ngoke 1,470,105 1,280,689 189,416  accessible by car even during the
Nyaung Kyo 1,367,061 1,102,764 264,298
Phayar Phyu 1,241,931 1,026,879 215,052 rainy season
Tha Ae Tit 444,230 1,231,089 -786,859
Thar Hmong Kham 7,661,539 1,968,542 5,692,997
 the major ethnic groups to be covered
Total income and expense ratio
 existence of CF and non-CF villages
100%  rather evenly distributed in the sub-watershed.
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Ein Yar Htin Yu Kan Par Ni Kone Ni Kone Paw Nang Ohn Nang Thon Ngoke Nyaung Phayar Tha Ae Tit Thar
Kone Ywa Ma Kyo Phyu Hmong 9
Kham

Total income Total expense

4) Major Results on Forest/ Natural Resource Management

3) Sessions/Discussions Topics Issues Consequences
organized in PRA Land - Overexploitation of forests or extensive
Management deforestation to expand farmlands
- Lowering of forest ecosystem services, such as
water harvesting, prevention of erosion, and
provision of forest products
- Progress of gully erosion particularly in - Encroachment in farmlands and reduction of
Sessions/discussions Participants Remarks Kone Ni and Ein Yar villages farmland
1. Resource mapping/Hazard 20 ~30 Present land use, natural resources, CF - Frequent forest fires in existing forests - Difficulty of effective of reforestation activities in
mapping Participants, of soil erosion etc management except Nhan Thon village CF areas
- Less protection community forests - Conversion of community forests into farmlands
2. Trend analysis which 40% are Historical changes in natural resource - Improper management of existing forests
female uses and status - Less understanding of CF among - Less interest in community forest and
3. Seasonal calendar communities in Nhan Thon village protection of
Seasonal major activities in farming,
- Less involvement of women in forest forests
livelihood, and traditional events etc management
4. Group discussions on 10 ~ 20 female Local - Overdose of farm inputs, particularly - High investment costs required for crop
community forest and forest and male Livelihoods agrochemicals, for production of production
vegetables
resource management participants to
- High dependency on F1 hybrid crops for
5. Group discussions on farming separately crop production
practices and agricultural organized into a - Limited sources of fuel wood in the - Longer time for collection of fuel wood
resources group village
- Limited sources of water in the dry - Longer time for collection/ fetching of water for
6. Group discussions on Natural season domestic purpose in the dry season
Resource Management - Shortage or fluctuation of crop production due
to rainfall patterns

2
 2019/9/8

2. Pilot Project on Natural Resource management and

Livelihood Improvement (3). Current Situation on natural resource management
and community forest
(1). Overall Objectives:
 Test and demonstrate the potential measures effective (4). Type of Activities Proposed
in sustainable management of lands and forests and
improvement of local livelihoods. Referring to the series of surveys conducted by Project and FD Policy,
 Raise awareness and ownership of community to the following two types of activity were proposed as pilot activities for
appropriate and effective natural resource sustainable land and forest management.
management (NRM) for sustainable land and forest 1) Introduction of an/ agroforestry model/s of valuable tree/s ; to
management. help local communities develop an agroforestry farm to increase
 Make model case to be replicable to the other areas at vegetation covers balancing with income generation; and
Taunggyi District in terms of NRM and implementation
arrangement. 2) Introduction of Community Forestry (CF) ; to demonstrate the
process and procedures for introduction of community forestry in
 Obtain lessons learnt and monitoring result to be line with the latest CFI.
reflected to further activities for the next phase of
project (after 2020 onward).

(2). Key Elements:

Respect ‘social aspects’ such as culture, gender and
ethnicity , and ‘partnerships’ with stakeholders for
making forest and natural resource management
effective and sustainable!

(5). Selection of Target Village for Pilot Project (6). Future schedule (tentative)
The target villages are selected among those where the PRA survey was Steps Time- Parties to be involved
conducted. The four target villages are evaluated as shown below. frame (proposed)
Preparatory activities
1 Consultation with local communities Jul-19 FD and DoA officers/
Evaluation for Selection of Target Villages JICA Expert Team (JET)
2 Identification and selection of households who participate in the Aug-19 FD and DoA officers/
Pilot Activities Villages Existence of Potential Potential People’s Time Frame activities JET
CF positive negative interest (-Dec 2019) Introduction of an/ agroforestry model/s
impact impact
Introduction Kone Ni Medium None Low Possible 1 Selection of tree crops and design of an/ agroforestry model/s Aug-19 FD and DoA officers/
of valuable JET
tree crops in Ein Yar Medium None Medium Possible 2 Procurement of planting materials and others DoA officers/ JET
the private See below 3 Provision of training in planting of trees (Hole digging, Fertilizer Sep-19 FD and DoA officers/
farms Nang Thon High None High Possible application, and Planting) JET
4 Provision of planting materials and other inputs DoA officers/ JET
Pha Yar Phu High None High Possible
Introduction of CF
Introduction Kone Ni Registered - - - Already set 1 Discussion on vision, missions, objectives, and functions of Aug-19 FD officers/ JET
of CF up CFUG
Ein Yar None Medium None High Diffucult 2 Identification of target areas for CF Sep-19 FD officers/ JET
3 Submission of an application for establishment of CF FD officers/ JET
Nang Thon Registered - - Low Already set 4 Development of a forest management plan Oct-19 FD officers/ JET
Pha Yar Phu Planned High None High Possible 5 Issuance of CF certificate Nov-19 FD officers/ JET
6 Development of an annual work plan Dec-19 FD officers/ JET

3
 2019/9/8

1. Work Plan and Progress of Component 2

Year & Month 2019 2020
Activities 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
Assessment of (Plan)
erosion potential (Actual)
Socio economic (Plan)
Session 7: Major Activities survey (Actual)
Collection of river
in the Next 6 Months monitoring data
(Plan)
(Actual)
Analysis of (Plan)
sedimentation in
floating gardens
August 2019 Survey at gullies (Plan)
and analysis of PRA (Actual)
JICA Project Expert Team Implementation of (Plan)
pilot activities
Development of (Plan)
proposed measures
Project Seminar

2. Major Activities planned in Next 6 Months 2. Major Activities planned in Next 6 Months
1. Collection of River Monitoring Data 3. Implementation of Pilot Activities
 Installation of water level meters on the 4 major rivers (Aug. 2019)  Completion of construction works of gully erosion control (Aug. 2019)

 Installation of an auto sampler on Kalaw river (Sep. /Oct. 2019)  Implementation of pilot activities for sustainable land and forest
management, e.g., i) introduction of an agroforestry model in backyard
 Monitoring of water level and suspended sediment (Sep. – Dec. 2019) farms and ii) introduction of community forestry (Aug. – Dec. 2019)
 Monitoring of river current/velocity of the 4 major river (Sep. / Oct.  Review and evaluation of pilot measures and activities (Sep. – Dec.
2019) 2019)
2. Analysis on Sedimentation in Floating Gardens 4. Development of proposed measures
 Analysis of distribution of muddy water using UAV (Aug. 2019)  Review and analysis of the results of the pilot activities (Nov. / Dec. 2019)
 Analysis of TSS and flow velocity in floating gardens (Aug. 2019)  Development of implementation plans of erosion control and sustainable
 Analysis of soil particles and radiocarbon dating of bottom layer in land and forest management in the watershed for the implementation
floating garden (Aug. and Sep. 2019) phase of Component 2 (Nov. / Dec. 2019)
 Development of an monitoring plan of monitoring of river discharge and
suspended sediment in the major rivers (Nov. / Dec. 2019)

1
 Meeting Memo

1. Topic/Purpose Introducing the accomplishments made by Component 2 and over all plan of
watershed management in Inle Lake watershed including draft ideas on
implementation plan of Phase 2.
2. Participants Government side
-2 Minister and Officers from Relevant
Department
- JICA HQ, JICA Myanmar Office, Team members of FDSNR
-Member of parliament and representative from CSO/CBO
3. Place Royal Taunggyi Hotel, Taunggyi.
4. Date & Time 10:30 – 16:30, Feb. 20, 2020
5. Points of Discussion
1) Opening Remark by Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Shan State.
2) Opening Remark by Minister of Inthar Affairs
3) Presentation: Following presentations were made by the relevant experts.
• Outline of the works of Design Phase of Component 2 by Team Leader, Mr. Yoji Mizuguchi
• Soil erosion potential and proposed measures for soil erosion control in Inle Lake watershed by the
Expert for Soil Erosion/Planning for Sediment Control (1), Mr. Hideki Imai
• Analysis of sedimentation mechanism in Inle Lake and proposed monitoring plan of the
sedimentation process by the Expert for Procurement/Laser Survey, Mr. Kei Suzuki
• Analysis of socio-economic condition in the watershed in relation to sustainable land and forest
management by the Expert for Socio-economic Survey, Mr. Toru Inada
• Potential measures for sustainable land management based on the pilot activity (introduction of
agroforestry model) by Project Coordinator/Monitoring of Pilot Activities, Ms. Yayoi Yoshioka
• Proposed measures for sustainable forest management based on the pilot activity (introduction of
CF) by Co-Team Leader, Ms. Junko Kikuchi
• Overall picture of the second phase of Component 2 by Mr. Mizuguchi.

4) After the presentation, the participants made some clarifications to the Project Expert Team and
exchanged their opinions. Some highlights of the discussions are summarized below.
• U Zaw Win, FREDA, the retired FD Officer shared his experience in gully erosion control in
watershed area of 3 lake including Zaw Gyi Lake and Kin Tar Lake. He explained that the check
dam construction work including dry stone check dams, tree planting and diversion channel which
he implemented was not systematic comparing with those installed by the Project Expert Team.
He pointed out that the local community needs to understand the importance of the erosion control
works to follow the techniques. He also encouraged CSO to participate in the seminar as today.

• DDG of IWUMD asked Mr. Imai the indicators of prioritization of gully types, followed the
clarification by Mr. Imai.

• DDG of IWUMD also showed his interest in Carbon 14 Analysis made by the Project Expert
Team because it is very new for him. Accordingly, there is no laboratory to analysis C 14 in
Myanmar. Mr. Suzuki pointed out that the water near flooding garden is clean and water in the
stream in land area is turbid.

• Minister for Inthar Affair inquired about i) the source of water pollution in the lake, 2) most
suitable species for reforestation and 3) status of depositing the sediments from the lake.
Regarding 1), Mr. Suzuki answered that source of pollution might be chemical pollution and
sedimentation, clarifying that chemical pollution is difficult to be covered by the Project since the
main counterpart of the Project is FD to deal with the sedimentation issues. About 2), Mr. Suzuki
expressed his opinion that the indigenous species such as pine could be suitable for reforestation.
M. Mizuguchi added that the species for the reforestation would be decided through the
discussion with the FD. With regards to 3), Mr. Suzuki proposed to recycle sedimentation
 deposited for e.g., agricultural use such as compost.

• Minister for Environmental Conservation suggested the Project Expert Team to make survey on
chemical utilization in the implementation phase because all household around Inle Lake use
detergent every day.

• Ko Sai Tun Aye, Administration Officer, Terra People Association (TPA) said that the water of
Inle Lake is quite clean in comparation with the water at river mouth. The Project Expert Team
responded that it could be assumed that aquatic grasses might keep water clean.

• The lecturer from Taunggyi University said that November and December are winter season in
Myanmar, not dry season in relation to the slide no. 24 of Mr. Suzuki about results of water
discharge monitoring. He clarified that March, April and May are dry seasons in Myanmar. Also,
he shared his opinion that the human intervention activities such as pumping up the river water for
agriculture purposes could affect the data.

• Minister for Innthar Affair asked whether small scale waste management treatment technique at
household level could be provided in Inle area. Mr. Suzuki replied that he is not in the position to
answer this.

• Staff of GIZ stressed the importance of the role of CSO and asked whether the Project Expert
Team has conducted the capacity building to CSO/CBO in this project period or not. Also, he
mentioned that it might be difficult to go through the process from cropping to marketing of the
crops such as avocado since it takes time. Mr. Inada replied to his question that the Project Expert
Team contracted out the socioeconomic survey to the local NGO, FREDA. In addition, Ms.
Yoshioka agreed on the difficulty to cover the process up to the marketing by the project and
shared the possibility of the implementation phase to cover the marketing process through e.g.,
introduction of Good Agricultural Practices.

• DDG of IWUMD asked whether the Improvement of Land Management proposed under the
project is is the same as Slopping Agriculture Land Technique (SALT). Ms.Yoshioka agree on it.

• Minister for Environmental Conservation invited the project team to come and observe the pine
plantation in Taung Lay Lone reserve forest which could be the reference for SALT practice in
the implementation phase.

• U Tin Aung from InnThar literature and culture Association said that he understand the
effectiveness of the sustainable land management and soil conservation activities of the project,
mainly in the upstream of the watershed. However, as representative of Innthar he would like to
know whether the project team will assist the communities in the downstream in the
implementation phase, such as improvement of tomato plantation.

• In response to the above comment, Minister for Environmental Conservation clarified that the
assistant of international donor is limited in a sense and we need to contribute by our own for
development, clarifying that the government has responsible to improve the basic infrastructure
such as road, electric and health care service while the farmers need to try and find the way by
their own for marketing. Also, he asked the parliament members who attend this seminar to share
the knowledge and information with the community.