Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power System Water Reactors Edited by T.R.

R. Allen, P.J. King, and L. Nelson TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2005

CORRELATION BETWEEN DEFORMATION-INDUCED MICROSTRUCTURES AND TGSCC SUSCEPTIBILITY IN A LOW CARBON AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
Akihiko Kimura1, Tomohiro Noda2, Hideaki Ohkubo1, Yasuhiro Kamada3, Seiki Takahashi3
1 2

Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 Japan

Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan 3 Dept. of Engineering, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550 JAPAN

Keywords: TGSCC, SUS316L, Cold worked, EPR, SSRT, Crack nucleation, Deformation bonds, Phase transformation safe operation of the Japanese BWR, it is essential to understand the mechanism of nucleation of TGSCC and the growth of IGSCC of the core shroud. Although it is not cleared yet that the IGSCC was triggered by the nucleation of TGSCC, it can be expected that the existence of the crevice produced by the TGSCC enhances the IGSCC by changing water chemistry at the head of the crack. Thus, understanding the mechanism of TGSCC enhancement could be critical to suppress the SCC observed in the Japanese shrouds. According to the research report by JAERI [2], it was clearly shown that the TGSCC occurred at the shroud surface where the Vickers hardness was higher than HV400, and the transition of fracture mode from TGSCC to IGSCC occurred at the region where the hardness was below HV300. It is expected that the TGSCC is induced by strong cold work, which results in the formation of dislocations and deformation bands, and the phase transformation from to . Fracture surface examination of the TGSCC revealed that there were many secondary cracks, which appeared to be along deformation bands. This suggests that the TGSCC path is deformation bands, although the mechanism is not cleared yet. In this work, the effects of cold work on the corrosion and SSRT behavior in low carbon austenitic steels are investigated to correlate TGSCC susceptibility with deformation-induced structures. Experimental Specimens Introduction A transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) was found at the surface of welded core shroud made of SUS316L stainless steel in Japanese boiled water reactors (BWR) [1]. Since a severe IGSCC occurred following the nucleation of small portion of TGSCC at the shroud surface, it is considered that the TGSCC is a necessary condition of the following IGSCC. For long lifetime The materials used were austenitic stainless steels whose chemical compositions are shown in Table 1. All the test specimens were solution treated at 1000C for 1 hr in a vacuum of 1 x 10-4 Pa. A half of the specimens were sensitized for 100 hr at 700C for SUS316L and 600C for SUS304 steel. Both the specimens with and without sensitization were cold rolled at room temperature up to 25, 50 and 75% reduction in thickness.

Abstract The effects of cold work on the electrochemical potentio-kinetic reactivation (EPR) ratio, slow strain rate test (SSRT) behavior and microstructure were investigated for the SUS316L steel. The material was rolled at room temperature to different thicknesses reductions after a sensitization heat treatment. Vickers hardness (Hv) measurements revealed that the hardness was increased from Hv=150 to Hv=420 after cold rolling of 75% of reduction in thickness. There is a linear relationship between Hv and the yield stress at RT. The tensile elongation was drastically reduced by the cold rolling. Deformation-induced phase transformation was measured by a magnetic field technique for the SUS316L steel as well as for the SUS 304 steel for comparison. In the SUS304 steel, the volume fraction of martensite increased to more than 70% by the rolling to 75% reduction in thickness, while in the SUS316L, only 1.3% of martensite was formed after the rolling. The EPR ratio of the sensitized SUS316L steel was reduced from 23% to zero by the cold rolling to 75% reduction in thickness. SSRTs were carried out at 288C in a pressurized hot water with dissolved oxygen of 8ppm. The sensitization reduced the total elongation of the SUS316L steel up to a half of the unsensitized one, which was accompanied by the fracture mode change from a microvoid coalescence type ductile fracture to a mixed mode of shearing type ductile fracture and a small amount of IGSCC. The reduction in area after SSRT was reduced by cold rolling significantly. It was confirmed that the cleavage fracture initiated the stress corrosion cracking of the cold rolled SUS316L steel.

Table 1. Chemical compositions of the austenitic stainless steels elements SUS316L SUS304 C 0.010 0.06 Si 0.73 0.59 Mn 1.06 0.97 P 0.032 0.03 S 0.004 0.004 Cr 17.41 18.09 Ni 12.13 8.15 Mo 2.05 -

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Mechanical tests Vickers hardness was measured with a load of 100 g. The average value was calculated from 8 data among the measured 10 data neglecting the minimum and maximum values. Tensile test was carried out at a strain rate of 6.7 x 10-4/sec at room temperature. After the tests, fracture surface was observed by scanning electron microscope. EPR test The degree of grain boundary sensitization was evaluated by means of the double-loop electrochemical potentio-kinetic reactivation (EPR) method following the standard JIS G 0580, in a solution of 0.5M-H2SO4+0.01M-KSCN at 30C. Specimen surface was sanded by a paper #800 before the test. Following the EPR tests, the corroded surface was observed by optical microscope. SSRT The SSRT was carried out with a hot water loop system at 288C with dissolution of 8 ppm oxygen at a strain rate of 5 x 10-7/sec. The tensile specimen is a bone-shaped specimen which measures 5 mm length, 1.2 mm width and 0.5 mm thickness in the gage section. Magnetization measurement The volume fraction of martensite phase was measured at room temperature by means of magnetization method with applying the maximum magnetic field of 20kOe utilizing a saturation magnetization value of 154 emu/g for martensite in the SUS316L steel. The sensitivity of this method was 0.01% for the volume fraction. Results Mechanical properties The effects of cold work on the Vickers hardness is shown in Fig. 1 for the SUS316L steel with and without sensitization. No significant effect of sensitization was observed. After the cold roll to 25% reduction in thickness, the hardness increased to HV280 that is almost same to the value below which TGSCC transferred to IGSCC in the shroud of Japanese BWR. The hardness increased up to HV420, which is the maximum hardness measured for the shroud surface of a Japanese BWR, by the cold work of 75% reduction in thickness. Figure 2 shows the tensile stress-strain curves of the sensitized SUS316L steel after cold roll to each thickness reduction. Two or three specimens were tested for each cold roll condition. With increasing the reduction in thickness, the yield stress increases and the strain reduces significantly. The reduction in area also reduced by cold roll, which is shown in Fig. 3, indicating that the 50% cold rolled steel (b) shows smaller reduction in area than that of without cold roll (a). It is of notice that even after 50% cold roll, the steel showed some necking before fracture, as indicated in the stress-strain curves. EPR tests Figure 1. Dependence of Vickers hardness on the reduction in thickness (cold roll) in SUS316L steel.

600 SUS316L Vickers Hardness [Hv] 500 No Sensitization 400 300 700 C 100h 200 100 0 0 20 40 60 80
o

Reduction in thickness [%]

1400 Tensile Stress [MPa] 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 0.2 75% 50% 25%

SUS316L sensitization + CW

0%

0.4 Strain

0.6

0.8

Figure 2. Tensile stress-strain behavior of the sensitized SUS316L steel after cold roll.
a) not cold rolled

b) 50% cold rolled

0.2 mm

Figure 3. Fracture surfaces of as-sensitized (a) and 50% cold rolled (b) SUS316L steel after tensile tests at RT.
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The potential-current density plots of the double loop EPR tests on the SUS316L steel are shown in Fig. 4 for each specimen sensitized for different period at 700C. As expected, the EPR ratio was zero in the specimen without sensitization, and it increased with increasing sensitization period. As for the effects of cold work, the EPR ratio of the sensitized SUS316L steel was drastically decreased by the cold roll and the 75% cold roll resulted in a complete suppression of backward current density, as shown in Fig. 5. The results of EPR tests on the SUS316L steel are summarized in Fig. 6, indicating that the EPR ratio increases with increasing sensitization period at 700C and decreases with increasing degree of cold work or reduction in thickness.

30 Sensitized at 700C 25 EPR-DOS [%] 20 15 10 5 0 0h 5h 15h 30h 50h 100h

100 700C Current Density [mA/cm2] 100 hr 10 0 hr 50 hr 1 15 hr

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Degree of Cold Work [%]

Figure 6. The dependence of EPR ratio of the SUS316L steel on sensitization period at 700C and degree of cold work (reduction in thickness) at room temperature. Optical microscope observation After EPR tests, specimen surfaces were observed to investigate the degree of grain boundary corrosion. Figure 7 shows the specimen surfaces after EPR tests of the sensitized (700C, 100 hr) and cold worked (reduction in thickness of a) 0, b) 25 and c) 50%) SUS316L steel. Black lines are grain boundaries, which were corroded during the EPR test. It appears that the grain size were different among the specimens. This is, however, because that the grain boundaries of strongly cold worked SUS316L steel are highly resistant to corrosion even after the sensitization heat treatment at 700C for 100 hr. Phase transformation

0.1 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Potential [mV SCE]

Figure 4. The potential-current density plots of the SUS316L steel after the sensitization at 700C for different period.

100
2] Current Density [mA/cm

Sensitized at 700C for 100 hr

The volume fractions of ferrite in (a) SUS304 and (b) SUS316L steel with and without sensitization are shown in Fig. 8. Deformation-induced transformation occurred in the SUS304 steel during cold roll, and the 75% cold roll resulted in the formation of

10

0% CW 15% CW

50% CW 75% CW

0.1 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Potential [mV SCE]
Figure 5. The potential-current density plots of the sensitized SUS316L steel at 700C for 100 hr followed by cold roll to h diff t d ti i thi k
41

Figure 7. The specimen surfaces after the EPR tests of sensitized (700C, 100 hr) and cold worked (reduction in thickness of a) 0, b) 25 and c) 50%) SUS316L steel.

martensite up to 70 volume %. This behavior was not influenced by sensitization heat treatment. The scale of vertical axis is different between Fig.8 (a) and (b). In case of SUS316L steel, the ferrite volume fraction was not significantly increased by cold roll. However, it is clear that the volume fraction increased with increasing the degree of cold work even in the SUS316L steel at room temperature. SSRT

The stress-strain curves of the SUS316L steel obtained in SSRT are shown in Fig. 9, with those in tensile test at room temperature. The tensile elongation obtained in SSRT was considerably smaller than those in tensile tests, suggesting that the SSRT resulted in the SCC of the SUS316L steel. As for the effect of cold work, it is very clear that the cold work considerably reduced the tensile elongation, namely, caused embrittlement that is considered to be due to SCC. When the cold roll reduction in thickness was increased above 25%, the fracture occurred immediately after the yielding without showing any plastic deformation.

14 00 Tensile Stress [MPa]

(a)

100 (a) Volume Fraction of (%) 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 Rolling reduction(%) Sensitized SUS304

12 00 10 00 8 00 6 00 4 00 2 00 0 0 0 .2 s e n s itiz a tio n + C W

S U S 31 6L 0% CW

CW

SSRT s e n s itiz a tio n + C W 0 .4 0 .6 T e n s ile S tr a in 0 .8 1

SUS304
Tensile Stress [MPa]

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

(b)
s e n s itiz a tio n + C W CW

S U S 3 1 6L 25% CW

SSRT s e n s itiz a tio n + C W

0 - 0 .1

0 .1 0 .2 T e n s ile S t r a in

0 .3

0 .4

2 Volume Fraction of (%) 1.5

1400 Tensile Stress [MPa]

(c)
s e n s itiz a tio n + C W

(b)

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 - 0 .1 0 0 .1 0 .2 T e n s ile S tr a in

S US 3 16L 50% CW

BS=154emu/g

CW

Sensitized SUS316L 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -20 SUS316L

SSRT s e n s itiz a tio n + C W

0 .3

0 .4

1400 Tensile Stress [MPa] 1200 1000 8 00 6 00 4 00 2 00

s e n s itiz a tio n + C W

(d )
CW

S US 3 1 6L 7 5% C W

SSRT s e n s itiz a tio n + C W

0 20 40 60 Rolling reduction(%)

80

0 -0 .1

0 .1 0 .2 T e n s ile S tr a in

0 .3

0 .4

Figure 8. The volume fractions of ferrite in (a) SUS304 and (b) SUS316L steel with and without sensitization followed by cold roll to each reduction in thickness.

Figure 9. Tensile stress-strain curves of the sensitized and cold worked SUS316L steel : (a) 0%, (b) 25%, (c) 50%, (d) 75% reduction in thickness.
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Fracture behavior in SSRT Figure 10 shows the fracture surface of the sensitized and cold worked SUS316L steel after SSRT. As shown in Fig. 10 (a), the fracture mode of the sensitized specimen at 700C for 100 hr was ductile fracture, although the tensile elongation was reduced significantly in comparison to that of tensile test at room temperature. The cold work changed the fracture behavior. From the figure 10 (b), (c) and (d), it appears that the fracture mode was brittle with showing almost no necking. The reduction in area of these specimens is almost zero, which is clearly shown in Fig. 11. Although the fracture surfaces shown in Fig. 10 (b), (c) and (d) appeared to be brittle, the observation with a higher magnification revealed that the fracture mode was almost completely ductile, as shown in Fig. 12, which indicates the existence of microvoid coalescence. It is of notice that a small amount of grain boundary fracture occurred in the sensitized but not cold rolled SUS316L steel, which is considered to be due to IGSCC. In contrast to this, the cleavage fracture was observed in the cold rolled specimens at near specimen surface (Fig. 13). Two major crack paths and two cleavage fracture regions are observed in Fig. 10 (b), suggesting that the cleavage fracture initiated and then shearing type ductile fracture occurred. It is expected that the cold work enhanced TGSCC of SUS316L steel.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

0.5 mm
Figure 11. The broken specimens of sensitized SUS316L steel by SSRT: (a) no cold roll, (b) 25%, (c) 50% and (d) 75% of reduction in thickness.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(c)
(b)
0.2 mm

(d)

50 m
Figure 12. Typical ductile fracture surfaces of sensitized SUS316L steel by SSRT: (a) no cold roll, (b) 25%, (c) 50% and (d) 75% of reduction in thickness.

(c)

(a) (b)

(d)

(c)

(d)

50 m
Figure 10. The fracture surface of the sensitized (700C, 100 hr) and cold worked SUS316L steel after SSRT: (a) no cold roll, (b) 25%, (c) 50% and (d) 75% of reduction in thickness.
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Figure 12. TGSCC of sensitized SUS316L steel by SSRT: (a) no cold roll, and no cleavage fracture but a small amount of IGSCC, (b) 25%, (c) 50% and (d) 75% of reduction in thickness.

Discussion Deformation-induced structure Deformation-induced structures are formed by cold roll. Since the slip systems in austenitic stainless steels are {111}<110>, dislocations are piled up on the [111] and deformation bands are formed on the slip planes. In the later stage of plastic deformation, the dislocation structure consists of dislocation cell structure. In poly-crystal, many slip systems are activated, the deformation bands cross each other to form dislocation cells. In the heavily deformed steel as in this work, the deformation bands and cell structures are well developed mostly on the slip planes with depending on the stacking fault energy (SFE): low and high SFE prefers deformation bands and dislocation cells, respectively [3]. Those dislocation structures are considered to be preferable as a corrosion site, and corrosion may occur along deformation bands and dislocation cell [4]. It is well known that slip planes may work as a nucleation site of SCC when the deformation occurred locally on a slip plane that causes formation of fresh steps at the specimen surface [5]. The SEM examination revealed that there were many coarse slip lines on the side surface of the fractured specimens by SSRT only when the specimens were not cold rolled, which showed more than 30% of elongation. Since the specimens were sanded after the cold roll, almost all the surface steps were removed. Furthermore, the fracture occurred immediately after the yielding. The dislocation density, , is estimated from the following equation:

that no work hardening was observed in the 75% cold rolled specimen. This suggests that the deformation of cold rolled specimen occurs very locally immediately after the yielding, and may produce fresh slip steps on the specimen surface. Without any fresh steps on the specimen surface, a localized electric cell can be formed between the localized regions with and without high density of dislocations in the dislocation cell [4]. As for the effect of phase transformation, the volume fraction of the martensite phase in the strongly deformed (75% reduction) SUS316L steel was at most 1.3%. Although it is not known that the martensite phase was homogeneously distributed or not in the cross section, the recent hardness measurement on the cross section of the cold rolled specimen indicated that there is a hard region near surface [7]. Since the hard region spreads to about several tens m depth from the surface, if the transformation was limited to occur in this region, the volume fraction of martensite in this region increases to 27% at least. The martensite has a lattice orientation relationship with austenite phase as (111)//(011). Since the habit planes are same with slip plane in each lattice, martensite can be formed on the slip planes. Thus, the deformation bands, which consist of dislocations in high density and/or martensite phases may cause the initiation of TGSCC along slip planes. The mechanism of TGSCC enhancement will be discussed later. Effect of cold work on EPR ratio Figure 15 shows the dependence of the EPR ratio on the Vickers hardness in the SUS316L steel. It is clear that the EPR ratio reduces with increasing the hardness, while the unsensitized steel never shows a degree of sensitization (EPR-DOS). In this experiment, a small amount of intergranular cracking was only observed in sensitized but not cold rolled SUS316L steel. Although the reduction of elongation was recognized in SSRT, it is considered that the test conditions were not appropriate to cause complete IGSCC. Creviced bent beam experiments are now conducting to prove the potential IGSCC. As for the effect of cold work on grain boundary corrosion, Fig.15 indicates that the cold work causes modifications of grain boundary structure to suppress the corrosion in SUS316L. The uniaxial cold roll is expected to be effective to reduce the EPR30 SUS316L

WH = Gb (1)
where is a strengthening factor, 0.2 for dislocations, G is shear modulus and b is Bergers vector. Figure 14 shows the relationship between tensile properties and Vickers hardness. There is a linear relationship between yield stress and hardness. The dislocation density corresponding to the amount of cold work, 810 MPa, is estimated to be 1.4 x 1012/cm2. Since this value is similar to that of quenched martensite [6], the dislocation density is considered to almost attain to the upper limit. Figure 2 indicates
Reduction in Thickness [%] 1200 1000 Yield Stress [MPa] 800 600 400 200 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 25 50 75 0.9 0.8

25 EPR-DOS [%] 20 15 10 5 0 CW sensitization + CW

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 450 Elongation

100

200

300

400

500

600

Vickers Hardness [Hv]

Vickers Hardness [Hv]

Figure 14. The relationship between tensile properties and Vickers hardness of the cold rolled SUS316L steel.
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Figure 15. The dependence of the EPR ratio (EPR-DOE) on the Vickers hardness in SUS316L steel with and without sensitization at 700C for 100 hr.

DOE. According to the previous studies [8], the grain boundary corrosion depends on grain boundary structure, and random boundaries have a higher resistance to sensitization. It is considered that the occurrence of TGSCC at the hardened region may be due to two reasons: one is the suppression of IGSCC and the other is acceleration of TGSCC by cold work.
Elongation

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 100

Reduction in thickness [%] 25 50 75 SUS316L Tensile CW Tensile sensitization + CW SSRT sensitization + CW

Effect of cold work on SSRT behavior Characteristics in the SSRT behavior of the cold worked SUS316L steel are: 1) almost no plastic deformation, 2) no necking, 3) almost complete ductile shearing rapture with a small amount of TGSCC. Figure 16 shows the dependence of elongation on the Vickers hardness. The SSRT elongation appears to be saturated above HV=280 where the fracture initiates with TGSCC. Figure 17 shows the dependence of elongation on the EPR-DOS, indicating that the elongation increases with increasing EPR-DOS. This suggests that the elongation was not controlled by susceptibility to IGSCC but the other factor such as TGSCC susceptibility. Figure 18 shows the dependence of reduction in area on Vickers hardness. The reduction in area was reduced significantly by cold roll in SSRT but not al all in tensile test at room temperature, suggesting that the reduction in area is influenced by cold work only when SCC occurs. The decrease in the reduction in area is considered to be due to TGSCC that is enhanced by the formation of deformation bands, while IGSCC is suppressed by cold work through the modifications of grain boundary structure. Enhancement of TGSCC The mechanism of TGSCC enhancement is unclear, although the formation of deformation bands may make some roles in the enhancement. Determination of the lattice plane of the TGSCC is important to discuss the mechanism of TGSCC. However, in this work, it is difficult to determine the crack plane. It is considered that there are two major mechanism of TGSCC enhancement: 1) dislocation and 2) martensite. Studies on the mechanism of the TGSCC enhancement are necessary. Conclusion The effects of cold work on the EPR ratio, SSRT behavior and microstructure were investigated for the SUS316L steel. The material was rolled at room temperature to different thicknesses after a sensitization heat treatment. The obtained main results are: 1) The SUS316L steel was hardened by cold rolls of 25, 50 and 75% of reduction in thickness from Hv=150 to Hv=290, 350 and 420, respectively. There is a linear relationship between Hv and the yield stress at RT. 2) The tensile elongation was drastically reduced by the cold rolling of 50 and 75% reduction in thickness, showing the reduction from 50% of total elongation at annealed condition to only 2% after the cold rolling. 3) In the SUS304 steel, the volume fraction of martensite increased to more than 70% by the rolling of 75% reduction in thickness, while in the SUS316L steel, only 1.3% of martensite was formed after the rolling. 4) The EPR ratio of the sensitized SUS316L steel was reduced from 23% to zero by the cold rolling of 75% reduction in thickness.
45

150

200 250 300 350 400 Vickers Hardness [Hv]

450

Figure 16. The dependence of elongation on the Vickers hardness in the SUS316L steel.
1 Tensile CW 0.8 Elongation 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 SSRT sensitization + CW SUS316L Tensile sensitization + CW

10 15 EPR-DOS [%]

20

25

Figure 17. The dependence of elongation on the EPR-DOS, indicating that the elongation increases with increasing the EPR-DOS.

60 SUS316L 50 Reduction in Area [%] 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 Reduction in thickness [%] SSRT sensitization + CW Tensile sensitization + CW

Figure 18. The dependence of reduction in area on Vickers hardness in the SUS316L steel.

5)

6)

The sensitization reduced the total elongation of the SUS316L steel up to a half of the unsensitized one, which was accompanied by the fracture mode change from a microvoid coalescence type ductile fracture to a mixed mode of shirring type ductile fracture and a small amount of IGSCC. The reduction in area after SSRT was reduced by cold rolling significantly. It was confirmed that the TGSCC initiated the stress corrosion cracking of the cold rolled SUS316L steel. Acknowledgement

References 1. S. Suzuki et al., Proc. of Yayoi Conference, Div. Of Nuclear Materials, AESJ, (in Japanese) (2003) 51. 2. T. Tsukada et al., Proc. of Yayoi Conference, Div. Of Nuclear Materials, AESJ, (in Japanese) (2003) 89. 3. P.R. Swann and J. Nutting, J. Inst., Metals, 90 (1961/62) 133. 4. P.R. Swann, Corrosion, 19 (1963) 102. 5. T.P. Hoar, Trans. Faraday Soc., 33 (1937) 1152. 6. W.C. Leslie, The Physical Metallurgy of Steels, McGraw-Hill (1982) 125. 7. Y. Ishiyama, M. Mayuzumi, Y. Mizutani, J. Tani, Collected Abstracts of the 2005 Spring Meeting of the Japan Inst. Of Metals, (2005) 354. 8. D.N. Wasnik, V. Kain, I. Samajdar, B. Verlinden, P.K. De, Acta Metallugica 50 (2002) 4587.

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Chubu Electric Power Company and Toshin Kogyo, Ltd., for conducting this research.

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Session Name: BWR SCC & Modeling - I Session Day/Time: Monday 8/15, 8am - noon Correlation between Deformation-Induced Microstructures and TGSCC Susceptibility in Low Carbon Austenitic Stainless Steels
Presenter: Akihiko Kimura
Name of Person Asking Question: Renate Killian Affiliation of Person Asking Question: Framatone ANP, Germany Question: In your slide Modeling Cold Work Effects you are showing IGSCC nucleation (initiation) in the annealed (solution annealed) conditions. Can you please comment on this? In which BWR plant IGSCC initiation in the solution annealed condition has been observed? Response: The term solution annealed condition should be replaced by sensitized condition.

Name of Person Asking Question: Ronald Horn Affiliation of Person Asking Question: GE Nuclear Question: Please confirm the composition of the 316L material in the tests. Additionally, please discuss the location of the IGSCC in fracture surface and whether it was surface connected. Response: SUS316L: 0.01 C, .73 Si, 1.06 Mn, 17.41 Cr, 12.13 Ni, 2.05 Mo. Location of IGSCC: primary crack is near surface, secondary crack is the centered area (but it is difficult to distinguish with IGSCC).

Name of Person Asking Question: Yoshinori Katayama Affiliation of Person Asking Question: Toshiba Question: In this data, EPR value is decreased with cold work ratio. Do you carry out revision of grain size? Response: The prior-austenite grain size was not changed by cold work, but subgrain size was reduced by cold work.
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