STRUCTURAL

ORGANISATIO
INANIMALS
" Unicellular organisms ta t HH f fsh4r, digestion, respiration 71
reproduction y cell RI HEq at}I
" Multicellular animals body complex at TT B-T4 same basic functions f - f cell Ht

t fafr AR cells i aI , HÀ rA cell H

Simple organismn Hydraai

" Tai TTf perform {à fs human body i cells fACIAT qt arft

q cells, body HIZ H ATH Git?
- Multicellular animals similar cells group HA intercellular substances V specific
function, perform hà , cells a I organisation, tissue haTl I
IG TE S46 surprise h f Hî complex animals t body Ha RYAIR tissue Yg

organised a y organs 1f40U t -

ussue specific proportion 71 patterns
Stomach, lung, heart ai kidney.
fyF organs 3144 physical d chemical interaction RI Y7 common function
e
l perform àà, aàIgA ÀfHG organ system 1 fHju 6d ¿I e.g, digestive system,
respiratory systemn, etc.
systems H division of
Dody 1 H biological activities, cells, tissues, organs 3r organ
 7.1 Animal Tissues
" Cells structure s h 4HIR vary h{d
FHfTs tissues 4-3HEI a a I RYnt Àclassified fa4| TT
1) Epithelial tissue
(i) Connective tissue
(iii) Muscular tissue
(iv) Neural tissue
7.1.1 Epithelial Tissue
Commonly 4 epithelialtissue epithelium (pl. ; epithelia) +eà
" FHö #free surface rfi , body fluid 3r YI aIgt environment á it alát I
body * go parts covering | ining 441à
FTÌcells, compactly packed at , fre little intercellular matrix yei aT
Epithelial tissue y r à
Simple Epithelium
4E cells n single layer aî ar
- YE body cavities, ducts TT tubes h lining tI
Compound Epithelium
3HÀ Y À fes cells layers ai
protection 1 r4 4ti f ZHÎ skin,
Cells structural modification TR R simple epithelium AR I¥i ß
) Squamous
(i) Cuboidal
(iüi) Columnar

Flattened cell Cube-like cell

(a) (b
Tall cell
(c)
(d)
Figure 7.1Simple epithelium: (a) Squamous (b) Cuboidal (c)
Columnar (d) Columnar cells bearing cilia
" Squamous epithelium 4E flat cells t single thin layer
irregular rát a¥t , f boundaries
- àblood vessels Ì wall 7T lungs air sacs Yrt GIi I
Functions diffusion boundary H1
Cuboidal epithelium - 4% cube cells á single layer àt
- E glands á ducts AT kidney
nephron tubular parts commonly ret I0
Functions Hh1 H HI4secretion 7I absorption
" Kidney Ìnephron Proximal Convoluted Tubules
(PCT) n epithelium microvilli qs d
Columnar Epithelium
3E tall ag slender cells i single layer t t
-gTÀ nuclei, cells base àt
- Free surface microvilli yIs à
à stomach intestine t lining yn Gâ
Bunctions secretion 71 absorption a
. ae coumnar cuboidal cells t free surface cilia 34ft a ciliated epithelium #
(Fig. 7.1l d)
. Ciliated epithelium ar particles UAI mucus Ì epithelium
move hUGI }I specific direction À
. Ciliated epithelium y hollow organs t inner surface YIs
Fallopian tube. GIt,-bronchioles qgT

Glandular Epitheliun
F8 columnar 71 cuboidal cells, secretion feTs specialised î à, f glandular
epithelium À i (Fig. 7.2)
mainly yR art Unicellular 141 multicellular.
Unicellular
- 4E isolated glandular cells at At e.g., gobelt cells of the alimentary canal.
Multicellular
qE cluster of cells fAMeGT a t Ái e.g., salivary gland.
"Secretion 31R W glands R t art exocrine gland ai endocrine gland.
Exocrine Gland
- W mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes I other cell products feTd
$1* secretion, ducts I tubes IhId I
Endocrine Gland

- # hormones produce arà , directly 34 fluid secrete artà, for gland fa a§ Ái

Compound Epithelium
R cells î ys Àfys layer (multi layer) t ri tI
FA1 secretion a1 absorption limited role ar I
1yA H chemical qgI mechanical stress I
TA parts cover #¥skin á dry surface, buccal cavity Ì moist surface, pharynx,
Salivary gland á ducts â inner lining pancreatic ducts.
Epithelium cells #-HR À U intercellular material aRT T TEt
RÀ animal tissues individual cells qA specialisedjunctions s Ad , structural
dl functional link provide hd ei
tpithelium 7 3a tissues yAR cell junctions YIs tI
 Tight Junctions
4 tissues across, substances leakage a HE4GI hàI
Adhering Junctions
" 48 cementing HT fH rU neighbouring cells y - t A frTt T8i I
Gap Junctions
Gap junctions adjacent cells 3T44 cytoplasmicconnections ZI gat a I
4E junction 7 adjoining cells a ions, small
transfer {G{ communication 4G htd molecules 1| F4|-F4| big molecules i ranNA

Unicellular
gland

Multicelluar
gland
(a) (b
Figure 7.2 Glandular epithelium: (a)
Unicellular (b) Multicellular

Multilayered
cells

Figure 7.3 Compound

7.1.2 Connective Tissue epithelium
Complex animals t body most abundant qT
widely distributed tissue, connective tissue ie
connective tissue I
" Connective tissues
soft
tissue I blood nf4a à tissue T specialised types tissue, -
cartilage, bone, adipost
Blood sgh HÜ connective tissues cells,
collagen | elastin 8à structural proteins fbres secrete h , st
Fibres, tissue Ì strength, elasticity I
" à cells, modified flexibility y< hÀ
polysaccharides secrete hit ½, GÌ cells I fibres gyena tsh matrix
" Connective tissue 3 hR r
(i) Loose connective tissue
(i) Dense connective tissue
(ii) Specialised connective tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
"3HÀ cells ai fibres, semi-fluid ground substance loosely arranged a , e.g., Areolar
tissue, fe skin à à
Areolar tissue, epithelium fers Hr4: supportive framework ÌTE Hr a
- Areolar tissue H fibroblast,
macrophages +T mast cells yrf Tt I
(Fibroblast-produce and secrete fibres)
Macrophage
Fat
Fibroblast storage
area

Collagen
fibres
Nucleus

Plasma
membrane
Yellow fibres a Mast cell
(b)
Figure 7.4 Loose connective tissue: (a) Areolar tissue (b) Adipose tissue

" Adipose tissue loose connective tissue , mainly skin à e G

- Adipose tissue t cells, fat storage fers specialised ar I
t * excess nutrients, g use i arà , à fat convert ajat adiposetissue store
Dense Connective Tissue
FH& fibres # fibroblasts, compactly packed t8t
Fibres orientation AT{ R dense connective tissue i dense regular a91 dense irregular
À divide f i TjT
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
-A fibres l pattern, regular a I
- 7Å 3A4 fibres bundles parallel a , 346 a collagen fibres î rows Vri aâ
"-g., Tendons skeletal muscles bone À gà I
Ligaments y5 bone âbone gà
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
- SAH fibres l pattern, irregular TI
- S4&fibroblasts a1 $fibres (mostly collagen) atà ,ifs differently oriented Tat ¯, e.g., E
tissue, skin yr IGI }I
Collagen fibre

Fibroblast
nuclei

Collagen fibre
(a) (b)
Figure 7.5 Dense Connective tissue: (a) Dense regular (b) Dense irregular
 Specialised Connective Tissue
Specialised connective tissue, fafy- yHR à, -cartilage, bones TT blood.
Cartilage
" Ui intercellular material, solid, pliable compression resistant t1 i
Cartilage ÀAÌ Cells (chondrocytes) a4 aI secreted matrix TA-§ cavities
" Vertebrate embryos 3fT frHt cartilage, adult stage bones E replace rt
Adult pS cartilage examples f nose tip , outer ear joints, vertebral column
* adjacent bones A aa , limbs a hands I
Bone
" Bones hard l non-pliable ground substance ta i
Bones ground substance calcium salts ai collagen fibres rfes HAIÌYIs AIÀ , bone
strength
" TE body Ì structural frame provide àareTI main tissue
Bones, soft tissue 1organs Ì support a protect i l
Bone cells (osteocytes) fari spaces r It3 lacunae haà
" Limb bones, TA legs long bones, weight bear à arÉ
Bones, skeletal muscles gso movement A
"$T bones bone marrow blood cells 1 production aai
Blood
" Y8 V# fluid like connective tissue
^HH plasma, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) TI platelets sGt } (Fig.
48 HA circulating fluid , G various substances transport 4G GI }I 7.6)

Collagen fibres Lamellae RBC

Haversian
Cartilage cell canal
Platelets
(chondrocyte) -Lacunae
Canaliculi

(a) (b) WBC

Figure 7.6 Specialised connective tissues: (a) Cartilage (b) (c)
Bone (c) Blood
7.1.3 Muscles Tissue
" yIG muscles a long qI cylindrical fibres fHTET à aà
4 fibres, parallel array arrange Ed I
" à fbres ya fbrils ad , fr myofibrils hE
" HHK muscles fibres yeh
co-ordinated fashion contract (shorten) uncontract (lengthen)
" Muscles tissue action NT environment i AIT changes 347R move a A RI
parts position Ì maintain TgI
Generally, body HÌ movements muscles HT yfreT A
Muscles tissue A Y6R ad Skeletal muscles, Smooth muscles a Cardiac muscles.
SkeletalMuscles
.àskeletal bones t
" typical muscles, tH biceps skeletal muscles fibres, parallel fashion ^ bundle s
striated (striped)
" fafy muscles fibres * bundles, tough connective tissue U Z feR TEÀ(Fig. 7.7 a)
Smooth Muscles
" Smooth muscles fibres, fusiform tÀ afy t end rà (taper) tà
"3Àstriations 76 (Fig. 7.7 b)

"àconnective tissue sheath RI bundle aà

" YAR * muscles tissue, internal organs f wall à feat , - blood vessels, stomach 7
intestine.

involuntary tà,i s TÌ functioning t direct control i frz GAI

Cardiac Muscles
" Cardiac muscles tissue y contractile tissue , heart ys
" Cardiac muscles cells t plasma membrane, celljunction RI fuse a , GI9H
" Communication junctions (intercalated discs) a fusion points W cell yã unit à y
contract I à 3HÍTr ya 5 cell contract al signal fci , aIi cell s-t
contraction fes stimulate a GI
Striations
Smooth
-Striations muscle
fibres
Nucleus

Junction
between
Nucleus
NucleuS adjacent
cells

(a) (b) ()
Figure 7.7 Muscle tissue :(a) Skeletal (striated) muscle tissue (b) Smooth muscle tissue (c) Cardiac muscle tissue
7.1.4 Neural Tissues
Changing conditions sfa body á responsiveness Ì control G frs neural tissue H KY
# responsible i
Neural system unit, neuron (Fig. 7.8)
Neurons, excitable cells
Neuroglial cells aIRI neurons Support protect fh I I
H body neuroglia neural tissue 1 STà fYF volume q-I¥ I
" gG Vh neuron suitably stimulate f+|II yat electrical disturbance 3Y JI ,
zHG0 plasma membrane along tsf (swiftly) traval 51 I
" Neurons a stimulate art a disturbance, neuron à stfrH sr output zone ETGI
adjacent neuron sd other cells stimulate h GiI4gai inhibit tdII

Axon

Cell body
with nucleus

Dendrite
Neuroglia

Figure 7.8 Neural tissue (Neuron with neuroglia)