Introduction to indoor networking concepts and

challenges in LiFi

Name: Dane Jose

Reg No: ASI20CS047
Semester: 7
Branch: CSE A
Name of Guide: Asst.Prof Preethy Roy
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

RELATED WORK

METHODOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY

PROPOSED WORK

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

RESULT

COMPARISON

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
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 INTRODUCTION
➢ LiFi is a technology that connects fixed and mobile devices using light and offers very high data rates. It harnesses the visible

light and infrared spectrum, which is 2600 times larger than the entire radio frequency spectrum.

➢ The paper highlights the timeliness of LiFi, especially for 6th generation (6G) cellular communications, and explores essential

networking technologies such as interference mitigation and hybrid LiFi/Wi-Fi networking topologies.

➢ Seamless integration of LiFi into existing wireless networks to create heterogeneous networks across optical and RF domains

is discussed, along with load balancing implications and solutions.

➢ The paper presents real-world deployment results of a hybrid LiFi/Wi-Fi network in a software-defined networking testbed and

a school classroom. The results show significant improvement in Wi-Fi network performance by offloading traffic to LiFi.

➢ The paper emphasizes the novelty and distinct contributions of the research, including insights into improving wireless

networking performance and experimental results from the hybrid LiFi/Wi-Fi deployments .

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 RELATED WORKS
Paper [1]:T.-S. Chu and M. Gans, “High speed infrared local wireless communication,” IEEE Commun. Mag.
25(8), 4–10 (1987).
Paper proposes:
➢ Infrared local wireless communication for interconnecting remote terminals.
➢ Comparison to infrared remote control, emphasizing differences in data rate and technology.
➢ Mention of laser transmitters

Drawbacks: The paper explores the use of infrared radiation for wireless communication in indoor environments.
However, it highlights limitations such as limited range, susceptibility to interference from obstacles, and low
data rates in certain infrared systems. Additionally, compliance with laser safety regulations is necessary when
utilizing infrared beams for communication.

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 CONTD
Paper [2]:Multi-modal biometrics for mobile authentication
Paper Proposes:
➢ Importance of user authentication for secure transactions, regulatory compliance.
➢ Emphasis on robust authentication for higher fraud risk with smart mobile devices.
➢ Introduction of a multimodal biometrics system (chirography, face, voice recognition).
Drawbacks: The system has a limited transmission bandwidth, with a theoretical analysis indicating a maximum
speed of 260 "bit. m/s" due to time dispersion. Interference and hidden terminals can pose challenges, as
non-line-of-sight transmission may lead to signal interference and affect system performance.Background noise from
ambient daylight reduces the transmission speed to below 1 "bit/s", further impacting the system's efficiency.

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 CONTD
Paper [3]: A two-level fusion approach to multimodal biometric verification
Paper Proposes:
➢ Intramodal Fusion: Combining scores from multiple samples of the same modality.
➢ Intermodal Fusion: Combining the means of intramodal fused scores from different modalities either linearly
or through an SVM.

Drawbacks: Intense ambient infrared noise, such as sunlight and lighting, can disrupt the receiver.
Path loss leads to signal strength reduction with distance, necessitating higher transmit power for reliability.
Multipath distortion, especially in non-line-of-sight situations, affects signal quality.

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 METHODOLOGY
The methodology used in this document includes a combination of experimental and simulation-based
approaches to study LiFi networks and their integration with existing wireless networks.
Experimental Validation:
A hybrid LiFi/Wi-Fi networking testbed was developed and used to evaluate the performance of the network
in different scenarios.The testbed supports vertical handover between LiFi and Wi-Fi networks, allowing for the
tracing of data flows during transitions.The experimental results offer novel insights into key areas for
optimizing wireless networking performance, such as handover latency and throughput.
Performance Evaluation:
The document discusses channel models for LiFi networks and the effects of the optical front-end devices on the
channel characteristics.

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 CONTD
➢ Optical front-ends in incoherent IM/DD optical wireless systems typically consist of LEDs at the transmitter
and photodiodes (PDs) at the receiver, but practical systems also include front-end electronics like LED
drivers, optics, and transimpedance amplifiers.

➢ These front-end electronics introduce low-pass characteristics, which can limit the maximum achievable
data rates in the system.

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 CONTD
➢ Simulation is used to analyze the channel characteristics of the optical wireless system in different
scenarios, such as line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) propagation. Simulation methods
such as ray-tracing are used to model the responses of NLoS channels in indoor environments.
The paper's methodology involves:

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 CONTD
➢ In VLC (Visible Light Communication) and LiFi systems, indoor free-space light propagation is
affected by attenuation and signal components arriving via different paths, including reflection and
scattering, resulting in unique channel power delay profiles.

➢ While line-of-sight (LoS) transmission is commonly used in VLC and LiFi studies due to its
simplicity, non-line-of-sight (NLoS) paths can significantly contribute to the signal power in certain
scenarios, particularly in small and reflective indoor environments.

➢ Various approaches, including ray-tracing-based deterministic methods and Monte-Carlo-based

methods, have been proposed to simulate NLoS channels, each with its trade-offs in terms of
accuracy and computation efficiency.

➢ Special issues such as wavelength dependency, shadowing effects, and human body impact have
been considered in VLC channel studies, with solutions like angular diversity receivers explored for
mitigating link obstructions.

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LiFi Network

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➢ Downlink: Ceiling-mounted LiFi access points (LED fixtures) emit modulated light signals downward.
Laptops, smartphones, and other LiFi-enabled devices receive this data by detecting the light.

➢ Uplink: Devices with built-in LiFi transmitters (typically infrared LEDs) communicate with LiFi receivers
on the ceiling, sending data back to the network.

➢ Backhaul Connection: The central router or server connects to the internet or the wider network via
traditional wired or wireless connections, allowing data to flow in and out of the LiFi network.

➢ Handover: As an employee moves from one room to another, their device automatically switches between
different LiFi access points, ensuring uninterrupted connectivity.

➢ Mobility Support: Employees with LiFi-enabled tablets or smartphones can collaborate while walking
around the office, maintaining a stable connection throughout.

➢ Multiple Access: Multiple employees can connect their devices to the LiFi network simultaneously, without
causing interference or congestion, providing efficient data exchange.
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TECHNIQUES USED

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 CONTD
(a) Demonstration of CCI (Co-Channel Interference):
➢ Co-Channel Interference (CCI) occurs when multiple transmitters use the same frequency channel
simultaneously, causing interference to each other.
➢ Demonstrating CCI involves setting up multiple transmitters using the same channel to showcase the impact of
interference, which degrades the quality of the received signals.
➢ This demonstration helps in understanding how to mitigate or manage interference through various techniques
such as frequency planning, power control, and smart antenna systems.
(b) Static Resource Partitioning:
➢ Static Resource Partitioning involves dividing the available frequency spectrum or time slots into fixed or
predetermined portions for different users or services.
➢ These partitions are allocated statically, meaning they do not change dynamically based on traffic conditions
or demand.
➢ Static resource partitioning is commonly used in scenarios where predictable resource allocation is more
practical, such as in legacy cellular networks.
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 CONTD
.
c) Interference Coordination with Angular Diversity Transmitters and Receivers:
Interference Coordination refers to strategies for managing interference in wireless networks.
Angular Diversity Transmitters and Receivers use directional antennas that can transmit and receive signals from
specific angles.
This technique allows for spatial interference coordination, as the antennas can focus their beams and reduce
interference from undesired directions, improving signal quality and network performance.
d) Cooperative Multipoint Joint Transmission:
Cooperative Multipoint Joint Transmission (CoMP JT) is a technique in wireless communication where multiple
base stations work together to serve a user equipment (UE) simultaneously.
It involves coordinated data transmission from multiple base stations to improve coverage, capacity, and data rates
for the UE.

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 PROPOSED WORK
Static Resource Partitioning:
Divides transmission resources into blocks assigned to different APs.
Eliminates interference between adjacent APs.
May result in reduced system spectral efficiency if resource blocks remain unused.
Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR):
Allocates a single resource block to cell center users served by each AP.
Cell edge users served by adjacent APs use orthogonal resource blocks.
Enhances spectral efficiency compared to static resource partitioning.
Requires sophisticated coordination mechanisms between APs.

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 CONTD

Dynamic Resource Allocation:

Adapts resource allocation based on real-time AP load conditions.

Optimizes allocation to improve user fairness and spectral efficiency.

Requires accurate channel state information (CSI) and involves higher computational complexity.

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 CONTD

Angular Diversity:

Leverages directional nature of light to mitigate interference.

Multiple PD detectors with different orientations on the receiver side.

Multiple light sources with narrow beamwidths on the AP side.

Enhances spectral efficiency by mitigating interference from specific directions.

Increases hardware and algorithmic complexity.

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 CONTD
Cooperative Multipoint Joint Transmission (CoMP-JT):

Coordinates transmissions from multiple APs to serve cell-edge users.

Eliminates inter-cell interference and enhances signal power at the receiver side.

Reduces signal blockage by utilizing multiple line-of-sight transmission paths.

Particularly beneficial in dense deployment scenarios.

User-Centric Vectored Transmission:

➢ Advanced technique based on CoMP-JT.
➢ Weights and phases the transmitted signal to maximize SINR at the receiver side.
➢ Improves bandwidth efficiency and adapts to varying channel conditions.
➢ Requires accurate CSI for effective signal processing and coordination

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 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Capacity of Cellular LiFi Networks

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 CONTD
(a) Relationship between Shannon capacity upper bound and channel capacity in a LiFi network:
➢ Shannon Capacity Upper Bound: Shannon's capacity formula provides an upper bound on the achievable data rate for
a communication channel. It depends on the channel's bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the noise
characteristics.
➢ Channel Capacity in LiFi: Channel capacity in a LiFi network refers to the actual data rate that can be achieved in a
specific LiFi communication environment. It depends on factors like LED characteristics, receiver sensitivity,
interference, and the environment's optical properties.
➢ The relationship between Shannon capacity and channel capacity in LiFi involves understanding how closely the
actual achievable data rate approaches the theoretical limit set by Shannon's formula. Factors like interference,
multipath effects, and practical limitations affect this relationship.

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 CONTD
(b) Various Cell Layouts in LiFi Networks:
➢ LiFi networks use cell layouts similar to traditional cellular networks, where an area is divided into cells, each served
by an access point (LiFi transceiver).
➢ Various cell layouts in LiFi networks can include hexagonal cell layout, rectangular grid layout, or other geometric
patterns, depending on the network design and coverage requirements.
➢ The choice of cell layout impacts network coverage, capacity, and the distribution of LiFi access points. It is essential
to optimize cell layouts for efficient coverage and capacity in indoor environments.
(c) Example of Downlink Performance in a LiFi Network with an Average Cell Radius of 2.5 m:
➢ Downlink performance in a LiFi network refers to the data transmission from the LiFi access points (APs) to user
devices (e.g., laptops, smartphones).
➢ An average cell radius of 2.5 meters implies that the coverage area of each LiFi AP has a radius of 2.5 meters,
covering a circular region.

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 CONTD
Hybrid LiFi/Wi-Fi Networks and Load-Balancing Techniques

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 CONTD
Hybrid LiFi/Wi-Fi Networks and Load-Balancing Techniques

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 RESULT
-Aggregate data rate of the LiFi User fairness of the LiFi network with
network with different interference different interference mitigation
mitigation techniques. techniques.

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 CONTINUATION
Impact of Interference Mitigation Techniques on LiFi Network Performance

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 CONTINUATION

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 COMPARISON

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 ADVANTAGES
➢ Huge license-free spectrum availability in the optical bands

➢ Very high data densities enabled by spatial reuse

➢ Dual-use of lighting infrastructure reduces costs

➢ Bidirectional transmission using visible and infrared light

➢ Interference mitigation techniques enable dense deployments

➢ Integration with WiFi and RF networks via hybrid networking

➢ Leverages LED lighting advances and provides new applications

➢ Standardization efforts will enable interoperability and adoption

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 DISADVANTAGES
Requires line-of-sight for operation - links can be obstructed

Handover and interference management increase complexity

Uplink technologies like IR have more limitations than downlink

Hybrid networking requires careful network planning and optimization

New protocols and standards still being developed and optimized

Photodetector performance limits available link budget

Beam steering techniques add complexity for high mobility support

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 CONCLUSION
➢ Paper focuses on free-space light communication, especially LiFi, and its potential impact on cellular
systems and wireless networks.
➢ Shift in emphasis from improving point-to-point data rates to optimizing data densities in wireless networks.
➢ LiFi can enhance Wi-Fi by relieving data traffic, aiming to provide fiber-optic-like data rates for mobile
devices.
➢ Consideration for new optical devices to achieve this vision.
➢ LiFi combined with Wi-Fi increases data density and resource efficiency, crucial for the growing number of
connected devices.

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 REFERENCES
[1] T.-S. Chu and M. Gans, “High speed infrared local wireless communication,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 25(8),
4–10 (1987).

[2] F. R. Gfeller and U. Bapst, “Wireless in-house data communication via diffuse infrared radiation,” Proc.
IEEE 67, 1474–1486 (1979

[3] J. M. Kahn and J. R. Barry, “Wireless infrared communications,”Proc. IEEE 85, 265–298 (1997)

[4] N. Holonyak, S. F. Bevacqua, C. V. Bielan, F. A. Carranti, B. G. Hess, and S. J. Lubowski, “Electrical

properties of Ga(As1-xPx) p-n junctions,” Proc. IEEE 51, 364 (1963).

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 REFERENCES
[5]Y. Tanaka, S. Haruyama, and M. Nakagawa, “Wireless optical transmissions with white colored LED for
wireless home links,” in Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile
Radio Communications (PIMRC) (2000), vol. 2, pp. 1325–1329.
[6] J. Grubor, S. C. J. Lee, K. D. Langer, T. Koonen, and J. W. Walewski, “Wireless high-speed data transmission
with phosphorescent white-light LEDs,” in Proceedings of the 33rd European Conference and Exhibition of
Optical Communication—Post-Deadline Papers (2007), pp. 1–2

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THANK YOU

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