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Charles-Augustin de Coulomb discovered Coulomb's Law, which quantifies the electrostatic force between two charged bodies based on their charges and distance of separation. Using a torsion balance, he measured the force between charged objects and derived a mathematical relationship showing that the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Coulomb's Law is one of the basic laws of physics and is analogous to Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. It can be used to understand many electrical phenomena like polarization and charging by induction.

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16 views

Report

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb discovered Coulomb's Law, which quantifies the electrostatic force between two charged bodies based on their charges and distance of separation. Using a torsion balance, he measured the force between charged objects and derived a mathematical relationship showing that the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Coulomb's Law is one of the basic laws of physics and is analogous to Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. It can be used to understand many electrical phenomena like polarization and charging by induction.

Uploaded by

Yash Anand
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Charles Augustin de Coulomb

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (June 14, 1736 – August 23,


1806), a French engineer and physicist, discovered the
relationship between the force that exists between two
electrically charged bodies and the distance that separates
them, known as Coulomb's Law. He also studied frictional
forces, and used an advanced mathematical technique called
the variational calculus to analyze the forces on materials used
in construction.

Using a torsion balance, Coulomb was able to measure the


electrostatic force between two electrically charged objects of
small dimensions. His observations led him to discover a
mathematical relationship that came to be called Coulomb's
law
Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb's law or Coulomb's inverse- square law, is law that
quantifies Coulomb's force, or electrostatic force in Physics.
Electrostatic force is the amount of force with which
stationary, electrically charged particles either rufel or attract
each other. This force and the law for quantifying it, represent
one of the most basic forces used in physical sciences

In all its scalar form,the law is

Where k is coulomb’s constant

Q1 and q2

Are the signed magnitudes of the charges and the scalar r is


the distance between the charges . The force of the interaction
between the charges is attractive if the charges have opposite
sign (i.e. E is negative ) and repulsive if like signed (i.e F is
positive).

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Being an inverse - square law , the law is analogous to isaac
Newton’s inverse square law of universal gravitation .
Coulomb’s law can be used to derive Gauss’s law and vice
versa . the law has been tested extensively and all observation
have upheld the law of Newton .

Theory

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The fundamental concept in electrostatics is electric charge.
We are all familiar with the fact that rubbing too much
material together, for example, a rubber comb or cat fur pro
produces a static charge. This process is called charging by
friction, surprisingly the exact physics of the process of
charging by friction is fully understood, however, it is known
that the making and breaking of contacts between the two
material transfer charges.

The charge particle, which makes up the universe comes in


three kinds, positive, negative and neutral. The neutral
particles do not interact with electrical forces charged
particles, electrical and magical forces on one another but if
the charges are stationary. The neutral forces is very simple
form and it given by coulomb’s law

Where F is the electrical force between any two stationary


charge particles with charge Q1 and Q2 (measured in the
coulombs) are is the separation between the charges
(measured in meter) and K is the constant of nature (equal to
9 x 10 nm c

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The study of the Coulomb forces among arrangement of
stationary charged particles is called electrostatic coulomb’s
law describe three properties of the electrical force

● The forces inversely proportional to the square of the


distance between the charges, and is directly along the
straight line that connects their center
● The force is proportional to the product of the magnitude
of the charge
● Two particles of the same charge, exert a repulsive force
on each other, and those of positive charge, exert an
alternative force

Most of the common objects we deal with within the


microscopic world are electrically neutral. They are composed
of atoms that consist of negatively charged electrons moving
in quantum motion around the positive charged nucleus.
Total negative charge of the electron is normally exactly equal
to the total positive charge of the nuclei. The items have no
net charge When we charge material by friction, we are

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transferring some of the electrons from one material to
another.

Material such as metal are conductors each metal metal


contributes, one or two electrons that can move. Relative
relief through the material conductor will carry an electrical
current to other material, such as glass or insulators where
electrons are bound tightly and cannot move sticks on an
insulator, but do not move freely through it .

A neutral particle is not affected by electrical forces,


nevertheless a charged object will attract a neutral
microscopic object by the process of electrical Polarizations
for example, if a negatively charged rod is brought close to an
isolated, neutral, insulator. The electrons in the atom of the
insulator will push slightly away from the negative rot, and the
positive nuclei will be attracted slightly towards the negative
rod . We said that the rod has induced polarization in the
insulator, but it’s net charge still zero

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The polarization of the charge in insulator is small but now it’s
positive charge is a bit closer to the negative rod, and its

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negative charge is a bit further away does the positive charge
is attracted to the road more strongly than the negative charge
is repelled and there is an overall net reaction (attraction)

If the negative road is brought near an isolated, neutral


conductor, the conductor will also be polarized in the
conductor electrons are free to move through the materials
and some of them are repelled over to the positive surface of
the conductors, leaving the surface near the negative rod with
her net positive charge. The conductor has been polarized,
and now will be attracted to the charge rod

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Now if we connect a conducting wire, or any other conducting
material from the polarized conductor through the ground, we
provide a path through which the electrons can move.
Electrons will actually move along the path to the ground if
the wire or path is subsequently disconnected from the
conductor, as-whole is Left with her net positive charge. The
conductor has been charged without actually being touched
with the charged road and it’s charged as opposed to that off
of the rod the procedure is called charging by induction.

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Let the force between two stationary charges be F

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From OBC , sin 0 =

Where l= length of each thread with the help of which the ball
are tied to rigid support

Frest = mg.

This restoring force is equal to the electrostatic force

Thus by knowing the value of mass (m) separation between


the balls (x) and length(l) of the thread , the charge induced
on each ball be estimated.

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AIM

To Estimate the charge induced on each one of the


two identical on each one of the two identical
styrofoam (or pith) balls suspended in a vertical
planes by making use of coulomb’s law .

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Materials Required
● Small sized identical styrofoam balls
● Physical balance or electrostatic balance
● Meter Scale
● Thread
● Stand
● Glass rod (or plastic rod)
● Silk Cloth(or wool cloth)

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Procedure

● Weight the mass of each identical pit balls by balance,


and note it down
● Tie the ball, with two silk or cotton thread, and suspend
at a point on a stand, or a rigid support measure the
length of thread by me, the scale, the length of stretch
should be equal, note down the length
● Rub the glass rod with silk cloth and touch the both glass
together, so that the ball acquire equal charge
● Suspend the ball freely and the ball stay away at a certain
distance between the balls when they become stationary
note down the distance
● Touch any of the suspended ball with other uncharged
third ball and take the take the third ball away and repeat
step four
● Touch other suspended balls with other uncharged fourth
ball and take the fourth away and repeat step four

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Calculation
From similar triangles ABC and DCE we get

Result
The estimated charge induced on each one of two identical
pith ball suspended in a vertical plane by making use of

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Coulomb’s law is of the order of

Precaution
1. The suspended balls should not be touched by an
conducting body
2. Rub the glass rod properly with silk cloth to produce
more charge
3. Weight the mass of the ball accurately

Sources of Error
1. The balls may not be of equal size and mass
2. The distance between the balls may be measured
inaccurately

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Bibliography
● APC Physics Lab Manual
● Class XII physics NCERT
● www. Wikipedia.com
● www.encyclopedia.com
● www.google.com

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Observation
1. There are three forces acting directly on hanging pith
balls;
(a) Gravitational forces - acting downward
(b) Electrostatic forces of repulsion - acting on the right
hand side
(c) Tension in the string - it provides a force acting in a
straight line between the suspension and the pith ball
and is along the string .

2. The orientation of the pith ball will be completely vertical .


Due to coulomb’s force , the pith ball rises in a circular path
with respect to suspension because of the force of tension in
the string

3. “H” is the height to which the pith ball will rise above its
original position we can calculate the change on the pith ball
bases on the forces involved

“L” is the length of the string and ‘R’ is the radius of the circle
which the pith ball follows while rising

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