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LIPIDS

Lipids are fatty or waxy substances that do not dissolve in water. They serve important functions in the body such as energy storage, insulation, and as structural components of cell membranes. There are different types of lipids including simple lipids like fats and waxes, compound lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids like fatty acids. Lipids are essential for processes like vitamin absorption and are components of cell membranes, but disorders can occur if lipid levels become too high or low.

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erika padua
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47 views

LIPIDS

Lipids are fatty or waxy substances that do not dissolve in water. They serve important functions in the body such as energy storage, insulation, and as structural components of cell membranes. There are different types of lipids including simple lipids like fats and waxes, compound lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids like fatty acids. Lipids are essential for processes like vitamin absorption and are components of cell membranes, but disorders can occur if lipid levels become too high or low.

Uploaded by

erika padua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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By: Group 2

Contents
01 What is Lipids?

02 Occurence of Lipids

03 Properties of Lipids

04 Types of Lipids

05 Examples of Lipids

06 Biological Significance

07 Conclusion and Disorders


Fun facts
Honeybees use wax to create their honeycombs,
shielding them from rain.

If we mix fats and water, they float in the water


rather than dissolve in it.

The fats can be dissolved in water if added alkali,


such as dish soap.

Without lipids, digestion and absorption of food


would not be possible
What is Lipids?
Lipids are chemical compounds (elements that make a chemical
bond) in your body that help with some of its functions. These are
fatty or waxy substances your body makes that don’t dissolve in
water.

Lipids came from the greek word ‘lipos” which means Fats.

Lipids are broken down by lipases into fatty acids and glycerol,
which can then be further utilized as an energy source or stored for
future energy needs.
Occurrence
-Fats are widely distributed in plants and animals. In plants
they are present in nuts, seeds and oils. The nervous system
of animals is rich in lipids like cholesterol, phospholipids and
glycolipids. Blood contains lipoproteins. The fat depots such
as subcutaneous tissues, mesenteric tissues, fatty tissues
around the kidney and yellow bone marrow contain large
amounts of fat. Food sources rich in fat are milk, egg, meat,
liver, fish oils, nuts, seeds and oils.
Properties
1. Lipids are oily or greasy nonpolar molecules, stored in the adipose
tissue of the body.
2. Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds, mainly composed of
hydrocarbon chains.
3. Lipids are energy-rich organic molecules, which provide energy for
different life processes.
4. Lipids are a class of compounds characterized by their solubility in
nonpolar solvents and insolubility in water.
5. Lipids are significant in biological systems as they form a mechanical
barrier dividing a cell from the external environment known as the cell
membrane.
Classifications
> Nonsaponifiable lipids
-A non saponifiable lipid cannot be disintegrated into smaller
molecules through hydrolysis. Nonsaponifiable lipids include
cholesterol, prostaglandins, etc

> Saponifiable lipids


-A saponifiable lipid comprises one or more ester groups, enabling it
to undergo hydrolysis in the presence of a base, acid, or enzymes,
including waxes, triglycerides, sphingolipids and phospholipids.
Types of Lipids
1. Simple Lipids - Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids with
various alcohols.

> Neutral fats are triesters of fatty acids with glycerol


> The alcohol in fats is glycerol and the alcohol in waxes is
anything other than

* If the simple lipid yield 3 fatty acids, and glycerol it is


called: fats or oil
* If the simple lipid yield one fatty acid and high molecular
weight alcohol it is called: wax
Types of Lipids
2. Compound Lipids - Compound lipids contain some other
chemical groups in addition to alcohol and fatty acids.
There are 4 sub divisions under this group.

3. Phospholipids - They contain fatty acids, glycerol, phosphoric acid


and a nitrogenous compound.
a. Lecithin
b. Cephalin
c. Sphingomyelin
Glycolipids - they are lipids containing carbohydrate and nitrogen
but no phosphoric acid and glycerol (also called cerebrosides)
Sulpholipids - Lipids containing sulphate groups.
Lipoprotein - they are attached to proteins. They are present in
plasma and tissues.
Types of Lipids
4. Derived Lipids - These are substances derived from groups
mentioned above by hydrolysis. They are:

a. Fatty acids
b. Alcohols other than glycerol
c. Glycerides
d. Bases. +Bases include: (i) Choline, (ii) Sphingosine, (iii)
Glycerides, and (iv) Serine.
Examples of
Lipids/Categorized to;

Fatty Acids Triglycerides Phospholipids


Objective 03 Steroids Waxes
Fatty acids are the Triglycerides, or Phospholipids are major Steroids are characterized by Waxes are esters of fatty
simplest form of lipids triacylglycerols, are the components of cell a fused ring structure. acids and long-chain
and consist of a carboxylic main storage form of fat in membranes. They alcohols. They are
acid with a hydrocarbon humans and animals. Each consist of a glycerol They serve as structural relatively insoluble in
tail. They can be triglyceride molecule is molecule esterified with components of cell water and serve as
saturated (no double made up of three fatty acids two fatty acids and a membranes, precursors for protective coatings on the
bonds) or unsaturated esterified to a glycerol phosphate group. hormones and vitamins, and surfaces of plants, insects,
(one or more double molecule. play a role in signal and some animals.
bonds). transduction and regulation
They serve as an energy of various physiological
source, insulation, and processes.
protection for organs.
Biological Significance
1. Lipids form one of the three main types of foodstuffs and act
as fuel in the body. It yields more heat and energy than
carbohydrates. Their caloric value is 9 Kcals/gm.
2. Deposits of fat underneath the skin exert an insulating effect
on the body. They protect the body from excessive heat or
cold. Fat people can withstand heat or cold better than thin
people.
3. The mesenteric fat around organs like the kidney provides
padding and protects the internal organs.
4. Building materials. - Breakdown products of fats can be
utilized for building biologically active materials like
cholesterol, which in turn can be utilized for synthesis of
certain hormones.
Biological Significance
5.Vitamin absorption:
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are among the many fat-soluble
vitamins that need lipids to be absorbed in the digestive
system. These vital vitamins, which are essential for many
biological processes, are transported and absorbed with the
help of lipids.
6. The nervous system is particularly rich in lipids.
7. Some vitamins like A, D, E and K are fat soluble, hence lipid
needed for absorbing these vitamins.
8. Lipoproteins and phospholipids are important constituents
of. many natural membranes like cell walls and
mitochondrion.
Conditions and Disorders
1. Hyperlipidemia (high lipid levels).
-An excess of lipids or fats in your
blood. This can increase your risk of heart
attack and stroke because blood can’t flow
through your arteries easily.

2. Hyperlipidemia (low lipid levels).


-low lipid levels may result from
rare genetic abnormalities or other
disorders.
Conditions and Disorders
3. Hypercholesterolemia
-Disorder known for an excess
of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in your
blood.

4. Atherosclerosis
-Hardening of your arteries
due to gradual plaque buildup. Risk
factors include high cholesterol,
high blood pressure, diabetes,
tobacco use, obesity, lack of
exercise and a diet
Conditions and Disorders
5. Coronary Artery Disease
-limits blood flow in your coronary
arteries, which deliver blood to your heart
muscle. Cholesterol and other substances
make up plaque that narrows your coronary
arteries.

6. Hypertriglyceridemia
-you have too many triglycerides (fats)
in your blood. This raises your risk of
atherosclerosis and related heart diseases.
Conclusion
In conclusion, lipids play a significant role in biology as
fuel reserves, structural elements, signaling molecules,
insulators, guardians, and aids in vitamin absorption.
They can perform a variety of tasks in various organ
systems found in biological organisms thanks to their
adaptability.

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