Adjective and Pronouns

Disusun untuk memenuhi tugas makalah pada mata kuliah

BAHASA INGGRIS

Oleh:
T.Nancy Indah Sari

Ade Armayani

Mei sintia

Amad Rifai

Dedi Fadly

Dosen: Ammiyani, M.Hum

PROGRAM STUDI HKI DAN PIAUD

SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM DARUL ARAFAH

DELI SERDANG-SUMATERA UTARA

2022/2023
 Adjective
Adjective is a word used to describe a noun, or pronoun which can be a person, place,
animal, object or abstract concept. This english adjective is one of the eight parts of speech.
The examples of adjectives are:
- Dark
- Hot
- Young
- Bad
- Pretty
- Tiny
- Selfish
- Stubborn
- Bright Adjective Forms
In its use, there are several forms of adjectives that can be used in sentences. Among others
are:
A. Adjective phrase
Adjective phrase is the result of a combination of an adjective as a head and a modifier
or determiner.
Example:
- Homemade dark chocolate
( modifer + adjective )

- These hot drinks

( determiner + adjective )

- Many young men

( determiner + adjective )

- Cute dogs in the park

( determiner + adjective )

B. Compound adjective
Adjective can also join other parts of speech such as nouns and verbs to form a new
word. If this happens, the resulting new word is called a compound adjective.
Example:
- High- speed cameras
( adjective + noun )

- Well- known authors

( adjective + past participle )

- Good- looking men

( adjective + present participle )

- Oil – free products

( noun + adjective )

1. Use Of Adjectives In English

Maybe so far we have not paid much attention to the use of adjectives in English. Maybe we
just know what the adjectives we use mean. Apparently, adjectives used in sentences have
their own rules and sequences that we need to follow.

a) Adjective position
In the use of adjective, it turn out that there is a position of the adjective in the sentence.
- Attributive: adjective is in front of a noun
- Postpositive: adjective is behind the noun without being interrupted by a linking verb.
- Predicative: adjective is placed after the noun with a linking verb interrupted.

Example :
- Beatiful girls. ( attributive )
- Someone special. ( postpositive )
- They are beautiful. ( predicative )
b) Adjective order
As the name implies, adjective also have order in a sentence? What does that mean? Is if
thereis more than one adjective in a sentence, then you need to follow the order rules based
on the following categories:
- Opinion: relative things like: pretty, delicious, cool, nice.
- Size: all size like: big, tiny, fat, tall.
- Shape: describing shapes like: square, round, cylindrical.
- Age: explaining age like: old, new, young
- Color: color like: red, green, blue, yellow.
- Origin: describe the country/ region of origin such as: American, Chinese, Turkish.
- Material: explain the main ingredients of the object such as: steel, bronze, stone
 - Purpose: explaining the main function of the object, generally cannot be separated from
the noun such as: meeting (room), wedding (dress), gardening (tools).
You need to pay attention to the order above and don’t go back and forth or absolute.
Example:
- He had two happy big brown pigeons.( happy – opinion, big – size, brown – color
- I will bring you a beatiful huge flower bouquet. ( beautiful- opinion, huge- size )
- Have you seen my little five yaers old white dog around here? ( little- size, five years old-
age, white- color)
c) Types of adjectives in English
There are several types of adjectives used in the use of English sentences. What are they
a. Proper adjective
This adjectives desribes an object with a proper noun. For this type of adjective, it
must begin with a capital letter. Example :
- An America pilgrim.
- The Turkish empire.
- The West Java cusine.

b. Descriptive adjective
An adjective that is used to describe the nature and condition of a person, animal ,
or thing. Example :
- A white dog
- A new newspaper
- A brave man
- A beautiful baby
- A round table
d) Quantitative adjective
Used to explain how much of an object is meant. The words that are included in this
quantitative adjective are little, much , no , any, some, enough, whole, sufficient, and half.
- He drinks too much beer.
- He ate a little bread.
- My sister brought too much money
- My dad thought that I will eat that whole pizza alone.
- Can you cut this hamburger in half, please?
e) Numeral adjective
According to the number, numeral adjective describes a number in numeric from. In
addition to explaining the number, the numeral adjective can also be used to calculate the
order in a condition.
 Example:
- I bought five series of books.
- My mom lef me two dollars to buy lunch.
- Don’t forget to add a special request to our hotel reservation in order to get a free breakfast
for two.
- Could you make it double for me, please?
- Did you know? He won second place in the running competition.

f) Distributive adjective
This adjective serves to divide a noun in a sentence. Nouns can refer to people, in
animate objects individually or separatelly. Adjectives that go into dividing a noun are each,
every, either, and neither.
Example sentences:
- The two students had each a book.
- He was attacked with a fever every other month.
- You can take either side.
- Every single day, my dog will be waiting on the corner of the street to see me coming
home.
 Pronouns
A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun.

Example: The high school graduate accepted the diploma proudly. She had worked hard for it.

-The pronoun she takes the place of the noun graduate. The pronoun it takes the place of the
noun diploma.

Antecedent- The word whose place a pronoun takes is called its antecedent. In the
above example, the noun graduate is the antecedent of she, and diploma is the antecedent of
it.

Note: A pronoun may also take the place of another pronoun.

Example: Some of the students wore red sweaters. They were celebrating Valentine’s
Day.

-The pronoun they takes the place of the pronoun some.

There are several kinds of pronouns: personal (which includes the possessive and reflexive
forms), relative, interrogative, demonstrative, and indefinite.

1.Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns refer to 1st person (I), 2nd person (you), 3rd person (it, he).

Examples: I, me, he, him, it, they, them, you, she, her, we, us.

(Personal) possessive pronouns- imply ownership.

Examples: My, mine, his, its, their, theirs, your, yours, her, hers, our, ours.

Personal pronouns combined with –self, -selves may be used in two ways:

1. The may be used reflexively

Example: Jack burned himself during the experiment.

2. They may be used intensively for emphasis.

Example: Maria herself is directing the entire play.
Reflexive and Intensive forms

Example: Myself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves, yourself, itself, yourselves

2.Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns are used to introduce subordinate clauses (clauses that cannot stand alone
as sentences).

Examples: Who, whose, that, whom, which.

Sentence Example 1: The book that you gave me was the one I wanted.

Sentence Example 2: The woman whose name is one the program is running for mayor.

3.Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used in questions.

Examples: Who, which, whose, whom, what

Sentence Example 1: What will you give her now?

4.Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns point out a particular person or thing. When used before nouns,
however, they are considered adjectives (these books, those houses, that flag).

Example: This, these, that, those.

Sentence Example 1: These are her books.

Sentence Example 2: That is the road she took.

5.Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns refer generally, not specifically, to persons, places, or things.

Commonly used indefinite pronouns:

All, another, any, anybody, anyone, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few,
many, more, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, several, some, somebody, someone,
such.

Sentence Example: Nobody was there to welcome him.

TWO KINDS OF POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Possessive pronouns used Possessive pronouns that

with nouns stand alone

my My book is green. mine The green book is mine.

your Clean your desk. yours Yours is messy.

his His bike is blue. his The red
bike is his.

her This is her house. hers Hers is the gray house.

its Its coat is shaggy. its Its is the
shaggy coat.

our Those are our pens. ours Those pens are ours.

your Take your sweaters. yours Leave yours here.

their Their hats are red. theirs Those hats are theirs.