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W07 Y13 Lecture 7 v1

The document discusses wing aerodynamics including: 1. Finite wings experience tip vortices from the pressure difference between the upper and lower wing surfaces. Wingtip devices like winglets act as barriers to this flow. 2. Ground effect increases lift by squeezing the tip vortices. 3. Induced drag is minimized when the downwash velocity distribution is constant, seen in elliptical planform wings. High lift devices and wing geometry parameters also affect aerodynamics.

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Jonathan Ruiz
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25 views

W07 Y13 Lecture 7 v1

The document discusses wing aerodynamics including: 1. Finite wings experience tip vortices from the pressure difference between the upper and lower wing surfaces. Wingtip devices like winglets act as barriers to this flow. 2. Ground effect increases lift by squeezing the tip vortices. 3. Induced drag is minimized when the downwash velocity distribution is constant, seen in elliptical planform wings. High lift devices and wing geometry parameters also affect aerodynamics.

Uploaded by

Jonathan Ruiz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY

PHYSICS OF FLIGHT 1: WING AERODYNAMICS

20 May 2013

PROF. RAUL LLAMAS

Private & Confidential


Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
^/t/E'ZKzED/^
t/E'd/WsKZdy

DOWNWASH

Private & Confidential – RCL2012


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXrnGiIMGLs

Private & Confidential – RCL 2012


Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Winglets are wing tip devices
installed on aircraft wings with
the intent of reducing the
“strength” (core velocity) of the
tip vortices.

Private & Confidential – RCL 2012


Although the wing tip vortex cannot be
avoided, reducing its kinetic energy (by
reducing the v^2 term in its rotation)
helps reduce the vortex drag
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
http://aero.stanford.edu/reports/VKI_nonplanar_Kroo.pdf

Closing the wing tip, “in theory” eliminates the


tip vortex, although there is always a motion of air
from the lower to the upper surface of the wing

Private & Confidential – RCL 2012


“Spillman” concept

The tip feathers of a bird act as small winglets,


breaking down the strength of the tip vortex

Private & Confidential – RCL 2012


At low heights over the ground (under about one
wing span), the wing tip vortices are “squeezed”,
increasing the lift

Private & Confidential – RCL 2012


Wing in Ground‐effect vehicles
(WiG) have been developed mainly by
the Soviet military as attack and
tactical transports

Private & Confidential – RCL 2012


Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
If the stall pattern is known and deemed unnaceptable,
the stall can sometimes be delayed by “energising” the
boundary layer by generating turbulence. This “brings”
kinetic energy from the free airflow and helps maintain
the boundary layer attached, but increases cruise drag

Private & Confidential – RCL 2012


BASIC WING AERODYNAMICS
HIGH LIFT

Private & Confidential – RCL2012


BASIC WING AERODYNAMICS
HIGH LIFT

1-WINGLET
2-LOW SPEED AILERON
3-HIGH SPEED AILERON
4-FLAP TRACK FAIRING
5-KRÜGER FLAPS
6-SLATS
7-THREE SLOTTED INNER FLAPS
8-TRHEE SLOTTED OUTER FLAPS
9-SPOILERS
10-SPOILERS AIRBRAKES

http://elpais.com/diario/2001/06/09/internacional/992037611_850215.html

Private & Confidential – RCL2012


Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
Private & Confidential – RCL 2012
BASIC WING AERODYNAMICS
Main Wing Drag Components
The drag coefficient consists of two elements, a lift
independent part, zero lift drag and a lift dependent
part, induced drag.
So, even when there is no lift, there will be some drag,
such as friction drag. This is the same as when you are
riding a bike. You do not generate aerodynamic lift, but
you do experience aerodynamic drag
An aircraft that flies very fast, mainly has to deal with zero lift drag. This is why fighter
aircraft have very small wings. Aircraft that are supposed to fly very slow on the other
hand have wings with a low wing loading and a large aspect ratio because they are
mainly influenced by induced drag.

Private & Confidential – RCL2012


^hDDZz

ĐĞƐ •Finite wings experiment tip vortices

•The air goes from the high pressure area (intrados) to the low pressure area (extrados)

•There is an extra downwash velocity over the airfoil and angle of attack decreases

•Lift decreases and drag increases (induced drag)

•dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĚĞǀŝĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐǁŝŶŐůĞƚƐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĂƐĂďĂƌƌŝĞƌƚŽƚŚŝƐŝŶƚƌĂĚŽƐƚŽĞdžƚƌĂĚŽƐĨůŽǁ

ͻ'ƌŽƵŶĚĞĨĨĞĐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐůŝĨƚ

ͻtŝŶŐŐĞŽŵŵĞƚƌLJƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ;ƉĂŐĞϭϲͿ

ͻ/ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚƌĂŐŝƐŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĞĚǁŚĞŶƚŝƉǀŽƌƚĞdžŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŽǁŶǁĂƐŚǀĞůŽĐŝƚLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶŝƐĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ͗
ĞůŝƉƚŝĐĂůƉůĂŶĨŽƌŵǁŝŶŐ

ͻ,ŝŐŚůŝĨƚĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ;ƉĂŐĞϮϮͿ

ͻWŝƚĐŚŝŶŐDŽŵĞŶƚŽĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚ͕DĞĂŶĂĞƌŽĚLJŶĂŵŝĐŚŽƌĚĂŶĚĞƌŽĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞŶƚĞƌ

ͻƐƉĞĐƚZĂƚŝŽ


Private & Confidential

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