Preferencia, Restauración y Calidad Ambiental Percibida en Plazas Urbanas
Preferencia, Restauración y Calidad Ambiental Percibida en Plazas Urbanas
To cite this article: Esther Lorenzo, José A. Corraliza, Silvia Collado & Verónica Sevillano (2016):
Preference, restorativeness and perceived environmental quality of small urban spaces /
Preferencia, restauración y calidad ambiental percibida en plazas urbanas, Psyecology
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Psyecology: Revista Bilingüe de Psicología Ambiental / Bilingual Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21711976.2016.1149985
a
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; bUniversidad de Zaragoza
(Received 13 August 2015; accepted 18 December 2015)
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of small urban
spaces (or pocket parks) in cities as an opportunity to access nature and
restorativeness. The study was performed in nine squares located in the
central zone of the city of Madrid. A total of 537 people were interviewed
in situ about their preferences, as well as the perceived quality and environ-
mental restorativeness of these places. The results show that preference is
influenced by the amount of vegetation and perceived restorativeness, and that
restorativeness in turn is determined by perceived vegetation and social
interaction. The benefits of this restorative role should be considered when
designing small urban squares, taking care to include plants and vegetation as
well as appropriate equipment, and making these spaces a valuable element
within the green infrastructure of major cities.
Keywords: small urban green spaces; access to nature; preference; perceived
environmental quality; perceived restorativeness; social interaction
Resumen: Este estudio evalúa el papel de las pequeñas plazas urbanas como
espacios restauradores en entornos urbanos de alta densidad. Se recoge
información sobre la preferencia, cantidad y diversidad de vegetación,
restauración percibida y calidad ambiental percibida en nueve plazas de la
almendra central de Madrid (N = 537 participantes entrevistados in situ). Los
resultados muestran que la preferencia está relacionada con la cantidad de
vegetación, la restauración percibida y la calidad ambiental percibida del lugar.
Además el efecto de la restauración percibida está determinado por la vegetación
percibida y la interacción social. Los beneficios del papel restaurador de las
pequeñas plazas urbanas podrían contemplarse en su diseño incluyendo elemen-
tos vegetales y equipamiento adecuado y, en general, poniendo en valor estos
espacios dentro de la infraestructura verde de las grandes ciudades.
Palabras clave: plazas urbanas; acceso a la naturaleza; preferencia; calidad
ambiental percibida; restauración percibida; interacción social
environmental psychology suggests that this desire for contact with nature plays
an important adaptive role known as psychological restorativeness.
The presence of ‘greenery’ is currently in great demand among the population
(Corraliza, 2007), and there is growing interest surrounding how the relationship
between natural elements and the urban environment ought to be (Özgüner &
Kendle, 2007).
Specific studies investigate preferred forms of nature within cities (Özgüner &
Kendle, 2006) and the minimum dose of nature (Shanahan et al., 2015) that
contributes to wellbeing. Matsuoka and Kaplan (2008), in a review of 90 studies
of urban landscapes and the needs of the population (the sample incorporates 23
countries), consider a wide range of green spaces: urban woodlands, green
corridors, hospital gardens, playgrounds and squares. Ninety-two percent of
these studies show that public spaces provide urban nature resources, measured
by means of contact with nature, aesthetic preference and recreational use. And
66% of studies highlight that public spaces meet needs for social interaction:
relations with others, participation and feelings of community.
There is empiric evidence that contact with nature has positive effects on the
wellbeing of people at a physical, psychological and social level. It has been
proven that such contact improves healthy responses (Keniger, Gaston, Irvine, &
Fuller, 2013), recovery time from illness (Hartig, Evans, Jamner, Davis, &
Gärling, 2003), reduces stress (Corraliza & Collado, 2011; Grahn & Stigsdotter,
2010), is positively linked with psychological restorativeness (Berto, 2005;
Hartig, 2008; Velarde, Fry, & Tveit, 2007), increases social interaction
(Groenewegen, Van den Berg, Maas, Verheij, & de Vries, 2012) and the sense
of community (Francis, Giles-Corti, Wood, & Knuiman, 2012), among other
consequences.
Within densely populated urban settings, therefore, the role played by small
urban parks as an opportunity to access the benefits of nature with ease is
particularly interesting (Chiesura, 2004; Wheeler et al., 2015). As Nordh and
Østby (2013, p. 12) point out, ‘pocket parks can be green stepping stones in the
urban fabric. Their function is to complement large parks and in some way to
enable everyday contact with nature’. Furthermore, as noted by Baur and Tynon
(2010), they also contribute — on account of their accessibility — to the social
capital and wellbeing of neighbourhoods.
Evaluation of urban squares / Evaluación de plazas urbanas 3
The dual function played by these small urban green spaces (access to nature
and social contact) depends on their spatial configuration, as well as on the
elements that comprise them (Özgüner & Kendle, 2006; Peschardt, Schipperijn,
& Stigsdotter, 2012). However, previous research has not specifically tackled how
such places, in the development of this dual function, are shaped as restorative
spaces (Herzog, Maguire, & Nebel, 2003; Kaplan, 2001; Korpela, Hartig, Kaiser,
& Fuhrer, 2001; Staats & Hartig, 2004). Psychological restoration is ‘the recovery
of cognitive resources and the capacity for psycho-physiological response’, dimin-
ished by the excessive demands of day-to-day living (Hartig, 2011). According to
the theory of attention restoration (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989), a restorative envir-
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(1) The amount and diversity of vegetation are positively linked with
preference.
(2) Perceived restorativeness and perceived environmental quality are predic-
tor variables of preference in urban squares.
(3) Perceived vegetation and social interaction explain perceived restorativeness.
(4) Time spent in squares is positively linked with perceived restorativeness.
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Method
Participants
The sample was made up of 537 participants (51% women) selected ad hoc —
having gained prior consent — in the different squares studied. They were all over the
age of 18, with the average age being 37.53 (SD = 13.90). A total of 399 participants
were Spanish nationals and 138 were foreign residents. As for their links with the
settings studied, 418 lived in the neighbourhood itself and 119 elsewhere in the city.
A sample of 60 participants was chosen per setting in order to obtain greater
variability in the sample.
Environmental stimuli
The settings selected were nine urban squares in the city centre of Madrid, located
in the neighbourhoods of Malasaña and Chueca (Figure 1). They are all located in
the heart of the city of Madrid (Figure 2), with the characteristic high levels of
urban densification proposed in the object of this study. Small squares provide a
green infrastructure that is accessible to users of the area.
The settings selected were classified by expert judges on the basis of their
characteristics in relation to ‘amount of vegetation’ and ‘diversity of vegetation’,
which are the independent variables examined in this study (Table 1). Four people
evaluated the amount and diversity of vegetation in the proposed settings (inter-
judge agreement r = .80).
Instruments
The study was performed using the following instruments:
● Preference Scale: this included one item (‘How much do you like this place
for any reason?’). Likert type response scale from 1 to 4 (where 1 is
‘strongly disagree’ and 4 is ‘strongly agree’).
● Perceived Vegetation Scale: this scale encompassed one item: ‘To what
degree is there an abundance of vegetation in this place?’. Likert type
Evaluation of urban squares / Evaluación de plazas urbanas 5
Figure 2. Location of the squares studied in the central area of Madrid. Source: ©2015
Google.
1: Comendadoras; 2: Dos de Mayo; 3: Juan Pujol; 4: San Ildefonso; 5: Luna; 6: Vázquez
de Mella; 7: del Rey; 8: Chueca; 9: Santa Bárbara
Procedure
Evaluations were carried out in situ. Each setting was visited by a team made up
of three people who received prior training in the data collection procedure. Data
were collected at each of the settings in the morning and afternoon, during the
week and at weekends. Each participant was asked to collaborate with the project,
gaining their informed consent to do so. The average response time was
15 minutes.
Results
This next section sets out the descriptive characteristics of the settings and the
differences observed with regard to the variables suggested in the hypotheses.
Table 2 presents the mean values and standard deviations for the variables
studied here: preference, perceived environmental quality, perceived restorative-
ness and perceived vegetation in each of the settings. The results show that the
most preferred squares among the participants were the Plaza del Dos de Mayo
and the Plaza Santa Bárbara (high levels of vegetation), the Plaza de San
Ildefonso and the Plaza de Chueca (low levels of vegetation). Furthermore, the
squares that were perceived as being the most restorative were the Plaza de Santa
Bárbara (high level of vegetation), followed by the Plaza de Chueca (low level of
vegetation). The square that has the highest level of perceived environmental
quality and perceived vegetation is the Plaza de Santa Bárbara (high level of
vegetation).
Table 2. Means and standard deviations for preference, perceived restorativeness, per-
ceived environmental quality and perceived vegetation in each setting, as evaluated by the
participants.
PERCEIVED
PREFERENCE RESTORATIVENESS PEQ* VEGETATION
SETTING M SD M SD M SD M SD
1 Comendadoras 2.56 0.77 2.34 0.49 2.74 0.51 1.48 0.68
2 Dos de Mayo 3.04 0.71 2.81 0.48 2.90 0.57 1.80 0.80
3 Juan Pujol 2.91 0.59 2.65 0.36 2.84 0.51 1.33 0.60
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4 San Ildefonso 3.03 0.64 2.67 0.45 2.91 0.41 1.90 0.82
5 Luna 2.56 0.77 2.34 0.49 2.74 0.51 1.48 0.68
6 Vázquez de Mella 2.83 0.61 2.60 0.40 2.90 0.48 1.88 0.69
7 del Rey 2.88 0.83 2.54 0.41 2.82 0.45 2.00 0.78
8 Chueca 3.00 0.45 2.70 0.33 2.86 0.41 1.47 0.60
9 Santa Bárbara 3.00 0.61 3.20 0.92 3.17 1.60 1.87 0.85
Note: *Perceived Environmental Quality.
perceived restorativeness
In order to evaluate hypothesis 3 (perceived vegetation and social interaction
explain perceived restorativeness) and whether greater frequency of use and the
amount of time users spend in squares is linked with restorative experience
(Hypothesis 4), Pearson correlations were conducted along with stepwise hier-
archical regressions.
Firstly, the results show that the more time spent in the square, the greater the
level of perceived restorativeness (r = .13, p < .01). Furthermore, perceived
restorativeness is positively and significantly linked with all the different types
of usage registered in these small urban squares.
It is interesting to note that diversity of vegetation and amount of vegetation
are closely linked (r = .65, p < .01) but these two factors are related differently to
uses of the space. Diversity of vegetation is associated with a greater usage of the
square to ‘play with the children’ (r = .19, p < .05) and to ‘have something to eat
or drink’ (r = .10, p < .05). The amount of vegetation, on the other hand, is more
closely linked with the activity of ‘walking’ (r = .14, p < .01) (Table 3).
The results of the hierarchical regression analysis show that 8.4% of
variance in perceived restorativeness is explained by perceived vegetation,
where β = .16, t = 6.94, p < .001, followed by the activity of ‘having some-
thing to eat or drink’, which increases explained variance to 12.6%, where
β = −.21, t = −5.06, p < .001. The length of time spent in the square also
increases explained variance to 14%, β = −.19, t = 2.87, p < .001. Finally, the
activity of ‘walking’ increases explained variance to a total of 14.7%
(R2 = .147), where β = −.09, t = −2.17, p < .05.
Discussion
This paper examines variables related to preference and the restorative experience
provided by small urban squares. The relationship between preference and vege-
tation in urban squares as reflected in the findings is in line with the results of
previous research (Berto, 2005; Corraliza & Collado, 2011; Kaplan, Kaplan, &
Brown, 1989). The preference shown by users towards small urban squares is
related to the amount of vegetation present therein (Nordh, Alalouch, & Hartig,
2011). This supports hypothesis 1, indicating that the most preferred settings are
those with a higher level of vegetation. These results show that such spaces, in
Evaluation of urban squares / Evaluación de plazas urbanas 11
spite of their small size, play a relevant role in providing a link with nature, a
finding that supports the results of previous studies (Nordh et al., 2009).
However, veering away from the results obtained by Nordh et al. (2011), when
estimating the quality of squares (either through preference, perceived restorative-
ness or perceived environmental quality), what seems to be important is not so
much the diversity as the amount of vegetation present.
One question that emerges in relation to this point is whether preference for a
public space depends on the elements that define the physical structure (for example,
the absence of traffic, the feasibility of walking routes, the equipment provided there)
or the activities carried out by people in that space. In line with the findings of
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when considering that these accumulative benefits are offered to a great many
people, making this a kind of environmental service available to any average
citizen, an important issue bearing in mind the socio-economic bias related
directly to health and illness in populations (Collado et al., 2015).
This study presents two main limitations that should be highlighted. Firstly,
although the reliability of the perceived restorativeness scale is considered accep-
table, it could still be improved. In line with Nordh et al. (2009), the scale of the
items related with Being Away and Fascination could be reduced.
Secondly, in relation to preference and the amount of vegetation, significant
relationships have been found in the expected direction. However, the size of the
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effect is small. This suggests that there are other variables that might influence this
relationship, such as place attachment (Hidalgo & Hernández, 2001). This vari-
able should be taken into consideration in future research.
In conclusion, this paper shows that the potential restorative effect of small
urban squares and perceived environmental quality are directly linked with users’
preference for these spaces. Bearing in mind the demand for connection with
nature in cities and the positive consequences of contact with the natural environ-
ment, small urban squares should be taken into account as a valuable element
when planning public space in cities. In particular their design should promote
this capacity for restoration and interaction, incorporating natural components and
equipment (Nordh & Østby, 2013). In this respect, this study provides empirical
evidence that contributes to our understanding of the functionality of small urban
squares as a green urban infrastructure and social place in the public space.
Evaluation of urban squares / Evaluación de plazas urbanas 13
urbanas.
(b) Determinar los elementos que explican la restauración percibida en
pequeñas plazas urbanas.
Método
Participantes
La muestra está formada por 537 participantes (51% mujeres) seleccionados ad
hoc — previo consentimiento — en las plazas de estudio. Todos ellos mayores de
edad, siendo la media de 37.53 (DT = 13.90). 399 participantes son de naciona-
lidad española y 138 son residentes extranjeros. En relación a su vinculación con
los escenarios del estudio, 418 residen en el barrio y 119 en otros lugares de la
ciudad. Se tomó una muestra de 60 participantes por escenario de estudio con la
finalidad de obtener mayor variabilidad de la muestra.
Estímulos ambientales
Los escenarios seleccionados corresponden a nueve plazas del centro de la ciudad
de Madrid, localizadas en los barrios de Malasaña y Chueca (Figura 1). Todas
ellas se encuentran dentro de la almendra central de la ciudad de Madrid
(Figura 2), presentando las características de alta densificación urbana planteadas
16 E. Lorenzo et al.
Instrumentos
El estudio se ha realizado utilizando los siguientes instrumentos:
6 Vázquez de Mella X X
7 Rey X X
8 Chueca X X
9 Santa Bárbara X X
Procedimiento
La evaluación fue realizada in situ. Cada escenario fue visitado por un equipo de
trabajo, formado por tres personas que recibieron formación previa en el proce-
dimiento de recogida de datos. Los datos se recogieron en cada uno de los
escenarios en horario de mañana y tarde, en días laborables y fin de semana. A
cada participante, se le solicitó su colaboración con el proyecto y se obtuvo su
consentimiento informado. El tiempo medio de respuesta fue de 15 minutos.
Resultados
A continuación presentamos las características descriptivas de los escenarios y las
diferencias observadas respecto a las variables planteadas en las hipótesis.
En Tabla 2 se presentan las medias y desviaciones típicas de las variables objeto
de estudio: preferencia, calidad ambiental percibida, restauración percibida y
vegetación percibida en cada uno de los escenarios. Los resultados muestran que
Evaluation of urban squares / Evaluación de plazas urbanas 19
las plazas más preferidas son la plaza del Dos de Mayo y Santa Bárbara (alta
vegetación), la de San Ildefonso y la de Chueca (baja vegetación). Además, las
percibidas como más restauradoras son la plaza de Santa Bárbara (alta vegetación),
seguida de la de Chueca (baja vegetación). La plaza que se percibe con mayor
calidad ambiental y vegetación percibida es la de Santa Bárbara (alta vegetación).
Discusión
El presente trabajo profundiza en el estudio de las variables que relacionadas con
la preferencia y experiencia restauradora de las pequeñas plazas urbanas. La
relación entre preferencia y vegetación en plazas urbanas que refleja los resultados
obtenidos está en la línea de trabajos previos (Berto, 2005; Corraliza & Collado,
2011; Kaplan, Kaplan, & Brown, 1989). La preferencia que los usuarios muestran
hacia las pequeñas plazas urbanas está relacionada con la cantidad de vegetación
presente en las mismas (Nordh, Alalouch, & Hartig, 2011). Esto está en línea con
la hipótesis 1, indicando que los escenarios más preferidos son aquellos con
mayor cantidad de vegetación. Estos resultados manifiestan que es relevante la
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Acknowledgements / Agradecimientos
Anto Lloveras, creative part of the team. The research presented in this article was funded
as part of the project PSI2013-44939-P by the Directorate General of Scientific and
24 E. Lorenzo et al.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. / Los autores no han referido
ningún potencial conflicto de interés en relación con este artículo.
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