TCP/IP Protocol Suite + The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI model. Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model. : The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and application. The TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: Physical, Data link, Network, Transport, and Application. + The first four layers provide physical standards, network interfaces, internetworking, and transport functions that correspond to the first four layers of the OSI model. + The three topmost layers in the OSI model, however, are represented in TCP/IP by a single layer called the application layer (see Figure). Figure 2.16 TCP/P and OSI model Protocols defined by the underlying networks (host-to-network)TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1. Physical and Data Link Layers: » At the physical and data link layers, TCP/IP does not define any specific protocol. - It supports allthe standard and proprietary protocols. + A networkin a TCP/IP internetwork can bea local-area network or a wide-area network. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2. Network Layer: At the network layer (or, more accurately, the internetwork layer), TCP/IP supports the Internetworking Protocol. IP, in turn, uses four Supporting protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP. » a. Internetworking Protocol (IP) The Internetworking Protocol (IP) is the transmission mechanism used by the TCP/IP protocols. The IP layer provides an unreliable, connectionless delivery system. The reason why it is unreliable is that IP provides no error checking or tracking. + b. Address Resolution Protocol The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to associate a logical address with a physical address. On a typical physical network, such as a LAN, each device on a link is identified by a physical or station address, usually imprinted on the network interface card (NIC). ARP is used to find the physical address of the node when its Internet address is known.TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2. Network Layer: (Contd) = c. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol + The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address. It is used when a computer is connected to a network for the first time or when a diskless computer is booted. « d. Internet Control Message Protocol + The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. ICMP sends query and error reporting messages. « e. Internet Group Message Protocol « The Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP) is used to facilitate the simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of recipients. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 3. Transport Layer: Traditionally the transport layer was represented in TCP/IP by two protocols: TCP and UDP. TP is a host-to-host protocol, meaning that it can deliver a packet from one physical device to another. UDP and TCP are transport level protocols responsible for delivery of a message from a process (running program) to another process. A new transport layer protocol, SCTP, has been devised to meet the needs of some newer applications. » a. User Datagram Protocol + The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the simpler of the two standard TCP/IP transport protocols. + It is a process-to-process protocol that adds only port addresses, checksum error control, and length information to the data from the upper layer.TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4. Transport Layer: (Contd) b. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) + The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides full transport- layer services to applications. TCP is a reliable stream transport protocol. The term stream, in this context, means connection-oriented: A connection must be established between both ends of a transmission before either can transmit data. At the sending end of each transmission, TCP divides a stream of data into smaller units called segments. Each segment includes a sequence number for reordering after receipt, together with an acknowledgment number for the segments received. Segments are carried across the internet inside of IP datagrams. At the receiving end, TCP collects each datagram as it comes in and reorders the transmission based on sequence numbers. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4. Transport Layer: (Contd) c. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) » The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides full transport-layer services to applications. A new transport layer protocol, SCTP, has been devised to meet the needs of some newer applications. + The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) provides support for newer applications such as voice over the Internet. The applications that derive the most benefit from the use of SCTP are in the voice and video communications area. + It is a transport layer protocol that combines the best features of UDP and TCP.TCP/IP Protocol Suite 5. Application Layer: + The application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined session, presentation and applicationlayers in the OSI model. Many protocols are defined at this layer. Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific. Addresses Figure: Addresses in TCP/IPFigure: Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP Application layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer