Lesson 1

Complex Number
Definition of imaginary number:

𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏

Integer powers of “𝑖”:

The number “𝑖” satisfies the rules of powers that you have studied in the preparatory stage and
since (𝑖 2 = -1), then:

* Generally: For each (n Є Z)

𝑖4n = (𝑖4)n = 1n = 1 𝑖4n+1 = 𝑖4n × 𝑖 = 1× 𝑖 = 𝑖

𝑖4n+2 = 𝑖4n × 𝑖2 = 1 × (-1) = (-1) 𝑖4n+3 = 𝑖4n × 𝑖3 = 1× (-𝑖) = (-𝑖)

𝑖4n+4 = 𝑖4n × 𝑖4 = 1 × 1 = 1… and so on.

Divide the power by 4

By Engineer Fady Nabil 2

 Example 1:

1) 𝑖 16 =
2) 𝑖63 =
3) 𝑖42 =
4) 𝑖64 =
Solution
1) 16 ÷ 4 = 4 , 𝑖 16 = 1
2) 63 ÷ 4 = 15 ⋅ 75 , 𝑖 63 = −𝑖
3) 42 ÷ 4 = 10 ⋅ 5 , 𝑖 42 = −1
4) 64 ÷ 4 = 16 , 𝑖 64 = 1

Try to solve:

a) 𝑖 24 =
b) 𝑖43 =

Example 2:

(1) 𝑖8n = (2) 𝑖4n + 42 = (3) 𝑖12n + 3 =

Solution

Example 3: 𝑖 −3 =
‫ر‬ ‫ر‬
a) −1 b)−𝑖 c)1 d) 𝑖 ‫اج أنا‬
‫ عىل مز ي‬1 ‫هضب يف‬
Solution
𝑖 −3 × 𝑖 4 = 𝑖

Example 4: 𝑖 −30 =
a) −1 b)−𝑖 c)1 d) 𝑖
Solution

By Engineer Fady Nabil 3

 𝑖 −30 × 𝑖 32 = 𝑖 2 = −1

Example 5: 𝑖 4𝑛−3 =
a) −1 b)−𝑖 c)1 d) 𝑖
Solution
𝑖 4𝑛−3 = 𝑖 4𝑛 × 𝑖 −3 = 1 × 𝑖 −3
𝑖 −3 × 𝑖 4 = 𝑖

Try to solve:
𝑖 −5 =
𝑖 −31 =

Example 6: if 𝑛 ∈ ℤ, then 𝑖 −8𝑛 =………

1
a) b) −1 c) 1 d) 𝑖
ⅈ

Solution
𝑖 −8𝑛 × 𝑖 12𝑛 = 𝑖 4𝑛 = 1

Complex number

For example: = 5 𝑖 − 4 , √2 + √3𝑖

By Engineer Fady Nabil 4

I. Adding and subtracting complex numbers:

Example 8: (1 + 𝑖) + (3 + 𝑖)

Solution

(Real ± Real) (Imaginary ± Imaginary)

1 + 𝑖 + 3 + 𝑖 = 1 + 3 + 𝑖 + 𝑖 = 4 + 2𝑖

Example 9: (2 + 5𝑖) − (1 − 4𝑖)

Solution

(Real ± Real), (Imaginary ± Imaginary)

2 + 5𝑖 − 1 + 4𝑖 = 1 + 9𝑖

Example 10: (2 − √−16) − (5 − 𝑖)

Solution

(Real ± Real) , (Imaginary ± Imaginary)

2 − 4𝑖 − 5 + 𝑖 = −3 − 3𝑖

Try to solve:

1) (3 + 2𝑖) + (3 + 𝑖)
1
2) (−1 + 3𝑖) − 2 (2 + 2𝑖)

By Engineer Fady Nabil 5

 II. Multiplying complex no.

Example 11: (2 + 3𝑖)(3 + 2𝑖)

Solution

(2 + 3𝑖)(3 + 2𝑖) = 2 × 3 + 2 × 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 × 3 + 3𝑖 × 2𝑖

= 6 + 4𝑖 + 9𝑖 + 6𝑖 2

= 6 + 13𝑖 + 6(−1) = 13𝑖

Example 12: (4 + 3𝑖)(2 − 5𝑖)

Solution

(4 + 3𝑖)(2 − 5𝑖) = 4 × 2 − 4 × 5𝑖 + 3𝑖 × 2 − 3𝑖 × 5𝑖

= 8 − 20𝑖 + 6𝑖 − 15𝑖 2

= 8 − 14𝑖 − 15(−1) = 23 − 14𝑖

Try to solve:

a. (3 + 2𝑖)(3 + 𝑖)
b. (4 − 2𝑖)(3 − 2𝑖)

III. The two conjugate numbers

the two numbers 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 , 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 are called conjugate numbers

Example 13: What is the conjugate of the complex number 4 + 3𝑖? (EKB)

a) 4 − 3𝑖 b) −4 − 3𝑖 c) −4 + 3𝑖 d) 3 + 4𝑖

By Engineer Fady Nabil 6

 Example 14: The conjugate of the number (3𝑖 − 4) is……..
a) 3𝑖 + 4 b) −3𝑖 − 4 c) −3𝑖 + 4 d) 3𝑖 − 4

IV. Equality of two complex numbers:

Example 15: 𝑖𝑓 𝑋 + 𝑌𝑖 = 3 + 7𝑖 (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑌 − 𝑋)

Solution

Real part = Real part

𝑋 = 3

Imaginary part = imaginary part

𝑌 = 7

∴ 𝑌−𝑋 = 7−3 = 4

Example 16: 𝑋 − 3𝑌 + (2𝑋 + 𝑌)𝑖 = 6 + 5𝑖 (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑋 + 𝑌)

Solution

𝑋 − 3𝑌 + 2𝑋𝑖 + 𝑌𝑖 = 6 + 5𝑖

𝑋 − 3𝑌 = 6 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙)

2𝑋 + 𝑌 = 5 (𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦)

By using calc.: “Mode + eq. +1”

𝑋 = 3 , 𝑌 = (−1) ∴ 𝑋+𝑌 = 2

Example 17: (2𝑋 – 𝑌) + (𝑋 – 2𝑌)𝑖 = 5 + 𝑖 (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑋 , 𝑌)

Solution

By Engineer Fady Nabil 7

 2𝑋 − 𝑌 = 5 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙)

𝑋 − 2𝑌 = 1 (𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦)

By using calc.: 𝑋 = 3 ,𝑌 = 1

Try to solve:

a. (2𝑋 – 3) + 5𝑖 = 7 + (3 − 2𝑌)𝑖
b. 𝑋 + 𝑌𝑖 = √−4 + 𝑖 22

Important note: (𝟏 ± 𝒊)𝟐𝒏 = (±𝟐𝒊)𝒏

Proof:

(1 ± 𝑖)2𝑛 = [(1 ± 𝑖)2 ]𝑛 = [12 ± 2𝑖 + 𝑖 2 ]𝑛 = [1 ± 2𝑖 − 1]𝑛

For example: (1 + 𝑖)200 = [(1 + 𝑖)2 ]100 = (2𝑖)100 = 2100 𝑖 100 = 2100

For example: (3 − 3𝑖)4 = (3(1 − 𝑖))4 = 34 (1 − 𝑖)4 = 34 (−2𝑖)4 = 34 (−2)2 𝑖 2 = −324

Try to solve: (1 − 𝑖)32

By Engineer Fady Nabil 8

By Engineer Fady Nabil 9
 Lesson 2
Determine the types of roots of quadratic equation
a) Discriminant

Using the formula in solving the quadratic equation: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 , where 𝑎 ≠ 0 , we

−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
get two roots : ,
2𝑎 2𝑎

Both of these two roots include the expression: √𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄

The expression: 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation because it is
used to determine the types of roots of the quadratic equation as follows:

𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 < 𝟎

The two roots are real and The two roots are real and similar The two roots are
different complex and conjugate

Example 1: Determine the type of the two roots of each of the following equations:

a) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎

Solution

∵ 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −3 , 𝑐 = 5

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−3)2 − 4 × 1 × 5 = −11 (Negative quantity)

∴ The two roots are complex and non real

By Engineer Fady Nabil 10

 b) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎

Solution

∵ 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 10 , 𝑐 = 25

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑏 2 − 4 = (10)2 − 4 × 1 × 25 = 0

∴ The two roots are real and equal

c) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎

Solution

∵ 𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = 10 , 𝑐 = −4

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (10)2 − 4 × 3 × −4 = 148 (Positive quantity)

∴ The two roots are different and real.

Try to solve

Determine the type of the two roots of each of the following equations:

a) 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10 = 0
b) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = 0
c) 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = −9

Example 2 :The two roots of the equation: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 are…….

a) Two complex and non-real roots

b) Two different real roots
c) Two equal real roots
d) Two conjugate complex number

By Engineer Fady Nabil 11

 Example 3: The two roots of the equation: bx 2 + ax + c = 0 are two complex and non-real
roots if……

a) 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
b) 𝑎2 − 4𝑏𝑐 < 0
c) 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0
d) 𝑐 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0

Example 4: if the two roots of the equation: 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 are real and equal then, find the
value of K:

Solution

𝑎=3 𝑏 = −6 𝑐=𝑘

Since, the two roots are equal, Therefore, 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0

(−6)2 − 4 × 3 × 𝑘 = 0

36 − 12𝑘 = 0

−12𝑘 = −36

−36
𝑘=
−12

𝑘=3

Example 5: Given that the roots of the equation: 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 , are real and different.
Find the interval that contains (k)

Solution

𝑎=4 𝑏 = −12 𝑐=𝑘

Since, the roots are real and different, Therefore, 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0

(−12)2 − 4 × 4 × 𝑘 > 0

144 − 16𝑘 > 0

By Engineer Fady Nabil 12

 −16𝑘 > −144

−144
𝑘<
−16

𝑘<9 𝒌 ∈ ] − ∞, 𝟗[

Example 6: Find the real values of m which satisfy that the equation: 𝑥 2 − (2𝑚 − 1)𝑥 + 𝑚2 = 0
have no real roots (i.e. has no solution in R)

Solution

∵ The equation doesn’t have real roots

∴ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0

∴ (2𝑚 − 1)2 − 4𝑚2 < 0 ∴ 4𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 1 − 4𝑚2 < 0

1
∴ −4𝑚 < −1 ∴𝑚>
4

1
∴ The equation has no real roots if 𝑚 ∈] 4 , ∞[

Example 7: Find the real values of k which satisfy that the equation: 𝑥 2 + 2(𝑘 − 1)𝑥 + 𝑘 2 = 0
have two real roots (i.e. has no solution in R)

Solution

∵ The equation has two real root

∴ The two roots are either different or equal, ∴ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0

∴ 4(𝑘 − 1)2 − 4 × 1 × 𝑘 2 ≥ 0

1
∴ 4𝑘 2 − 8𝑘 + 4 − 4𝑘 2 ≥ 0 ∴ −8𝑘 ≥ −4 ∴𝑘≤
2

By Engineer Fady Nabil 13

 1
∴ The equation has 2 real roots if: 𝑘 ∈] − ∞, 2 ]

Try to solve:

a) if the two roots of the equation: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 are real and equal then, find the
value of K
b) If the equation: 𝑚2 𝑥 2 + (2𝑚 − 2)𝑥 + 1 = 0, has no root in R, find the real values of
“m”

Important Note:

a) If The roots are Real Rational, because the coefficients a, b and c in the quadratic
equation: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0

For example:

The roots of the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 are −2, −3

b) The roots are Real Irrational because these coefficients are real irrational and 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥
0
For example:

−√5±5
The roots of the equation 𝒙𝟐 + √𝟓𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 are
2

c) If the discriminant of the quadratic equation (of real coefficients) isn’t positive , then the
two roots of the quadratic equation are two conjugate complex numbers.

For example:

The roots of the equation 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 are 1 + 𝑖, 1 − 𝑖

By Engineer Fady Nabil 14

By Engineer Fady Nabil 15