Introduction to Digital System Design

Z. Navabi

Topic 1

Number Systems

Zain Navabi

Slides prepared by Katayoon Basharkhah

Outline

2-1 Why Binary?

2-2 Decimal and Binary
2-3 Hex and Octal
2-4 Coding System
2-5 Binary arithmetic

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Introduction to Digital System Design - Copyright Zainalabedin Navabi
Why Binary?
• Computers don’t understand words or numbers the way humans do.

• In the lowest level, computers work with 0 and 1.

• Binary number is base 2.

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Decimal and Binary
Decimal Numbers

Decimal Point
Binary Point
3 2 1 -1 -2 -3 -4
−𝟒
4𝟒
𝟏𝟎
2 𝟏𝟎
2
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
2
𝟐 𝟏𝟎
2
𝟏 𝟏𝟎
2
𝟎
0
𝟏𝟎−𝟏
2 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
2 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
2 2𝟏𝟎

2 5 . 1 3
25.13= 2*101 +5*100 + 1*10-1+3*10-2

Integer Fraction

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Introduction to Digital System Design - Copyright Zainalabedin Navabi
Decimal and Binary
Binary Numbers

Binary Point
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 0
(11001.1010)2 = 1*24 + 1*23 +0*22 + 0*21 +1*20 + 0*2-1+0*2-2+ 1*2-3+0*2-4 = (25.125)10

Integer Fraction

Binary to decimal conversion

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Decimal and Binary
Decimal to Binary Conversion (Integer Part)
(29.61)10=(?)2

Multiple divisions and collecting the remainders, the first remainder is the nearest
digit to the binary point.

14 07 03 1
2 29 2 14 2 07 2 03
28 14 06 02
1 0 1 1

(29)D = (11101.)B
Binary point

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Decimal and Binary
Decimal to Binary Conversion (Fractional Part)
Use multiplication to find the fractional part.

0.61*2 = 1 . 22
0.22*2 = 0 . 44
0.44*2 = 0 . 88 (0.61)10=(.100111)2 (29.61)10=(11101.100111)2
0.88*2 = 1 . 96

0.96*2 = 1 . 92

0.92*2 = 1 . 84

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Octal and Hex 0000 0
0001 1
To do conversions from base 2 to base 8(16), each 3(4) bits in 0010 2
base 2 must be converted into it’s equivalent in base 8(16).
0011 3
0100 4
(35.37)10 = (00 100 011.010 111 00)2 0101 5
0110 6
(35.37)10 = (43.27)octal 0111 7
(35.37)10 = (0010 0011.0101 1100)2 1000 8
1001 9
(35.37)10 = (23.5C)Hex 1010 A
1011 B
1100 C
1101 D
1110 E
1111 F
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Coding System
1- Signed Numbers
• We define the left-most digit as the number’s sign digit.
• The definition constructs the Sign and Magnitude representation of numbers.
• In this representation all digits except the left-most construct the magnitude of
the number, while the left-most digit being 1 shows that the number is negative
or positive otherwise.

Sign Magnitude

0 1001001 +73

1 1001001 -73

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Coding System
2- Binary Coded Decimal
• A system of writing numerals.
• Assigns a four-digit binary code to each digit 0 through 9 in a decimal (base-10) numeral.

0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9
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Coding System
3- Seven Segment Display Code
• A system for simple display of digits 0 to 9.
• Assigns a seven-digit binary code to each digit 0 through 9 (base-10) numeral.
a b c d e f g
0 0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0001 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 0010 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
3 0011 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
4 0100 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
5 0101 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
6 0110 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
7 0111 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
8 1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 1001 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
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Coding System
3- Seven Segment Display Code

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Coding System Decimal Binary
0 0000
Gray
0000
4- Gray Code 1 0001 0001
• Physical switches are not ideal: it is very unlikely that physical switches 2 0010 0011
will change states exactly in synchrony. 3 0011 0010
4 0100 0110
5 0101 0111
6 0110 0101
0111 1111 1101 1001 0100
7 0111 0100
8 1000 1100
9 1001 1101
10 1010 1111
• Solution: Two successive values differ in only one bit.
11 1011 1110
12 1100 1010
13 1101 1011
14 1110 1001
15 1111 1000
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Coding System
5- ASCII
• In some application storing text is the
most important of all. The ASCII
code is used for this mean.

• Digits 0 through 9, lowercase and

uppercase letters all have specific codes
in this system.

• Today, an extended ASCII table is also

used alongside the basic one which
contains the codes of foreigner letters.

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Coding System
5- ASCII
• 8-bit codes are used to represent the ASCII codes, where the leftmost digit
specifies which table a specific code belongs to. Codes starting with 1 are
from the extended ASCII table and those starting with 0 belongs to the
basic one.

• Special characters are also included in the ASCII code range. It’s also true
about the control characters.

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Binary arithmetic
1- Addition
• Adding numbers in base 2 can be considered the same as decimal
Addition.

• The main problems can occur when doing subtractions. But even
in this case the borrowing is just as it is in decimal numbers.
+2 +2 +2 +2

+1 +1 +1 1 01101
101101 +1 +1 +1 +1
+ 011001 - 0 01110
1000110 0 11111
Addition Subtraction

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Binary arithmetic
2- Subtraction
• With another look at the arithmetic in our decimal number
system:
The Largest number with the same number
of digits plus 1 as our operand is added
and subtracted
52 - 37 = 52 - 37 + 100 - 100 = 52 - (37 + 99) + 1 - 100 =
52 + (62 + 1) - 100 = 52 + 63 - 100 = 115 - 100 = 15
Negative of 37
• We have actually found a new way to negate 37 and that is the
result of subtracting it from 99 and adding 1 to it.

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Binary arithmetic
2- Subtraction
• With another look at the arithmetic in our decimal number
system:
00110100 - 00100101 = 00110100 - 00100101 + 100000000 - 100000000 =
00110100 - 00100101 + 11111111 + 1 - 100000000 =
00110100 + 11011011 - 100000000 = 100001111 - 100000000 = 00001111

The negative of 00100101

• This representation for negative numbers is used in the 2’s

Complement System.

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Binary arithmetic
3- Two’s complement
• 2’s complementing a number is consisted of complementing it and then
adding 1.

• The same rule as the sign and magnitude representation for distinguishing
positive numbers from negative ones applies in the 2’s complement
system.

• In the 2’s complement system, the positive numbers have the same form
as they have in the sign and magnitude system.

• 2’s complementing a negative number is performed as starting from the

right-most digit until the first ‘1’ is reached and then complementing the
rest of the digits.
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Binary arithmetic
4- Two’s complement arithmetic
+1+1+1 +1 +1
00011011
+ 01001101
01101000
Addition

+1 +1 +1 +1
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 negating 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
- 01001101 + 10110011
11001110 -(00110010)
Binary
Subtraction
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Binary arithmetic
5- Overflow
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
+
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

• A negative result has occurred from the addition of 2 positive numbers.

• The result could have been shown correctly in 9 bits, but our system has at most 8.

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Binary arithmetic
5- Overflow

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Binary arithmetic
5- Overflow
• A way for pointing out an overflow occurrence is when the sign bit of the result
differs from that of the operands (if the operand’s sign bits are the same).

• Solution: Sign-Extension Process

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
+
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

Sign-Extension

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Conclusion
We have covered:

• Binary number representation.

• Binary to decimal conversion and vs.
• Coding systems like BCD, Gray code and ASCII.
• Binary arithmetic.
• Two’s complement system.

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