Brand name Generic Name Pharmacological Outcome / Indication Action Side Effect Special Precaution

Classification
Cardiovascular drugs
1. Antihypertensive (ACE inhibitor)
 Zestril p.560 Lisinopril Antihypertensive – (ACE Decreased BP in HT, Inhibit angiotensin-converting 經典: cough, gastric irritation Monitor BP, edema in feet and
inhibitor) decreased preload, enzyme legs daily; I/O ratio. Not to
afterload in CHF. Mild to  Inhibit the conversion of CV: hypotension, tachycardia, discontinue the drug abruptly or
moderate HT, adjunctive angiotensin I to angiotensin II stroke, chest pain, angioedema withdrawal symptoms may
therapy of systolic CHF  ↓aldosterone secretion & GU: proteinuria, renal insufficiency occurs.
and acute MI. vasodilation RESP: dyspnea, cough
Capoten Captopril Antihypertensive – (ACE Decreased BP in HT,  ↓vascular resistance, ↓Na+ & INTE: Skin rash Crushed and mixed with food;
inhibitor) decreased preload, fluid retention Monitor blood studies: if
Other brand(s): afterload in CHF.  ↓BP neutrophils <1000/mm3; monitor
Acertil BP,check for orthostatic
Ramipril hypotension, syncope; check for
edema in feet, legs daily; monitor
weight daily in CHF
1. Antihypertensive (alpha-adrenergic ant/agonist)
 Aldomet Methyldopa Antihypertensive – Decreased BP in Stimulates central alpha2-adrenergic 經典: sedation, headache, Monitor BP, edema in feet and
centrally acting hypertension receptors in the CNS bradycardia, N/V, abd. legs daily; I/O ratio. Not to
alpha2-adrenergic  ↓sympathetic outflow from the distention, constipation discontinue the drug abruptly or
agonist brain withdrawal symptoms may
 ↓peripheral resistance Myocarditis, CHF, hepatic occurs.
dysfuncation, pancreatitis,
leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and
hemolytic anemia and
granulocytopenia
 Minipress Prazosin Antihypertensive –alpha Mild to moderate HT, CHF, Block alpha1-adrenergic receptors 經典: dizziness, drowsiness, First dose syncope (昏倒;暈厥) =
1-adrenergic antagonist BPH  ↓sympathetic tone headache, fatigue, palpitation, postural/standup hypotension
Other brand(s):  Vasodilation nausea
Hytrin  ↓supine & standing BP
Hypotension, headache,
drowsiness, weakness, nausea and
vomiting.
1. Antihypertensive (beta-adrenergic blocker)
 Betaloc p.617 Metoprolol Antihypertensive – Decrease BP, heart rate, Block beta1-adrenergiic blocker 經典: gastric pain, flatulence, Do not give to asthma patient.
(beta1-adrenergic AV conduction. Mild to  ↓ influence of sympathetic constipation, diarrhea, N/V
Other brand(s): blocker), antianginal moderate HT, acute MI to nervous system on heart and
Atenolol reduce cardiovascular juxtaglomerular apparatus Depression, CHF, cardiac arrest, AV
mortality, angina pectoris  ↓excitability, & CO + ↓release block, bradycardia, pulmonary
of renin edema, chest pain. Agranulocytosis, Monitor BP, edema in feet and
 ↓BP eosinophilia, thrombocytopenic legs daily; I/O ratio, daily weight in
purpura. Bronchospasm. CHF.
 Inderal p.791 Propranolol Antihypertensive – Decrease blood pressure, Block beta-adrenergic receptors 經典: fatigue, bradycardia, Not to discontinue the drug
(beta-adrenergic heart rate. Chronic stable  ↓ influence of sympathetic gastric pain, flatulence, abruptly or withdrawal symptoms
blocker) antianginal, angina pectoris, HT, MI, nervous system on heart and constipation, diarrhea, N/V may occurs.
antidysrhythmic (class juxtaglomerular apparatus
III)  ↓ excitability, workload & O2 Bradycardia, CHF, pulmonary
consumption of heart + ↓ edema, dysrhythmias,
release of renin laryngospasm, Agranulocytosis,
 ↓BP thrombocytopenia

With membrane stabilizing effect

(local anaesthesia)
 antiarrhymia
1. Antihypertensive (calcium channel blocker)
 Adalat Nifedipine Antihypertensive Decreased angina pectoris, Block Ca2+ channel 經典: peripheral edema, Monitor BP, edema in feet and
(calcium channel decreased BP in HT  Prevent Ca2+ from entering the flushing, lightheadedness, legs daily; I/O ratio. Not to
Other brand(s): blocker) smooth muscle cells of blood dizziness, headache, nausea discontinue the drug abruptly or
Norvasc Antianginal vessels withdrawal symptoms may
(amlodipine) Headache, dizziness, occurs.
 Isoptin Verapamil Decreased angina pectoris, ↓generation & conduction speed of lightheadedness, nausea, flushing Advise Pt to elevate lower limbs
decreased BP in HT nerve impulse in pacemaker cells CHF, headache, drowsiness, to increase venous return.
dysrhythmias  -ve inotropic & chronotropic dizziness, edema, constipation Encourage fluid intake and fibre
effect intake
 ↓contractile force & ↓ HR Avoid the use of grapefruit juice
 Vasodilation in coronary arteries
 ↓BP
2. Antianginal (beta-adrenergic blocker)
 Betaloc p.617 Metoprolol Antihypertensive – Decrease BP, heart rate, Block beta1-adrenergiic blocker 經典: gastric pain, flatulence, Do not give to asthma patient.
(beta1-adrenergic AV conduction. Mild to  ↓ influence of sympathetic constipation, diarrhea, N/V
Other brand(s): blocker), antianginal moderate HT, acute MI to nervous system on heart and
Atenolol reduce cardiovascular juxtaglomerular apparatus Depression, CHF, cardiac arrest, AV
mortality, angina pectoris  ↓excitability, & CO+ ↓release block, bradycardia, pulmonary
of renin edema, chest pain. Agranulocytosis, Monitor BP, edema in feet and
 ↓BP eosinophilia, thrombocytopenic legs daily; I/O ratio, daily weight in
purpura. Bronchospasm. CHF.
 Inderal p.791 Propranolol Antihypertensive – Decrease blood pressure, Block beta-adrenergic receptors 經典: fatigue, bradycardia, Not to discontinue the drug
(beta-adrenergic heart rate. Chronic stable  ↓ influence of sympathetic gastric pain, flatulence, abruptly or withdrawal symptoms
blocker) antianginal, angina pectoris, HT, MI, nervous system on heart and constipation, diarrhea, N/V may occurs.
antidysrhythmic (class juxtaglomerular apparatus
III)  ↓ excitability, workload & O2 Bradycardia, CHF, pulmonary
consumption of heart + ↓ edema, dysrhythmias,
release of renin laryngospasm, Agranulocytosis,
 ↓BP thrombocytopenia

With membrane stabilizing effect

(local anaesthesia)
 antiarrhymia
2. Antianginal (calcium channel blocker)
 Adalat Nifedipine Antihypertensive Decreased angina pectoris, Block Ca2+ channel 經典: peripheral edema, Monitor BP, edema in feet and
(calcium channel decreased BP in HT  Prevent Ca2+ from entering the flushing, lightheadedness, legs daily; I/O ratio. Not to
Other brand(s): blocker), antianginal smooth muscle cells of blood dizziness, headache, nausea discontinue the drug abruptly or
Norvasc vessels withdrawal symptoms may
(amlodipine) Headache, dizziness, occurs.
 Isoptin Verapamil Decreased angina pectoris, ↓generation & conduction speed of lightheadedness, nausea, flushing Advise Pt to elevate lower limbs
decreased BP in HT nerve impulse in pacemaker cells CHF, headache, drowsiness, to increase venous return.
 Herbesser Diltiazem HCl Antianginal dysrhythmias  -ve inotropic & chronotropic dizziness, edema, constipation Encourage fluid intake and fibre
Ca antagonist effect intake
 ↓contractile force & ↓HR Avoid the use of grapefruit juice
 Vasodilation in coronary arteries If BP<30mmHg stop
 ↓BP If platelets<150000/mm3  stop
Swallow the whole tab
Store in airtight container at rm
temp
Avoid the use of grapefruit juice
2. Antianginal (nitrate)
 Isordil p.526 Isosorbide Antianginal, vasodilator Relief and prevention of ↑NO 經典: headache, Create nitrate-free period to
dinitrate angina pectoris  Activate guanylate cyclase apprehension, restlessness, minimize tolerance
 Angised TNG Glyceryl Nitrate Vasodilator Treatment for angina  ↑cGMP weakness, tachycardia, Cannot relief MI
 Trinitrate (anti-anginal) pectoris, prophylaxis  ↓Ca2+ entering smooth muscle palpitation, nausea Apply through SL
of blood vessels Angina pectoris again  doses in
 Vasodilation Hypotension (fatal) 5 min.
 ↓pre & after load After 3 times  not relieve 
 ↓myocardial O2 consumption Vascular headache, flushing, consult doctor
dizziness, weakness and faintness.
PLUS Postural hypotension, nausea,
 Vasodilation in coronary artery vomiting, tachycardia
 ↑O2 delivery to myocardial cell
2. Antianginal (antiplatelet)
Persantin Dipyridamole Antianginal--antiplatelet Prevention of Inhibit clotting mechanism; prevent or Light-headedness Administer 75-100mg PO QID
thromboembolism in client disrupt the aggregation (an with warfarin to prevent
with heart valves, accumulation of substances in the thromboembolism in Pt with
combination therapy with blood that form a group or cluster) of prosthetic heart valves
warfarin sodium, coronary platelets needed to form a clot
artery disease
3. Antidysrhythmic
 Dilantin p.752 Phenytoin Anti-convulsant/ General tonic-clonic, Altering ion transport 經典: hirsutism, gum Check serum phenytoin level 
antidysrhythmic seizures, epilepticus,  Inhibit spread of seizure activity hyperplasia, thrombocytopenia malfunction of immunization and
(hydantoins) nonepileptic seizures after in motor cortex gum hyperplasia may be resulted
Reye’s syndrome Ventricular fibrillation, drowsiness,
↑AV conduction dizziness, insomnia, depression,
 ↓dysrhythmias hepatitis, nephritis, anemia, ,
 Lanoxin p.313 Digoxin Inotropic Decreased edema, pulse, Inhibit ATPase for Na/K pump 經典: headache, blurred Assess AR 1 min before giving
antidysrhyhmic, cardiac respiration and crackles.  ↑Ca2+ in myocardial cell during vision, GI upset drug; withhold if AR<60
glycoside Rapid digitalization in acute depolarization
and chronic CHF, atrial  +ve inotropic & -ve chronotropic Dysrhythmias, AV block, headache,
flutter, atrial tachycardia; effect drowsiness, nausea and vomiting,
cardiogenic shock,  ↑contractile force & renal anorexia, abdominal pain.
paroxysmal atrial perfusion + ↓HR & AV node
tachycardia conduction speed
 Cordarone Amiodarone Anti-dysrhythmic - Decrease amount and On cardiac cell membrane 經典: fatigue, tremor, 1. Maintain dose  turn bluish
Amiodarone alpha-adrenergic blocker severity of ventricular  Prolong repolarization & bradycardia, N/V, anorexia, on neck, face, arms when
(not sympatholytic) dysrhymias, ventricular refractory period constipation, ataxia, used for long periods
tachycardia,  ↑ventricular fibrillation photosensitivity (reversible)
supraventricular fibrillation, threshold 2. pulmonary toxicity
atrial fibrillation not Cardiac arrest, arrhythmias (fatal) discontinue (including
controlled by 1st line On peripheral smooth muscle pulmonary fibrosis,dysnea,
 ↓peripheral vascular resistance CNS: headache, dizziness fatique, cough, fever, chest
CV: hypotension pain, ARDs)
3. Avoid the use of grapefruit
juice
Gastrointestinal drugs
1. Antiulcer (antacid)
Gelsuil Gelusil Active Antacid, antiulcerant. GI ulcer, relieve heartburn, AlOH & MgOH: Constipation or diarrhea, Shake well before use.
Ingredients: Adsorbent, antiflatulent sour stomach and acid - Neutralise gastric acid hypocalcaemia
aluminum indigestion. - Inhibit the proteolytic activity of
 Triact hydroxide, AlOH: antacid Relief upset stomach by pepsin (MgOH) 經典: Triact: chew before swallowing
magnesium MgOH: antacid, laxative hyperacidity - ↑secretion of cholecystokinin - AlOH: comstipation
hydroxide, Simethicone: from duodenum - MgOH: diarrhea
simethicone anti-flatulent  stimulate fluid secretion & - Simethicone:diarrhea
intestinal mobility (MgOH)
Simethicone: (Latter two counteract the S/E of
- Remove excess gases in AlOH)
digestive tract
 Mucaine Aluminum Antacid Relieve mild heartburn and Neutralise gastric acid Constipation or diarrhea, nausea
Hydroxide ingestion. and vomiting, confusion and
excessive tiredness.
 Oscal CaCO3 Antacid, Ca supplement Not for chronic therapy Neutralizes gastric acidity 經典: constipation (laxatives or Antacid:1hr pc and at bed time
Caltrate stool softeners can be given) Ca supplement: 1/2 pc and at bed
time
Chewable
1. Antiulcer (proton pump inhibitor)
 Pariet Rabeprazole PPI duodenal ulcers; Inhibit H/K pump ATPase in the 經典: dizziness, diarrhea, abd. 1. assess bowel sound q8h
decreased gastric parietal cell pain, N/V, URTI 2. Swallow the whole tab
gastroesophageal reflux  ↓gastric secretion 3. diarrheadiscontinue
Losec Omeprazole PPI CNS: headache, dizzsiness, 1. assess bowel sound q8h
asthenia 2. Swallow the whole tab
Other brand(s): GI: diarrhea, abdominal pain, 3. diarrheadiscontinue
Pantaloc vomiting, nausea, constipation, 4. ac; may give with antacids
(Pantoprazole), flatulence, acid regurgitation
Nexium MISC: back pain
(Esomeprazole), RESP: upper respiratory tract
Takepron infection, cough
(Lansoprazole)
1. Antiulcer (H2-receptor antagonist)
 Pepcidine p.399 Famotidine H2-histamine receptor Healing of duodenal ulcers Block H2-receptor site in gastric 經典: headache, dizziness, Assess patient with ulcers, gastric
[Long-acting] antagonist, antiulcer or gastric ulcers parietal cells diarrhea / constipation pH (~5). Monitor I/O ratio. Give
agent Prevention of duodenal  Inhibit histamine action antacid 1 hr before and 2 hrs
ulcers  ↓gastric acid secretion Headache, dizziness, depression, after, with food and liq.
Decrease symptoms of anxiety, insomnia, dysrhythmias,
gastroesophageal reflux thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia,
disease (GERD), Rash
Tagamet p.234 Cimetidine heartburn, gastritis 經典: dizziness, somnolence, Assess patient with ulcers, gastric
[Short-acting] headache, confusion, pH (~5). Monitor I/O ratio
hallucination, diarrhea

Cardiac arrest (fatal)

Seizures, dysrhythmias, paralytic

ileus, jaundice, thrombocytopenia,
exoliative dermatitis, gyneomastia
(long-term)
 Zantac p.812 Ranitidine Inhibit the action of histamine on 經典: headache, constipation / Assess patient with ulcers, gastric
[Long-acting] parietal cells of stomach diarrhea, N/V, abd. pain pH (~5). Monitor I/O ratio
 Inhibit both basal and triggering
(stimulated by food…etc.) Headache, sleeplessness,
gastric acid secretion dizziness, confusion, hepatotoxicity,
rash, constipation, abdominal pain,
diarrhea
1. Antiulcer (protectant)

Carafate/ Sucralfate antiulcer(protectant) Duodenal ulcer, oral Form a complex that adhere to ulcer GI: dry mouth, constipation Swallow the whole tab
sulcrate mucositis, stomatitis after site, absorbs pepsin
radiation of head or neck Give on empty stomach 1hr ac
and at bedtime

Avoid antacids 1/2hr b4 ot 1hr

after taking this drug
 Not to use over 8 wks

Avoid smoking
2. Antiemetic

Atarax p.487 Hydroxyzine Anti-anxiety, sedative, Anxiety preoperatively, Depresses subcortical levels of CNS, Dizziness, drowsiness, seizures, dry Take 1 hr pc or 2 hrs pc
hypnotic, antihistamine, postoperatively to precent including limbic system, reticular mouth.
antiemetic nausea, vomiting, to formation, anticholinergic, antiemetic,
potentiate opioid antihistaminic response, competes
analgesics; sedation; with H1-receptor sites.
pruritus; prevention of
alcohol, drug withdrawal;
Absence of allergy
symptoms, rhinitis pruritus,
absence of nausea/
vomiting, sedation,
absence of anxiety
 Holopon / Hyoscine Antiemetic Vomiting, secretion Inhibits acetylcholine at receptor sites 經典: Pupil dilation, photophobia, Provide adequate hydration
Buscopan methybromide/ Anticholinergic (pre-OT), involuntary in autonomic nervous system blurred vision, dry mouth,
hyosine-N- Anti –motion-sickness movement (controls secretions of free acids in constipation Prevent hyperpyrexia by
butylbromide drug stomach) controlling the surrounding
Antimuscarinic  block central mescarinic Pupil dilation, photophobia, blurred temperature
Antiparkinsonian receptors vision, headache, drowsiness, dry
Antispasmodic  ↓ involuntary movement mouth, constipation, urinary Encourage Pt to void before drug
Belladonna alkaloid  ↓secretion of gastric acid + hesitancy and retention, nasal administration due to urine
Parasympatholytic relaxation of lower GI tract congestion, decrease sweating retention of its S/E

It also Avoid patients with intestinal

 blocks response of iris sphincter obstruction
muscle & muscle of
accommodation
 dilation of pupil & paralysis of
accommodation
 Maxolon p.613 Metoclopramide Dopaminergic blocker Decreased symptoms of Block dopamine in chemoreceptor 經典: restlessness, fatigue, Monitor BP if through IV
GI stimulant delayed gastric emptying, trigger zone of CNS lassitude, diarrhea
decreased nausea and  ↑response to acetylcholine of Monitor extrapyramidal reactions
vomiting. Prevention of tissue in upper GI tract Sedation, fatigue, restlessness, and those with diabetes 
nausea vomiting induced  contraction of gastric muscle sleeplessness, suicide ideation, change dose of insulin
by chemotherapy, delayed  ↑LES pressure seizures, supraventricular
gastric emptying & GER  relaxes pyloric, duodenal tachycardia
segments
 ↓time for gastric emptying & ↑
peristalsis

Not stimulating gastric, biliary or

pancreatic secretions
Exert little effect on gallbladder /
colon motility
 Stemetil p.781 Prochlorperazine Antiemetic Nausea, vomiting,  Blocking chemoreceptor trigger zone 經典: pink to red-brown urine, Identify neuroleptic malignant
meleate Antipsychotic Decreased N/V at the CNS drowsiness, dizziness syndrome: hyperpyrexia, muscle
Anxiolytic Psychosis  Decreased  Depress reticular-activating rigidity, increase CPK etc.
Dopaminergic blocker S/S of psychosis system Bronchospasm, larynogospasm  notify prescriber immediately
Phenothiazine  Suppress the vomiting centre (fatal)  drug should be discontinued.
 ↓vomiting
Depression, entrapyramidal Monitor bilirubin, CBC, liver
 Depresses cerebral cortex, symptoms (EPS), neuroleptic function studies monthly,
hypothalamus, limbic system malignant syndrome. Circulatory hepatotoxicity may occur.
 control activity aggression, failure, tachycardia. Respiratory
depression.
Blocks neurotransimission generated
by DOPamine at synapse
 exhibits a strong
alpha-adrenergic reaction
 anticholinergic blocking action
 Phenergan p.785 Promethazine Antihistamine Motion sickness, rhinitis, Competing with histamine for 經典: poor coordination, Administer through IM, no SC due
HCl H1-receptor antagonist allergy symptoms, H1-receptor site confusion, excitation, to tissue necrosis
Antiemetic sedation, nausea,  acts on blood vessels, GI, epigastric distress,
Sedative-hypnotic preoperative and respiratory system thickening of bronchial
Dopaminergic blocker postoperative sedation; secretion, photosensitivity
Anti-motion-sickness Absence of allergy Block histamine
Phenothiazine symptoms and rhinitis,  ↓allergic response Dizziness, drowsiness, neuroleptic
absence of vomiting, malignant syndrome, constipation,
nausea and sedation. Acts on chemoreceptor trigger zone urinary retention, apnea in pediatric
 decrease vomiting, increase patient.
CNS stimulation
 exert anticholinergic response
3. Laxative

Dulcolax Bisacodyl Laxative (stimulant) Constipation(short term), Irritate colonic intramural plexus 經典: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, Swallow the whole tab
bowel/rectal preparation of  ↑motor activity of intestine abd. cramps, discolouration of
surgery/examination  ↑secretion of mucus urine Give water for better absorption
 ↑H2O in the colon
 Softened stool Don’t take within 1hr of antacids,
milk

For rectal route, retain15mins

Don’t use in presence of

abdominal pain, nausea,
vomitting
 Lactulose p.536 Lactulose Laxative (hyperosmotic/ Decreased constipation, Bacteria in large bowel break 經典: abd. cramps, belching, Increase fluid intake to 2L/D, can
ammonia detoxicant) decreased blood ammonia lactulose into simple sugar diarrhea, flatulence give with fruit juice, water, milk
level.  ↑osmotic pressure and normal ammonia
Chronic constipation,  draws fluid into colon Nausea, vomiting, anorexia,
portal-systemic  ↑water in stool & prevents abdominal cramp, diarrhea, Avoid nocte / 10p (depends on
encephalopathy in patients absorption of ammonia in colon flatulence, distention, belching hospital practice) dose
with hepatic disease.
 Metamucil p.797 Psyllium Laxative, bulk-forming Decreased constipation Combining with water in the intestine 經典: abd. cramps, belching, Decrease constipation in 12-24
and decreased diarrhea in  form a gel-like substance diarrhea, intestinal / esophageal hours.
colitis for chronic  Promotes peristalsis blockage
constipation, ulcerative  easily evacuated Give with 8oz of water or juice
colitis, irritable bowel Nausea and vomiting, anorexia, followed by another 8oz of juice.
syndrome diarrhea, cramps,
intestinal/esophageal blockage. Check BO before given.
 Senokot p.845 Senna, Laxative-stimulant Decreased constipation for Act on Auerbach’s plexus 經典: abd. cramps, belching, Decrease constipation in 8-10
sennosides acute constipation, bowel  Stimulates peristalsis & diarrhea hrs; check BO before use
preparation for surgery or increasing water and
exam electrolytes in large intestine Nausea and vomiting, anorexia, Long-acting  given at nocte /
 soften feces abdominal cramps, tetany (手足搐 10p
搦)
4. Anti-diarrheal

 Kaopectate Kaolin, pectin Antidiarrheal For mild diarrhea Bismuth: Constipation (chronic use) Check BO before used
p.121 mixture Kaolin: adsorbent - Remove irritants from the
Bismuth Pectin: emollient intestine
subsalicylate Bismuth: adsorbent & - Bind to protein
(now) protectant  form a protective coating over
the mucosa & soothe the
irritated bowel lining
 ↓irritation to large bowel
Imodium Loperamide HCl Antidiarrheal diarrhea Inhibit action of acetylcholine on Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting,
parasympathetic nervous system tiredness, dizziness, drowsiness,
 Inhibits gastric motility dry mouth

↓mucus secretion to large bowel

 Lomotil p.324 Diphenoxylate Antidiarrheal Decreased loose stools for Acting on mucosal receptors Dizziness, drowsiness, Check response after 48 hrs, if no
with atropine diarrhea responsible for peristalsis lightheadedness, headache, fatigue, response, drug should be
 Inhibits gastric motility nausea and vomiting, dry mouth, discontinued.
paralytic ileus, anaphylaxis,
Related to opioid analgesics as angioedema, respiratory depression Check BO before used.
adjunct
Respiratory drugs

1. Bronchodilator

 Atrovent Ipratropium Anticholinergic, inhalation for the treatment Atropine inhibit the action of 經典: palpitation, tachycardia, Absence of wheezing after 1 hr
Bronchodilator of obstructive lung acetylcholine nervousness, blurred vision,
diseases (COPD induced  Block reflexes by vagus nerve dizziness, headache, cough
Bronchospasm, rhinorrhea  ↓cyclic guanosine
in children) monophosphate (cGMP) Nausea and vomiting, GI cramp,
 Bronchodilatation & inhibit cough, worsening of symptoms,
secretions from serous & dizziness, headache, anxiety, dry
seromucus glands mouth.
 Ventolin p.52 Albuterol sulfate Selective beta2-agonist Prevention of ↑levels of cyclic adenosine 經典: palpitation, anxiety, fear, Apply with minimal doses for
Bronchodilator exercise-induced asthma, monophosphate (cAMP) tremor, restlessness minimal period of time and no
Antasthmatic acute Bronchospasm,  Stimulate beta-2-adrenergic prolonged use due to
Sympathomimetic bronchitis, emphysema, (pulmonary) receptors Pulmonary edema, development of drug tolerance
bronchiectasis, reverse  Relax smooth muscle bronchospasm (fatal)
airway obstruction.  Bronchodilation Maintain a beta-adrenergic
Tremors, anxiety, restlessness, blocker on standby in case of
Stimulate CNS, cardiac palpotations, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias
 ↑diuresis & ↑gastric acid hypertension, heartburn, nausea
secretion and vomiting, bromchospasm
 Bricanyl durule Terbutaline Selective beta2-agonist Bronchospasm, 經典: palpitation, anxiety, fear,
p.893 sulfate Bronchodilator bronchodilation with ease tremor
Antasthmatic of breathing Relaxes uterine smooth muscle
Sympathomimetic (Bricanyl) HT, tachycardia, cardiac arrest,
Tocolytic drug nausea and vomiting, tremors,
anxiety, insomnia, headache
 Theodur Theophylline Spasmolytic, Ability to breathe without Inhibit phosphodiesterase 經典: anxiety, restlessness, No chewing or crushing of
Nuelin SR p.898 Bronchodilator difficulties. Bronchial  ↓cAMP loss of appetite, epigastric enteric-coated drugs
Xanthine asthma, Bronchospasm of  Relaxes smooth muscle of pain, insomnia, irritability
COPD, chronic bronchitis respiration system (esp. in children) Do not use during pregnancy
 Bronchodilation Monitor vital signs carefully for
 Life-threatening ventricular adverse effects, if serum
arrhythmias, respiratory theophylline levels are not
arrest, death (fatal) available

Sinus and ventricular tachycardia, Keep diazepam ready for seizure

dieresis, N/V, diarrhea, headache, Avoid administration of bricanyl
urinary retention in men due to BPH and theophylline at the same time

Avoid the use of grapefruit juice

2. Corticosteroid

 Prednisolone Prednisolone Corticosteroid, synthetic Severe inflammatory, Suppress migration of 經典: osteoporosis, increased Administer QD before 0900 to
p.772 immuno- suppression, polymorphonuclear leukocytes & appetite, weight gain, mimic normal peak corticosteroid
neoplasms; decrease fibroblasts immunosuppression  blood level
inflammation, decreased  ↓inflammation masking of infection, Place orally disintegrating tablet
adrenal insufficiency  ↓capillary permeability & Cushing’s Syndrome in mouth  dissolve  swallow
lysosomal stabilization, minimal Step down
mineralocorticoid Shock (fatal)

Depression, HT, circulatory collapse,

embolism, diarrhea, nausea, abd
pain, pancreatitis, hemorrhage.
hydrocortisone

3. Mucolytic agent

 Bisolvon Bromhexine HCl Mucolytic agent (muscus ↑production of serous mucus Nausea, GI disturbance, loss of
expectorant)  Lead to secretomotoric effect appetite, abd. pain
 Helps cilia transport sputum
 flumucil acetylcysteine mucolytic agent Antidote to hepatotoxicity Breaking disulfide links of 經典: rhinorrhea, N/V, Only if suction machine is
by aceraminophen mucoproteins epigastric discomfort available, encourage fluid intake if
overdose  ↓ viscosity of secretions in no contra-indication
↓the viscosity of mucous respiratory tract Bronchospasm, Stat one dose before CT scan to
in respiratory disorder anaphylactoid reaction (fatal) avoid renal impairment

Dizziness drowsiness, rhinorrhea,

nausea
4. Expectorant

MES Ammonia Expectorant sputum Productive cough and cold Increase bronchio secretion, reduce
carbonate & expel remedy viscosity of sputum, easier to expel.
ipecacuanha
tincture mixture
5. Nonopioid antitussive

 Actified Dextromethorph Dextromethorphan: Dextromethorphan: Dextromethorphan: Dextromethorphan: Monitor vital signs

compound an HCl nonopioid antitussive nonproductive cough lacks analgesic and addictive respiratory depression Drug may mask the S/S of
Pseudoephedrin Pseudoephedrine: Pseudoephedrine: properties (overdose) serious diseases
e HCl Nasal decongestant, nasal congestion by cold, Depressing the cough center in Pseudoephedrine: Cough may be S/S of serious
Triprolidine HCl sympathomimetic amine fever and allergies, medulla Fear, anxiety, tenseness, underlying disorders
Triprolidine: eustachian tube congestion  control cough spasms restlessness, headache, No prolonged use
Triprolidine: analogue of codeine nonproductive light-headedness, dizziness, Monitor CV effects carefully
cough drowsiness, tremors, seizures; HT, Avoid the use of grapefruit juice
 Pseudoephedrine: arrhythmias; pallor; n/v
Cause vasoconstriction in mucous
membranes of nasal passages [Dizziness, anxiety, palpitation, ↑
 shrinkage HR, nervousness]
 promotes drainage and improve
ventilation
Triprolidine:
Neurologic and neuromuscular drugs

1. Anti-convulsant

 Epilim p.995 Valproate Anti-convulsant Seizures, convulsion ↑levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid 經典: sedation, indigestion, Check serum valproic level 
(GABA) synthetic enzyme + inhibit thrombocytopenia thrombopenia if too high in level
GABA hydrolytic enzyme
 ↑levels of GABA in brain Life-threatening pancreatitis,
 Inhibit the spread of seizure hepatic failure (fatal)
activity in the motor cortex
Bone marrow suppression. GI
symptoms, slurred speech,
confusion
 Dilantin p.752 Phenytoin Anti-convulsant General tonic-clonic, Block Na+ channel 經典: hirsutism, gingival Check serum phenytoin level 
Antiarrhythmic (group seizures  Inhibit the action of glutamic acid hyperplasia, thrombocytopenia malfunction of immunization and
1b) Focal seizures  Inhibit spread of seizure activity gingival hyperplasia may be
Hydantoin Epilepticus in motor cortex Bullous, exfoliative, orpurpuric resulted
nonepileptic seizures after dermatitis, lupus erythematosus,
Reye’s syndrome ↑AV conduction Steven-Johnson syndrome, liver
 ↓dysrhythmias damage, hematopoietic
complications, frank malignant
lymphoma (fatal)

Ventricular fibrillation
 Tegretol Carbamazepine Anticonvulsant Tonic- chonic, Exact mechanism unknown 經典: dizziness, drowsiness, Access BP, RR, orthostatic BP,
complex-partial, mixed Inhibit polysynaptic responses + unsteadiness, N/V size of lymph nodes.
seizures, trigeminal block post-tetanic potentiation
neuralgia, bipolar disorder CV complications, Urine, sweat may be darken
Block Na+ channel Steven-Johnson syndrome,
 Inhibit the action of glutamic acid hepatitis, massive cellular Avoid the use of grapefruit juice
 Inhibit paroxysmal necrosis with total loss of intact
depolarization liver tissue, hematologic
disorders [severe bone marrow
suppression) (fatal)
 Valium p.305 Diazepam Anxiolytic Anxiety Potentiates the actions of GABA, esp, 經典: drowsiness, lethargy, DDA
Anticonvulsant Acute alcohol withdrawal in limbic system & reticular formation sedation, drug dependence
Skeletal muscle relaxant Adjunct in seizure  Act in spinal cord & at with withdrawal syndrome Monitor EEG
(central acting) disorders supraspinal sites also
Benzodiazepine Preoperative skeletal  Produce muscle relaxation Dizziness, drowsiness, confustion, Long-term therapy  monitor
muscle relaxation headache, orthostatic hypotension, L/RF
Rectally for acute repetitive From MIMS ECG changes, tachycardia, blurred
seizures Bind to stereospecific vision, neutropenia, respiratory
Decrease anxiety, benzodiazepine receptors on the depression.
restlessness, insomnia postsynaptic GABA neuron within the
With sedative and amnestic CNS
properties  ↑neuronal membrane
permeability to chloride ions
  Enhance the GABA inhibitory
effects
 Hyperpolarisation + stabilisation.
2. Antiparkinsonium

 Artane Trihexyphenidyl Antiparkinson Parkinsonian symptoms, Normalize the hypothesized 經典: flushing, ↓sweating, Decrease perspiration
1mg / TDS HCl (anticholinergic) drug-induced imbalance of cholinergic & dry mouth, constipation,
entrapyramidal symptoms, dopaminergic neurotransmission blurred vision, confusion, Increase susceptibility to stroke.
decrease involuntary caused by the loss of dopaminergic dizziness, urinary retention
movement neurons in the basal ganglia of the
brain Dryness of mouth, constipation
 ↓severity of rigidity & a lesser
extent the akinesia & tremor for
parkinsonism
 With peripheral anticholinergic
effects  suppress 2o
symptoms, e.g. drooling
 Sinemet 25/100 Carbidopa (25) – Antiparkinson agent Parkinsonism, restless legs Carbidopa: Involuntary choreiform movement, Urine, sweat may be darken
p.179 Levodopa (100) syndrome, chronic Inhibit dopa decarboxylase hand tremors(震顫), fatigue,
*note: two drug manganese intoxication,  Prevent levodopa being headache, anxiety, twitching,
together form cerebral arteriosclerosis; converted into dopamine before numbness(麻木), weakness,
sinemet Absence of involuntary penetrating the blood-brain confusion, agitation, insomnia,
outcome barrier nightmare, orthostatic hypotension,
 Enhance the penetration of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abd
levodopa into CNS pain, dry mouth, flatulence (胃腸氣
脹), dysphagia, bitter taste, diarrhea,
Levodopa: constipation
Penetrate the blood-brain barrier
 Transform to dopamine in the
brain
Endocrine drugs

1. Antidiabetic

 Daonil Glibenclamide Antidiabetic drug, Type 2 diabetes, NIDDM ↑Ca2+ level in beta-cells in pancreas 經典: Hypoglycemia, GI Check glucose level before
hypoglycemic  Stimulate insulin release form disturbance administration
(sulfonylurea) functioning beta-cells
+ Hypoglycemia, fatigue, drowsiness, Meal within 30 mins after taking
↓hepatic gluconeogenesis & weakness and diarrhea medication
glycogenolysis
+ Check L/R/T function
↑glucose uptake in the liver &
utilization in the skeletal muscles Stop 48 hours before CT scan

 normalizes fasting and Regularly check blood glucose

postprandial blood sugar level before and after meals
 Diamicron Gliclazide Antidiabetic drug, ↑Ca2+ level in beta-cells in pancreas 經典: Hypoglycemia,
hypoglycemic  Stimulate insulin release form sweating, pallor, intense
(sulfonylurea) functioning beta-cells hunger, malaise, GI disorder
+
From MIMS: Potentiate the post-receptor skin reactions (rare), hematological
Fibrinolytic pathways disorders (rare)
Antioxidant  ↑uptake & utilization of glucose
in muscles & conversion of
 glucose to glycogen

 normalizes fasting and

postprandial blood sugar

From MIMS:
↓platelet hyperadhesiveness &
hyper-aggregation
 ↑fibrinolytic activity
Scavenges free radicals
 ↓oxidative stress
Tolbutamine

 Glucophage Metformin Antidiabetic drug Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis 經典: GI discomfort, ↓

(biguanide) appetite, heartburn
↑peripheral glucose uptake and
utilisation Lactic acidosis, gastrointestinal
 ↑sensitivity of peripheral tissue (diarrhea, cramps, nausea and
to insulin vomiting), hormonal

↓absorption of glucose in small

intestine
 Glucobay Acarbose Alpha-glucosidase Delays the digestion of ingested 經典: GI discomfort, abd. pain, Monitor serum glucose levels
inhibitor carbohydrates flatulence, diarrhea, frequently
Antidiabetic  smaller↑in blood glucose hypoglycemia
 ↓in glycosylated Hgb
Hematologic: leucopenia,
Does not enhance insulin secretion thrombocytopenia
Genitourinary drugs

 Lasix Furosemide Loop diurectic Decrease edema in lung In ascending loop of Henle 經典: dry mouth, vertigo, Periodic testing of hearing if high
tissue  inhibit reabsorption of orthostatic hypotension, dose is given by IV route
electrolytes and water anorexia, polyuria
Monitor I/O ratio
In distal convoluted tubules EENT: loss of hearing
 ↑excretion of K+ ELECT: hypokalemia, Caution to orthostatic
hypochloremic alkalosis, hypotension
Slight antihypertensive effect and hypomagnesemia, hyperuricemia,
peripheral vasodilation hypocalcemia, hyponatremia Take in day to prevent nocturia
Endo: hypoglycaemia
GI: nausea Report if weight loss of >5lb
GU: polyuria within 1 week
Integ: rash, pruitus, purpura
Avoid OTC medication and
alcohol

K+ meal

Fluid restriction
Check RFT

Avoid dehydration
Natrilix Indapamide Thiazide-like diuretic, Decrease BP and edema in In distal convoluted tubule 經典: dry mouth, vertigo, Take the medication early in the
antihypertensive(mild to lung tissues, peripherally  Inhibit reabsorption of Na+ & Cl- orthostatic hypotension, day to prevent nocturia
 moderate) anorexia, polyuria, nocturia, Report if weight loss of >5lb
Kidney hyponatremia within 1 week
 ↑excretion of Na+, Cl- & H2O
Meal rich in K due to K loss
May↓peripheral resistance
Caution to orthostatic
hypotension
Aldactone Spironolactone K-sparing diuretic Diuretic and In distal convoluted tubules 經典: dry mouth, dizziness, Take the medication early in the
antihypertensive effect  Compete with aldosterone at abd. Cramping, diarrhea, day to prevent nocturia
while retainging K; lowered receptor sites anorexia, polyuria, nocturia,
aldosterone levels; for  ↑excretion of Na+, Cl-, H2O, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia Report if weight loss of >5lb
edema of CHF, HCO3 and Ca2+ & retain K+, within 1 week
hypertension, PO3- and H+ CNS: confusion, drowsiness
diuretic-induced ELECT: hyperkalemia Avoid meal with high K
hypokalemia, primary INTEG: rash, pruritus
hyperaldosteronism, Fluid restriction
edema of nephritic
syndrome, cirrhosis of the Avoid 6pm dose
liver with ascites
Pain medication

 Panadol p.38 Paracetamol Analgesic, antipyretic Mild to moderate pain and May block pain impulse peripherally 經典: headache, chest pain Pregnancy B, anemia, hepatic
acetaminophen fever  Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis; disease, renal disease, chronic
does not possess inflammatory Hepatotoxicity, hepatic failure, alcoholism, elderly and lactation.
properties myocardial damage (fatal)

Antipyretic action
 Inhibit prostaglandins in the
CNS (hypothalamic
heat-regulating centre)
 Vasodilation & sweating
 Dissipate heat
 Doloxene Dextropropoxyph Analgesic (opioid Mild to moderate pain and Acts as agonist at specific opioid 經典: sedation, N/V, DDA
ene agonist) as an anti-tussive receptors in CNS constipation, euphoria
 produce analgesia, euphoria,
sedation
 Dologesic Paracetamol & Analgesic Mild to moderate pain Both panadol and doloxene action. 經典: drowsiness, dizziness, Check L/R function
Dextropropoxyph fatigue ,constipation, N/V,
ene chest pain, GI disturbance
 Voltaren p.308 Diclofenac NSAID Decrease pain and Inhibit cyclooxygenase 經典: headache, dizziness, Must be continued for prescribed
sodium Analgesic (nonopioid) inflammation  ↓synthesis of prostaglandin dyspepsia, GI discomfort, time
Antipyretic precursors rash, pain and tissue damage Avoid aspirin, NSAID
 analgesic, anti-inflammatory, at inj. site (IM), local irritation
antipyretic properties (PR), transient burning and Take a full glass of water to
stinging (ophthal) enhance full absorption

Stevens-Johnson syndrome,
exfoliative dermatitis, toxic
epidermal necrolysis (fatal)
 Indocid p.507 Indomethacin NSAID Decrease pain and Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis 經典: headache, dizziness, Give food/milk to decrease gastric
Antirheumatic inflammation, or closure of  Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and dyspepsia, GI disturbance, symptoms and prevent ulceration.
patent ductus arteriosus antipyretic rash
Mostly for gout pain Do not break, crush and chew.
Inhibit both COX-1 and 2, mainly Thromnbotic events, MI, CVA, GI
COX-1 selective bleed, bronchospasm, pulmonary
 hemorrhage, bleeding ulcer (fatal)

 Aspirin p.111 Acetylsallcylic Analgesic (nonopioid) Decrease mild to moderate Inhibit prostaglandin & important 經典: nausea, dyspepsia, Monitor renal (I/O), liver, blood
acid Antirheumatic pain, inflammation, fever mediators of inflammation synthesis heartburn, epigastric studies
Antipyretic Absence of MI  Analgesic & antirheumatic discomfort, occult blood loss,
Antiplatelet Transient ischemic attacks hemostatic defects Assess hepatotoxicity (dark urine,
NSAID Thrombosis Inhibit synthesis of the prostaglandin clay coloured stool), allergic
Salicylate intermediary Reye’s syndrome in child: affect reaction
 Block effects of endogenous organs, e.g. brain and liver (fatal)
pyrogen in thermoregulatory Take w/ 8oz of water & sit up for
center of hypothalamus 30 mins to facilitate drug passing
to stomach
Inhibit platelet synthesis of
thromboxane A2 (a potent Avoid Pt injury
vasoconstrictor & inducer of platelet
aggregation) Observe GI bleeding synthesis
 Inhibit platelet aggregation
Educate Pt importance of
Higher doses: hemostatic
Inhibit the synthesis of prostacyclin (a
potent vasodilator & inhibitor of
platelet aggregation)
DF 118 Dihydrocodeine Analgesic (synthetic Postoperative (moderately Bind to opiate receptors in the CNS 經典: N/V, constipation,
opioid) to severe) pain, severe  Inhibit ascending pain pathways, drowsiness, confusion and
dyspnea, anti-tussive altering the perception of and other CNS effects, CV effects,
response to pain sweating, hypothermia,
direct central action in the medulla restlessness, ↓libido,
 cough suppression miosis, ↑ICP, muscle rigidity

It also produces generalised CNS Pulmonary edema, resp

depression depression, hypotension with
circulatory failure, deepening
coma (fatal)
 Ultram Tramadol Central anagesic Relief of pain Bind to mu-opioid receptors 經典: dizziness, sedation, Precautions to pregnancy C,
 inhibits reuptake of vertigo, headache, orthostatic seizure disorder, lactation,
norepinephrine & serotonin hypotension children, elderly
 lead to effect similar to the
opioids Avoid OTC medication and
 no respiratory depressant effect alcohol
morphine Opioid agonist analgesic Severe pain; given after or Act as agonist at specific opioid 經典: dizziness, sedation, PO: swallow the whole tab
(opium alkaloid) during an MI receptors in the CNS euphoria, N/V, sweating
 produce analgesia, euphoria,
sedation Laryngospasm, bronchospasm,
receptors mediating the above effects resp. depression, apnea,
= those mediating the effects of circulatory depression, resp.
endogeneous opioids (enkephalins, arrest, shock, cardiac arrest
endorphins) (fatal)
methadone Opioid agonist analgesic Severe pain 經典: dizziness, sedation, Monitor BP and bowel change
Methadone can substitute for heroin, euphoria, N/V, sweating
other illicit opioids in Pt who want to Caution to orthostatic
terminate a drug use. Resp. depression, apnea, hypotension
circulatory depression, resp.
arrest, shock, cardiac arrest Avoid the use of grapefruit juice
(fatal)
 Naprosyn Naproxen NSAID Decrease pain and Inhibit cyclooxygenase 經典: headache, dizziness,
Analgesic inflammation  ↓prostanglandin synthesis insomnia, rash, nausea,
Mild to moderate pain  analgesic, anti-inflammatory dyspepsia, GI pain,
Acute gout constipation
Also inhibit platelet aggregation
Bronchospasm,
anaphylactic/anaphylactoid
reactions, exfoliative dermatitis,
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
(SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis
(TEN) (fatal)
Ponstan Mefenamic acid NSAID Moderate pain, rheumatoid Inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and 經典: headache, dizziness, Aspirin in nature  carefully
arthritis COX-2 insomnia, rash, nausea, administer x peptic ulcer, GIB, HT,
 ↓formation of prostaglandins & dyspepsia, GI pain, HF Pt.
leukotrienes constipation

Act as antagonist at prostaglandin Renal impairment, autoimmune

receptor sites haemolytic anaemia, convulsions
[overdosage] (fatal)
 Analgesic & antipyretic
properties with minor
anti-inflammatory activity
Anti-infective

1. Antibiotic

Erythromycin Antibiotic (Macrolide) Upper and lower Binds to 50S ribosomal subunits of 經典: dizziness, abd. ↑fluid intake
Bacteriostatic / respiratory tract infections, susceptible bacteria (Ribosome cramping, epigastric
bactericidal pelvic inflammatory inhibitor) discomfort, anorexia, N/V, Severe diarrhea discontinue
diseases, prophylaxis  inhibit protein synthesis abnormal taste
towards α-hemolytic Decreased urine output maybe
streptococcal endocarditis, Ventricular arrhythmias, nephrotoxicity
intestinal amebiasis, STDs, Stevens-Johnson syndrome,
superficial ocular pseudomembranous colitis, Take all the medications
infections, skin and soft anaphylaxis (fatal) prescribed for the length of time
tissue infections ordered
Can kill / deal with:
Gram +ve: Gram –ve: Caution to superinfection: vaginal
Corynebacterium diptheriae / minutissimum Bordetella pertussis itching, loose foul-smelling stools
Listeria monocytogenes Campylobacter enteritis or enterocolitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus ducreyi At least 1hr ac or 2hr pc, take with
Haemophilus influenzae full glass of water
Atypical bacteria: Legionella pneumophila
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Neiseria gonorrhoeae Crushed, not swallow the whole
1o syphilis (Treponema pallidum) in tab, except the enteric-coat tab
Protozoan: penicillin-allergic Pt
Entamoeba histolytica (anaerobic parasitic Avoid the use of grapefruit juice
protozoan)

Parasite:
Chlamydia trachomatis when tetracycline can’t
be used
Klacid Clarithromycin Antibiotic (Macrolide) Upper and lower ↑fluid intake
Bactericidal respiratory tract infections,
+ pantoloc skin and skin structure Assess bowel pattern. If severe
+ amoxil infection, disseminated diarrheadiscontinue
= PPI trial mycobacterial infections,
active duodenal ulcer, Take all the medications
acute otitis media, mild to prescribed for the length of time
moderate ordered
community-acquired
pneumonia Caution to superinfection:
Can kill / deal with:
Gram +ve: Gram –ve: Swallow the whole tab
Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae Helicobacter pylori 2L fluid intake during diarrhea
Streptococcus pyogenes Moraxella catarrhalis episode

Acid-fast: Give q12h to maintain serum

Mycobacterium avium / intracellulare level

Atypical bacteria: Avoid the use of grapefruit juice

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Zinnat (PO) Cefuroxime Antibiotic Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis Bind to one or more of the 經典: GI disturbance, ↑fluid intake
Zinacef (IV) axetil (Cephalosporin) [second media, maxillary sinusitis, penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) diarrhea, anorexia, N/V
generation] LRTI, UTI, uncomplicated  Inhibit the final transpeptidation Cautiously on renal failure Pt.
Bactericidal gonorrhea, skin and skin step of peptidoglycan synthesis Pseudomembranous colitis, bone
structure infections, in bacterial cell wall marrow depression, Prepare Vit. K in case of
septicemia, meningitis,  Inhibit biosynthesis nephrotoxicity, anaphylaxis (fatal) hypoprothrombinemia
bone and joint infections,  Arrest cell wall assembly
perioperative prophylaxis  Bacterial cell death
Can kill / deal with:
Gram +ve: Gram –ve:
Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pyogenes Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Moraxella catarhalis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Penicillin Broad spectrum Respiratory tract infections, Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis 經典: diarrhea, anorexia, N/V, ↑fluid intake
Antibiotic (Penicillin) pneumonia, skin and soft  Arrest cell wall assembly sore mouth, glossitis,
Bactericidal tissue infections, UTI,  Rendered osmotically unstable, stomatitis, gastritis, fever, Severe diarrhea discontinue
prevention of rheumatic swells, and bursts from osmotic wheezing, rash
fever, STDs pressure Caution to superinfection
Can kill / deal with:  Bacterial cell death Cardiac arrest [Penicillin V],
Penicillin G benzathine Penicillin G potassium Penicillin G procaine anaphylaxis [except Penicillin G Take 10-14 days
For severe infection For severe infection For moderately severe potassium] (fatal)
Gram +ve: Gram +ve: infection Shake susp
Streptococci Actinomyces israelii Gram +ve:
Group A Streptococci Bacillus anthracis Actinomyces israelii
Clostridium perfringens / tetani Bacillus anthracis
Gram –ve: Corynebacterium diptheriae Clostridium perfringens / tetani
Treponema Erysipelothrix insidiosa Corynebacterium diptheriae
Listeria monocytogenes Erysipelothrix insidiosa
Prophylaxis for rheumatic Staphylococci Listeria monocytogenes
fever and chorea Streptococci Staphylococci
 Penicillin V Pneumococci Streptococci
For mild to moderately Pneumococci
severe infection Gram –ve:
Gram +ve: Alcaligenes faecalis Gram –ve:
Staphylococci Enterobacter aerogenes Alcaligenes faecalis
Streptococci Escherichia coli Enterobacter aerogenes
Pneumococci Fusobacterium fusiformisans Escherichia coli
Leptotrichia buccals Fusobacterium fusiformisans
Gram –ve: Meningococci Leptotrichia buccals
Fusospirochetes Neisseria gonorrhoeae Meningococci
Treponema Pasteurella multocida Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Proteus mirabilis Pasteurella multocida
Salmonella Proteus mirabilis
For prophylactic Shigella Salmonella
treatment of children with Spirillum minus Shigella
sickle cell anemia, mild to Streptobacillus moniliformis Spirillum minus
moderate anaerobic Treponema pallidum Streptobacillus moniliformis
infections, Lyme disease, Treponema pallidum
postexposure anthrax For syphilis, gonococcal infection
prophylaxis and Lyme disease For specific STDs
 Ampicillin Broad-spectrum Infections of respiratory 經典: diarrhea, anorexia, N/V, ↑fluid intake
Antibiotic (Penicillin) tract, skin, skin structure, sore mouth, glossitis,
Bactericidal genitourinary tract; otitis stomatitis, gastritis, fever, Severe diarrhea discontinue
[Mostly for Gram +ve] media, meningitis, wheezing, rash
Can kill / deal with: septicemia, sinusitis, and ↓urine output maybe
Gram +ve: Gram –ve: endocarditis prophylaxis, Nephritis (fatal) nephrotoxicity
Listeria monocytogenes Escherichia coli prophylaxis in cesarean
Staphylococci Haemophilus influenzae section in certain high-risk Caution to superinfection
Streptococci Moraxella catarhalis Pt
Pneumococci Neisseria gonorrhoeae May be crushed
Neisseria meningitidis
Proteus mirabilis Take for 10-14 days to ensure
Salmonella organism death and prevent
Salmonella typhosa superinfection
Shigella
 Amoxil Amoxicillin Antibiotic (Penicillin) 經典: diarrhea, anorexia, N/V, Shake well b4 each dose
Antiulcer sore mouth, glossitis,
Bactericidal stomatitis, gastritis, fever, Store in refrigerator for 2wks or
Can kill / deal with: wheezing, rash 1wk at rm temp

Gram +ve: Gram –ve: Anaphylaxis (fatal) Store in tight container

Bacillus anthracis Escherichia coli
Enterococcus faecalis Haemophilus influenza ac  due to food absorption
Staphylococci Neisseria gonorrhoeae disturbance
Streptococcus pneumonia Proteus mirabilis
Helicobacter pylori
Parasite:
Chlamydia trachomatis
 cloxacillin Broad spectrum [Gram Penicillinase-producing Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis 經典: neutropenia, ↑fluid intake
+ve] staphylococci, streptococci,  Arrest cell wall assembly agranulocytosis, GI upsets,
Antibiotic (β-lactamase respiratory tract, skin, skin  Rendered osmotically unstable, rash, sore mouth or tongue, Severe diarrhea discontinue
resistant penicillin) structure infections; swells, and bursts from osmotic black hairy tongue
Bactericidal sinusitis pressure ↓urine output maybe
Can kill / deal with:  Bacterial cell death Neuromuscular hypersensitivity, nephrotoxicity
 Gram +ve: pseudomembranous colitis,
Penicillinase-producing staphylococci Able to resist penicillinase action that anaphylaxis (fatal) Take 10-14 days
Staphylococcus aureus inactivates penicillins GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Streptococcus pneumonia GU: vaginitis, moniliasis Caution to superinfection
Streptococcus pyogenes Swallow the whole tab
Streptococcus viridians
Store in tight container

Shake well b4 use.

ac  due to food absorption

disturbance
 Flagyl p.619 Metronidazole Amebicide Intestinal amediasis, Metronidazole converted to reduction 經典: unpleasant metallic ↑fluid intake
Antibacterial amebic abscess, products taste, darkening of urine, N/V,
Antibiotic (refractory) trichomoniasis,  Interact with DNA anorexia, dizziness, ataxia Severe diarrhea discontinue
Antiprotozoal bacterial anaerobic  Cause destruction of helical
infections, giardiasis, DNA structure and strand ↓urine output maybe
septicemia, endocarditis,  Inhibit protein synthesis nephrotoxicity
bone, joint and lower  Cell death in susceptible
respiratory tract infections. organisms Caution to superinfection

Give with or after meal

Store in light resistant container,

but not refrigerator

ac  due to food absorption

disturbance
Cipro Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Infections by gram –ve Inhibit DNA gyrase 經典: GI disturbance, tremor, ↑fluid intake
(Fluoroquinolone) bacteria, uncomplicated  interfere conversion of joint pain, phototoxicity,
Broad spectrum UTIs, acute otitis externa, intermediate DNA fragments into tachycardia, nausea, diarrhea, Severe diarrhea discontinue
Can kill / deal with: chronic bacterial prostatitis, high molecular weight DNA in dry mouth
Gram +ve: Gram –ve: nosocomial pneumonia, bacteria ↓urine output maybe
Bacillus anthracis Citrobacter freundii typhoid fever, STDs,  promotes breakage of Anaphylactoid reaction, nephrotoxicity
Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli anthrax, acute sinusitis, double-stranded DNA cardiopulmonary arrest (fatal)
Staphylococcus epidermidis Enterobacter species LRTIs, cystic fibrosis with Caution to superinfection
Group D streptococci Haemophilus influenza pulmonary exacerbations,
Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus parainfluenzae gastroenteritis in children, Transient increases in serum Take all the medications
Klebsiella pneumonia mycobacterial infection creatinine prescribed for the length of time
Moraxella catarrhalis Haematological, hepatic and renal ordered
Morganella morganii disturbances
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Vasculitis, pseudomembranous Rinse mouth frequently, use
Proteus mirabilis colitis sugarless candy or gum for dry
Proteus vulgaris Tachycardia mouth
Proteus rettgeri
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella typhi
 Levofloxacin Antibiotic Treatment of lower Interferes with conversion of Hk6 Severe diarrhea discontinue
(Fluoroquinolone) respiratory tract intermediate DNA fragments into high
infections(pneumonia, molecular weight DNA in bacteria Take all the medications
bronchitis), genitourinary prescribed for the length of time
infections (prostatitis, ordered
UTIs), skin and skin
structure infections, ↑fluid to 2L/day to avoid
conjunctivitis crystalluria

Give with 8oz of water

Don’t give with Fe, Al, Zn

products or antacids which ↓the
absorption and form insoluble
chelate
Streptomycin Antibiotic Active TB Interferes with protein synthesis in EENT: Ototoxicity 1. decreased urine output
Anti-tuberculosis bacterial cell by binding to ribosomal GI: nausea, vomiting, anorexia maybe nephrotoxicity
subunit, causing inaccurate peptide INTEG: rash 2. caution to superinfection
sequence to form in protein chain,
resulting in bacterial death
2. Anti-tubercular

 Rimifon p.524 Isoniazid Antitubercular Pulmonary TB as an Inhibits RNA synthesis, decrease Peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, Better to take with empty
adjunct; other infections tubercle bacilli replication nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fatal stomach. 1hr ac or 2hrs pc
caused by mycobacteria hepatitis, seizures
 Rifadin, Rifampicin Antitubercular Pulmonary TB, Inhibits DNA-dependent polymerase, Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, Better to take with empty
Rimactane p.821 (Rifampin) meningococcal carriers decreases replication diarrhea, heartburn, hematuria, stomach. 1hr ac or 2hrs pc
(prevention) acute renal failure.
 Myambutol p.390 Ethambutol Antitubercular Pulmonary TB, as an Inhibits RNA synthesis, decreases Headache, confusion, Give with meal, give 2 hrs before
adjunct other tubercule bacilli replication disorientation, abd distress, antacid.
mycobacterial infections anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
elevated uric acid, acute gout
 Tebrazid p.798 Pyrazinamide Antitubercular agent Tuberculosis, as an adjunct Bactericidal interference with liquid; Headache, increased uric acid, Check L function (AST, ALT) prior
when other drugs are not nucleic acid biosynthesis is possible hepatotoxicity to and every 2-4 wks during
feasible therapy
Liver damage / hyperuricemia
with acute gouty arthritis  stop
3. Anti-viral

acyclovir Anti-viral Decreased amount and Interferes with DNA synthesis by CNS: dizziness, headache 1. Swallow the whole tab
time of healing of lesions conversion to acyclovir triphosphate, 2. may give with 8oz of water
causing decreased viral replication, 3. store at rm temp with dry
time of lesional healing place
4. may take b4 infection occur
or when itching and pain
occur
5. shake susp b4 use
4. Anti-fungal

Mycostatin Nystatin Anti-fungal Fungicidal against Candida Interferes with fungal DNA replication; 1. shake the susp b4 use
organisms bind sterols in fungal cell membrane, 2. store oral susp in
which increase permeability, resulting refrigerator, tab in air-tight,
in leaking of cell nutrients light resistant container at rm
 temp

Anti-inflammatory

1. Anti-histamine

 Piriton p.223 Chlorpheniramin Antihistamine (1st Allergy symptoms, rhinitis, Acts on blood vessels, GI, respiratory Dizziness, drowsiness, urinary Do not cut, chew or crush SR
e maleate generation, allergic dermatoses, nasal system by competing with histamine retention, thrombocytopenia, tablets
non-selective) allergies, hypersensitive for H1-receptor site; decrease allergic hemolytic anemia, dry nose, throat, Check blood periodically during
reactions inc. blood response by blocking histamine. mouth prolonged therapy
transfusion, reactions,
anaphylaxis
 Phenergan p.785 Promethazine Antihistamine Motion sickness, rhinitis, Competing with histamine for 經典: poor coordination, Administer through IM, no SC due
HCl H1-receptor antagonist allergy symptoms, H1-receptor site confusion, excitation, to tissue necrosis
Antiemetic sedation, nausea,  acts on blood vessels, GI, epigastric distress,
Sedative-hypnotic preoperative and respiratory system thickening of bronchial
Dopaminergic blocker postoperative sedation; secretion, photosensitivity
Anti-motion-sickness Absence of allergy Block histamine
Phenothiazine symptoms and rhinitis,  ↓allergic response Dizziness, drowsiness, neuroleptic
absence of vomiting, malignant syndrome, constipation,
nausea and sedation. Acts on chemoreceptor trigger zone urinary retention, apnea in pediatric
 decrease vomiting, increase patient.
CNS stimulation
 exert anticholinergic response
Atarax p.487 Hydroxyzine Antianxiety, sedative, Anxiety preoperatively, Depresses subcortical levels of CNS, Dizziness, drowsiness, seizures, dry Take 1 hr pc or 2 hrs pc
hypnotic, antihistamine, postoperatively to precent including limbic system, reticular mouth. No parenteral solution should be
antiemetic nausea, vomiting, to formation, anticholinergic, antiemetic, administered through IV, SC,
potentiate opioid antihistaminic response, competes intra-arterially
analgesics; sedation; with H1-receptor sites. Determine and treat underlying
pruritus; prevention of cause of vomiting
alcohol, drug withdrawal; Drug masks S/S of serious
Absence of allergy conditions
symptoms, rhinitis pruritus,
absence of nausea/
vomiting, sedation,
absence of anxiety
2. Corticosteroid

 Prednisolone Prednisolone Corticosteroid, synthetic Severe inflammatory, Decrease inflammation by Depression, HT, circulatory collapse, Administer QD before 0900 to
p.772 immuno- suppression, suppressing migration of embolism, diarrhea, nausea, abd mimic normal peak corticosteroid
neoplasms; decrease polymorphonuclear leukocytes, pain, pancreatitis, hemorrhage. blood level
inflammation, decreased fibroblasts; reversal to increase Place orally disintegrating tablet
adrenal insufficiency capillary permeability and lysosomal in mouth  dissolve  swallow
stabilization, minimal Avoid the use of grapefruit juice
mineralocorticoid
Hydrocortisone

Anti-psychotic drugs

1. Anti-anxiety
 Ativan Lorazepam Sedative, anti-anxiety Decrease anxiety, Potentiates the actions of GABA, an CNS: dizziness, drowsiness 1. Can be crushed
agent relaxation; anxiety, inhibitory neurotransmitter, esp in CV: orthostatic hypotension 2. provide sugarless gum, hard
irritability in psychiatric or limbic system and reticular formation, EENT: blurred vision candy, frequent sips of water
organic disorders, which depresses the CNS for dry mouth
preoperatively, insomnia 3. not for everyday
stress(longer than 4
mo)habit forming
 Haldol haloperidol Antipsychotic, Decrease sign and Depress cerebral cortex, CNS: EPS, pseudoparkinsnism, 1. Contraindication:
Neuroleptic symptoms of psychosis hypothalamus, limbic system, which akathisia, dystonia, tardive Parkinson’s disease
control activity and aggression; dyskinesia, drowsiness, 2. Take antacids 2 hrs be4 and
blocks neurotransmission produced headache, confusion after the drugs
by dopamine at synapse; exhibits CV: Orthostatic hypotension, 3. store in tight, light resistant
strong alper-adrenergic, GI: Dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, container
anticholinergic blocking action. anorexia, constipation,
INTEG: Rash,
2. Anti-neoplastic drug

Doxil Doxorubicin Anti-neoplastic, Prevention of rapid growing Inhibit the synthesis of DNA primarily; INTEG: rash, necrosis at inj site 1. avoid contact with skin
anti-biotic malignant cells; Wilm’s derived from Stretomyces peuceticus 2. give fluid b4 chemotherapy
tumor; bladder, breast, replication is decreased by binding to to hydrate pt
cervical, head, neck, liver, DNA, which causes strand splitting; 3. can provide anti-emetic
lung, overian, prostatic, active throughout entire cell cycle; a 30-60mins b4 giving drug to
stomach, testicular, thyroid vesicant prevent vomiting and prn
cancer; Hodgkin’s disease, 4. give anti-biotics for
acute lymphoblastic prophylaxis of infection
leukaemia; myeloblastic 5. urine and other body fluid
leukaemia; may turn red-orange for 48hr
neuroblastomas; 6. may lose hair
lymphomas; sarcomas
Blenoxane Bleomycin Anti-neoplastic, Prevention of rapid growing Inhibit the synthesis of DNA, RNA, GI: nausea, vomiting, weight loss, 1. use protective clothing duing
(SC/IM/IV) anti-biotic malignant cells; cancer of protein; derived from Stretomyces anorexia, stomatitis handling, preparation; avoid
head, neck, penis, cervis, verticillus; replication is decreased by INTEG: rash, hyperkeratosis, nail contact with skin
vulva of squamous cell binding to DNA, which causes strand changes, alopecia 2. avoid brestfeeding
origin, Hodgkin’s disease, splitting; phase specific in the G2 and 3. monitor blood glucose level
lymphosarcoma, reticulum M phase; a nonvesicant for diabetic
cell sarcoma, testicular
carcinoma, malignant
pleural effusion
Carboplatin (IV) Anti-neoplastic alkylating Prevention of rapid growing Produce interstrand DNA crosslink EENT: vestibular toxicity 1. can provide anti-emetic
agent malignant cells; initial and to a lesser extent DNA protein 30-60mins b4 giving drug to
treatment of ovarian cancer crosslinks; activity is not cell cycle prevent vomiting and prn
in combination with other phase specific
agents; palliative treatment
of recurrent ovarian
carcinoma after treatment
with other anti-neoplastic
agents, including cisplatin
Ifex Ifosfamide Anti-neoplastic alkylating Prevention of rapid growing Alkylates DNA, RNA; inhibits CNS: somnolence, confusion, 1. give fluids b4 chemotherapy
agent malignant cells; enzymes that allow synthesis of hallucinations to hydrate pt
Testicular cancer, amino acids in proteins; activity is not Dermatologic: alopecia 2. can provide anti-emetic
soft-tissue sarcoma, cell cycle phase specific GI: anorexia, n/v 30-60mins b4 giving drug to
Ewing’s sarcoma, GU: hemorrhagic cystitis, hematuria, prevent vomiting and prn
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, potentially fatal hemorrhagic 3. avoid using aspirin, NSAIDs
lung, pancreatic cancer, cystitis 4. avoid crowds or person with
sarcoma Hematologic: leukopenia known infection
 5. avoid vaccination
6. hair loss
cisplatin Prevention of rapid growing EENT: Tinnitus, hearing loss, 1. hydrated pt with NS over
malignant cells; advanced vestibular toxicity 8-12hr b4 treatment
bladder cancer; adjunctive GI: severe nausea, vomiting, 2. avoid IM if
in metastatic teaticular diarrhea, weight loss platelets<10000/mm3
cancer and metastatic INTEG: alopecia
ovarian cancer, head, neck,
oesophageal, prostatic,
lung, and cervical cancer;
lymphoma
Methotrexate Anti-neoplastic, Prevention of rapid growing Inhibit the enzyme that reduces folic GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, 1. avoid contact with skin
anti-metabolite malignant cells; acid, which is needed for nucleric anorexia, ulcerative stomatitis 2. can provide anti-emetic
Acute lymphocytic acid synthesis in all cells; cell cycle INTEG: rash, alopecia 30-60mins b4 giving drug to
leukaemia, in combination specific (S phase); prevent vomiting and prn
for breast, lung, head, neck immunosuppression 3. give anti-biotics for
carcinoma, prophylaxis of infection
lymphosarcoma, 4. give in am
gestational 5. avoid use of aspirin, NSAIDs
choriocarcinoma, 6. hair loss
hydatidiform mole, 7. avoid vaccination
psoriasis, rheumatoid
arthritis, mycosis fungoides
fluorouracil Prevention of rapid growing Inhibit DNA, RNA synthesis; GI: anorexia, stomatitis 1. Avoid contact with skin
malignant cells; interferes with cell replication by INTEG: rash 2. can provide anti-emetic
Systemic: cancer of breast, competitively inhibiting thynidylate 30-60mins b4 giving drug to
colon, rectum, stomach, synthesis, cell cycle specific(S prevent vomiting and prn
pancreas; multiple active phase), a vesicant 3. give anti-biotics for
keratoses prophylaxis of infection
Topical:basal cell 4. avoid using aspirin, NSAIDs
carcinoma 5. avoid crowds or person with
known infection
6. avoid vaccination
7. hair loss
Tamoxifem Anti-neoplastic Prevention of rapid growing Inhibit cell division by binding to CNS: hot flushes, headache, 1. swallow the whole tab
malignant cells; cytoplasmic estrogen receptors; light-headedness 2. store in light-resistant
Advanced breast resembles to normal cell complex but GI: nausea, vomiting container at rm temp
carcinoma that has inhibit DNA synthesis and estrogen INTEG: rash 3. hair loss
responded to other therapy response to target tissue 4. rash or lesion become large
in estrogen recptor positive at the beginning of the
pt, prevention of breast therapy but temporary
cancer, after breast
surgery/radiation in ductal
carcinoma in situ
Vinblastine Anti-neoplastic Prevention of rapid growing Inhibit mitotic activity, arrest cell cycle GI: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, 1. avoid contact with skin
malignant cells; at metaphase; inhibit RNA synthesis, stomatitis 2. avoid use of aspirin, NSAIDs
Immunosuppressive; blocks cellular use of glutamic acid INTEG: rash 3. hair loss
breast, testicular cancer; needed for purine synthesis, a 4. avoid vaccination
lymphomas; vesicant
neuroblastoma; Hodgkin’s,
non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas;
mycosis fungoides;
histiocytosis; Kaposi’s
sarcoma
 Vincristine Anti-neoplastic—miscell Prevention of rapid growing CNS: decreased reflexes, 1. avoid the use of aspirin,
aneous malignant cells; numbness, weakness, motor NSAIDs
Immunosuppressive; difficulties 2. hair loss
breast, lung cancer; GI: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, 3. avoid vaccination
lymphomas; stomatitis, constipation
neuroblastoma; Hodgkin’s INTEG: alopecia
disease; acute
lymphoblastic and
leukemias;
rhabdomyosarcoma,
Wilm’s tumor; oesteogenic
and other sarcoma
Anti-gout

 Zyloric p.60 Allopurinol Antigout, xanthine Decreasing serum uric Inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase, CNS: Headache 1. increase fluid to 2L a day to
enzyme inhibitor. acid, reducing uric acid reducing uric acid synthesis GI: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, prevent stone formation
synthesis. (Chronic gout malaise 2. can be crashed
痛風)
 Colgout p.263 Colchicine Antigout agent Decrease pain and joint Inhibits microtubule formation of lactic GI: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, Monitor serum cholesterol, LDLs,
inflammation. Gout and acid in leukocytes which decreases malaise triglycerides and glucose before
gouty arthritis phagocytosis and inflammation in drug administration
joints. Hyperlipidemia  administer with
meal
NIDDM  QD / BID
Bowel program  reduce
constipation
Monitor nutritional status
Hematologic drugs

Anti-coagulants

 Warfarin Norton Warfarin sodium Anticoagulants Interferes blood clotting Prevent blood clotting Fever,diarrhea, rash 1. Teach pt. to avoid injury,
2. Do not give Intramuscular
injections to patients
3. dosage change q1-2wk
4. limited intake of vit K food to
maintain consistent
prothrombin levels
5. Avoid the use of grapefruit
juice
Heparin Anticoagulants, Prevention of thrombi Prevents the conversion of fibrinogen CNS: fever 1. Teach pt. to avoid injury,
antithrombotic to fibrin and prothrombin by INTEG: rash 2. Do not give Intramuscular
enhancing inhibitory effects of injections to patients
antithrombin III
Vitamine

 Pyridoxine Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 and water Vitamin B6 deficiency a/s Needed for fat, protein and Paresthesia, flushing, pain at
soluble with inborn error, seizure, carbohydrates metabolism; enhances injection site
therapy (isoniazid), oral glycogen release from liver and
contraceptives, alcoholism, muscle tissues, needed as coenzyme
polyneuritis for metabolic transformations of a
variety of amino acid
 Oscal CaCO3 Antacid, Ca supplement Not for chronic therapy Neutralizes gastric acidity GI: constipation (laxatives or stool Antacid:1hr pc and at bed time
 Caltrate softeners can be given) Ca supplement: 1/2 pc and at bed
time
 Multi-vitamin Vitamin Prevention and treatment Needed for adequate metabolism 1. chew the tab
of vitamin deficiencies
Antilipidemic

 Zocor p.848 Simvastatin Antilipidemic Decreasing cholesterol Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase CNS: headache Give 30 min before AM and PM
levels and LDLs, increased enzymes, which reduces cholesterol GI: flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal meal
HDLs; As an adjunct in synthesis, this enzyme is needed for pain, cramps, constipation, nausea, Avoid the use of grapefruit juice
primary hypercholes- cholesterol production. liver failure
terolemia, (types IIa, IIb), Other: rhabdomyolysis, acute
mixed hyperlipidemia, renal failure
CAD, isolated hypertri-
glyceridemia, and type III
hyper- lipoproteinemia
Throat preparation

Dequadin Dequalinium Cl Throat preparation Common infection of mouth Reduce infection and relief pain Max: 8 lozenges
and throat
strepsils

URTI remedy

Benadryl Diphenhydramin Antihistamine Uses: allergy symptoms, Acts on blood vessels, GI, respiratory CNS: dizziness, drowsiness
e rhinitis, motion sickness, system by competing with histamine GU: retention
antiparkinsonism, nighttime for H1-receptor site; decrease allergic
sedation, infant colic, response by blocking histamine;
non-productive cough, cause increased heart rate,
anaohylaxis, nasal vasodilation, secretion
allergies, allergic
dermatoses, dystonic
reaction
Haemostatic drug

 Transamin Tranexamic acid, haemostatic To impair the blood clot Peptic ulcer Anorexia Caution to: thrombosis
Cyklokapron dissolution Nausea (Transamin may stabilize the
 prevent a further vomiting thrombosis), pregnancy.
bleeding by forming blood (Transamin can diffuse to baby
clot on the wound from placenta)
Patient education: chew tablets
well before swallowing and then
drink a full glass of water
Contraindication: hypersensitivity
to aluminum salt or magnesium
salt
Antidote, detoxifying agent

 Resonium A Na polystyrene Antidote, detoxifying Hyperkalemia Removes potassium by exchanging Constipation, fecal impaction Potassium level 3.5-5 mg/dl
sulphonate agent sodium for potassium in body, occurs
primarily in large intestine