SDLC Models

1 Waterfall Model
Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. It is also known as the linear sequential model.
In this model, the outcome of one phase is the input for the next phase. Development of the next phase starts only when the previous phase is complete.

 First, Requirement gathering and analysis is done. Once the requirement is freeze then only the System Design can start. Herein, the SRS document
created is the output for the Requirement phase and it acts as an input for the System Design.
 In System Design Software architecture and Design, documents which act as an input for the next phase are created i.e. Implementation and coding.
 In the Implementation phase, coding is done and the software developed is the input for the next phase i.e. testing.
 In the testing phase, the developed code is tested thoroughly to detect the defects in the software. Defects are logged into the defect tracking tool and
are retested once fixed. Bug logging, Retest, Regression testing goes on until the time the software is in go-live state.
 In the Deployment phase, the developed code is moved into production after the sign off is given by the customer.
 Any issues in the production environment are resolved by the developers which come under maintenance.

Advantages of the Waterfall Model:

 Waterfall model is the simple model which can be easily understood and is the one in which all the phases are done step by step.
 Deliverables of each phase are well defined, and this leads to no complexity and makes the project easily manageable.
Disadvantages of Waterfall model:
 Waterfall model is time-consuming & cannot be used in the short duration projects as in this model a new phase cannot be started until
the ongoing phase is completed.
 Waterfall model cannot be used for the projects which have uncertain requirement or wherein the requirement keeps on changing as this
model expects the requirement to be clear in the requirement gathering and analysis phase itself and any change in the later stages would
lead to cost higher as the changes would be required in all the phases.

2 V-Shaped Model
V- Model is also known as Verification and Validation Model. In this model Verification & Validation goes hand in hand i.e. development and
testing goes parallel. V model and waterfall model are the same except that the test planning and testing start at an early stage in V-Model.
a) Verification Phase:
(i) Requirement Analysis:
In this phase, all the required information is gathered & analyzed. Verification activities include reviewing the requirements.

(ii) System Design:

Once the requirement is clear, a system is designed i.e. architecture, components of the product are created and documented in a design
document.

(iii) High-Level Design:

High-level design defines the architecture/design of modules. It defines the functionality between the two modules.

(iv) Low-Level Design:

Low-level Design defines the architecture/design of individual components.

(v) Coding:
Code development is done in this phase.

b) Validation Phase:
(i) Unit Testing:
Unit testing is performed using the unit test cases that are designed and is done in the Low-level design phase. Unit testing is performed by the
developer itself. It is performed on individual components which lead to early defect detection.

ii) Integration Testing:

Integration testing is performed using integration test cases in High-level Design phase. Integration testing is the testing that is done on
integrated modules. It is performed by testers.

(iii) System Testing:

System testing is performed in the System Design phase. In this phase, the complete system is tested i.e. the entire system functionality is
tested.
(iv) Acceptance Testing:
Acceptance testing is associated with the Requirement Analysis phase and is done in the customer’s environment.

Advantages of V – Model:
 It is a simple and easily understandable model.
 V –model approach is good for smaller projects wherein the requirement is defined and it freezes in the early stage.
 It is a systematic and disciplined model which results in a high-quality product.
Disadvantages of V-Model:
 V-shaped model is not good for ongoing projects.
 Requirement change at the later stage would cost too high.

3-Prototype Model
The prototype model is a model in which the prototype is developed prior to the actual software.

Prototype models have limited functional capabilities and inefficient performance when compared to the actual software. Dummy functions are
used to create prototypes. This is a valuable mechanism for understanding the customers’ needs.

Software prototypes are built prior to the actual software to get valuable feedback from the customer. Feedbacks are implemented and the
prototype is again reviewed by the customer for any change. This process goes on until the model is accepted by the customer.
Once the requirement gathering is done, the quick design is created and the prototype which is presented to the customer for evaluation is built.

Customer feedback and the refined requirement is used to modify the prototype and is again presented to the customer for evaluation. Once the
customer approves the prototype, it is used as a requirement for building the actual software. The actual software is build using the Waterfall
model approach.

Advantages of Prototype Model:

 Prototype model reduces the cost and time of development as the defects are found much earlier.
 Missing feature or functionality or a change in requirement can be identified in the evaluation phase and can be implemented in the refined
prototype.
 Involvement of a customer from the initial stage reduces any confusion in the requirement or understanding of any functionality.
Disadvantages of Prototype Model:
 Since the customer is involved in every phase, the customer can change the requirement of the end product which increases the
complexity of the scope and may increase the delivery time of the product.
4) Spiral Model
The Spiral Model includes iterative and prototype approach.
Spiral model phases are followed in the iterations. The loops in the model represent the phase of the SDLC process i.e. the innermost loop is of
requirement gathering & analysis which follows the Planning, Risk analysis, development, and evaluation. Next loop is Designing followed by
Implementation & then testing.

Spiral Model has four phases:

 Planning
 Risk Analysis
  Engineering
 Evaluation

(i) Planning:
The planning phase includes requirement gathering wherein all the required information is gathered from the customer and is documented.
Software requirement specification document is created for the next phase.

(ii) Risk Analysis:

In this phase, the best solution is selected for the risks involved and analysis is done by building the prototype.

For Example, the risk involved in accessing the data from a remote database can be that the data access rate might be too slow. The risk can
be resolved by building a prototype of the data access subsystem.
(iii) Engineering:
Once the risk analysis is done, coding and testing are done.

(iv) Evaluation:
Customer evaluates the developed system and plans for the next iteration.
Advantages of Spiral Model:
 Risk Analysis is done extensively using the prototype models.
 Any enhancement or change in the functionality can be done in the next iteration.
Disadvantages of Spiral Model:
 The spiral model is best suited for large projects only.
 The cost can be high as it might take a large number of iterations which can lead to high time to reach the final product.
5) Iterative Incremental Model
The iterative incremental model divides the product into small chunks.

For Example, Feature to be developed in the iteration is decided and implemented. Each iteration goes through the phases namely
Requirement Analysis, Designing, Coding, and Testing. Detailed planning is not required in iterations.
Once the iteration is completed, a product is verified and is delivered to the customer for their evaluation and feedback. Customer’s feedback is
implemented in the next iteration along with the newly added feature.

Hence, the product increments in terms of features and once the iterations are completed the final build holds all the features of the product.

Phases of Iterative & Incremental Development Model:

 Inception phase
 Elaboration Phase
 Construction Phase
 Transition Phase
(i) Inception Phase:
Inception phase includes the requirement and scope of the Project.

(ii) Elaboration Phase:

In the elaboration phase, the working architecture of a product is delivered which covers the risk identified in the inception phase and also fulfills
the non-functional requirements.

(iii) Construction Phase:

In the Construction phase, the architecture is filled in with the code which is ready to be deployed and is created through analysis, designing,
implementation, and testing of the functional requirement.

(iv) Transition Phase:

In the Transition Phase, the product is deployed in the Production environment.

Advantages of Iterative & Incremental Model:

  Any change in the requirement can be easily done and would not cost as there is a scope of incorporating the new requirement in the next
iteration.
 Risk is analyzed & identified in the iterations.
 Defects are detected at an early stage.
 As the product is divided into smaller chunks it is easy to manage the product.
Disadvantages of Iterative & Incremental Model:
 Complete requirement and understanding of a product are required to break down and build
incrementally.
6) Big Bang Model
Big Bang Model does not have any defined process. Money and efforts are put together as the input and output come as a developed product
which might be or might not be the same as what the customer needs.

Big Bang Model does not require much planning and scheduling. The developer does the requirement analysis & coding and develops the
product as per his understanding. This model is used for small projects only. There is no testing team and no formal testing is done, and this
could be a cause for the failure of the project.

Advantages of Big Bang Model:

 It’s a very simple Model.
 Less Planning and scheduling is required.
 The developer has the flexibility to build the software of their own.
Disadvantages of the Big Bang Model:
 Big Bang models cannot be used for large, ongoing & complex projects.
 High risk and uncertainty.
7) Agile Model
Agile Model is a combination of the Iterative and incremental model. This model focuses more on flexibility while developing a product rather than
on the requirement.

In Agile, a product is broken into small incremental builds. It is not developed as a complete product in one go. Each build increments in terms of
features. The next build is built on previous functionality.

In agile iterations are termed as sprints. Each sprint lasts for2-4 weeks. At the end of each sprint, the product owner verifies the product and after
his approval, it is delivered to the customer.

Customer feedback is taken for improvement and his suggestions and enhancement are worked on in the next sprint. Testing is done in each
sprint to minimize the risk of any failures.
Advantages of Agile Model:
 It allows more flexibility to adapt to the changes.
 The new feature can be added easily.
 Customer satisfaction as the feedback and suggestions are taken at every stage.
Disadvantages:
 Lack of documentation.
 Agile needs experienced and highly skilled resources.
 If a customer is not clear about how exactly they want the product to be, then the project would fail.