Q:What is the main objective of first aid

Giving emergency care or treatement to a person who is injured or who has suddenly taken ill before
arrival of doctor, nurse or ambulance

Q: Five links of chain of survival

developed cos we HAVE TO follow the link

cos we only have 4-6 minutes from when the heart stops beating, before no oxygen gets to brain
and brain dead.

1. Early recognition and access (first aider must call 995)

2. Early CPR (first aider will do it)

3. Early defibrillation (AED) – automated external defibrillation (first aider will do this)

4. Emergency medical services (ambulance)

5. Advanced cardiac life support (hospital – drips, machines, jabs etc)

For response – tap the person’s shoulders! ONLY THE SHOULDERS to see if he’s responsive. Can not
tap face. If no response – call for help – 995

In 1 minute:

adult breathes 12-20 times, heart beats 60-80times

Child breathing - 20-30, child heart beat 80 -120 times

infant breathing - 24-40, heart beat 120-150 times

Child = 1-8years old, 25kg and below (anything above is adult)

1 minute we need to compress 1-120 times

so if ambulance says 10mins to arrive, compress 1000times

Q: compression

Adults – 4-6cm

Baby – 3-4 cm (infant less than 1year – use 2 fingers to compress)

primary - check for breathing

Put patient in recovery position on the side – so tongue doesn’t roll back and block breathing and
vomit doesn’t go back in airway

Eyes – look at the black pupil

No constricting with torch - means no reaction to light. It may mean patient has a cardiac arrest or
shock

Unequal pupils – stroke, head injury

constricted pupils – nervous system disorder, heat stroke

fever

sponge child

home - ibuprofen, paracetomal, voltaren

diarrhoea/vomiting - WATCH OUT FOR SHOCK due to loss of water, heart will beat fast, body will
turn cold

Eczema– apply moisturizer to skin

2 – bathe in cold water (no more than 20minutes cos it can eradicate moisture and aggravate
situation)

3- use fragrance free organic blablabla soap

4 -moisturise， avoid scratching

Nose bleed

Do not pinch at bone

PINCH AT THE SOFT PART OF NOSE

PINCH FOR 10 MINUTES – Our bodies platelets need 10 minutes to clot. Don’t release before that as
it will restart the process, since blood can’t clot before that.

Invite child to breathe from mouth for 10minutes

Use gauze to press, NOT your hands

Have child lean 90degrees forward for blood to flow to head– lean all the way to the thigh, NOT
45degrees – insufficient for blood to travel to head
4minutes with no blood to brain - brain dead

choking

child – 5 back blow (hit chest 5 times) and 5 chest thrusts, alternate

Infant – 1year and below (no weight limit)

Hit back 5 times, press chest 5 times - Use 2 fingers to press 5 times

Then open the mouth, take out the item

Asthma

signs - wheezing

Give the blue one – bronchodilator to dilate bronchus

No more than 2 puffs!!

1. USE BLUE! Remove cap

2. Shake

3. Hold upright, L shape

4. Press and have person breathe in at the same time

HYPERVENTILATION

what causes hyperventilation – anxiety, breathing very fast, lacking carbon dioxide

Use paper bag to distract child from his anxiety (or hug, pat etc) whatever works for child

Stop distraction/paper bag when person’s hand is no longer clamped up and claw like

Blood pressure

Systolic – 100-140 (heart contracts, the highest pressure it can go)

Diastolic – 60-90 (heart contracts, the lowest pressure it can go)

First problem is always diastolic – if it’s higher than 90, eg 95-100 – can mean you have
cardiovascular disease - hardening of vessels

And then lead to systolic issues – higher than 140, which can lead to high blood pressure
Chest pains

left hand feels numb

pain from chest run to jaw and neck – classical sign of heart attack

you have 10-15minutes to get to the hospital before heart will stop

Invite patient to sit down

Place medication (typically kept in a tinted brown bottle as meds can’t take sunlight/light) under
tongue (then no need cpr) – DO NOT GIVE WATER, we don’t want the medication to go to the
stomache. We want it to go directly to blood vessels – so place it under the tongue where there’s a
lot of vessels

After 5 mins, if patient is still feeling pain, give one more after 5mins while waiting for ambulance.
NO MORE THAN 2 TABLETS.

Invite person to breathe slowly – to lower the heart rate

Have person sit on floor, not on chair. Incase heart attack happens, we don’t want them to fall off.
And also on the floor – easier to conduct cpr when needed

If no medication, have them close their eyes and breathe slowly.

CPR = cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

4-6 mins brain can die

10mins – brain death certain

Q: CPR – press LOWER HALF OF STERNUM

One minute, press 100-120times.

Hospital method – 30 compression, 2 blows.

Lean forward when doing this

Infant – press only 3-4cm with

AED – automated external defilbrillation

VF = Ventricular Filbrillation

CPR 5% of survival

AED 20% of survival – 4 times

Infants – can not shock

AED: For children/person with pacemaker in chest – place one in front and one behind

Bruises
Use an icepack, do not rub! Do not apply heat!

Incised wound
Use gauze – do not remove if there’s a lot of blood. Add another layer over it. Otherwise the blood
can’t clot and stop bleeding.
Q: if gauze is filled with blood, do you remove it – NO, add another layer

Puncture wound
do not pull knife out

Abrasion
run wound under running water
Gauze- place it down on two corners only, not 4 – so there’s still ventilation to remain dry

Crush/fracture

do not move fractured or crushed bits. Wrap the entire hand in one

amputation
save hand first before finger

Q: Apply and release the tourniquet to stop bleeding every 15minutes for 5 seconds (1 a thousand, 2
a thousand, …5 a thousand), then reapply.

Finger – wrap in a plastic bag and put ice DO NOT PLACE DIRECTLY ON ICE (4 hour window period for
finger to still stay alive to be stitched back)

No placing in fridge or water

Wounds
Q: direct pressure method – use tourniquet to prevent blood flow, every 15minutes, release for 5
seconds
Shock
Q: what is shock: Excess blood loss, or water loss

Q: when person is in shock – lift person’s legs, so blood can return to upper body

Lift up leg so heart doesn’t have to work too hard to provide blood circulation

Bee sting

DO NOT use finger to remove the sting – once you do this, you’re squeezing the sting sac and
allowing toxins to enter the blood streams

Flick it out with credit card or knife edge

Epipen
Q: how to use a Epipen – blue to sky, orange to thigh

Snake bite

If you get bitten – take a photo with the snake so doctor will know what snake hit for treatment

DO NOT USE TOURNIQUET.

DO NOT MOVE – heart beat will increase if move, toxins will get to the heart sooner!!! DO NOT
MOVE.

Do not suck the toxins out!!!!

Do not use tourniquet, use roller bandage and place it above wound, so toxins don’t go to the heart

Fits

Eyes roll up, teeth clenched, hands clasped, body jerks

Stroke
not breathing – CPR
breathing - nothing we can do

Diabetic
Q: diabetic worker feeling giddy, what do you do - Provide sugar/sweet water – if feeling better that
means he had low sugar levels. Sugar levels can still crash and rise and crash and rise. So we need to
decipher what the reason is. So always still give sugar water regardless first in times of giddiness.

If it’s high sugar – still feeling giddy = diabetic SEND TO THE HOSPITAL

No cure for diabetes

Normal blood sugar level:

Less than 4 mmols – low sugar

More than 8 – high sugar

4mmols to 8 mmols
normal range
less than 4 is low sugar
more than 8mmols its high sugar

Q: spinal cord injury – do not move the casualty, leave neck in neutral position

206 bones in body! Younger more bonds, then it fuses together

Q: open fracture – bone protruding out

Close fracture – bone crack inside the body

Kids usually have softer bones, so the bones don’t protrude from body – close fracture.

RICE Therapy
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

Q: where to ice during sprain

Ice on the outer side, not inner side

BURNS

1st degree – pain, reddened skin

2nd degree – blisters

3rd degree – black and no pain, cause nerves are all gone

Q: burns when to send person to hospital – rule of nines for adults. For child, ALWAYS SEND TO
HOSPITAL

1 palm = 1%

Q: what to do with burns - Wash with running tap water but DO NOT USE ICE!! You can kill the
nerves, vessels and tissue

Apply loose pressing after washing. DO NOT USE ICE

Give liquids and electrolytes

Raise legs – allow blood to return to torso

Q: what to do in chemical intoxication - section number 4 of SDS book (safety data sheet)

DO NOT VOMIT! You’ll burn the oesophagus a second time. Drink water to dilute and then send to
hospital. Do not induce vomiting

Leg injury – carry, piggy back

Don’t use fireman lift – cause back injury

Use two-men lift

Q: do you keep records of medical follow-up and history – MUST KEEP RECORDS

CPR = DRSABC

Danger, response of person,