Assumption Iloilo

Second Quarter - Long Test

Teacher: Ms. Candy Heart Lord Villarin

10th GRADE
ENGLISH
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Reviewer

Epithet

It is a word or a phrase that describes a strong quality, special attribute, or a memorable trait of
a person, place, or thing. An epithet is a descriptive device attached to the name of a person,
place, or thing.

● Examples:
○ Odysseus, raider of cities, we welcome you!
○ But did not find white-armed Andromache there.
○ His daughter was wed to bronze-helmeted Hector.
○ Alexander, the Great
○ Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci

The descriptors were often used to mark people of importance. It is used to differentiate
between two people with the same first name.

Literature of Ancient Greece

Plato, the Greek philosopher and teacher of Aristotle, referred to Homer as the “educator of
Greece”. Homer has been widely acknowledged by scholars for the impact that his major works,
the Iliad and the Odyssey, have had on Western Culture. These two epics are centerpieces of
ancient Greek literature. Much of what we know about the life and culture of the early Greeks is
embodied in these epics.

Central to these epics is the view that humans are mortal beings that aspire to be immortalized
through a life of activity and heroic action which ultimately ends in death.
War is viewed as a necessary part of life and the ordeals of battle are the absolute test and
measure of heroism and immortality. The pivotal characters in the two epics - Achilles, Hector,
and Odysseus - all make crucial choices and face difficult challenges and adversaries that they
accept and confront fearlessly as part of their inevitable fate. These characters mirror the
highest ideals and beliefs valued by the ancient Greeks.

The Iliad was written sometime 3000 years ago, between 800 BC and 700 BC. No scholarly or
archaeological evidence has established with certainty whether Troy or the Trojan War was
indeed true or merely legendary. But the farewell scene in Book VI and the emotions ensuing
from it have a familiar ring about them. They bring to mind real-life versions of them in the
present-day world, particularly in conflict-stricken regions and countries where soldiers are
often torn between their families and the call of duty.

● “In media res” - in the middle of things

Modals

These are auxiliary or helping verbs. When combined with another verb, a modal modifies or
changes the meaning of the verb. It represents the ability, possibility, and probability of a
subject to do an action.

● Uses:
○ Ability
- Hector alone could save Ilion now.
- Prince, we can leave him, if you say the word.
○ Likelihood or Possibility
- You may put heart in me to eat and drink by freeing my companions.
- If Hector decided to go into battle, Andromache could soon be a widow.
○ Future Time
- There will come a day when holy Ilion will perish.
- The black swift ship would carry you from Troy.
○ Strong Belief
- Great must be Odysseus’ longing to return to his homeland.
- How terrible Hector should feel leaving his wife and his son behind!
○ Obligation or Necessity
- First, we must get the ship high on the shingle.
- Goddess she is, or lady. Should we greet her?
 ○ Permission
- Could my men and I continue our journey back to Ithaca?
- Odysseus or his men may leave the island if Circe says so.
○ Habit
- A great leader would know the needs of his men.
- A warrior like Hector will confront the enemy without hesitation or fear.
○ Wish
- May men say he is much better than his father when he returns from war.
- Andromache prayed that Hector might return unhurt.

By adding not, a modal could express the following:

○ Lack of ability
- Being so shaken, Eurylochus could not speak a word.
- Andromache cannot bear a life without Hector.
○ Prohibition
- But home you may not go unless you take a strange way round to come to
the cold homes of Death and pale Persephone.
- One must not dine with Circe if he feared her spells.

Examples of Modals are can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, and ought.

Can denotes the ability of the subject to perform an action or to request permission.

Could denote the ability of the subject to perform an action or offer.

May denotes the probability of an action taking place or to request permission.

Might denote the probability of an action taking place or to make suggestions.

Will denotes the certainty of an action taking place or the assurance.

Would denote the certainty to show politeness when requesting or asking if an action can be
done.

Shall denotes the certainty of an action taking place or the assurance. (firm)

Should is the necessity of an action to be done.

Must is the strong obligation or necessity.

Ought to is the obligation of the subject to perform a particular action.

(Summary) King Minos of Crete commissions Daedalus, an architect, to construct a massive

(Moral of the Story) This story teaches us to be mindful, cautious, and responsible with our
actions because being careless, self-centered, and hardheaded can affect the people around us.

● Key Terms:
○ Daedalus
- A skillful architect and the father of Icarus.
○ Icarus
- The son of Daedalus.
○ Minotaur
- Half-beast, half-man creature and son of Pasiphae and the bull.
- King Minos saw him as an embarrassment and humiliation hence, the
reason why he was placed in the labyrinth.
○ King Minos and Queen Pasiphae
- King and Queen of Crete
○ Crete
- The kingdom of King Minos and Queen Pasiphae where the labyrinth was
created by Daedalus.
○ Bull
- The one who impregnated Queen Pasiphae
○ Feather and Wax
- Daedalus made wings to help him and Icarus escape the maze.
○ Advice
- “Don’t fly too high or near the waters because the wax would melt”
○ Maze
- It was made for the Minator
Foreshadowing

It is a hint or a clue of the events to follow in a narrative. Foreshadowing alerts the reader to the
direction that a story will take. It creates tension and anticipation in the reader and heightens
the mood and dominant emotion in the narrative which evokes the readers.

● Examples:
○ “So Daedalus designed his winding maze; and as one entered it, only a wary
mind could find an exit to the world again.”
- It foreshadows that when Daedalus and Icarus entered the maze, they got
lost and forgot its exit.
○ “Though his swift fingers were as deft as ever, the old man’s face was wet with
tears.”
- It foretells that Daedalus wept tears as his son, Icarus died.