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Grammar 2

The document discusses how to reduce adverb clauses to modifying adverbial phrases. It provides examples of reducing clauses using time words like after, before, while and since. It also covers expressing cause and effect, contrast, and using upon + -ing in modifying phrases.

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80 views

Grammar 2

The document discusses how to reduce adverb clauses to modifying adverbial phrases. It provides examples of reducing clauses using time words like after, before, while and since. It also covers expressing cause and effect, contrast, and using upon + -ing in modifying phrases.

Uploaded by

drakness722
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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“REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO

MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES "

Presented by group 7
- Faiha Salwa Labibah
- Sabrina
- Rafli Raihan
INTRODUCTION
1. The subject in the adverb clause must be the same as the subject in the main clause. If
the subject in the adverb clause is not the same as the subject in the main clause (main
sentence), then the adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying phrase.

2. If the adverb clause is in the form of an active sentence (active voice), then
the modifying phrase must use the present participle (verb -ing).
Example:
a) Because she felt upset, she didn't say a single word. (adverb clause)
b) Feeling upset, she didn't say a single word. (modifying phrases)

3. If the adverb clause is in the form of a passive voice, then the modifying
phrase must use the past participle (verb 3).
Example:
a) When the door is opened, it squeaks. (adverb clause)
b) When opened, the door squeaks. (modifying phrases)
A. REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO
MODIFYING ADVERBIAL

a) Adverb Clause: While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend
b) Modifying Phrase: While walking to class, I ran into an old friend

c) Adverb Clause: Before I left for soccer practice, I ate lunch.


d) Modifying Phrase: Before leaving for soccer practice, I ate lunch.
e) Change Possible: While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep.
While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
f) Change Possible: While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep.
While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.

,,
No reduction (i.e., change) is possible if the subjects of the adverb clause and
the main clause are different, as in (g) and (h).

g) No Change Possible: While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
h) No Change Possible: While we were walking home, a frog hopped across
the in front of us.
In (i): While walking home is called a “dangling modifier” or a
“dangling participle” i.e., a modifier that is incorrectly “hanging alone”
without an appropriate noun or pronoun subject to modify.

i) Incorrect: While walking home, a frog hopped accross the road in front
of us.

• After studying hard, the test was easy

•After studying hard, I found the test easy.


B. CHANGING TIME CLAUSE TO
MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASE

1.
Adverb clauses beginning with after, before,
while, and since can be changed to modifying
Adverbial Phrases.

a) Clause: Since Maria came to this country, she has made many friends.
b) Phrase: Since coming to this country, Maria has made many friends.
c) Clause: After he (had) finished his homework, Peter went to bed.
d) Phrase: After finishing his homework, Peter went to bed.
e) Phrase: After having finished his homework, Peter went to bed.
Sometimes while is omitted from phrases that express the idea of “during the
same time."

f) Clause: While Abdullah was shopping at the grocery store, he ran into
one of his teachers

g) Phrase: While shopping at the grocery store, Abdullah ran into one of
his teachers.

h) Phrase: with “WHILE” OMITTED: Shopping at the grocery store,


Abdullah ran into one of his teachers.
C. EXPRESSING THE IDEA OF “DURING THE SAME TIME”
IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES
•••••••••

1. Adverb clauses beginning with while can be changed to


modifying adverbial phrases. For example:

a. Clause:
1) While I was walking down the street, I ran into an old
friend.

b. Phrase:
1) While walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.
2) Walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.
1. Adverb clauses beginning with while can be changed to modifying adverbial
phrases. For example:
a. Clause
1) While May was shopping at the grocery store, she ran into one of her teachers.

b. Phrase
1) While shopping at the grocery store, May ran into one of her teachers.
2) Shopping at the grocery store, May ran into one of her teachers.
(Phrase with “while” omitted)
From the example above, we can change the formula from:
(While + Subject + Verb)
to
(While + Verb -ing)
or
Just using (verb-ing).
2. Clauses beginning with since, before, and after can also
be reduced to modifying phrases. For example:
a. “Since” Clause: Since Ellen returned to school, she has been very busy.
b. “Since” Phrase: Since returning to school, Ellen has been very busy.

c. “Before” Clause: Before Ellen returned to school, she had a lot of free time.
d. “Before” Phrase: Before returning to school, Ellen had a lot of free time.
e. “After” Clause: After she (had) finished her classes, Ellen went to work.
f. “After” Phrase:

1) After finishing her classes, Ellen went to work.


2) After having finished her classes, Ellen went to work.
D. EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT IN
MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES
1. When expressing cause and effect with
modifying adverbial phrases, the word
because is not included. Often an -ing at a) Because she needed some
the beginning of a sentence gives the money to buy a book, Sue
meaning of “because”. This is similar to how cashed a check
while can be omitted from
Correct Reduction to a
“during the same time” clauses. Unlike the
optional omission of while, it is
Phrase (Omitting “Because”)
mandatory to drop because when reducing
a cause and effect clause to a phrase. b) Needing some money to
buy a book, Sue cashed a
check.
a) Because she was unable to
2. Having + pas participle gives the
afford a new car, Rachel applied for
meaning not only of “because” but also
a loan from the bank.
of “before”. You can pair this type of
Phrase without being:
phrase with past and present (but not
a) Unable to afford a new car,
future) tense main clauses
Rachel applied for a loan from the
bank.
a) Having seen that movie before, I
Phrase with being for
don’t want to go again.
Clarity/Emphasis of Cause and
Effect:
b) Having seen that movie before, I
a) Being unable to afford a new car,
didn’t want to go again.
Rachel applied for a loan from the
bank.
E. EXPRESSING CONTRAST CLAUSES IN MODIFYING
ADVERBIAL PHRASES

These clauses begin with words like “though,” “although” and


“despite”. They express an unexpected result between information in
the adverb clause and main clause.
Example:
a) Though he was tired, Joe gave us a ride to the game
b) Though tired, Joe gave us a ride to the game
G. USING UPON + -ING IN MODIFYING
ADVERBIAL PHRASES

a) Upon reaching the age of 21, I received my inheritance.


b) When I reached the age of 21, I received my inheritance
c) On reaching the age of 21, I received my inherintance

*Modifying adverbial phrases beginning with upon + -ing usually have the same
meaning as adverb clauses introduce by when. and Upon can be shortened to
on. (a), (b), and (c) all have the same meaning.

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