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Database PDF

Database jdjsjs s.shshais s.sbshaia d.djsusis d djsisis ddjsis shxnd snshana a banana banana and a

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upxwbn
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Introduction to Database System

Ghalib University
Computer Science Department
Zabihullah Rahmani

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Table of contents
 Data Models

 Different Types of Data Models

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Data Models
 A Data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe the

structure of the database, which includes entity, relationship and data


constraint.

 A data model always hides the details of the data storage and

implementation from the user.

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Schemas, Instances, and Database State
 In a data model, it is important to distinguish between the description of

the database and the database itself.

 The description of a database is called the database schema, which is

specified during database design and is not expected to change frequently.

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Schemas, Instances, and Database State
 Most data models have certain conventions for displaying schemas as

diagrams.

 A displayed schema is called a schema diagram.

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Schemas, Instances, and Database State
 The actual data in a database may change quite frequently.

 The data in the database at a particular moment in time is called a

database state or snapshot. It is also called the current set of occurrences


or instances in the database.
 For example, the database shown in Figure 1.2 changes every time we add a new student

or enter a new grade.

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Cont…

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DATA MODEL BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS
 The basic building blocks of all data models are entities, attributes, relationships,

and constraints.

 An entity is anything (a person, a place, a thing, or an event) about which data

are to be collected and stored.

 An attribute is a characteristic of an entity. For example, a CUSTOMER entity

would be described by attributes such as customer last name, customer first


name, customer phone, customer address.

 A relationship describes an association among entities.


 Data models use three types of relationships: one-to-many, many-to-many, and
one-to-one.
 A constraint is a restriction placed on the data.
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Different Types of Data Models
 There are many types of data model. Some important data models are:

 Hierarchical Data Model

 Network Data Model

 Relational Data Model

 Object-Relational Data Model

 These data models are mostly called database model.

 A database model is a theory describing how a database is structured and

used.

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Hierarchal Data Model
 This model was developed the early 1960 by Rochwell and Caterphillar

in IBM. IBM IMS(information Management system) is the fist


software based on hierarchal data model.

 The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree structure.

 There is a hierarchy of parent and child data segments.

 The first node of the tree is called “Root Segment”.

 A node is a collection of data items describing the entity.

 This model provides efficient data structure when there is 1:M

relationship.
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Example
 In the following diagram, Author is the root node. The root node has 4 children.

 The root record is always on level 0 and is the first element to be traversed in
the data model.
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Example
 Let's look at the following 3 database tables - Person, Authors, and Books.

<>Person Table
<>ID Role Description ParentID
1 Author Writes, speaks, trains 0

Authors Table
ID Name Description ParentID
101 Allen O'Neill Author writes on AI 1
102 Mahesh Chand Author writes on C# 1
103 David McCarter Author writes on .NET 1
104 Raj Kumar Author writes on AWS 1

Books Table
ID Topic Title ParentID
1001 ADO.NET ADO.NET Programming 102
1002 GDI+ Programming GDI+ 102
1003 C# Learn C# 8.0 102
1004

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Cont..
 The following tree diagram represents above tabular data into a
hierarchical form with their parent and level.

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Cont..
 Advantages

 The structure of a hierarchical is easy to understand. The hierarchy is based

on logical relationships between parent and child segment types.


 They provide very efficient high speed retrieval.

 Disadvantages

 This data model doesn't support the M:N relationship directly.

 It is difficult to use them to represent non-hierarchical relationships.

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Network Data Model
 This model is an extension of the hierarchical model. It was the most popular

model before the relational model.

 In 1971, the Conference on Data System Languages (CODASYL) formally

defined the network model.

 This model organizes data using two fundamental constructs, called records

type(entity) and sets type(relationship). Records type contain fields, and sets
type define one-to-many relationships between records type: one owner, many
members.

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Example 1

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Example 2

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Cont..
 Some of the popular network databases are:
 Integrated Data Store (IDS)
 IDMS (Integrated Database Management System)
 Raima Database Manager
 TurboIMAGE

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The relational data model
 The relational data model was first introduced in 1970 by E. F. Codd.

 The relational model is based on mathematical theory and therefore has a

solid theoretical foundation. However, we need only a few simple concepts to


describe the relational model.

 The relational data model consists of the following three components:

 1. Data structure Data are organized in the form of tables, with rows and

columns.
 2. Data manipulation Powerful operations (using the SQL language) are
used to manipulate data stored in the relations.
 3. Data integrity The model includes mechanisms to specify business rules
that maintain the integrity of data when they are manipulated.
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Cont..

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Terminology of RDM
 Relation: A table with columns & rows.

 Attributes: An attribute is a named column of a relation.

 Domains: A domains is the set of allowable values for one or more attributes.

 Tuple: A tuple is a row of relation or one row of table is…

 Degree: The degree of a relation is the number of attributes it contains. Or the

number of columns is called…

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Properties of Relation
 1. Each relation (or table) in a database has a unique name.

 2. An entry at the intersection of each row and column is atomic (or single

valued).

 3. Each row is unique; no two rows in a relation can be identical.

 4. Each attribute (or column) within a table has a unique name.

 5.The order of the attributes is not important.


 6. The order of tuples is not important.

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Object-Relational Model
 It is Similar to a relational database model, but objects, classes and
inheritance are directly supported in database schemas and in the query
language.

 Example: Oracle 11g

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Any question…?????

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