KINEMATICS-2D

 When motion of a body/particle is analysed by a moving system, then motion is said to be a relative motion.

 Relative velocity of A w.r. to B is defined as the time rate of change of relative displacement of A w.r. to B, which
is given by
r uuur r r
r drAB dBA d uuur uuur d rA drB
VAB    (OA  OB)  
dt dt dt dt dt
r r r r r r
VAB  VA  VB or VBA  VB  VA
Y
B
rB
A
rA
x
O

r
rA  position vector of A at time t
r
rB  position vector of B at time t

Relative velocity is simply the vector difference of two velocities.

r r r
 For one dimension VAB  VA  VB
r
(i)   A ; | VAB | = | VA  VB | when motions are along parallel lines

B
r
(ii) 
 B ; | VAB | = VA  VB when motion are along antiparallel lines.


A

SWIMMER’S PROBLEMS
When boat/swimmer heads in the river to cross from one bank to another. Then motion of boat/swimmer in the
direction of resultant of velocity of flow in the river and velocity of boat/swimmer in still water.
r r r r
Vs,g  Vs, w  Vw,g ; Vs, g = velocity of swimmer w.r to ground.
r r
Let Vs, w  V = velocity of swimmer in still water
r r
Vw,g  u velocity of water flow..

B C

u
D u
d
V  V+ u
A

[1]
[2] Kinematics

Swimmer heads along AD making angle  with vertical in the direction of upstream so as while it crosses the
river it has less drift along the direction of river flow.
d
 Time to cross the opposite bank = V cos
d
Minimum time to cross the river  for which   00 i.e. For minimum time to cross the river swimmer should
v
head perpendicular to flow of stream.
 Time to reach just. opposite back (only for v > u)
u  vsin 

1 u d d
i.e.   sin and time to reach opposite bank  
v u
2
V  u2
2

V 1  
v

 For v < u then swimmer heads to reach the opposite bank for minimum drift or through shortest path and hence
dBC d
 0 where BC = (u  Vsin  ).
d Vcos
V V
 sin   or   sin 1  
u u
d du
Time to reach the opposite bank through shortest path = 
2
V v u 2  v2
V 1  
PROJECTILE MOTION u

An oblique projection of a body from surface of earth the following motion of the body is said to be projectile
motion and body itself is called projectile  is the angle of projection u is velocity of projection. After time t the
projectile reaches at P with velocity V. Y Vy
Then from equation of projectile
r r V
r d2 x r d2 y
a x  2  0 and a y  2  g (ˆj) 
dt dt
P (x, y) Vx
We have v x  u x  u cos  and v y  u y  gt = u sin   gt  x
ux
2 2 2 2 2
Hence v  u x  v y  u  2u sin 2 gt  g t

1
vy  u sin   gt 
and   tan  tan 1  
vx  u cos 
1 2
Equation of trajectory or path of projectile is given by x  u cos  .t and y  u cos .t  gt
2
Hence we have the equation by eliminating t.
1 x2
y  x tan   g 2 . Hence trajectory is a parabolic path.
2 u cos 2 
Range is the horizontal distance from point of projection to the point in the same plane where projectile strikes
which is given by
R  u cos  T ; T  timeof flight
2u sin  1 1 2u sin 
Since T  (Sy = 0 = u T  .gT 2  u sin  .T  gT 2  0  T 
g y 2 2 g
Kinematics [3]

u 2 sin 2
R . If  is replaced by 900   . R does not change.
g
Hence for given initial velocity R remains the same for two possible values of angle of projections if one is  then
other is  / 2   .

 Equation of trajectory interms of range y  x tan (1  x / R)

u sin  u y
 Time of ascent = time of descent = 
g g
 Maximum height – attained by the projectile from plane from where projectile is projected.
2
u 2 sin 2  u y
H  (At maximum height v 2y  0  u 2y  2gH  (u sin  ) 2  2gH  0 )
g 2
 Along motion of projectile path horizontal velocity remains the same and at hightest point it directs horizontally as
no vertical velocity at highest point.
 Every elementary section of projectile path is considered as on curve and the necessary centripetal force required
to keep a body on the curve path is pointed along radial direction towards centre of elementary curve path,
which is provided by component of weight.
 Time after which the velocity of projectile becomes perpendicular to initial velocity.
rr
u.v  0  (u cos iˆ  u sin  ˆj).[u cos ˆi  (u sin   gt)ˆj]  0

u
 u 2  u sin  gt  0 or t 
g sin 
Projectile Motion on the inclined plane

(i) Projectile Motion up the plane

u
x x
g sin 
y y g cos  A
A
u sin  
 u cos 
 
O x
O

Taking x-axis along inclined plane and y-axis perepndicular to it at point O.

r
a x  acceleration along x-axis = g sin  (ˆi)
r
a y  g cos  ( ˆj)
The time of flight is the time taken for projectile travel from O to A
1 2
 From Sy  u y t  ayt for O to A, Sy = O
2

2u sin 
  t
g cos 
As at t = 0, Projectile is at O.
[4] Kinematics

2u sin 
Time of flight  g cos  ; Range = OA = R is given

1
by Sx  u x .t  a x t 2
2
2
 2u sin   1  2u sin  
Sx  R  u cos .    g sin  .  
 g cos   2  g cos  
2u 2 sin  2u 2 sin 
  cos .cos  sin  .sin     cos(   )
g cos 2  g cos 2 

u2
R sin(2   )  sin  
g cos 2 

For the maximum-range sin(2   )  1 ;   450   / 2

u2
R max for projection inclined up to plane is R max 
g(1  sin  )

(ii) Projectile Motion down the inclined plane

The equation of projectile
y y u cos 
u u

 g cos 
u cos 
g sin 
 
x x
r r 2u 2 sin  cos(   )
a x  gsin  ˆi & a y  g cos  ( ˆj); Rangedown the plane 
g cos 2 
2u sin 
Time of flight =
g cos 
u 2 (1  sin  ) u2
Rmax down the plane = =
g cos 2  g(1  sin  )
It occurs when direction of projection bisects the angle between the vertical and downward slope of the plane.