GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA MONSOON, RAINFALL,

இந்தியாவின் புவியியல் பருவமழை, மழைப் பபொழிவு

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 9th Book Unit (3) Atmosphere
9வது புவியியல் அலகு (3) வளிமண்டலம்
10th GEOGRAPHY Unit (2) Climate & Natural
Vegetation of India
Monsoon, Rainfall, 10வது புவியியல்
அலகு (2) இந் தியொவின்
பருவமழை,
மழைப் பபொழிவு கொலநிழல மற் றும்
இயற் ழகத் தொவரங் கள்
11thGeography Unit (6) Atmosphere
11வது புவியியல் அலகு (6) வளிமண்டலம்

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 MONSOON | மொன்சூன்

• The word ‘monsoon’ has been

derived from the Arabic word
‘Mausim’ which means ‘season’.
• Originally, the word ‘monsoon’
was used by Arab navigators
several centuries ago.
• It blows from the south-west to
north-east during summer and
from the north-east to south-
west during winter.

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• Monsoons are a complex
meteorological phenomenon.
• Monsoon wind originates due to the
seasonal migration of planetary
winds and pressure belts following
the position of the sun.
• During summer solstice, the sun’s
rays fall vertically over the Tropic of
cancer.
• At this time, Inter -Tropical
Convergence Zone (The region
where both trade wind systems
meet is known as ITCZ.) also moves
northward, and a major part of
Indian landmass comes under the
influence of southeast trade winds.VIJAYAKUMAR S
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• While crossing equator this wind gets
deflected and takes the direction of
southwest and becomes southwest
monsoon.
• During the winter season, the pressure
and wind belts shift southward, thereby
establishing the north-east monsoon
(trade winds) over this region.
• Such systematic change in the direction of
planetary winds is known as monsoon.

• Atacama desert is the driest

place on the earth.

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 SEASONS | பருவகாலம்
The meteorologists recognize the
four distinct seasons in India.
They are;
1. Winter or cold weather season
(January - February).
2. Pre Monsoon or summer or hot
weather season (March - May).
3. Southwest monsoon or rainy
season (June - September).
4. Northeast monsoon season
(October - December).
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SOUTH WEST MONSOON | பதன்மமற் கு பருவகொற் று

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• The onset of the southwest monsoon takes
place normally over the southern tip of the
country by the first week of June.
• advances along the Konkan coast in early
June and covers the whole country by 15th
July.
• The monsoon is influenced by global
phenomenon like ElNino (El Niño is a
climate pattern that describes the unusual
warming of surface waters in the eastern
tropical Pacific Ocean).
• Prior to the onset of the southwest
monsoon, the temperature in north India
reaches up to 46°C.
• The sudden approach of monsoon wind over
south India with lightning and thunder is
termed as the ‘break’ or ‘burst of
monsoon’.
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• It lowers the temperature of India to a large
extent.
• The monsoon wind strikes against the southern
tip of Indian land mass and gets divided into
two branches.
1. Arabian sea branch
2. Bay of Bengal branch.

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 THE ARABIAN SEA BRANCH | அரபிக் கடல் கிளை

• The Arabian sea branch of southwest

monsoon gives heavy rainfall to the west
coast of India as it is located in the
windward side of the Western Ghats.
• The other part which advances towards
north is obstructed by Himalayan
Mountains and results in heavy rainfall
in north.
• As Aravalli Mountain is located parallel
to the wind direction, Rajasthan and
western part do not get much rainfall
from this branch.

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Wind ward side காற் று மமாதும் பக்கம்
• The wind striking side of the
mountain is called windward side
of a mountain, which receives
heavy rainfall.
Lee ward side
• The other side of the mountain காற் று மமாதாப் பக்கம்
which is sheltered from the wind is
called Leeward side of the
mountain. It receives very less rain
fall.
Rain shadow region
• Rain shadow region is an area மளை மளறவுப் பகுதி
receiving relatively less rainfall due
to the obstruction of mountains.

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The Bay of Bengal branch | வங் காை விரிகுடா கிளை
• The wind from Bay of Bengal branch
moves towards northeast India and
Myanmar.
• This wind is trapped by a chain of
mountains namely Garo, Khasi and
Jaintia are mainly responsible for the
heaviest rainfall caused at
Mawsynram located in Meghalaya.
• Later on, this wind travel towards
west which results in decrease in
rainfall from east to west.
• Over all about 75% of Indian rainfall
is received from this monsoon.
• Tamilnadu which is located in the
leeward side receives only a meagre
rainfall.

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Post monsoon or Retreating or
Northeast monsoon

வடகிைக்கு
பருவகொற் று

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Post monsoon or Retreating or
Northeast monsoon
• The southwest monsoon begins to
retreat from north India by the end
of September due to the southward
shifting pressure belts.
• The southwest monsoon wind
returns from Indian landmass and
blows towards Bay of Bengal.
• The coriolis force deflects this wind
and makes it to blow from
northeast.
• Hence, it is known as Northeast
monsoon or Post-monsoon season.

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• Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu,
Kerala and south interior
Karnataka receive good amount of
rainfall accounted for 35% of their
annual total
• Many parts of Tamilnadu and some
parts of Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka receive rainfall during
this season due to the storms
forming in the Bay of Bengal.
• Large scale losses to life and
property occur due to heavy
rainfall, strong winds and storm
surge in the coastal regions.
• Mawsynram, the place which
receives highest rainfall (1141 cm)
in the world. It is located in
Meghalaya.
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Winter or cold weather season
• During this period, the vertical rays of the
sun falls over tropic of capricorn which is
far away from India.
• Hence, India receives the slanting sun’s
rays which results in low temperature.
• The cold weather season is characterized by
clear skies, fine weather, light northerly
winds, low humidity and large day time
variations of temperature.
• During this season a high pressure develops
over north India and a north-westerly wind
blows down the Indus and Ganges valleys.
• The mean daily minimum temperatures range
from 22°C in the extreme south, to 10°C in
the northern plains and 6°C in Punjab.

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• The rain during winter season generally
occurs over the Western Himalayas,
Tamilnadu and Kerala.
• Western disturbances and associated
trough in westerlies are main rain
bearing system in northern part of the
country.
• The jet stream plays a dominant role
in bringing these disturbances to India.
• These disturbances cause rainfall in
Punjab, Haryana and Himachal
Pradesh, and snowfall in the hills of
Jammu and Kashmir. This rainfall is
very useful for the cultivation of
winter wheat.
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 PRE MONSOON OR SUMMER OR HOT WEATHER SEASON
மகொழட கொலம்
• During this season, the vertical rays of
the sun falls over the peninsular India.
• Hence, there is a steady increase in
temperature from south to north.
• It is practically hot and dry in the entire
country in the initial part of this season.
• the interior parts of south India record
mean daily temperatures of 30°C–35°C.
• Central Indian land mass becomes hot
with day-time maximum temperature
reaching about 40°C

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• Pre monsoon showers to the west coast
during the month of May. There are few
thunder showers called “Mango Showers”
which helps in quick ripening of mangoes
along the coast of Kerala and Karnataka.
• “Norwesters” or “Kalbaisakhis” are the local
severe storms or violent thunderstorms
associated with strong winds and rain lasting
for short durations.
• It occurs over the eastern and north eastern
parts over Bihar, West Bengal and Assam
during April and May. They approach the
stations from the northwesterly direction.
பெர்ரி ப் ளொெம் 'அல் லது' கொபி
• Cherry Blossom' or 'Coffee showers' is a local
ஷவர்ஸ் 'என்பது ஒரு தல காற் று, இது
wind that blows over the interior Karnataka மகாளட காலங் கைில் கர்நொடகொவின்
during the hot weather season and is உட்புறத்தில் வீசுகிறது மமலும் கொபி
extremely helpful for coffee cultivation. ெொகுபடிக்கு மிகவும் உதவியாக
VIJAYAKUMAR S இருக்கிறது.
RAINFALL TYPES | மழைப் பபொழிவின் வழககள்

1. CONVECTIONAL RAINFALL 1. வவப் பச்சலன மளை

2. RELIEF OR OROGRAPHICAL 2. மளலத் தடுப் பு மளை

3. CYCLONIC 3. புயல் மளை

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CONVECTIONAL RAINFALL பவப் பெ்ெலன மழை

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RELIEF OR OROGRAPHICAL RAINFALL

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RELIEF OR OROGRAPHICAL RAINFALL
மழலத் தடுப் பு மழை

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CYCLONIC RAIN FALL | புயல் மழை

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CYCLONIC

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புயல் மழை
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LIGHTNING மின்னல்

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THUNDERSTORMS | இடியுடன் கூடிய புயல்

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CLOUDS மமகங் கள்

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CIRRUS CLOUDS கிற் று மமகங் கள்

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STRATUS CLOUDS பழட மமகங் கள்

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CUMULUS CLOUDS திரள் மமகங் கள்

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NIMBUS CLOUDS கொர் மமகங் கள்

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RAINFALL DURING SUMMER மகொழட கொல மழை

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WINTER RAINFALL குளிர் கொல மழைப் பபொழிவு

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 Distribution of Rainfall நொட்டின் மழைப் பரவல்
• The average annual rainfall
of India is 118 cm.
• However, spatial distribution
of rainfall in the country is
highly uneven. About 11%
area receives over 200 cm
of annual rainfall, 21% area
receives 125 to 200 cm, 37%
area receives 75 to 125 cm,
24% area gets 35 to 75 cm
and 7% area gets less than
35 cm.

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1. Regions of very heavy rainfall

1. மிக அதிக மழைப் பபறும் பகுதிகள்

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2. Regions of heavy rainfall

2. அதிக மழைப் பபறும் பகுதிகள்

3. Regions of moderate rainfall

3. மிதமொன மழைப் பபறும் பகுதிகள்

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4. Regions of Scanty rainfall

4. குழறவொன மழைப் பபறும் பகுதிகள்

 GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA Monsoon, Rainfall, பருவமழை, மழைப் பபொழிவு
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