Introduction to digital marketing

Introduction to Think
It seems too obvious to mention, but the foundation of consistently successful marketing
communications lies in thorough planning and strategic preparation. Before you execute digital
campaigns, you need to plan them. You need to research and understand your product, your
communication challenge, your market, your competitors and, of course, your consumers. We
call planning, strategy and research Think.

Think is the first step in a strategic process:

1. Think: Research, plan and strategies. Use the opportunities of digital to meet communication,
market and product challenges. Plan assets and campaigns.
2. Create: Make beautiful assets, from websites and videos to banner adverts and applications.
3. Engage: Use channels to drive traffic to those assets and build relationships with customers.
4. Optimise: Track and analyse to understand how assets and campaigns are performing. Derive
insight to improve and test assets and campaigns.
Digital Marketing Strategy tackles how the Internet has changed and challenged the world in
which we market, and how best to use digital tools and tactics for effective marketing strategies.
Market Research unpacks how to use the Internet to understand audiences and campaigns. The
Internet was originally developed as an academic tool for sharing research. This is ideal for savvy
marketers.
Content Marketing Strategy lays out the building blocks for effectively using content, not
advertising, to reach audiences. Brands are required to think like publishers – which means a
consideration of far more than just the end product. Content targeting, production, planning and
distribution must be considered.

What is digital marketing?

If marketing creates and satisfies demand, digital marketing drives the creation of demand using
the power of the Internet, and satisfies this demand in new and innovative ways. The Internet is
an interactive medium. It allows for the exchange of currency, but more than that, it allows for
the exchange of value.
The Internet has changed the world in which we sell. It is not a new marketing channel; instead,
it creates a new paradigm for the way in which consumers connect with brands and with each
other. The complete scope of marketing is practiced on the Internet – products and services are
positioned and promoted, purchased, distributed and serviced. The web provides consumers
with more choice, more influence and more power. Brands have new ways of selling, new
products and services to sell, and new markets to which they can sell.

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Digital marketing strategy:
Once you have a clear sense of what the business challenge or objective is, and you have defined
how your marketing strategy will work towards fulfilling it, you can start thinking about your
digital marketing strategy.
Digital marketing strategy builds on and adapts the principles of traditional marketing, using the
opportunities and challenges offered by the digital medium.
A digital marketing strategy should be constantly iterating and evolving. Since the Internet allows
for near-instantaneous feedback and data gathering, digital marketers should constantly be
optimising and improving their online marketing efforts.
The fact that digital marketing is highly empirical is one of its key strengths. Almost everything
can be measured: from behaviors, to actions and action paths, to results. This means that the
digital marketing strategist should start thinking with return on investment (ROI) in mind. Built
into any strategy should be a testing framework and the ability to remain flexible and dynamic in
a medium that shifts and changes as user behaviors do.
If we defined strategy as ‘a plan of action designed to achieve a particular outcome’, the desired
outcome of a digital marketing strategy would be aligned with your organisation’s overall
business and brand-building objectives or challenges. For example, if one of the overall objectives
were acquisition of new clients, a possible digital marketing objective might be building brand
awareness online.
The Four Ps:
The Four Ps of marketing help you structure the components that make up a brand’s offering,
differentiators and marketing. They have been fundamentally changed by the Internet and need
to be looked at in the context offered by digitally connected media and from the perspective of
the consumer. How your brand is positioned in the mind of your consumer will ultimately
determine your success.

1. Products (and services)

Products and services are what a company sells. The Internet enables business to sell a huge
range of products, from fast-moving consumer goods and digital products such as software, to
services such as consultancy. Online, the experience the user has in discovering and purchasing
can be considered part of the product the brand provides.
The Internet has enabled mass customisation. For example, Nike (nikeid.nike.com) and Converse
(www.converse.com) allow customers to customise their own trainers. The Internet as a
distribution medium also makes it possible for products such as software and music to be sold
digitally.

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2. Price
The prevalence of search engines and of shopping comparison websites, such as
www.pricerunner.co.uk, www.pricecheck.co.za/ and www.nextag.com, makes it easy for
customers to compare product prices across a number of retailers; this makes the Internet a
market of near-perfect competition.
With price differentiation becoming a challenge, especially for smaller players in the market,
businesses need to consider differentiating on value. Value is a combination of service, perceived
benefits and price, where customers may be willing to pay a higher price for a better experience,
or if they feel they are getting something more than just the product.

3. Placement (or distribution)

Product distribution and markets no longer have to be dictated by location. Simply by making
their products visible online (for example, on a website or Facebook page), brands can reach a
global market. The key is to reach and engage customers on the channels they are using – this is
why choosing your digital tactics is vital. You want to engage customers on their terms, not yours.

4. Promotion
The Internet, as an information and entertainment medium, naturally lends itself to promoting
products. The online promotional mix is an extension of the offline, but with some significant
differences. For one, online promotion can be tracked, measured and targeted in a far more
sophisticated way.
However, promotion doesn’t just mean advertising and talking at customers – on the Internet,
it’s crucial to engage, collaborate and join conversations, too. Interacting with customers helps
build relationships, and the web makes this sort of communication easy.

5. A new P: People
In addition to the existing Four Ps, the Internet requires you to consider a new P: People. This
element speaks to examining the powerful human element that the digitally connected world
permits: personalisation, peer-to-peer sharing, communities, and consumer- centric
organisations that allow people to participate in the brand story.
Creating a digital marketing strategy:
A strategy needs to cover the questions of who you are, what you are offering and to whom, as
well as why and how you are doing so. The steps and questions below cover what an organisation
should be aware of when creating and implementing a strategy that will meet its marketing
objectives and solve its challenges.
1. Context: The first step in crafting a successful strategy is to examine the context of the

organisation and the various stakeholders.

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2. Value exchange
Once you have examined the market situation, the second step is an examination of your value
proposition or promise: in other words, what unique value your organisation can add to that
market. It is important to identify the supporting value-adds to the brand promise that are
unique to the digital landscape. What extras, beyond the basic product or service, do you offer
to customers?
The Internet offers many channels for value creation. However, the definition of what is
‘valuable’ depends largely on the target audience, so it is crucial to research your users and
gather insights into what they want and need.

3. Objectives
When setting your digital marketing goals, there are four key aspects to consider: objectives,
tactics, key performance indicators (KPIs), and targets.
a. Objectives need to be SMART:
• Specific – the objective must be clear and detailed, rather than vague and general.
• Measurable – the objective must be measurable so that you can gauge whether you are
attaining the desired outcome.
• Attainable – the objective must be something that is possible for your brand to achieve, based
on available resources.
• Realistic – the objective must also be sensible and based on data and trends; don’t exaggerate
or overestimate what can be achieved.
• Time-bound – finally, the objective must be linked to a specific timeframe.
b. Tactics
Objectives are not the same as tactics. Tactics are the specific tools or approaches you will use
to meet your objectives – for example, a retention-based email newsletter, a Facebook page,
or a CRM implementation. As a strategy becomes more complex, you may have multiple
tactics working together to try to achieve the same objective.

• Search advertising

• Facebook brand page

c. Key performance indicators (KPIs)

KPIs are the specific metrics or pieces of data that you will look at to determine whether your
tactics are performing well and meeting your objectives. For example, a gardener may look at
the growth rate, colour and general appearance of a plant to evaluate whether it is healthy. In
the same way, a marketer will look at a range of data points to determine whether a chosen
tactic is delivering. KPIs are determined per tactic, with an eye on the overall objective.

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 • Search advertising – number of search referrals, cost per click on the ads
• Facebook brand page – number of comments and shares on campaign specific posts

d. Targets
Finally, targets are the specific values that are set for your KPIs to reach within a specific
time period. Sportspeople need to reach targets to advance their careers – for example,
come in the top ten to qualify for the final, or run 10km in under 27 minutes. If you meet or
exceed a target, you are succeeding; if you don’t reach it, you’re falling behind on your
objectives and you need to reconsider your approach (or your target).
• Search advertising – 1 000 search referrals after the first month, with a 10% month-on-
month increase after that
• Facebook brand page – 50 comments and 10 shares on campaign-specific posts per week

4. Tactics and evaluation

Many digital tools and tactics are available once you have defined your digital marketing
objectives. Each tactic has its strengths – for example, acquisition (gaining new customers)
may best be driven by search advertising, while email is one of the most effective tools for
selling more products to existing customers.

Tactic Outcome
SEO Customer retention and acquisition
Search advertising Sales, customer retention and acquisition
Online advertising Branding and acquisition
Affiliate marketing Sales and branding
Video marketing Branding, customer retention and value creation
Social media Branding, value creation and participation
Email marketing Customer retention and value creation

5. Ongoing optimization
It is increasingly important for brands to be dynamic, flexible and agile when marketing online.
New tactics and platforms emerge every week, customer behaviours change over time, and
people’s needs and wants from brand evolve as their relationship grows.
This process of constant change should be considered in the early stages of strategy formulation,
allowing tactics and strategies to be modified and optimized as you go. After all, digital marketing
strategy should be iterative, innovative and open to evolution.
Understanding user experience and the user journey is vital to building successful brands. Budget
should be set aside upfront for analysing user data and optimising conversion paths.

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 Content marketing strategies

Defining Content marketing

Content marketing is an umbrella term, one which focuses on matching content (information or
entertainment) to your customer needs at whichever stage they are in the buying cycle or
customer journey. Unlike TV, where the advertiser pushes messages to a captive audience, the
focus is on engaging content, which means that marketers must think like publishers (attracting
an audience) rather than seeing themselves as advertisers (buying an audience) of a product. The
Internet has, in many respects, cut out the middleman. Consumers and brands can now connect
directly through a number of easily accessible online platforms.
“Content marketing is a marketing technique of creating and distributing relevant and valuable
content to attract, acquire, and engage a clearly defined and understood target audience – with
the objective of driving profitable customer action” (Content Marketing Institute, 2013).
Kristina Halvorson suggests the model illustrated below for approaching the different areas of
content marketing strategy.

Content components

• Substance: Who are you trying to reach, and why?

• Structure: Where is your content? How is it organised? How do people find your content?

People components
• Workflow: How does your content happen?

• Governance: Politics, guidelines and standards (Halvorson, 2010).

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Matching content formats to objectives
Information can be presented through any number of mediums, which is both an opportunity
and a challenge faced by content marketers. Digital distribution allows for videos, images,
interactive infographics and any number of other formats. To gain and keep the attention of
consumers/users, it’s sometimes not enough to rely simply on text-based forms of content. The
role of the content marketer is to select the right medium based on overall objectives, production
capabilities, and the needs of the audience. Consider the illustration below.

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In order to take advantage of these various forms of content delivery, it is necessary to build the
correct capabilities. But how do you determine what forms of content you need?

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By constantly engaging with audiences, something which is well suited to social media, for
example, it is possible to build and maintain a relationship with customers/readers. Consider
the image above, where constant engagement builds on the peaks of engagement that shorter
term campaigns can offer.

Content channel distribution

1 Algorithmic curation
Algorithmic curation is a term that refers to the algorithms platforms have created for dealing
with information overload. Various platforms, like Facebook and the search engine Google, use
algorithms to filter out the amount of information that is delivered to users. Each algorithm will
use a number of factors to determine what is actually relevant and interesting to the person
doing a search, or looking at their news feed. One of the factors that influences whether a piece
of content is considered relevant is how much an individual engages with the brand’s presence
on that platform over time. Posts shared by a Facebook page, for example, may reach only users

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who have previously engaged with posts from that page through commenting or liking. It is
therefore important to create content that encourages engagement and sharing.

2 Understanding your channels

Understanding the channels through which you share content is as important as the crafting of
that content itself. Reaching people effectively will only be achieved if the medium supports the
message and vice versa. Social media, email marketing, mobile marketing and video marketing
are just some disciplines that will form part of your content creation arsenal.
The content audit
The content audit involves an audit of all the existing content supplied by the brand – the website,
white papers, articles, videos and content shared on social media sites can all be considered.
An assessment can then be made of how well these pieces of content match the strategic needs
of the brand and its audience. While you can either thoroughly immerse yourself in this process
or attempt to get a more time-efficient overview, the goal is to map what is currently on offer
with what is necessary in mind. It is important not just to understand what you have, but also
how it is currently organised and accessed by your audience.
Many practitioners suggest the use of a spreadsheet to achieve this. Content can be found to be
either mismatched to the goals of the organisation, or spot on. Most importantly, you can
establish what is missing. Are your customer needs being addressed? Where do the opportunities
lie?

Advantages and challenges

Content marketing can position your brand as an expert through the sharing of useful content in
your specific field. It also enables you to reach the customer who has a fragmented attention
span spread across many devices and content touchpoints.
One of the more powerful benefits, however, is that you can learn a lot about your target
consumer through the content with which they do or do not engage. The more targeted and
ongoing your content, the more data you can gather about how effectively you are reaching
those you need to.
One of the great challenges in content marketing is providing content that is truly interesting and
engaging to the right people – the right mix of subject matter and brand. Matching content to
the required outcome for your strategic purposes takes dedication and focus. In the context of
ongoing content production, it can also be a challenge to maintain levels of quality over time,
which is why process and quality assurance steps must be put in place. Consider that the goal is
not to create as much content as possible, rather it is to focus on relevance and content that
matches strategic outcomes.

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Case study – Coca-Cola Company
One-line summary
Coca-Cola develops a content strategy in order to double sales by 2020 and redefine their
business.
The problem
The Coca-Cola Company is a global beverage producer. Even though the brand is globally known
and extremely successful, it has set its sights on doubling its business by 2020. It also noted two
key changes in the market: consumers were creating an ever-increasing amount of brand
content, and technology had empowered them as never before to shape the brand.
Coca-Cola decided that it needed to harness the power of content marketing in order to engage
consumers.

The solution
In order to meet their goal of doubling the size of their business by 2020, Coca-Cola created a
multifaceted content strategy based on two key content pillars: liquid and linked.
‘Liquid’ embodies the notion that our networked and connected world enables ideas to spread
rapidly – liquid ideas are those that capture the imagination and cannot be controlled once they
are put out in the world.
While liquid ideas are creative, they are grounded in a linked strategy. ‘Linked’ makes sure that
ideas are always centred on the core brand story and experience – in other words, liquid ideas
must reflect positively on the Coca-Cola brand. It also means that all the brand channels should
be coherent and unified.

The outcome
Rather than focusing on traditional advertising, Coca-Cola has thrown its weight behind a global
content strategy to meet its rather ambitious goals. It identified that audiences are now largely
in control of the brand, and that it is more important to have an open conversation with them
than to broadcast advertising at them.
Coca-Cola’s content marketing plan is based on three core elements:
Storytelling: As part of the liquid principle, Coca-Cola has recognised the power of storytelling.
Stories create an emotional connection, connect people and spread ideas, which leads to
conversations. In dynamic storytelling, a brand idea is released to the audience and picked up in
various conversations and channels. One of Coca-Cola’s key brand stories is ‘living positively’ and
showing how the brand makes the world a better place. This content idea also forms part of the
company values, showing the importance of aligning business and content objectives. Each sub-

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brand has a big-picture content plan that outlines key elements of the story and how they will be
disseminated.
Consumer-generated content: Consumer-generated content forms a cornerstone of the content
strategy. Brand stories encourage consumer reactions and engagement (and are often created
by the consumers themselves). The worldwide distribution of creativity and technology means
that consumers have greater power than ever before to create and drive brand stories, which
leads to emotional connections. Coca-Cola actively encourages fans to ‘act and react’ to the
stories.
Unified brand experience: Finally, Coca-Cola puts a lot of emphasis on creating a unified,
coherent and accessible brand experience. While there are many stories to be told about the
brand, it is still necessary to filter and edit these to ensure that they speak to the brand’s key
values. By focusing on content excellence, Coca-Cola is creating value and engagement, not
merely noise. Maintaining this means that the brand must communicate effectively with staff
around the world.
In keeping with the ‘linked’ principle, these ideas will always be linked to business data and
business objectives to solve problems.
Content on the web will spread regardless of whether a brand is involved or not – but Coca-Cola
has picked up that they can steer the story themselves. By engaging proactively, building
powerful, viral brand stories and giving consumers some control over how the brand is expressed,
they are able to steer the conversation to their benefit – this is the true power of content
marketing.

Case study questions:

1. What is Coca Cola’s overarching goal? Why is this significant?

2. What is brand storytelling?

3. What do you think about the content audit? Is it a process you would undertake?

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 Social media marketing strategy
Using social media to solve business challenges

Social media can be used strategically in a number of marketing and communication challenges:

1. Communication and outreach

Unlike other options, social media offers brands an effective two-way communication and real-
time broadcast channel. This bi-directional communication is what makes social communities so
exciting (and challenging). Just as consumers can communicate with each other, and send
messages to businesses and brands, so businesses and brands can use this medium to
communicate with and reach out to the public. Increasingly, social media is becoming a highly
effective public communications tool.
Businesses, governments and other organisations use Twitter and Facebook to broadcast timely
messages, allowing interested parties to keep informed in realtime. This is fast becoming a vital
aspect of newsworthy and breaking news events such as elections, disasters and global sports.
Many organisations also use social media tools to broadcast service updates.

2. Community management
Social media platforms are built around communities, and are sometimes virtual epresentations
of real-world networks and communities. This feature of social media can be used to build and
maintain a community around, or supported by, your organisation.

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‘Community manager’ is a role that has risen to prominence as more organisations start using
social media, but it has always been an important role in any community – from groups that
thrive on forums to communities run on platforms such as Facebook.
Creating, building and nurturing a community means that organisations don’t just participate in
conversations that are happening around and about them, but also actively lead and guide those
conversations. These communities are generally made up of the organisation’s biggest fans:
brand evangelists who feel as if they have a big stake in that organisation. This creates an
environment where those fans can interact directly with the organisation, and where the
organisation can send messages directly to those fans and solicit their feedback.
Building and maintaining a community is a long-term project. It starts with determining what the
best platform is for that community: something that already exists (such as Facebook), or a brand
new platform specifically created for it.

3. Support and customer service

Social media is becoming an additional customer service channel. As consumers are increasingly
comfortable transacting online, there is an expectation that the businesses with which they
transact will also respond to customer queries in the social space, as they would do through a
call centre or email. Some customers have found that problems or questions on social media tend
to be resolved more quickly, as brands are wary of having unresolved issues left out in public. For
any organisation that runs a social community, customer service is often one of the channel’s
primary functions.

4. Reputation management
The need for online reputation management and monitoring is growing, and brands are now
realising this. Through the combination of search and social media, all mentions of a brand or
individual are only a quick search away, whether they are positive or negative. Social media are
in one of the spaces where a brand or individual can easily respond to mentions, create a stir, or
find ways to further their own agenda.
Brands can use social media in two ways to manage their online reputations – first, by monitoring
what customers and fans are saying to identify issues proactively; and second, as a means of
communicating and getting their side of the story out.

5. Advertising and awareness

Where there is an audience, there is advertising. The more time people spend in social media,
the more brands want to advertise there. It’s not just the time people spend on social networks
that make them appealing to advertisers – it’s also the rich demographic and psychographic
targeting opportunities. Adverts can be targeted based on the profile information that individuals
provide, either overtly or through their actions on the social network.

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Most social networks offer advertising options that are accessible to both the small advertiser as
well as the big spender. This is a dynamic space, as the networks experiment with different
formats and models.

6. Sales and lead generation

Adding a social layer to a commercial transaction can create a richer experience for online
consumers. These can be based overtly on social connections, or on inferred connections based
on behaviour.
Social communities can also be lead generation or sales generation assets. Within Facebook, for
example, applications on brand pages can allow eCommerce transactions or lead generation
within the Facebook environment.
7. Search engine optimisation (SEO)
Social media plays an important role in SEO. It provides additional assets that can be optimised
so that a brand ‘owns’ the results page for searches for their brand. A savvy SEO strategy will also
make use of social media assets, links and likes for strengthening the position of other web assets
in the search engine results pages.
With a little bit of planning and keyword research, a brand can use social assets effectively to
own searches on their brand name. This ties back neatly to managing their online reputation,
too.
8. Insight and research
Social media can be a very powerful insight and research asset, but the information needs to be
judged in its proper context. When you are planning a campaign, social media can provide a rich
source of data, both demographic and preference based.
You can use the information people share freely to understand more about your market, brand
or product. ORM tools help you to track mentions and sentiment, giving you insight into how you
are perceived. Using social network ad planners, such as Facebook or YouTube’s offerings, can
give you rich information about the size of your market, and things that they like. You can
measure sentiment and the changing number of mentions to help you understand the impact of
other campaigns. These can be offline or online campaigns.
This social data can be very valuable, but must be treated correctly. It is qualitative and
quantitative information, and is in many ways secondary research. For research purposes, it can
and should be used to help form research questions for further evaluation.

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Step-by-step guide to creating a social media strategy
Social media is a fast-moving channel, which means proper planning is vital to success. Effective
social media strategies come from embracing the fact that social media is a two-way
communication channel: organisations interacting in this space need the resources not only to
push messages out, but to deal quickly with the messages coming in, too.
Here is one method to approaching social media strategically:

1. Get buy-in
It’s important that there is buy-in for your foray into social media. It may be seen as a free
resource, but even if you are not paying for exposure, there is a time and resource investment
required. A number of stakeholders will need to be aware of your social media plans, and these
may be both internal and external. And, of course, you will need sign-off for any budgeting or
additional resourcing requirements.
Addressing the various stakeholders will also force you to do the necessary research and
planning to take the next steps.

2. Listen and understand the landscape

It is important to take a step back first. Social media is more than the social spaces you may
interact with in your personal capacity. A good first step to understanding the landscape is to
listen.
Some important questions to answer include:

• What conversation already exists around your brand, your industry and your competitors?
• Do they have the facts?

• Where does it take place?

• Who is doing most of the talking? What can you, as a brand, add to this conversation? Is it
valuable?
3. Analyse
Using all the data you have been gathering, analyse! Think critically about social media and your
brand, as well as your brand’s broader marketing, communication and business challenges. All of
this should be looked at within the context of the information that you already know about your
local marketing and business environment.

Your outcomes here should include:

• A list of the social channels and platforms your brand should be in. This is based on who your
customers are, where they interact, and where they expect to interact with you.

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• Non-official groups or communities that already exist, which may have been created by fans.
• An overview of the existing conversation (volume, frequency and sentiment), as well as any
content or conversation themes that occur.

• An overview of what your competitors are doing in this space.

• A list of potential brand evangelists and influencers in your industry.

4. Set objectives
Your objectives are the desired outcome of your social media strategy. These should be based
within the context of your marketing and business challenges. Firstly, you need to address how
you will use social media for your organisation. You then need to set objectives for each of those.
To make them tangible and measurable, establish key performance indicators (KPIs) for your
objectives, with benchmarks and targets where appropriate.

Determine SMART objectives:

For example, your objective could be to grow a community of fans around your brand in a
particular country. Your KPI might therefore be fan numbers, and you could set a target of 5 000
Facebook fans over six months.

5. Create an action plan

Once you have a clear idea of what you want, you can begin compiling an action plan to get there.
This is where you need to make sure that you have created the necessary documents and
processes that form the foundation of your plan.

You will need to:

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• Decide on the roles and responsibilities of the project team and other stakeholders.
• Determine what social media tools you will make use of.

• Commit to a frequency and volume of activity, as well as how quickly you will respond.
• Develop a conversation plan.
• Create tone of voice guidelines, frequently asked questions, community guidelines and
content plans.

6. Implement
This is the fun part! It’s time to kick off your plans and put all that research and thought into
action. Set up your platforms according to the guidelines they specify. Alert stakeholders that
you are starting your engagement plans, and make sure you have tracking in place. Continue to
monitor for mentions of your organisation, and responses to your messages. Keep to your general
plan, but be prepared to adapt.
7. Track, analyse, optimise

The beautiful thing about digital marketing is that you can track every single user interaction and
use this information to learn from and improve your efforts continually. You should track the
success of your social media campaigns on an ongoing basis, and set milestones for your team at
less frequent intervals (every couple of months or so), when you will sit down and do a more in-
depth review.
There are several tools you can use for tracking social media. You will need to build a suite of
tools to suit your measurement and reporting requirements.
Platform insights
Facebook, YouTube, and other social media platforms offer analytics and insights. These are a
useful starting point for reporting on your social media efforts, from numbers of followers or
fans, to interactions with the content you share.
Web analytics
If you are using social media channels to send traffic to your own website, you should tag the
links so that you can segment that traffic in your website reports. In Google Analytics
(www.google.com/analytics), you would use campaign tracking parameters.
URL shorteners
URL shortening services such as bit.ly and ow.ly offer usage data that will tell you how many
people click on links you share, when they click on them, and where in the world they are from.
Online monitoring software
Online monitoring software is an important measurement investment that you will need to make.
It helps you to keep track of all mentions of your brand, and to understand the sentiment and

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influence of those mentions. You should be tracking your reputation for trends and changes over
time.

Social media dashboards

There are a number of services that make it easier for you to centralize management of your
social media properties, as well as making collaborative management easier. They also integrate
analytics data from a number of sources, making reporting easier.

Some services include:

• HootSuite (www.hootsuite.com)

• Spredfast (www.spredfast.com)

• CoTweet (www.cotweet.com)

• Sprout Social (www.sproutsocial.com)

• Socialbakers (www.socialbakers.com)

• Tweetstats (www.tweetstats.com)
Content plan
Content plans help you to plan your community conversations. More than that, they are also
useful, centralised planning documents that ensure that various teams are all aware of each
other’s efforts, and that communications are integrated.
As presented in the Content Marketing Strategy section, reaching social audiences requires you
to create content that truly resonates with them. Successful social content must be interesting,
relevant, shareable and remarkable. It is especially useful to plan and create social content
around your content pillars, since this gives you a solid structure and starting point to follow.
To start creating a conversation calendar, you should plot everything that is relevant to your
community. This could include public events, dates and anniversaries, or events and
communications already planned by your organisation.
You should also use your conversation calendar for reporting. Keeping track of interactions and
responses to your planned posts will help you to determine what kind of posts your community
responds to, what days are best for posting, and what frequency works best for your community.
Planning the conversation helps to keep momentum, especially in the early days of building a
community. However, it should not replace spontaneity – this is a conversation, after all!

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Communication and escalation protocol
An established communication and escalation protocol helps to ensure that all parties are aware
of procedures for handling social messages, and can respond as appropriate. This is especially
important for large organisations where several people might be interacting in social media on
behalf of a brand, or where several departments or agencies have a stake in the organisation’s
social media presence.
A communication and escalation protocol should include:
• Anticipated messages, frequently asked questions and appropriate, standard responses (for
both positive and negative situations).
• Guidelines for determining the sentiment and risk of messages, which includes a flagging
system for comments that need more senior attention.
• The crisis management process to follow if a brand crisis explodes on social media.

• An escalation plan for messages that need signoff or further consideration.

• Contact details of relevant stakeholders.

• Guidelines for responding, including response rate, standard messages, brand voice and tone.

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When to talk (and when not to)

 When everything being said is nice

A fantastic position to be in is that every possible mention is positive. Well done. However, that
does not mean that there is nothing to do. During this time, the brand must do everything in its
power to drive high volumes of conversation.
Stakeholders are being positive about the brand because their expectations are being exceeded.
Unfortunately, expectations change. Brands need to stay on their toes and constantly be on the
lookout for new and innovative ways to meet and develop their brand promise.

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 When everything being said is neutral

If this is the case, it sounds as if the company is very boring – not a good way to get attention. As
Seth Godin puts it, “Safe is risky” (Godin, 2010). If a company is playing it so safe that no one can
be bothered to send either admiration or criticism its way, it’s in danger of being forgotten. The
next step is no one talking about the company at all.

 When negative things are being said

Negative statements should be understood as broken brand promises. There is

underperformance on expectation, and it must be dealt with as a matter of high priority. During
this period, brands need to be very careful not to stir up any more conversation than is absolutely
necessary. That said, it’s certainly not all doom and gloom. If the conversation is broadly negative,
it is normally because there is some underlying problem, and this information provides the
business with focus to resolve it.
Complaints are from stakeholders who have had dealings with a company which hasn’t met their
expectations. By complaining, this customer is, often unwittingly, giving the company the
opportunity to make things right, and is probably indicating where the company can improve.
Usually, the skilled customer service department of a company should deal with these. They
should also share insights with the business strategy department so that the underlying problems
can be prioritized and resolved.
If a complaint is online, the resolution should be there as well, although you can try to have it
taken offline first. Even though the customer service will likely take place either over email or by
phone, posting a personalised comment in a blog post, for example, will demonstrate to the
community that the company listens, responds, and serves the critical objective of actually
resolving the underlying issues.
Criticism need not necessarily come from customers, but it is important to be aware of it. If a
criticism involves false information, it should be corrected. And if the criticism is true, then it
should be dealt with as such.

Responding
Responding involves recognising that consumers hold the upper hand in the relationship. They
are better trusted, there are more of them and, in most cases, the barriers to exit from a brand
are relatively low.
Customers dictate the channels of communication. An organisation needs to go to the consumer,
not the other way around. Ignoring this will result in the business losing customers because they
not willing to truly engage. This is why it is so important to research your audience and adapt
your strategy to them – not vice versa.

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When responding, be transparent, be honest, and treat the person as you would like to be
treated. At all times, remember that you are engaged in conversation, not a dictation.

Step-by-step guide for recovering from an online brand attack

Step 1: Be prepared
No brand is immune from an online brand attack. The best brands have strategies in place to
identify a reputation crisis immediately and respond to it quickly enough to stop the negative
word of mouth spreading.
Keep your brand in front of consumers by engaging in the conversation. This can be done by
making use of blogs, communicating with customers, and being as open and honest as possible.
Engaging in, and leading, the conversation allows you to build an authentic voice. If a crisis hits,
you will be well placed to respond in a way that is authentic.

Step 2: Act immediately!

The easiest way to solve most brand attacks is to respond quickly. A brand that shows it is
listening and does indeed care will go far when it comes to ensuring a solid online reputation.
Acknowledge what has been said and react accordingly.
Step 3: If what they’re saying is false...
If the attack on your brand is factually incorrect, send the person evidence that they are wrong,
and in a friendly tone, ask them to remove or retract the entry, and offer to keep them informed
of future news. If the person doesn’t react or respond, add a comment.

Step 4: If what they’re saying is true...

If the mention is negative but true, send your side of the story and try as hard as you can to take
the conversation offline. If appropriate, apologise and offer to make amends.
Step 5: Keep the negative pages out of the search engines

Keeping more people from reading negative things about your brand is imperative. Knock them
off the first page of the results with basic SEO and some social media pages, such as Facebook,
Twitter or blog posts. Keep adding pages and links until you’ve forced the offending pages out of
sight.

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Social media risks and challenges
Any social media strategy should account for the risks and challenges of interacting in this
environment, and should incorporate a protocol for dealing with these risks. Mistakes on the web
can take a long time to recover from.
Some of the common risks and challenges are listed below.

 No one cares. Especially when building a community from scratch, it can be difficult in the
beginning to get the traction you want. This is why understanding the landscape in the
context of your organisation’s market is so important. Make sure you are interacting in the
spaces where your customers are, and where they are happy to hear from you.
 The social media space is used by unhappy customers (who are free to post detractive
comments). Even if the only feedback you are getting is negative, this is good feedback! Now
you have an opportunity to do something about it.
 It requires ongoing attention and monitoring. Social media channels may be free, but there
is still a time and resource investment required to make your strategy a success. Understand
what your objectives are for using social media, and budget the time required to meet those.
 It can be difficult to measure the impact of the campaign. Social media can be difficult to
measure, but that does not mean your campaigns are not successful.
 Don’t expect to find a solution (or success) overnight. Start with measuring things that can be
measured easily, and watch for case studies in this space that will help you to turn your social
media investment into revenue for your organisation.

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 Email Marketing
Introduction
At its core, email marketing is a tool for customer relationship management (CRM). Used
effectively, this extension of permission-based marketing can deliver one of the highest returns
on investment (ROI) of any digital marketing activity.
Simply put, email marketing is a form of direct marketing that uses electronic means to deliver
commercial messages to an audience. It is one of the oldest and yet most powerful of all digital
marketing tactics. The power comes from the fact that it is:

• Extremely cost effective due to a low cost per contact

• Highly targeted

• Customisable on a mass scale

• Completely measurable
Furthermore, email marketing’s main strength is that it takes advantage of a customer’s most
prolific touchpoint with the Internet – their inbox. Many of the principles covered in this chapter
can be applied to any type of permission marketing – especially SMS communication via mobile
phones.

Email marketing is a tool for building relationships with both existing and potential customers. It
should maximise the retention and value of these customers, which should ultimately lead to a
greater return on investment. Email is being used not only to drive retention, but also for
acquisition, mobile strategies, and even social media.

Key terms and concepts

Alt Text
This refers to the ‘alt’ attribute for the IMG HTML tag. It is used in HTML to attribute a text
field to an image on a web
page, normally with a descriptive function, telling a user what an image is about and
displaying the text in instances
where the image is unable to load. Also called Alt Tag.
Business to Business (B2B)
When businesses sell products/services to other businesses and not to consumers.
Business to Consumers (B2C)
When businesses sell products/services to consumers.
Call to action (CTA)
A phrase written to motivate the reader to take action (sign up for our newsletter, book
car hire today, and so on).
Clickthrough Rate
The total clicks on a link divided by the number of times that link was shown, expressed
as a percentage.

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Customer relationship management (CRM)
A strategy for managing a company’s interactions with clients and potential clients. It often
makes use of
technology to automate the sales, marketing, customer service and technical processes
of an organisation.
Database
In email marketing, the database is the list of prospects to which emails are sent. It also
contains additional
information pertinent to the prospects.
Domain name system (DNS)
DNS converts a domain name into an IP address.
DomainKeys
An email authentication system designed to verify the DNS domain of an email sender
and the message integrity.
Double opt-in
The act of getting subscribers to confirm their initial subscription via a follow-up email
asking them to
validate their address and hence opt-in again.
Email service provider (ESP)
A service that helps you design and send emails.
Hard bounce
The failed delivery of email communication due to an undeviating reason like a non-
existent address.
House list
An email database a company generates itself without purchasing or renting names.
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
Code used to structure the information and features within a web page. As an example,
HTML emails usually contain graphics and can be interactive.
Internet Protocol (IP) Address
An exclusive number that is used to represent every single computer in a network.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
The company providing you access to the Internet, for example, MWEB, AOL, Yahoo.
Key performance indicator (KPI)
A metric that shows whether an objective is being achieved.
Open rate
The percentage of emails determined as opened out of the total number of emails sent.
Opt-in
Giving permission for emails to be sent to you.
Opt-out
Also known as unsubscribe. The act of removing oneself from a list or lists so that
specified information is no longer received via email.
Return on investment (ROI)
The ratio of profit to cost.
Sender ID
A method used by major ISPs to confirm that an email does originate from the domain
that it claims to have been sent from.

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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
A protocol for sending messages from one server to another.
Soft bounce
The failed delivery of an email due to a deviating reason like an overloaded email inbox
or a server failure.
Spam
Email sent to someone who has not requested or given authorisation to receive it – EVIL!
Sender policy framework (SPF)
An extension of SMTP that stops email spammers from forging the ‘From’ fields in an
email.
Text
Text emails or plain text emails do not contain graphics or any kind of markup.
Unique forwarders
This refers to the number of individuals who forwarded a specific email on.
White list
A list of accepted email addresses that an ISP, a subscriber or other email service
provider allows to deliver messages regardless of spam filter settings.

Email strategy and planning

The first part of any email campaign should involve planning for the goals you need to achieve.
Email marketing can be used as a tool to help you achieve your business and website goals. As
with all tactics, email marketing should be considered in line with your overall business,
marketing and digital strategy.
Promotional emails will usually have an immediate goal:

• Users make a purchase

• Users download some content

• Users request further information

Newsletters tend to focus on longer-term goals and are usually geared at creating and retaining
a long-term relationship with the reader – so your KPIs are more important here. Useful KPIs
include:
• Open rate

• Clickthrough rate

• Number of emails forwarded

• ROI
• Number of social shares

• Database growth

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• Conversion rate (activity on your site generated by the email)
• Delivery or bounce rate

1) Email service providers

An email service provider (ESP) is a partner who can help manage your email design and send.
For bigger organisations, it often makes sense to purchase your own software and server, or
partner with an ESP. This is especially true if you are sending more than 50 emails at a time.
Most ESPs are do-it-yourself services that do not manage or strategise your campaign, but will
give you the tools you need to manage it yourself.

There are some important questions to ask when choosing an email service provider.
• How easy is it to use? This is important if you are managing the campaigns yourself.

• Can you upload and migrate the contact list? It’s important that you own your lists.

• Is the process self-service or managed?

• How does the reporting work?

• What is their deliverability like?

• Are they endorsed by email and deliverability authorities, such as ReturnPath or Trust-e?

• Do they adhere to best practices for direct marketing?

• How is the data stored, processed and secured? Who owns it?

2) Email for mobile phones

With the adoption rate of smartphones increasing, more and more people are viewing their
emails on mobile phones. As of January 2013, 42% of emails opened are accessed on mobile
devices (Litmus, 2013).
This is a challenge. The mobile screen is obviously much smaller than a desktop screen, and so
the way an email is displayed differs vastly as well. Not only that, but different mobile devices
also make use of different mobile operating systems, meaning that each one has different
standards and default settings and, as such, also renders emails in a unique way.
To make things even more difficult, very few people view an email on only one device. They
switch from their smartphone to their laptop to their tablet and back to their mobile phone
during the course of a day. This means that, although sending two versions of your email is an
option (one for mobile, one for desktops), it’s probably not the best solution. You want an
email that displays well across as many different clients and operating systems as possible.
One way to achieve this is through responsive email design.

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Some smartphones do render HTML emails and even auto-fit them to fit the mobile screen,
but not all handsets do this.

The most important things to keep in mind when designing an email for mobile are:

• The screen is a lot smaller

• Inputs can vary, with touchscreens being the most common

So, your content must be easy to skim, with clear Calls to Action.
Here are some common best practices to follow when designing your emails, to ensure
optimal rendering on mobile devices:
• Generally, most emails are designed to be 600px wide to display well in an email preview
pane – and this scales well on typical mobile screen sizes. On a 320px screen, an email can
be zoomed out to 50% and display perfectly; similarly, on a 480px screen it can display at
75%.
• Host your email newsletters online and link to them from your preheader. That way,
anyone who opens your email on a mobile – even those whose mobile phones display emails
in plain text – can click straight through to an HTML version of your newsletter.
• Design your email in a grid system. This means your content needs to be laid out in
vertically and horizontally aligned blocks, with gaps in between. Doing this will make it easier
for various operating systems and email clients to scale your email down to fit a mobile
screen. This is not a guarantee that the email will display properly in mobile, but it should
solve the problem for most mobile devices (such as iPhone and BlackBerry) which auto-fit
HTML emails.
• Make sure that you include alt text for your images! Your email needs to convey its
message with or without images.
• Mobile devices that don’t automatically scale your email down will display the content on
the left of your email first. Make sure that your most important content is placed here.
• Button links need to be at least 44px to render well on mobile phones.
3) Rules and regulations
There are a number of laws across the world to protect people from unsolicited emails and
stop businesses from abusing this communication channel. While they vary in severity
according to the country (and we recommend that you do some research into your local
legislation), it’s important to acknowledge one very important rule. If someone requests to be
unsubscribed from your communication, you have to meet their request or face penalties in
many jurisdictions.

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Step-by-step process
1) Growing a database
Running a successful email campaign requires a business to have a genuine optin database.
This database – the list of subscribers who have agreed to allow a company to send them
emails with marketing messages – is the most valuable asset of an email campaign.
Permission must be explicitly given by all people to whom emails are sent. Companies that
abuse this can put their reputation in jeopardy, and in many countries, legal action can be
taken against companies that send unsolicited bulk email – also known as spam.
It is important to track the permissions that are generated for each user – a time stamp is a
key part of the data capture and opt-in process and helps to protect you against spam
complaints and potential legal action.
Spam is unsolicited bulk email – it means that the recipient has not given permission to be
sent that email. It is said to account for 72.1% of all email (Lab, 2013).

The database need have only one entry – the prospect’s email – but the following should also
be considered:

• Name, surname and title

• Date permission granted

• Source of permission
• Gender
• Country

• Telephone number, preferably mobile

• Date of birth

• Frequency (how often they’d like to hear from you)

Fields such as name, surname and title should be separated in your database. You should also
gather date of birth as opposed to a prospect’s age – it ensures that your database can stay
up to date.
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However, don’t be tempted to ask for more information than required. The more information
a marketer can gather, the better he or she can customise marketing messages. However, the
more information a prospect is required to give, the less likely they are to sign up. Further
information can be requested over time.
There are a myriad of ways to attract prospects to opt in to a database. An email sign-up form
on a company website is vital. Visitors to a website have already expressed an interest in a
company by clicking through – this is an opportunity to develop that interest further. Following
the same principle, any other properties where newsletter sign-up can be promoted should
be taken advantage of. Consider a sign-up form on your company blog, email signatures,
Facebook page, and mobile site, or perhaps mention it during presentations you deliver. And
don’t forget other offline marketing channels that you’re already using, such as flyers, posters
or in-store displays.

Here are some best practice tips for sign-up forms:

• Put the sign-up form where it can be seen – above the fold and on every page.

• State your anti-spam stance explicitly, and be clear that you value subscribers’ privacy.
• Clearly state what the subscriber’s information will be used for.
• Use a clear Call to Action.
• Tell subscribers what they will get, and how often they will get it. Include a benefit
statement.

• Ensure the email address is correct by checking the syntax.

• Test to see what works best!

Every interaction can be used to ask permission to send emails.

• Offer something valuable, and ask if they would sign up to your newsletter at the same
time (for example, white paper, gift voucher, music track).

• Add a subscribe box to the checkout process of your retail site.

• Use interactions at trade shows to ask for email addresses.

• Ask for email addresses in store.

• Call out your email campaign on your social networks, and link through to your subscription
form.
2) Designing an email
Emails should be created and viewed as HTML for desktop and most mobile devices. Simpler
phones require basic text emails.

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Text emails are the small, plain ones – text only, as the name suggests. If you use a Windows
operating system, and you open Notepad and type there, you will be creating a text file. As
these are text only, the copy really counts here.
HTML emails are the emails with more complex design. These emails can contain images,
different fonts and hyperlinks. It’s probably what you’ve had in mind throughout this chapter
when we referred to email marketing.
Given that HTML emails are likely to take longer to download and use up more bandwidth,
you should give your subscribers the choice of how they would like to view your email – in
plain text or HTML.

Parts of an email
Sender information
This includes the ‘to’, ‘from’ and ‘reply to’ fields. These are opportunities to build a relationship
through creating a perception of familiarity. In other words, the reader needs to perceive that
the newsletter is somewhat unique and sent personally by the publisher. Using a personalised
company email address (for example, [email protected]) for the ‘reply’ field creates
familiarity and builds trust with the reader. The ‘from’ address should also include the
organisation’s name. A meaningless ‘from’ address that the reader cannot identify serves only
to confuse the origin of the newsletter.
Subject line
The subject line may be the most important part of an email! Subject lines help the reader to
identify the email and entice them to open it. The subject line is also scrutinised by spam
filters, and so you should avoid using characters, for example, Consistent subject lines, using
the name of the company and the newsletter edition, can build familiarity and help readers to
sort their inbox. Subject lines should also reflect the content of the email. As with everything
online, testing different subject lines will lead marketers to the formula that works for them.

Preheader
The preheader is a line or two of text displayed above your email header. Most commonly, it’s
the line of text that will redirect you to ‘View online’. With more and more people viewing
emails on mobile phones, the preheader is also the ideal space in which to redirect to the
mobile version of your email. Where possible, try including your Call to Action in the
preheader. This could be difficult, given the limited space – but it does ensure that every
recipient (even those who don’t necessarily open the email, but who view only the preheader
within the preview pane or inbox) will still be exposed to it.

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Header
The header is the colourful banner or image that is included in many emails. This often
contains the logo, which is important for branding, as well as a CTA or image to catch the
recipient’s attention. Not every email will have a header, but these do provide added impact.
Personalised greeting
With a database that has the capability to store readers’ names, it is possible to personalise
the greeting of the email. “Hi, Kim Morgan” can elicit far better responses than “Dear Valued
Customer”, but it is possible to create a greeting with personality without personalising it.
Occasionally, the subject line can be personalised as well to boost responses.
Body
This is where the content of the email goes. Don’t be tempted to use too many images; they
can increase the size of the email, and obscure text when images do not load. Be sure that text
is not on the image, but instead can be read without an image being loaded. The structure
must allow readers to scan and navigate the email easily. Short paragraphs, emphasis through
bolding and colours, as well as sectioning information with bullets and borders, all contribute
to a well-structured email.
Footer
A standard footer for emails helps to build consistency, and is the customary place to keep the
contact details of the company sending the email. At the very least, this should include the
name, physical address and contact email of the company.
It can also include the privacy policy of the sender. One way to grow the email list is to add a
‘forward to a friend’ link in the footer. The most important part of the footer is a clear
unsubscribe link. Some ESPs enable you to place social media sharing buttons and links in the
footer, allowing subscribers to share your email on their social networks.

Unsubscribe link
In many countries, it is mandatory to have an unsubscribe link on all commercial emails. In
best practice terms, you should also include a link for managing subscription preferences –
this lets the receiver decide exactly which emails they receive from you, rather than opting
them out from all of your email marketing.
Working with templates
An email template is a predesigned structure you can use for each email you send – you just
need to slot content into the appropriate sections. Some email service providers offer ready-
made templates for you to use. As with website templates, paid-for email templates come
with some benefits and disadvantages. While they are often cheaper than commissioning a

33
custom template, they can be inflexible and generic, meaning that they will not uniquely
represent your brand. If you are choosing a template to buy, consider picking the plainest one,
so that you can adapt it to your brand as needed.
A custom-designed email template will allow you to plan your own content structure and
ensure it displays well across many email readers and devices.
When having your template designed, it’s important to test it with a number of email readers,
browsers and mobile devices so that you can ensure that it displays correctly. Given that many
people choose to look at an email in their preview pane, this can become more challenging.

Design considerations
How an email looks is integral to how well it is received by your database. Design also refers
to how it is built, which can impact on whether the email is delivered and on how likely users
are to interact with it. Some design considerations are included below. A few of these are a
little more technical, so make sure that your email partner has these covered for you.
General design guidelines
HTML and CSS design principles differ for web and email. Here are a few things to keep in mind
when designing your email:
• Don’t make use of external or embedded style sheets and avoid unnecessary embedded
rows and columns.
• Make use of table nesting as far as possible, as this is generally considered to render the
best results with difficult email clients. Email designers tend to make use of tables to design
their email layout, using online styles within these tables.
• Set a fixed width for your email by specifying the width and spacing of each cell rather than
the entire table. When these specifics are not declared, email clients tend to render the email
according to their own defaults and can break the design.
• If you are using a block background colour, be sure to include a 100% width table to cover
the entire email.
• Keep fonts in your email design larger than 9px. Anything below that becomes difficult to
view in some email clients. Also bear in mind that, while coloured text (or light-on-dark text)
may look visually impressive, it can be difficult to read an entire email like this and may strain
your subscribers’ eyes. Rather limit such visual tricks to smaller sections of your email, or to
emails that contain less written content.
• Make use of inline CSS – some email clients strip the CSS from the head and body of the
email.

• Test your emails in a variety of email clients before you send.

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Designing for the preview pane
Many email users use desktop clients to manage their email. Given the number of emails
people receive on a daily basis, many do not open emails but prefer to view them in their
preview panes. This has added another challenge for designers who want to ensure that their
emails display properly.
Images and layout should consider the preview pane and be tested for rendering. Preview
panes can be vertical or horizontal.
Tips for designing for the preview pane:
• There is no set width, and we reiterate that testing is the way to go. A width of 600px works
best for preview pane display.
• Preview panes favour the top left-hand side of an email. While each preview pane may vary
according to client or user settings, the most commonly favoured preview pane dimensions
cover the area in the top 300–500px of your email (Hamilton, 2012). Given the width of 600
pixels, you’re then (generally speaking) looking at the top 600px x 300px of your email as
being most likely to be displayed in a preview pane.
• Ensure that plain, email-friendly fonts are used toward the top of your email in order to
ensure that the first text encountered is properly displayed.
• Consider carefully what images you display in the top section of your email, and test display
accordingly.
• Placing your logo prominently in the top left of your email can ensure optimal brand
recognition and exposure.
• Try to include your Call to Action in the area displayed in the preview pane. That way, even
if subscribers choose not to read your email, they’ll still see your primary message.
• Some successful email templates use the area likely to be seen in the preview pane to
provide a table of contents for the email. Users know what they can look forward to when
opening the email.
Email and images
Avoid using images to convey important content. Make sure that there is alt text for all images
used in the email. This ensures that the message of the image will still be communicated even
if the image itself is not seen. Remember, many email clients are set by default not to display
images. Your email should make sense whether or not the user enables images.

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Tips for using images in email design:
• In the past, background images did not render well in emails, but this is changing. A block
background colour tends to display well across most email clients.
• When including images in your HTML, be sure to declare the height and width for each
image to ensure consistent rendering across most email clients.
Emails that make sense without images, and render correctly across all platforms, are more
likely to persuade a reader to load the images (and open the email), as well as click through to
the website.

The Call to Action

Email design should support the Calls to Action. In order for your campaign to be effective,
your goals and KPIs should be supported by the email layout and design. Calls to Action can be
hyperlinked text (also called text links), or can be images which look like buttons. Don’t forget
though, that if images are blocked, your buttons will be blocked too.
Generally, both text links and CTA buttons are effective for generating clickthroughs. While
you should use buttons for links that support your CTA (for example, ‘make a booking’, ‘check
availability’), your email shouldn’t be littered with them, and hyperlinks should be used for
additional links. The best thing to do is test them to see what kinds of CTAs perform best for
you.
The copy of the CTA is exceptionally important: a well-crafted and enticingly written CTA
makes a big difference to the performance of your campaign. Again, test variations to
determine what drives the highest clickthrough and conversion rates on your campaigns.
Testing
The design should be tested to ensure that it renders clearly in as many clients as possible.
Make sure that images line up, that copy is clear and that all the links work.

3) Creating content
Email content that is relevant and valuable to readers is vital to ensuring the success of an
email marketing campaign. Valuable content is informative and should address the problems
and needs of readers. It is important to realise that the reader determines the value of the
content, not the publisher. Newsletters can offer:
• Humour

• Research
• Information

• Promotions

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• Exclusive content
Determining the content of your email is an important element of your overall brand content
strategy.
Any copy written for your brand should follow a pre-determined brand voice guide.
Consistency is important and will dictate how your customers trust and build a relationship
with your brand.
The principles of writing good online copy apply. You should start with the most important
information first, and make sure that your language is scannable (meaning that it makes use
of the appropriate formatting, such as bolding and bulleted lists).
It may be helpful to review the Writing for Digital chapter at this stage, but there are two
elements that are important to highlight with respect to writing for email marketing.
1. The first is in-email links. It’s important to consider that any links you include in your email
copy will lead readers away from your email. You’ll want to keep these to a minimum, and
include a link only when it is a Call to Action, a legal requirement or a service feature.
2. The second element is the all-important subject line. Many users decide whether or not to
open an email based on their first point of contact – the subject line.

For an email newsletter, it’s useful to put together a recurring content structure.
The example shown here depicts a consistent content structure with repeating elements.

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38
4) Segmenting your database
The technology of email marketing allows for mass customisation – it is one-tone marketing
on a macro scale. Even simple personalisation can see improved results.
Customisation covers everything from using the recipient’s name, to sending the correct email
version to their device, to sophisticated measurement of a recipient’s preferences and
tailoring content to suit them.
Segmenting a database can allow for customisation across demographics or purchase history.
For example, you may choose to divide your database according to gender or age. A political
campaign may benefit from targeting messages to different demographics. A pet store may
find it useful to segment their mailing list according to the different kinds of pets their
customers own. In this way, it is possible to send mailers that are slightly different and tweaked
to different target groups.

5) Deploying
By creating valuable content, establishing the correct frequency and testing the email for
display and deliverability, an email marketer should be able to ensure an excellent delivery
rate. Consistency in deploying newsletters also aids in fostering trust and fulfilling
expectations.
When should you send emails? Common sense tells you not on Monday morning or Friday
afternoon, but this varies by audience. Testing will guide you. Generally speaking, the best
days of the week to send emails are between Tuesday and Thursday.

Email reputation
Email reputation is a score given to you depending on how well your emails are regarded by
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and your subscribers. If the sender’s score falls within the
ISP’s thresholds, a sender’s messages will be delivered. If not, the sender’s emails may arrive
in the bulk or spam folder, be quarantined, or be bounced back to the sender.
Becoming an effective email marketer requires constant list cleansing and hygiene. In fact,
most lists shrink by 30% each year as a result of subscribers changing email addresses. Build a
preference centre and send out an email once a year asking subscribers to update their details.
Make sure you are diligent about maintaining a current opt-in list to achieve maximum
deliverability via reputation.

Tips to help your reputation score:

• ISPs offer various authentication standards such as Sender ID, Sender policy framework
(SPF), and DomainKeys. Quirk highly recommends the use of these standards.

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• Remember that a huge but inaccurate and outdated database is far less useful to an email
marketer than a tightly maintained, smaller database. Strive to boost your database, but
don’t forget to clean as you go.

• Ensure that email broadcast rates are not too high.

• Respond to complaints and unsubscribe requests – if someone requests to be unsubscribed,
do so. If you don’t, there’s a good chance you’ll face stiff penalties.

• Educate users about white lists.

6) Measuring
As with all things digital marketing, tracking, analysing and optimising are key to growth and
success. Email tracking systems produce statistics in a user-friendly manner.

Key measurables for understanding the performance of email campaigns include:

• Number of emails delivered.

• Number of bounces (this should be separated into hard bounces and soft bounces).
• Number of unique emails opened: an email can be delivered, but not opened.
• Unsubscribes: significant or consistent loss in subscribers is a key indication you are not
meeting the needs of your subscribers.
• Pass-on rate: a high pass-on rate (forwards) indicates that your customers value the content
enough to share it constantly with others. Putting an easy ‘forward to a friend’ link in every
email can increase this. You’ll want to measure this link specifically. Adding a sign-up link to
forwarded emails will organically grow the opt-in list.
• Clickthrough rates and conversion: These measure the effectiveness of an email via the links
placed in the content. When a reader clicks through to a web page, these can be easily
measured as a percentage against the number of delivered, opened or sent emails. It reveals
which content or promotion was the most enticing for the reader.
Some metrics are more useful than others. A good example of this is the open rate. Emails are
tracked using an image that gets downloaded, but many email desktop clients block the
downloading of images. This means that people may be reading a text-only version of your
email.

What you should be interested in is what activity takes place based on an email.
So you’ll need to track leads or actions. You can do this through link tagging (appending
tracking parameters to a URL in your newsletter). These parameters are then identified by the
Google Analytics of your website, registering that the user has come to the site through your

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email. Google Analytics will then take the information in the tag and store it in a cookie, from
which it can track the user’s interactions with the site after they arrived at the landing page.

7) Testing
In order to make sure that your email marketing efforts are continually improving, it’s
important to test your campaigns.
The most common form of email testing is to conduct an A/B split test. This is a test that
involves sending one version of your newsletter to a specified percentage of your database,
while sending a modified version to the remainder of your database. Some factors to test
include:
• Open rates across different subject lines and delivery times.
• Optimal number of links in an email for clickthrough rates and conversions.

• Different copy styles and copy length.

• The effect of video on delivery rates, open rates and conversions.

• Balance of text and image ratio.

By monitoring the results of each send, you can determine which version yielded the desired
results. You can, for instance, test variations of your subject line to determine which is more
effective in persuading subscribers to open your email.
Examples of what to test:

• Subject lines

• Send times

• Best day to send

• Layout

• Text vs. button links

• Database segmentation

• Call to Action
Testing and monitoring your send statistics go hand in hand. It’s important to analyse your
results after sending to ensure you’re implementing the most effective strategies for your
database.

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Tools of the trade
There are many good ESPs available.
MailChimp (www.mailchimp.com) is one example of an email service provider that can
manage the email send for you from start to finish. It provides tracking, support, subscriber
list management and email templates.
facilities, as well as broader data management and delivery value, include ExactTarget
(www.exacttarget.com), Silverpop (www.silverpop.com) and Responsys
(www.responsys.com).
All emails need to be tested for email client compatibility as well as for any potential spam
problems.
Once an email has been sent, results need to be analysed to pinpoint areas for growth for the
next campaign. Use your ESP’s built-in analytics feature and correlate this with your Google
Analytics data.

Advantages and challenges

Permission-based email marketing can give the highest return on investment of any marketing
activities. Technology allows mass customisation, allowing personalisation across a large list
of subscribers.
When used to foster relationships with a customer base, email marketing can go a long way
to increasing the lifetime value of that customer.
Email marketing is highly measurable, and databases are able to be easily and thoroughly
segmented.
However, with the increasing numbers of companies and individuals using email marketing,
many consumers are email fatigued. It requires ingenuity, focus and dedication to maintain an
email database and consistently deliver useful quality emails that will be read.
It does not take much for email to be marked as spam, and it can be difficult to recover from
being branded as a spammer by the ISPs.

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