PHYSICS PROJECT

ON
LOGIC GATES

NAME: Ajeaay Vishwha VS

CLASS: XII SECTION: 'C'

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher PGT Srividhya Physics who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic MAGLEV TRAIN, which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and I came to know about
so many new things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my friends

who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.

CONTENTS
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AIM
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
BASIC GATES
THE OR GATE
THE AND GATE
THE NOT GATE
THE NOR GATE
THE NAND GATE
THE XOR GATE
THE XNOR GATE
BIBLIOGRAPHY

AIM

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  TO DESIGN AN APPROPRIATE LOGIC GATE FOR A GIVEN
TRUTH TABLE

INTRODUCTION
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship
between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either
allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called a gate.

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The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in
digital electronics to change on voltage level (input voltage) into another
(output voltage) according to some logical statement relating them.

A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one output. The
relationship between the possible values of input and output voltage is
expressed in the form of a table called truth table or table of combinations.

Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and output
possibilities for the logic gate.

George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra based on binary

nature at the logic, this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A logical
statement can have only two values, such as HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF,
CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG, TRUE/FALSE, CONDUCTING/NON-
CONDUCTING etc. The two values of logic statements one denoted by the
binary number 1 and 0. The binary number 1 is used to denote the high value.
The logical statements that logic gates follow is called Boolean expressions

THEORY
Logic gates or logic gate is an entity in electronics and mathematics
Boolean that turns one or more logic inputs to a logic output signal.
Logic gate is mainly implemented electronically using diodes or
transistors, but can also be built using the arrangement of components
that utilize the properties of electromagnetic (relay), fluids, optical or
PAGE No.-5
even mechanical. Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated
with inputs and outputs represent the statements of Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be constructed
from three basic devices. We have three different types of logic gates.
These are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.

LOGIC STATES
1 0
HIGH LOW
+v -v
ON OFF
CLOSE OPEN
RIGHT WRONG
TRUE FALSE
YES NO

BASIC GATES
(a) THE OR GATE is a device that combines A with B to give
Y as the result.
The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output.
The logic gate of OR gate with A and B input and Y
output is shown below:

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 In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as the
OR. The Boolean expression:
A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.

(b) THE AND GATE is a device that combines A with B to give

Y as the result.
The AND gate has two or more inputs
and one output. The logic gate of
AND gate with A and B input and Y output
is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is

referred as the AND. The Boolean expression:
A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.

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(c) THE NOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs. The
NOT is a one input and one output. The logic gate of
NOT gate with A and Y output is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as the NOT.

The Boolean expression:
à =Y, indicates Y equals NOT A.

THE OR GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
Theory and Construction:

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 An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit,
making use of two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the
figure.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and
corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of
the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present case)
corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.

The following interference can be easily drawn from the

working of electrical circuit is:
a) If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow (A=0,
B=0), hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp
glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp
glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp
glow, hence Y=1.

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Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 1

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 THE AND GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance
R.
Theory and Construction:
An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit,
making use of two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the
figure. The resistance R is connected to the positive
terminal of a 5V battery permanently.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and
corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of
the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present case)
corresponds to level 1. The
output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.

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The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:
a) If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then
lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
c) If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp
will glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

1 1 1

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 THE NOT GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and Construction:
A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However
an electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by
making use of n-p-n transistor as shown in the figure.
The base B of the transistor is connected to the input A
through a resistance Rb and the emitter E is earthed. The
collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is
voltage at C with respect
to earth.

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The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the
working of the electrical circuit:

a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will glow,

hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will not
glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A Output Y
0 1
1 0

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 THE NOR GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an ideal n-p-n
transistor.
Theory and Construction:
If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a
NOT gate the gate obtained is called NOR.
The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.

In

Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed as Y=A+B,

and is being read as ‘A OR B negated’. The following
interference can be easily drawn from the working of
electrical circuit is:
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a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will
glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
c) If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0

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 THE NAND GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R, an
ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and Construction:
If we connect the output Y’ of AND gate to the input of a
NOT gate the gate obtained is called NAND.
The output Y is voltage C with respect to earth.

In
Boolean expression, the
NAND gate is expressed as Y=A.B, and is being read as ‘A
AND B negated’. The following

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interference can be easily drawn from the working of
electrical circuit:
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will
glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp
glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp
glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

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 THE XOR GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX OR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two AND gate, an OR gate, two NOT gate.
Theory and Construction:
The operation XOR checks for the exclusivity in the value
of the two signals A and B. It means if A and B are not
identical (i.e. if A=0 and B=1 or vice versa), the output Y=1,
and if both are identical, then the output Y=0. This
operation is also called exclusive OR gate, designated
EXOR.

In Boolean expression, the EX OR gate is expressed as

Y=A.B + A.B =

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The following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:
a) If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then
lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp
glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp
glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

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 THE XNOR GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX NOR GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two AND gates, an OR gates, three NOT gates.
Theory and Construction:
The operation XNOR checks for the exclusivity in the value
of the two signals A and B. It means if A and B are not
identical (i.e. if A=0 and B=1 or vice versa), the output Y=0,
and if both are identical, then the output Y=1. This
operation is also called exclusive NOR gate, designated
XNOR.

In

Boolean expression, the XNOR gate

is expressed as
Y=A.B + A.B =

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The following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will
glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
c) If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp
will glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 slideshare.com
 wikipedia.org
 icbse.co.in
 scribd.com

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