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Iinear algebra notes MSc 1
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40 viewsLinear Algebra 1
Iinear algebra notes MSc 1
Uploaded by
vaishnavichopCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 23
tl is Nen-empty. there js 4 ¥
land hence (198 + 8 = 0 Is In We
Then |f 4 js any Vector in Wi and
the Vectors ax = ax +o fs in W
Bn _pavtieulay H1)4 =—4 1s in We ’ :
Hoaiiy if 4 4B are In Wl then 448 = [Aq \
Jhus, W [sq subspace of V. o
Gonersely 4
ZF W is 4 Supspace ef V4 B ave jn Wand als
Scalar, cemfajniy Ca4-+p is {a Wi.
eb
T
H
EEN is a veder space, V is a spbspace of dhe
(onsisting of zero Vector ofone |s 4 Subspace oft
| formed the Zero subs pace of Vi
I et rie
Pathe space of polynomia) + oven Feld E}eq subs
Of the Space of all funcHons from EKE ;
aa a —
BlAn 0x0 matrix A over Held ¢ 1s symmetsle ip All =f
For each fond j , the aC 5
[space of ob space of. a1) nxn medics VORRIeS
© scanned with Oken Scanner Yay es In) Olthi Yeo | Se
. be any scalar A
cava Ces) = CCK Koj MAN
CAPR = (CU FI) CX Yo pe) CUNT
per exiles = clo) +0 | ¢ 'n@ieo Waren
me | Py :
i Cétp er?
Ft fs 4 subspace
é) zn —° the ef of N= ~tupples (Xt) a+ Co) with
l4% Is not 4 Subspace (N72)
degen Bee.
A= (1% Xo) Wit Mee
Breet Yo, Yn) ~e Y petty)
2 be any scalar
f Consider ] i
Ed eB= COX) Ly Xo) t CY Yayo In)
S COU TY ) C¥atYa, | Xn Yn)
CAN = CUP Yn) 8 MEG) Te lay
SOs eke pl EY. q
eS = (CFI) Come +42) ;
b pe [teers bb) nit 2 demerh
Th [is not q Subspace .
—
Sie eae
© scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner eee + re awe
[Her eccep ele sy a
mA Lis subspace o ‘ a
lo, We have shown Lis subspace o:
tob{ch Contains S and. alsa any subspace
which ton [as 5 contains L. ae
allows L fs intessecton of ql) subse
contatning s. fe. L fs subspace spanned by
aC Ss,
ef)! TFS), Sa, --) Se ave Subsels of Veco epaeel
the se} of al) sums ditda+-- 4 of vectors
tin 5; fs called the sym of subsets: si) Samus)
Ei ditcted by 3 tn1--+5, 0 nn
Jot
e Vector (3)-10,-1) In the subspace of R Spane
ed by the Vectors (2,~1) 3,2), Cll, 1-3 Gem
G2 ty 8), 8), Ao Cl yy 8 oh ere
e@ Subspace Spanned by these three Vectors
ons 1 linear combinations 4
Mat CoA t O49 = C3, 1,0, -|
DyHt By 2+ Coat ty Ly 8)+ Ca Ch 1 95) = (Bil
ee ein ie. Goith€ Bc, ton 49e
Pee eer S58) 1S i \5.0 =I
Ley ce +S9 = 3.
=o) tetG =n
c+ S3= 0,
IBS -5% = -|
ia
© scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner Be X= ON -U
3
mex %s=V
Pera x, Xo, %, Xela /V-2 + ove, &
3
HOV, 2V 0,0, V) + (at, o, 10,0)
(Of, SOS ACy)
20,0 1)¢ $623, 051,10, 0) FUE FN G0)
a +© This |s seb of vectors wbfe
spans W. z
1,2,0,0 =2/3 ,0,1,0,0) , (0,-1, 0,1, ©). Thea
Me set of Vectors span W is
eq field and Jet n be a positive (ntegean
N72). Let V be the veclor space of al) nxn fe
Nerf, Which of the fell” sets of motaices Ain Vi
we subspaces of Vi
ble
lemomeinvestible A
such that AB= BA where B]s some
d_ma
gis nob a subspace slave sloce zene m
8
© scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner IAL #0 ther 4 -gndegende
yay =O Phen Nocanty dependent:
LAd=IAlto dn rank j4_0.
Suppose Wy ts not _q subset of Wo CW) ¢ Ws) and
Wage Wi,
hen theve [5 a Vecler ue, sit Ws and
there {5 4 \echor Vets s+ VE Wy.
since Wi) Vbn Is a subspace - given
fz z U¢V EW) UIA
Ny Now either utveW) or utvVeW,
Nt Suppase utV € Wy since =4eWy _we must have
fe tt Gu) = VEW, which fs _a confradijc on b
(then uty Eble lead fo s{milar confradicHen:
a {One of the subspaces Wi must be contained {9
Q the othen
let V be a Vector space over , | subset 5 of V__
sold to linearly dependent fe there exist |
inet vee peo ky in Ss and lars
Goy---4 Cn 1M E Not all of which 47 zee Such
+ +Cn An =O
dent [5 called {ine
ly dependent set ts __|
indent Set (= linear]
_adl|Any subset of 2 tin
| |ndependen i
’ [Any set Ohich comains the
Inear|y dependent eS
S of Vector sis I[nearly ‘Independent jer for _|
© scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner rou
he eed [5 a basi
mel set spans {04 because
fon of all subspaces confatnin
and empty e- line: Independem
contains no Vee
Leramal Let 'S' bea linearly independent subset of 4 Vis
Suppose Bisa vector In V which [s net in thes
ou Spanned by 's! then set obtalne adJolain
[s linearly Todependent
“prot: || Suppose, (4) )42,--- 4m) dre disHoct vectors ins
pat 14 4 Cods +--+ Cmamt bB =O then b=O
or others Rese ra.
=f=c pel Kot =) + fem 1) vee
b b eae) Sa In
on Is In the subspace spanne ed Ss. Spoon
c
hus, G4, 4+-- + cmdm =o ond since 6 fs
Independent set each C
m! Is q subspace of 4 finite dimension vects
Space \V, Every linearly inearly jodepende subset of W
nite and js part of ACHoite) basis for We
root) || Su eg Se | 6 nearly fa ndependent subs W.
feel! [5 linearly inle pendent: Subse co
con misining other then 's'\s also alinearly |ndepend
wbset of V:
© scanned with Oken Scanner | fron]
(oa J
[eince , V Is Anite dimensional , 5 contains no mere
Athan dimension \\ elements.
We extend do 40.4 basis for a5 follows:
Lf So spans W then Sa is 4 basis for W and we
are done.
IEE So does not Span ti, We use the known Jem
to Fad 4 vedo B fa Wy such that the set
Si = 5s U4 8,4 is [Independent
[re Ss) spans W then fine. (We are dene).
Ef not apply the Jemma te obfain a vector 8, In ll
So = SU 8.3 Is Independent
continue fn this ay then we meach 4 sep
= So U5 BB), Bint Which ts basis
We _o
Thus dimW = dimv
i
Inearly [ndependn set of Vectors js a part of basi.
ty Let A be an nxn matrix over a geld F and suppose
Is net
race of afinite dim: Vector
dimenstona| and dim W =<
1 ZEW is a proper -
space \) then WW is +
of Ini containing
el er
every non-empty |
ly | En a finite dimensjona)
ithe Be Vectors of A form a linearly Indepen. seb oft _
WWecows [_F": Then Als Tovertble «
© scanned with Oken Scanner se!
eS is ebalisar Le
a aod We que fnite dimensiona] subspq
lof N.S. V then Wi +Ws ls Hoite dimensional and_
dim Wy + dim Wa = dim Ct) We) +m (Wit Wo)
EE W is 4 subspace of 4 finite dimens|. Ne
Space V then every ffhearly Independent subse} of
is faite and js part of 4 basis for We
By using this 2 Tis @rollarjes
WOW: has a finite basis §41) %)-- 4K Dbich
1594 part of basis $41, 40) AK 8) Bs, Bnd
Pfr Ws andapart of basis §4i 4a, Xu, Fi Peee
Yin k for W
The oe baile | Is oe by the Vecte a5
in pe.
© scanned with Oken Scanner © scanned with Oken Scanner tonal
ne Cy Ay =O”
Gy ae re rascolars = Nie
C1 hh) pen Gaya 52) +t Ss Cl
(21,6) =0 :
Sia Ze Cart 2Cy = ©
C/~
