SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

Sorsogon City Campus

College of Engineering and Architecture

Baribag, Sorsogon City

Members:

Kennard Furio

Prinsess Ann Fererras

Kenneth Darryl E. Fidelson

Vhea Nicole B. Guerra

Maria Isabel S. Haspela

Subject: Gender and Society Date: November 11, 2023

Gender Inequality and Gender Discrimination

Gender Inequality
- is discrimination on the basis of sex or gender causing one sex or gender to be
routinely privileged or prioritized over another. Gender equality is a fundamental
human right and that right is violated by gender-based discrimination

Examples of Gender Inequality:

1. Economic Disparities :

● Gender Pay Gap

● Occupational Segregation
2 Forms of Occupational segregation
1. vertical segregation
2. horizontal segregation

2. Education Disparities:
1. Enrollment rates
2. Dropout rates
3. Literacy rates
 4. Academic achievement
5. Access to tertiary education

3. Political Representation
Barriers & Bias: The Status of Women in leadership
1. Old Stereotypes.
2. Fewer “connections”
3. Bias and Discrimination
4. Lack of Flexibility

4. Health Disparities:
● Disbelief in symptoms
● Workplace harassment, bullying, and discrimination
● Gaps in medical research

Gender Discrimination

- unequal or disadvantageous treatment of an individual or group of individuals based

on gender.

Societal Impact of Gender Discrimination

- Gender discrimination harms all of society, with gender stereotypes putting pressure
on people of all genders to live up to an unrealistic ideal.
- Restricted access to education, a lower standing in society, less freedom to make
decisions around their personal and family life, and lower wages for the jobs and
work they do. Women and girls also experience rampant levels of violence and
harassment.

Forms of Gender Discrimination

1. Gender Stereotypes : Gender stereotypes contribute to discrimination by imposing

predetermined qualities, characteristics, or roles on individuals based on their
gender. These stereotypes can limit opportunities for advancement, perpetuate
gender-based expectations, and restrict career choices.
● Early Years
● During Youth
● As A​dults
2. Misgendering: Using the wrong gender identity or pronouns to address someone
3. Employment Discrimination: This occurs when job applicants or employees are
treated unfairly based on their gender, such as during recruitment, hiring, promotion,
or the assignment of job responsibilities.
4. Wage Gap: Gender-based pay inequity, also known as the gender wage gap, refers
to the disparity between the earnings of men and women performing comparable
work. This discrimination occurs when women are paid less than men for doing the
same job.
5. Pregnancy Discrimination: Discrimination against pregnant women or those who
have recently given birth is a form of gender discrimination. This can involve unfair
 treatment, denial of promotions, or even termination due to pregnancy or related
issues.
6. Sexual Harassment: This refers to unwelcome advances, comments, or actions of a
sexual nature that create a hostile or intimidating environment. It can occur in the
workplace, educational institutions, or other settings, and it is a significant form of
gender-based discrimination.
7. Glass Ceiling: The glass ceiling represents invisible barriers that prevent women or
other marginalized genders from advancing to higher positions within organizations,
irrespective of their qualifications or abilities.
8. Education Discrimination: Gender discrimination can occur in educational
institutions, where students are treated differently or denied educational opportunities
based on their gender. This can include biased treatment in enrollment, access to
certain subjects, or educational resources.
9. Harassment and Violence: Discrimination can also involve physical, verbal, or
psychological abuse, including domestic violence, intimate partner violence, or other
forms of harassment and assault.
10. Social and Cultural Norms: Discrimination is perpetuated through cultural and
societal norms that reinforce traditional gender roles and expectations. These norms
can restrict an individual's choices and opportunities based on their gender identity.
11. Lack of Representation: Gender discrimination can be evident in the
underrepresentation or exclusion of women and non-binary individuals in positions of
power, leadership roles, politics, and decision-making processes. This lack of
representation limits diverse perspectives and perpetuates gender inequalities.
12. Dress Code Discrimination: Discrimination can arise through the enforcement of
gender-specific and restrictive dress codes, which often disproportionately target
women or non-conforming individuals. This can limit their self-expression and
reinforce gender stereotypes.
13. Access to Healthcare: Gender discrimination can impact access to healthcare,
particularly reproductive and sexual health services. It can manifest through limited
availability, high costs, or stigma surrounding contraceptives, abortions, or specific
medical treatments
14. Gender-Based Violence: Discrimination is manifested through acts of violence
targeting individuals because of their gender. This includes domestic violence, sexual
assault, female genital mutilation, forced marriages, and honor killings. Such violence
reflects deep-rooted gender inequalities and systemic discrimination.
15. Intersectional Discrimination: Gender discrimination often intersects with other
forms of discrimination, such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, disability, or
sexual orientation. This intersectionality magnifies the challenges faced by individuals
who experience multiple layers of discrimination and marginalization.
16. Online Harassment: Discrimination can also occur in digital spaces, where women
and non-binary individuals may experience targeted harassment, cyberbullying, or
online stalking. Such behavior reinforces gender-based inequalities and can have
significant emotional and psychological impacts.
Causes of Gender Inequality and Discrimination

1. Culture and Tradition

● Patriarchal societies: In history societies, have been structured around patriarchal

norms, where men hold primary power and authority.
● Cultural and traditional beliefs often assign specific roles and expectations to
individuals based on their gender. Therefore, limiting their actions and access to
opportunities, and perpetuating stereotypes to both sex.

2. Religion

● It impacts on a wide variety of culture, such as the scriptural interpretation, religious

authority, gender roles, rules of modesty including dress codes, and marriage and
family dynamics.

3. Lack of Education

● Around the world, women still have less access to education than men.
● Gender bias in education: Stereotypes and biases can affect the way girls and boys
are treated in educational settings, influencing their academic and career choices.

4. Socialization and Peer Pressure:

● From a young age, individuals may be socialized into gender-specific roles and
behaviors. Peer pressure and societal expectations can discourage deviation from
these roles, perpetuating gender inequality.

5. Media and Public Representation

● Limited Political Representation: Women often have lower representation in

political and decision-making roles. The lack of female representation can result in
policies that do not adequately address the needs and concerns of women.
● Portrayal of gender: Representations of men and women in media that suggest
stereotypes can reinforce traditional gender roles and contribute to societal
expectations.

6. Lack of Legal Protections:

● Inadequate legal frameworks or enforcement of existing laws can contribute to

gender inequality.
● Discriminatory laws: Some legal systems may have laws that explicitly or implicitly
favor one gender over another, contributing to systemic discrimination.

Ways of Prevent Gender Inequality and Discrimination

1. Promote Open Dialogue: Encourage open conversations about gender equality to

raise awareness and foster understanding.
2. Shared Responsibilities: Advocate for the equitable distribution of responsibilities,
challenging traditional gender roles.
 3. Diverse Role Models: Highlight and celebrate diverse role models from various
backgrounds, genders, and ethnicities.
4. Empower Individuals to Speak Out: Create an environment where individuals feel
empowered to voice concerns and opinions about gender-related issues.
5. Challenge Stereotypes: Actively work to break down and challenge gender
stereotypes that perpetuate inequality.
6. Encourage Collaboration: Promote teamwork without adhering to gender
stereotypes, emphasizing the value of cooperation.
7. Awareness and Training: Conduct workshops and training sessions to increase
awareness of gender equality and mitigate biases.
8. Leadership Development Programs: Invest in programs that support the
advancement of underrepresented genders into leadership roles.
9. Evaluate and Address Disparities: Regularly assess policies, practices, and
cultural aspects to identify and rectify gender biases or disparities.
10. Community Support Networks: Establish networks that provide resources and
assistance to individuals facing gender-based challenges, fostering inclusivity and
understanding.

References:

https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/youth-statistics-education/

https://www.humanrightscareers.com/issues/causes-gender-inequality/

https://www.concern.net/news/what-are-examples-gender-discrimination

https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/smashing-gender-stereotypes-and-bias-and-through-edu
cation#:~:text=Gender%20stereotypes%20and%20biases%20are,their%20future%20lives%
20and%20careers.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022103198913737

chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.iop.org/sites/default/files/
2019-07/IGB-gender-stereotypes.pdf

https://www.genderequalitylaw.org/examples-of-gender-stereotypes

https://ourworldindata.org/economic-inequality-by-gender#:~:text=Land%20ownership%20is
%20more%20often%20in%20the,more%20likely%20to%20own%20land%20than%20wome
n.

https://www.aroundrobin.com/importance-of-gender-equality/#:~:text=Origins%20of%20Gen
der%20Inequality,-According%20to%20a&text=Other%20works%20have%20found%20that,
written%20records%20did%20not%20exist.