EXPERIMENT 1; HEAD LOST BY FRICTION IN PIPES EXPERIMENT

Introduction
Head loss is potential energy that is converted to kinetic energy. Head losses are due to
the frictional resistance of the piping system (pipe, valves, fittings, entrance, and exit
losses). Unlike velocity head, friction head cannot be ignored in system calculations.
Values vary as the square of the flow rate. Head losses can be a significant portion of the
total head. The importance of head losses depends upon the magnitude of the total
head.

Overall head loss in a pipe is affected by a number of factors which include the viscosity
of the fluid, the size of the internal pipe diameter, the internal roughness of the inner
surface of the pipe, the change in elevation between the ends of the pipe and the length
of the pipe along which the fluid travels.

Valves and fittings on a pipe also contribute to the overall head loss that occurs,
however these must be calculated separately to the pipe wall friction loss.

Objective

To confirm the equation, and determine the values of f and n.

f = friction factor (unitless)

L = length of pipe (ft)

D = diameter of pipe (ft)

v = fluid velocity (ft/sec)

g = gravitational acceleration (ft/sec2)

Apparatus
Pipe

U tube manometer

Apparatus for measuring flow

Method
Two points of distance l apart are connected to a U tube manometer which may contain
a red gauge fluid of specific gravity 2 or as indictaed on the manometer board. In either
case, the tubes connecting the manometer are first bled of air.

The rate of discharge maybe measured by collecting the water in a bucket and weighing
it, or by collecting the water in a measuring cylinder. In each case, a timed interval is
noted.

The pipe was connected to a constant head tank and the water was allowed to flow at its
maximum rate by turning the valve. The reading on the gauge when steady was noted and
so was the discharge. The rate of discharge was measured again at the same reading.
The procedure was repeated 12 times, the head being reduced by approximately 2cm
intervals to the minimum.

Results
Length= 2m

Pipe diameter= 6.25mm

Specific gravity of gauge fluid= 2.00

h1(cm) h2(cm) Volume(ml) Time(sec)

123.2 50.8 1220 27.63
120.0 53.9 1480 32.61
113.4 58.6 1420 33.85
112.1 61.7 1380 36.90
109.2 64.4 1360 38.12
107.0 66.5 1320 39.59
104.2 69.2 980 31.25
101.9 71.3 1110 38.32
98.5 74.4 1160 46.41
96.4 76.5 1170 51.49
92.5 80.3 1140 66.34
89.0 83.8 1160 103.40
 Calculations
Head loss:
Q(m3/sec)
h1(m) h2(m) hm(h1-h2) hf Volume Time, Area(m2 Velocity,v( Log v Log hf
3 T(s) m/s2)
(m )
0.0000441
1.232 0.508 0.724 0.724 0.00122 27.63 0.0000307 1.4385 0.1921 -0.1402
0.0000454
1.200 0.539 0.661 0.661 0.00148 32.61 0.0000307 1.4786 0.1699 -0.1798
0.0000419
1.134 0.586 0.548 0.548 0.00142 33.85 0.0000307 1.3668 0.1357 -0.2612
0.0000374
1.121 0.617 0.504 0.504 0.00138 36.90 0.0000307 1.2166 0.0851 -0.2975
0.0000357
1.092 0.644 0.448 0.448 0.00136 38.12 0.0000307 1.1625 0.0653 -0.3487
0.0000333
1.070 0.665 0.405 0.405 0.00132 39.59 0.0000307 1.0863 0.0360 -0.3925
0.0000314
1.042 0.692 0.350 0.350 0.00098 31.25 0.0000307 1.0218 0.0093 -0.4559
0.0000290
1.019 0.713 0.306 0.306 0.00111 38.32 0.0000307 0.9439 -0.0251 -0.5142
0.0000250
0.985 0.744 0.241 0.241 0.00116 46.41 0.0000307 0.8142 -0.0893 -0.6179
0.0000227
0.964 0.765 0.199 0.199 0.00117 51.49 0.0000307 0.7530 -0.1232 -0.7012
0.0000172
0.925 0.803 0.122 0.122 0.00114 66.34 0.0000307 0.5598 -0.2520 -0.9136
0.0000112
0.890 0.838 0.052 0.052 0.00116 103.4 0.0000307 0.3656 -0.4370 -1.2840

If the difference of level on a U-tube containing gauge fluid of specific gravity is h, then:

From the graph: log hf=log k + n log v

Slope of graph, n is= 1.885
Log k= 0.5023
k= 1.4164
 Log v Log h
f
0.1579 -0.1402
0.1699 -0.1798
0.1357 -0.2612
0.08515 -0.2975
0.06539 -0.3487
0.03595 -0.3925
0.00937 -0.4559
-0.0251 -0.5142
-0.0893 -0.6179
-0.1232 -0.7012
-0.252 -0.9136
-0.437 -1.284

F= kdg/2l

= (1.4164)(0.000625)(9.81)= 0.00868/4

= 0.00217

Conclusion
The theoretical value of n from the Darcy-Weisbach equation is 2, but it was determined
to be 1.885 empirically. Human flaws, such as parallax error in reading volumes, caused
errors in the computed friction factor value. The experiment was otherwise successful
since values of f , n, and the comparison of computed and experiment values of hf was
done using data from the experiment.

References
Fluid mechanics laboratory handout
www.corrosionpedia.com
EXPERIMENT 4: SURGE TANK EXPERIMENT.
Introduction
A surge tank is a standpipe or storage reservoir at the downstream end of a closed
aqueduct or feeder, a dam, or a barrage pipe that absorbs abrupt pressure rises and
provides more water quickly during a brief pressure decrease. It is an important
component of high-head hydropower systems because it protects the low-pressure
conduit system from high internal pressure. The surge tank is also beneficial for reducing
the risk of water hammer produced by pressure changes in closed pipes produced by
closing or opening a valve or changing the velocity of water in a different way, quickly.
Water hammer occurs when the power system rejects a load abruptly, causing the mass of
water in the conveyance system to rapidly decelerate. The surge tank's job is to intercept
and dampen these high-pressure waves, preventing them from entering the low-pressure
system.

Objective
To confirm the method of calculation for determining the variation of level with time in a
surge tank.

Apparatus
Surge Tank
Stopwatch
Discharge Tank(Reservoir)
Pipe Surge test pipe

Method
The expression for the head lost between the reservoir and the surge tank in terms of
velocity (hf=kvn) is first determined by taking a series of readings of the head difference
and discharge and making the appropriate log plot.
Surges at each of five initial heads in the surge tank are then recorded.
Each is then plotted on the same graph as the computed curve.

Results

Initial head: 120cm

Height(Ht)(cm) Ht(m) Time(s)
130 1.3 0.27
160 1.6 1.79
180 1.8 3.60
180 1.8 6.30
160 1.6 8.61

Initial Head: 115cm

Height(Ht)(cm) Ht(m) Time(s)
130 1.3 0.43
160 1.6 1.78
180 1.8 3.25
180 1.8 6.25
160 1.6 8.65

Initial Head: 110cm

Height(Ht)(cm) Ht(m) Time(s)
130 130 0.49
160 160 2.04
180 180 3.60
180 180 6.29
160 160 8.80

Initial Head: 100cm

Height(Ht)(cm) Ht(m) Time(s)
130 130 1.00
160 160 2.17
180 180 3.52
180 180 6.89
160 160 9.12

Initial Head: 90cm

Height(Ht)(cm) Ht(m) Time(s)
130 130 1.13
160 160 2.19
180 180 3.32
180 180 7.35
160 160 9.40

Initial Head (Ht) (cm) Time to 0.1m3 volume(s)

120 32.15
115 34.38
110 37.45
100 35.27
90 30.04

Max. Initial hf(m) Volume( Time to Q(m3/s) Velocity(v) log v log hf

Height(cm) Head(cm) m3) Volume(s) (m/s2)
159.4 120 0.394 0.1 32.15 0.0031 1. -0.4045
159.4 115 0.444 0.1 34.38 0.0029 -0.3526
159.4 110 0.494 0.1 37.45 0.0027 -0.3063
159.4 100 0.594 0.1 35.27 0.0028 -0.2262
159.4 90 0.694 0.1 30.04 0.0033 -0.1586