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Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which pumps blood through arteries and veins to circulate oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The vascular system includes arteries, capillaries, and veins that form three circulations - pulmonary, systemic, and portal - to transport blood between the heart, lungs, and other organs.

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9 views

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which pumps blood through arteries and veins to circulate oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The vascular system includes arteries, capillaries, and veins that form three circulations - pulmonary, systemic, and portal - to transport blood between the heart, lungs, and other organs.

Uploaded by

christianoliver.acero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the student can;

a. Explain how the cardiovascular system function in the body of the farm animals

Introduction

The cardiovascular system is composed of two major parts: (1.) arteries and veins; and (2) heart,
which is the systems pumping organ. Arteries are those vessels that can carry blood from the heart,
while veins are those vessels that carry blood to the heart. On the other hand, heart is a hallow,
muscular organ that pumps blood around the body.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Vascular System

The vascular system is made up of three types of blood vessels:

• Arteries,

• Capillaries, and

• Vein

The blood
vascular system is further divided into three circulations: (1) pulmonary, which involves the lungs;
(2) systemic, which involves the general body area and (3) portal, which involves the intestine and
the liver.
Blood pressure for the entire circulatory system is maintained by the tension at the end of the
arterioles.

Shock is a serious condition that occurs when the arterioles dilate (relax) and allow a large volume of
blood into the capillary beds.

The reduced blood flow that occurs with shock jeopardizes vital organs.

Larger tubular connectors, which also connect arterioles to venules, are located within the capillary
beds. These tubules allow more blood to flow through an area, help warm tissues, and increase the
return of blood pressure to the heart.

A. Blood

Blood is the fluid by the Arteries and veins. It is somewhat sticky and viscous, having about five times
the viscosity of water and a specific gravity about 1/20 greater than water (1:06) and an average pH
of about 7.4. In color, it ranges from the bright red of oxygenated blood to the dark red of un –
oxygenated blood. It is slightly alkaline is reaction and has a distinctive odor and a salty taste, and
makes up from 6 to 10% of the total body weight.

The amount of blood that a


domestic animal has is
expressed in terms of
percentage of body weight.

Components of Blood
Plasma, which makes up 50 – 65% of the total volume of blood, is a straw-colored liquid containing
water (90%) and solids (10%).
The solids in plasma include inorganic salts and organic substances such as antibodies, hormones,
vitamins, enzymes, proteins, and glucose (blood sugar).

From left to right: Red blood cell (erythrocyte); Platelet (thrombocyte); White blood cell (leukocyte).
Blood is composed of two parts: (1) cellular elements; and (2) fluid elements.

1. Cellular elements

a. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) or RBC. It is a non-nucleated biconcave disc-shape cell


specialized in the transportation of oxygen. RBC is composed of water and haemoglobin,
an iron containing pigment which is the principal oxygen transport medium.

Abnormalities
Anemia- is an abnormality in which red blood cells are reduced in number and or
haemoglobin content.
Polycythemia- is an abnormality in which excessive number of RBC are found in the
circulating blood.

Red blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.


b. White blood cells (leucocytes) or WBC. These are nucleated cells that are capable of
independent movement. WBC is divided into two groups:
b.1. Granulocytes- are leucocytes that
contains granular material their cytoplasm.
 Neutrophills- the first line of
defense against the infection and
constitute the greatest number
of all the WBC.
 Eosinophils- red-staining
granules in the cytoplasm and
increase in number during
allergic reactions.
 Basophils- it contains blue-
staining granules and involved in
mast cell formation.

b.2. Agranuloyctes- are leucocytes that contain very little granular material in their
cytoplasm.
 Monocytes- the largest WBC and involved in phagocytosis.
 Lymphocytes- have relatively large nucleus and surrounded by a few
cytoplasm and it produces antibodies, neutralizes or fixes toxins and aids in
fat resorption from the intestine.
 Leucocytes- increase in the number of white blood cells.

c. Platelets (thrombocytes). These are the smallest of the formed elements and are
responsible for blood clotting.
Abnormalities:
Thrombus- a clot that remained fixed in the lumen of the blood vessel.
Embolus – a clot that floats freely in the blood stream.
2. Fluid elements
Pulse determines the rate, rhythm, and amplitude of the heart and can be using our ears and fingers
or stethoscope or electrocardiogram (ECG). The following are the sites for taking the pulse rate in
animals;
 Horse- submandibular artery (face)
 Cattle- facial artery (face) and coccygeal artery tail
 Pig- femoral artery (thigh) and coccygeal artery (tail)
 Goat and sheep- femoral artery
 Dog and cat- femoral artery

Terms associated with pulse rate


Bradycardia- marked slowing of the heart rate
Tachycardia – increased pulse rate
Arrhythmia- no heart beat
Many blood types and groups have been identified in domestic animals.
• Cattle have 9 recognized blood groups;
• Horses have 8 recognized blood groups; and
• Canine have 13 described groups, but only 8 recognized groups.

Reference:

Google
Principles of Animal Science

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