Unit 3
Unit 3
Structure
3.1 Introduction
Objectives
Electrical Power Supply
Design of Power Supply Schetne
3.3.1 Characteristic9 of Available Supply
3.3.2 Nature of Demand
3.3.3 Cross-section of Conductors
3.1.4 Type of Wiring and Methods of InsL~llation
3.3.5 Protective Equipment
3.3.6 Influence between Electrical and Non Electrical Wiring
3.3.7 Emergency Control
3.3.8 Disconnecting Devices for Mainten.mce/Repairs
3.3.9 Design Considerationq for Non Hazardous Buildiugs
Illumination
3.6.1 Basics of Lighting
3.6.2 Lamps
3.6.3 Lumin.uies
3.6.4 Illuminance Calculations
3.6.5 Lighting Needs
3.1 INTRODUCTION
From the day Edison invented the bulb (filament lamp), a number of developments have taken
place in the field of Electrical Engineering and the present world can not survive without the
electricity.
Building Services - I Electrical power is generated at far off places and is transmitted through overhead lines at a
very high voltage and distributed to the consumers. A number of generators will be working
in parallel to extend reliable power supply. If any single generator is overloaded the same will
be tripped and go out of the circuit. Also at the same time other generators (since one
generator has tripped) will also be overloaded and trip one by one. The same situation was
encountered in many of the Indian States. To overcome this problem a proper study is to be
made which is called Load Flow.Studies.
Since the supply is received by the consumer from a long distance transmission line, the
supply will be subjected to a number of disturbances caused naturally (due to overloading of
grid, switching of large loads etc.) or due to weather conditions (lightnings etc.) Hence the
supply will not be pure and totally reliable. For a critical installation, the reliable power
supply should be planned without much disturbances.
Electricity may give raise to accidents causing human and property loss if the system is not
designed, executed or maintained properly.
I
Due to the increa9e in fuel cost and scarcity of materials (such as coal) used for power
generation more emphasis is now given to energy con$ervation and non-conventional energy
systems.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
know the basic requirements for the design of electriad power supply to buildings
including methods of wiring, illuminatio~land emergency power supply. and
a understand conservation of energy and safety in handling electricity.
where,
p = Resistivity of material
Ohm's Law: The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across the terminals.
i.e. V = IR
where,
'R' is the resistiuice.
hi A.C. circuits, 'R' is replaced by 'Z'whicli is called the Impedance
The Impedaice is the sum of resistance and inductive reactancelcapacitive reactance.
Power : Power is the rate of doing work. It is expressed in watts.
For D.C. circuit? , power P = E x I = I x I x R = I R
since E = I x R as per Ohm's law
For A.C. single phase circuits, power
P=ExIxcos$
where cos $ IS called the power factor. The power factor is unity for a purely resistive circuit.
For A.C. three-phase circuits :
.
Air Circuit $reakers (ACB): These breakers are used as tlie main colitrol at tlie inception of
power supply and are available for current ratings from 6301800A at 415V.
The various protective devices like overload, short circuit, eautli fault, under voltage can be
built into the breaker control and also can be interlocked (mecliiu~icallyand electrically) witli
other breakers. This feature is required when two sources of supply are available and where
they are not parallelled.
Contactor: contactor is a device which is made 'ON' by energizing a co~l.The contactor in
conjunction with overload relay is used for the motor circuits. The conc~ctoris ideally suited
for remote ofleration of equipment also.
Transformet: Transformer is used to step down tlie voltage. Generally the level of supply
voltage is to he availed depending on the maximum contract demand witli electr~city
boardlsupply authority.
Generally above 75 kVA and upto 1500 kVA supply is to be availed at l lkV aid above that
at 33 kV upto 3000 kVA of contract demand.
Since the elqtrical equipment operates at 415V, tlie voltage is stepped down to 415V from
the level of voltage received and distributed to various equipments. Now-a-days dry type cast
resin filled Mansformers are available which are free from fire risk.
Diesel Genetator (DG)Sets: Diesel Generator sets are used for extending emergency supply,
in case of power failures.
Bulk oil Cirkuit Breakers (BOCBs): Tlie bulk oil circuit breakers are used for the protection
of transformer.
In these typas of breakers oil is used for insulation and quenching of arc (developed due to
breaking of cont~cts).
Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers (MOCBs): The minimum oil circuit breakers are also used
for the HT side control of traisformer. In these breakers, oil is used for arc quenching
purpose only.
Vacuum Circuit Breakers (VCBs): Vacuum circuit breakers are also used for HT side
control of transformer
SF6 Breakers: SF6 breakers employ tlle SF6 gas for arc quenching purposes which has got
very good qualities.
Air break (b) SwitchIGang Operated Switch:Air break switch (usually off-load) will be
provided at b e inception of power supply, if the connected load is less thari 1000 LVA.
Above 1000' LVA, breakers only must be used on HT side. On tlie structure where AB switch
is provided, generally HG fuse (horn gap fuse) set and lighm~ngarrestors also will be
provided. AS per Indian Electricity Rules, the lighming arrestors shall be provided at tlie
junction of overhead line and underground cable.
Lugs: These are used for the termination of cables or wires with tlie equipment. The lugs
could be mqde of aluminum or copper material.
Only copper lugs shall be used with copper conductor wireslcables and aluminum lugs shall
be used lor aluminium conductor cableslwires to avoid any bi-metallic action. Now-a-days
bi-metallic lugs also are available.
Cable Gland: Brasslsteel glands are used for the termination of annoured cables with the
quipment/paiels/distributio~iboards. These glands hold the cable in position.
upto 11 kv)
12.5%in fie case of exoa Ygh voltage (1.e-above kV) - 3%)
smdx frewel,Ci "I ~ i is 50
a ~ e r t za d
nu dYt
3.3.2 Nature of Demand
The a m b e r and type of circuit$ required for lighting, heating, power, control etc., are to be
det-ed by:
a) Location of points of demand
b) Load expected on the various circuits,
c) Daily variation of demand
d) Any special conditions.
For the residential and commercial buildings of concrete construction the concealed type of
r wiring with rigid non metallic conduits is the order of the day.
The va$ous methods of wiring are discussed in detail in a separate chapter.
a) Finalise the lighting layout and arrangement of fans, exhaust fans and socket outlets .
etc. The location of equipment also shall be noted 011 the electrical layout drawing.
i) The lighting arrangement is to be made based on the illumination calculatio~~s
discussed elsewhere UI this course.
ii) The location of ceiling fans is to be finalised based on the seating arrangement
and also keeping aesthetics in mind. Usually one 1200 nnn sweep ceiling fa11
shall be provided for an area of 100-150 sft and at a minimum height of 9 ft.
iii) Exhaust fans are to be provided for exhaust of foul air (i.e toiletskitchen) or for
the ventilation purposes (i.e. for DG set room etc). The number of fans are to
be worked out based on the air cllanges required.
iv) The location of outlets for user specified equipmei~tshall also be marked.
b) The location of all control points shall be clearly marked in the drawing. Wherever
possible, every room shall be coiltrolled by a separate circuit tiom the sub-
distribution board for easy isolation of circuit.
c) For all lighting circuits, the size of wires shall be selected based on the current
carrying capacity (i.e. the conilected load) and voltage drop.
2 x K x L x l
Cross-sectional area of wire =
Voltage drop
where,
K = Resistancelsq.mm/mtr of the conductor
L = Length of,the-conductor (i.e. from DB to final load point)
I = Current
For any installation, the voltage drop from the inception of supply to the final load
point shall be within 3%. However, the drip of one or two per cent in the motor
clcuits shall be considered to reduce the power losses.
The value of 'K' for all practical purposes shall be taken as 0.03 for aluminium
conductors 'and 0.02 for copper conductors.
As a general rule, the minimum size of wires in the final sub circuit shall not be less
than 1.5 sq.mm for copper conductors/aluminium conductors.
d) All the circuits in a particular area are to be grouped and a distribution board is to be
planncd with fuselMCB for the protection of each circuit and with group controlling
hse/MCB as the incomer.
e) All the circuits could be distributed on single phase or three phases equally
depending on the number of outlets/load.
All such sub-distribution boards shall be fed from a mail] distribution board or panel
board which is at the load center.
f) All equipment shall be earthed with barelinsulated earth wire for the protection of
personnel/equipment. Minimum one earth connection shall be provided for all single
phasing appliances and two earth connections for all three phase equipment.
Design considerations for buildings handling hazardous materials
For buildings storingll~andlinghazardous materials, all the points a$ discussed for
non-hazardous buildings shall be followed. However care shall be taken in the selection of
electrical equipment for hazardous areas where all the electrical equipment shall also be flame
proof. The wiring shall be done using armoured cables and the termination shall be with
flame proof double compression type glands only.
- 5 ~ m p s ,230V socket
Air I conditioner
Since d l tlib lights and sockets will ~lotbe used at a time, a diversity factor of 0.8 can be
assumed of11the total load.
Hence maximum demaid = 6900 x 0.8 = 5520 kW
Load current = 5520/( f i x 415 x 0.8 ($1) = 9.59A
Since otily lights/fans/5A sockets are there in a shop and the total load of which is within
800 W, onl$~one circuit is sufficient for lighting. a
Since 4 po4er (15A) points are there md only two points a n he connected in circuit, 2
circuits are required for the power points.
Tile air-conOitiorler is to be connected in a separate circuit.
Selection 04 wires (with copper cotiductor wires)
Voltage drol, nssumed to be 1% for a l l circuits aid wiring length of 10 mtrs is assumed.
Feeder Load Load C u r r e ~ ~ t CI-oss-sectionalArea
a) circuit MCB of 6A and 1.5 s q . m wires art sufficient for lighting circuit;
b) circuit MCB of 20A and 4 sq.mm wire are sufficient for power circuit.
c) circuit MCB of 20A and 6 sq.mm wires are sufficie~~t for A/C circuit.
a l e single line diagram for power distribution in a shop will be as given in Figure 3.3.
30 AT P,
7 Incomlng MCB
I
20A
Spare
I
Since 16 sq.mm is the size of conductor available and Ulree phase and neutral system is
selected, 4 core 16 sq.mm cable arid i~lcorni~lg
MCB of 30A is selected. Tlie total single line
diagrarn will be as shown in Figure 3.4.
1 I I 1 ' 1 I I
~ I I I I I I I
* I I I I I I I I
- Shop 1 --------.-----------..--.---
48 Common Lighting
Figure 3.4: Total Single Line 1)iagram
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Building Services I The total load of the installation:
Load of 48 shops = 5.52 x 48 = 264.96 kW
Load of common lighting DB = 2.64 kW
(660 watts i# each floor & 4 floors)
Total = 267.60 kW
Since all the! shops will not be operating at a time at full demand worked out, a further
diversity factor of 0.8 can be assumed.
Simultaneous maximum demand = 267.60 x 0.8 = 214.08 kW
Load in kVA at a power factor of 0.85
2 runs of 185 sq.mm cables are to be selected with incoming switch for the paiel of 400A.
Since the tr+msformer is away by more than 15 mtrs from secondary side isolation,(i.e panel),
mother isolption shall be provided within 15 mtrs. It is preferable to provide either MCCB or
ACB at Uiid place since ELR is to be provided as per IE Rule 61A. The single liiie diagram
will be as given in Figure 3.5.
Transformer
Repeat
'or
shops 21048
This system of wiring is suitable for low voltage installation where vulcanised rubber
insulated cables or plastic insulated cables are used in wiring work. All casing shall be
with seasoned teak wood or any other suitable hard wood, free from knots, shakes or
other defects. The casing shall have grooved body with beaded or plain moulded cover.
All casing shall be fixed by means of suitable wood screws to plugs at an interval not
exceeding 900 m m for sizes upto 64 mm casing and not exceeding 600 mm for sizes
above 64 mm. All casing shall be provided with porcelain insulators of not less than
6.5 mm thick from the wall. Casing shall be provided only on dry walls / ceiling and
shall not be fixed near gas / steam appliances. The casing shall never to buried in
flooring / plastering. Wherever the wires are to be take11 through walls / floors, only
heavy conduit properly bushed at both ends shall be used.
This type of wiring was extensively used till a decade back, but not done now-a-dsys.
iii) Tough Rubber Sheathed or PVC Sheathed Wiring System
This type of wiring is also suitable for low voltage installations and sh,d not be used in
places exposed to rain / sun or in damp places. This system of wiring is suitable for
places where acids or alkalis are likely to be present. All TRS wiring shall be run on
well seasoned and varnished straight teakwood battens of not less than 10 mm fiilishcd
thickness and width suitable to run all the wires. All the wiring shall be fixed using link
clips to minimize condensation or sweating inside the conduit. The outer surface of the
conduit and all conduit accessories in all cases, wherever exposed to weather sh'zll be
protected against rust. Link clips shall be so arranged that one single clip shall not hold
more than two twin core TRS or PVC sheathed cables upto 1.5 sq.mm above which
single clip shall hold single cable. The wiring shall not be bent in right angle and shall
be rounded off at the corners to a radius not less than six times the overall diameter of
the cable. The cables shall not be buried in floor 1 in plaster.
iv) Metal Sheathed Wiring System
This type of wiring system is suitable for low voltage -hlstallatioi~sand shall not be used
in plam where acids/alkalis present, but is used in places exposed to sun and brain
provided no joint is exposed. The wires shall be fixed on walls sunilar to TRS vxbles.
*
The link clips shall bk arranged similar to TRS cables fixing. However the cab: ' s laid ill
places exposed to weather, the link clips shall be made for outdoor use. The meQl
sheathing shall be properly earthed to ensure optimum safety.
V) Conduit Wiring System
a) Surface conduit wiring system with rigid steel c o d u i t ~
All conduit pipes must be finished with stove enameled surface. All conduit
accessories like junction boxes, couplings shall be of threaded type and in no c&se
clamp type accessories shall be used. The minimurn size of the conduit shall be ~f
Building Services - I 16 mm diameter aid of 16 SWG thickness. Threads ill conduit pipes dial1 be
belween 11 mm to 27 mm long sufficient to accommodate pipes.
~ d insulated
e conductors of A.C and D.C supplies sliall not be hunched in tlic same
copduit. The lighting and power outlets wires aid wires of different phases shall be
rub in different conduits. All conduits shall be properly drained and ventilated.
Tlje conduit pipes shall be fixed using heavy gauge (minimum 18 SWG ) saddles
secured to suitable wood plugs or any other screws at zui interval not more than lmtr.
Tlle bends in conduits including diversion:. shall be done by bending pipes or by
usjng solid or inspection type beiids, elbows etc. Radius of such bends in conduits
shiall not be less tliai 75 mm. All bendstjunctionti~ispectionboxes must be accessible
fol maintenancetrepairs.
The wires used in conduits shall be with stranded conductors. The conduit shall be
cdnnected permanently to earth by means of earthing clamp for a perfect continuity
bdtween earth and conduit. The conduit sliall be tested for mecliaiicd aid electrical
cantinuity after erection.
b) RBces,red conduit wiring system wit11 rigid steel conduits
The recessed steel conduits used shall comply with all the require~nentsof surface
co(nduit wiring system for fixing of conduit. A neat chase must be rnade in wall and
t o be filled up neatly after erection and brought to the original finish of the wall. The
cduduit in chase shall be fixed by staplesisaddles not more than 600 mm apart.
Fiking of standard bends or elbows shall be avoided as far as possible. Suitable
inkpection boxes of size 75 x 75 mm shall be provided at required places to enable
paiodical i~ispectionsand to facilitate removal of wires.
when tlie conduit is to run across the expaision joints, the conduit section across the
joint sliall be with tlexible conduits of sane size as the rigid conduit.
c) C ~ n d u i wiring
t system with rigd non-trzetullic conduits
~ { g i non
d metallic (PVC) conduits are used for surface, and concealed cor~duit
wiring. The conduit may be either threaded type or plain type zu~dshall be used with
cdrresponding accessories.
The other factors explained under metallic conduits sliall apply to no11 metallic
conduits also.
Non metallic conduit systems shall be used only where it is ensured that they are:
a) Suitable for extremes of ambient temperature
b) Resistanl to moisture aid chemical absorptions
c) Resistant to low temperature and sunlight effects.
3.6 ILLUMINATION
Almost until the end of the 19th century, people could not work after sunset due to lack of
adequate light. In the year 1900, the electric filament lamps came into field as a source of
light and replaced the gas mantles which were hi use for centuries together. A lot of
developments have been made since then aid different types of lamps and luminaries have
been developed for a variety of applications which have brought a revolutioti in the sphere of
Industrial aid scientific sectors by reducing difference between day and night.
A lot of development has been made in the lamps since the day Edison invented his
incandescent lamp. A brief description of various lamps is given below:
i) Incandescpnt Lamps
The incandesdnt lamps belong to the group of thennal radiators. The incandescent body is
heated to a high temperature through direct passage of current. The radiation evolved through
that hot body partly visible.
As kmperature increases, the wave length of intense radiations decreases and the band of
intense radiatibns comes more and more in the range of visible spectrum. The two laws that
relate temperature with wave length and intensity of radiation are Wein's law and Stefan
Boltzman's law.
a) W&'s Law
It st&s that the wave length of intense radiation is inversely proportional to the
I
absodute temperature of emitter, i. e. wave length a = -
Temp'
b) Stefan Boltzman's Law
It states thai the total intensity o f emitted rdiution is proportional to the <fourth
power o f absolute tcnq)erature of emitter. i.e. E-fl.
As Wein's law suggests, the short wavc length radiations are produced at high temperatures.
The sun whose temperature is 6000°C emits 'Ultraviolet' radiations which cause the sun
bunls 'and which WI tar1 the exposed parts of human body.
The highest luminous efficiency for black body is obtained at a temperature of around
6500°K which amounts to 90 lum/W But with tungsten as radiator in incandescent lamp, the
hnit is determined by its melting point of 3655°K. The theoretical maximu~nefficiency is 50
lumlw. Unfortunately tungsten evaporates very fast at its melting point and so the life c~fI m p
is very short and also the tungsten deposited on the wall of bulb reduces its luminous
efficiency. Hence the temperature cannot be raised too high. In practice maximum efficiency
is about 32 lumlW.
The first incandescent lamp, introduced by Thomas Alva Edison in 1879, was with carbon
filament. But clle problem faced wit11 carbon filament I m p is its fast vapourisation beyond its
working temperature of 1800°C and hence a large electrical input is required to produce a
6
given candle power (CP) and so the efficiency was very low (i.e. 3 lumM'). The other
disadvantage with carbon filament is its negative resistance characteristic.
C
So, for material of filaments, tungsten is chosen which has a positive temperature co-efficient
'and operating temperature of 2500-3000°C depending on wattage. Its resistance at working
temperature varies from 12 to 15 times of its cold resistance. The other advantage is that it
radiates more in visible spectrum and less in infrared spectrum.
The efficiency of a lamp is further increased by using a11 inert gas instead of vacuurn inside
the bulb which has helped in reducing evaporation rate allowing high operating temperature.
The losses due to conduction and convection were lessened which have increased due to inert
gas, as the length of filament is responsible for heat loss according to Lmgmuir. In 1930,
coiled coil filament was introduced which has increased thc efficiency still further and
lessened the losses.
The colouring for the lamps can be achieved in two ways (a) by applying coating to inside of
lamps by the process of flushing and sistering or (b) by adding certain chemicals 20 the
ingredients of the bulb while manufacturing itself.
The size of filament used is as low as 10 microns which is 116th diameter of human hair.
However, this depends mainly on wattage and voltage of lamps. Higher the wattage tlle
current it takes for rated voltage is more and thicker should be the filament. Hence if filiune~lt
is thicker, the temperature at which it operates without excessive evaporation is more and SO
higher wattage lamp are more efficient than low wattage lamps for tlle rated voltage and in
corollary tl~elow voltage lamps are more efficient than higher voltage lamps for rated
wattage.
Even though Lhe life and efficiency of incandescent kmps is less, it is still popular because of
its less initial cost, convenience and simplicity to install and maintain and freedom from
strobboscc>piceffect.
ii) Halogen Incandescent Lamps
It is known that efficiency of inmdescent lamps is maximum as the temperature reaches
4 melting point of filament. But the rate of evaporation is more, as temperature reaches melting
point and also evaporated tungsten deposits on bulb wall causes excessive reduction in light
output.
When a halogen (genemlly iodine) is added, evaporated tungsten chemically mixes with
iodine and tungsten iodide is formed on the wall of bulbs where the temperature is low.
Tungsten iodide which is very much volatile in nature suffers thermal diffusion in the
direction of filament and on reaching the filament which is at a high temperdture, decomposes
into tungsten and iodine. The tungsten so decomposed deposits back on filanent. This is
called 'regenerative cycle'. This way, the blackening of lamp will be reduced and luminous
efficiency :uld life of latnp will be improved.
The drawback with iodine added lamps is Ulat they cannot run at angles greater than 4" from
the horizontal in which case, tile iodine vapour migrates to Uie lower end leaving upper end
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Building Services I starved aid llftllce regenerative cycle ceases. This cal be OVerCOlne by fillillg the IaunPs lo a
lligll pressure especially with Xellon. This increases the efficiency in addition to overcolni~lg
the problem o/t' migration of iodine. But tlle cost is very high
Halogen lmp; can be used in all Lield such ;ISflood ligl~tiog,T.V. Studios, over llcad
projectors, c q lighting, signalling etc.
iii) Blown ~ b l b
Lamps
These lamps $ r e also incandescent larnps hut a high quality inter~ialmirror will be used which
follows tl~ephrabolic shape of lamp. By precise variation of lilaunent proportions and
positio~lingof the same in relation to bulb fronts auld intenlal mirror, ;UI extalsive range of
luminous i~ltensitiescan be achieved.
lteuaice aid a high light output is maintained
s. In ordinary lamps, the separate outside reflector used soils
very soon xi8 llence light output decreases. These lamps are generally used for indoor
applications. ;
Ianps use a ballast in series. However, tile larnps developed with tungsten
ballat zuid the sane are called 'blended lamps'. Tlie filament acts as an incandescent light
source zuld at tlthe s ~ m eti~kleoperates as ballast for mercury discharge tube by limiti~lgtlie
lamp current.
The outer bulb of these lamps is coated with a corrosive layer to improve colour rendition.
Tlle filament is mounted around discharge tube to obtain good light mixing and promote rapid
running up of discliarge tube.
Out of die tolal power, 30-45% is dissipated ill discharge tube and 10-55% in filament. Thc
efficiency of these lamps, is around 20 1 0 depending on lamp rating. A table showing
sharing up between incandescent and discharge is shown in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3
3.6.3 Luminaries
A lurninarek by definition is a complete lighting unit, coilsistiiig of a laxlip or Imps together
with the parts designed to electrically operate aid control Ille lamp, to distribute aud co~ltrol
light to po9ition and pllysically protect the lamps and to connect lamps to power source.
The ba5ic physical principles used in designing lurnin'uies are retlection, trruismission and I
absorption.The type of materials used can direct the light in different ways. either diffuse,
reflect or refract it to a point. For example the specular reflection is obtained by polished and
processed hodised aluminium 'and spread reflection is by etched. brushed and processed
anodised aluminum and diffuse reflection by fine sand plaster surface.
i) ClassiAcation of Luminaires
It is based on the percentage of total liglit output in upper hemispliere (90-180") and
lower heinisphere (0-90").
b) Commercial
In case of commercial complexes, lighting should be evaluated in terms of its effect
ori people 'and their performance.
Galerally, decorative luminaries with diffusers which are made of tr;u~spauentor
translucent glass or pla5tics are used. The louvres which have p'uabolic contours tliat
reflects the light down arid out of gl'ue zone are also recommended. Recently.
mirrors in the form of highly polished and anodised retlectors are being used to
iqprove 'spacing to mounting-height ratio'.
c) Industrial
High bay luminaries with HID lamps, aluminum or vitreous enameled retlectors and
also dust proof fluorescent lumin,uies are used for industrial eilvirolunent where the
h$ad room is more (6 mtr or more) and where dust and vapour pollution is high.
d) Outdoor
Flood lights with special reflectors of parabolic cross-section and front glasses with
Weather proofing are generally used for outdcwr applications e.p. stadiums, yards,
sqcurity etc.
~ b street
r lighting, fluorescent fittings and luminaries with HID lamps are adopted.
ii) Photd Metric Data
The data of the lumens output of a luminary ;~sa function of angle is measured with tlie
help Of Gonio Photometer and plotted on polar charts. These are called Polar Curves of
luminhries.
iii) Polar Curves
The distribution of intensity in any aria1 plane as a functioli of angle shown in polar
coorclbnates graph is a polar curve of given source or lumi~i,ary.
The e/fficiency of luminaire is obtained from the ratio of total lumen with fitting to bare
lamp lumens.
If the ray of light is not perpendicular to surface. the formula will be ~riodifiedas under:
Iws$
E = : for horizontal illumination, and
ti2
IS$$ .
E = tor vertical illumination
?4
The intensity uf lamp at various angles is found from polar c w e s of tlle particular
luminaire. Thi! method .is generally used for outdoor installations where retlecmlces are not
considered. Foi this method, the area to be illuminated will he divided into small squares: the
side of which 1s generally selected as 0.2 times of mounting height of lurninaure and
illumination will be measured at the center of the square. As the illu~ninationis to be f c ~ n d
due to various sources at different places, it is very ,tedious and impossible for large areas to
do manually q d so requires a computer. The uniformity of illuminati011 is generally found
from the ratio of minimum illumination to average illumination. This value should be 0.8 to
1.0 for good qnifonnity.
I
The recommended illumiiration level for various areas is given in Table 3.4
Table 3.4: Illumination Levels
r Areas
I
IUumination Level (Lux)
Offices
I a) Reception area (Desks)
h) General Office
c) Drawing Office
d) Conidors and Lift Cars
e) Stairs
f) Lift Landings
School and Colleges
a) Assembly Halls
i) General
I I
ii) When used for examination
iii) Plat-fornis
b) Class and Lecture Rooms
C) Art Hcorns
I
d) Laboratories
21 L.ibrarizs
Ho111es
nl fitchens
h) Bath Room
3) Streat Lighting
Now we shall look luto Llkc exterior lighting installations. One of the Innst important rulenor
installatioil 1s 'street lightlug'.
Street ligllting should satisfy the requir-i-rncn~s
of vehicle rh-ivcrs v as to sce distinctly wiI11~1ut
the dippctl or ilrivilrp hcadli2his a11d loca~cwith cert:linty and in timc all c~l,stacleson c;miagr
way :u~cl illc rzquirenlellts oS pedesbians so :is to enable him to see the edge of kerh, vdriclcs
while ( ~ carriage
1 way a i d obstacles such as tree3 etc.
Quantity of m e t lighting is determilled hy the following four critcrm:
a) General Level of Luminance: The luminance plays an important role which is very
much essential for proper identification of objects. The luminaires should be selected
properly dependins on h e width of road.
b) Uniformity of 1,urninanc.e: The strwt ligll! should he unif-tlm~illuminated. 0ljrt~r.i;;~:
fl~c&uh P R I C ~ C Snk* h~ i'leat~~lwhich cause fatigue ntld i~1Xkc5dlc !!rivin:~
w~comiurrablca ~ r c i11 may cau.se irrit~tion10 dri\ cr. T l i ~11lrnil;s.ics ~ l i d Ix
l >i:!ck,!: :;
propcrly and nlountrd at :i height :md upac'i~rpJcprndi~rcOLI ~ x ~ d totb I'(>;L<!.
c) Limitation of (;lare: Glare due to lu~rn~iar~es bhould he controlled Lo L: ~ r i l u :'i~h~,.!l
would keep h e vlsual :l~scanlortof driver below the acccptnhl? Ic'vel The lu!r,:n:~ri~>\
o n ,:ppllcnti
shall he selected properly m c a g cut-ott/ccml (u~ciif~!cp~t!<lil~g
d, ()ptic.al Guidance: i iplltinp illudct make a rt.!iahlc. x~clu~~;~lnhipuoux ii#lii,::l 1;:
3) Flqod Lighting
~ d o lighting
d is mainly done for two purposes:
(
a) Utility area Flood Lighting: For efficient and safe working conditions of personnel,
I easy and safe movement of vehicles, security of people 'and property and a pleasing
visual environment, and
b) Decorative Flood Lighting: For advertisements and attraction of sight-seers during
I nights and to have a pleasing environment.
I
I i) the luminance of visual task;
, ii) the luminance of background of visual task;
I
LQ 1
1) What is Ohm's law ?
2) , Write short riotes on following
I a) ACB
b) Gang operated switch
c) MCB
d) Transformer
y) DG set.
3) y h a t are the points to be cons~deredin designing :ui electrical power distribution
jystem ?
t
As our relianc on computers and liiglily sophisticated equipment increnses, we grow more
and more dcp.e dent or1 clei~i'md rcliable A.C. Powcr. Tlie canrnercid supply which contains
many unavoidable disturhamces cannot be used for this purpose. These disturbances will affect
Ihe sali: operiltiim >nuidoptimum perform;uicc of the equipntent.
-_
'UnLterruptible: or Nci-brcak power supply system' (UPS) is an inltlrh~cchetwecn raw utility
supply :uld tlic sophistic;~tcdcquipmenr like computen, daui Ii;~ndlinpsyhtenrs, satclli~c
c011mlunic;itionsysterna, process moniton or critiud hopitid equipment like brain scxlners,
or t;)tr~iloas ol
electro cardiac ~*nnitors,Ihild pumps. ctc. \Vliich c;lmctt ~rrlerak!;uiy h;nrsitl~~ls
power supply. I
't!PS'. -:I:,the aajne suspests. provirlcs contir~uo~ls
power srrpply CVCII ~vhcillii< ~oinmercial
supply fiuls aid $upl,rcssix tha power line. u:?nsir.nts to provide ;I Ili~rrnoni~.
frtlc output
voltage wavefoxrri resembling d ~ esinusoidal wiI\le.
AVR
n
MCCB
Inverter Statlc
A.C input swtch
Battery
AC
-
input 7
1
-
The block ldiagmm for this configuration is shown in Figure 3 7.
put
Rect i f ier
Battery
Figure 3.7: Continuous Mode Configuration of UPS I
Usually 4 this configuration, the rectifier will draw power from normal supply mains !or
feeding @e inverter to meet the load and to maintain the battery in float condition. As the
load is albays being fed by the inverter, the supply transients and harmonics will be
suppressefl. This is called normal mode of operation.
When mqns supply fails or there is any voltage dip (or micro interruption), the battery will
start supfilying the power to the inverter instantaneously and maintain the voltage across it
until battbry discharges fully or normal supply resumes. The time of supplying power to the
inverter will depend upon the AH capacity of the battery and the load demand. However the
battery *ill not feed the power back to the supply mains as the diodesltl~yristorsin the
rectifier &e reverse biased by battery voltage. This mode of operation is called Emergency
Mode. '
I
1
When th normal supply resumes, the rectifier will instantaneously start supplying not only
the load current to the inverter but the charging current to the battery also. As the charging
process oes on, the charging current will go on decreasing and finally battery will come to
floating bondition again. This mode of operation is called 'Recovery Mode'. The duration of
this mode depends on the charging period of the battery. Again the normal mode of operation
will be @ntinued.
The load will not get affected by changing fromone mode to other as the input voltage or
current to the inverter will not be affected in any way.
figuration is generally used when the load demands transient free and clean power
and mains supply failure does not last for a long time.
Transfer Configuration
The b l 4 k diagram for this configuration is shown in Figure 3.8
I
Rectifier Inverter
output
switch
1_1
' Battery
Figure 3.8: Forward Transfer Configuration of UPS
During recovery mode i.e., after the supply resumes, again the static transfer switch will \
transfer the load on to the normal supply mains. The rectifier will draw power from mains to
supply the charging current to the battery and no load driving current to the invefter.
When the battery is fully charged, the normal mode of operation will be continued.
This configuration is suitable to only such loads which can tolerate the transients and
harmo~~ics in power supply and need only unintermptible supply.
iii) Reverse Transfer Configuration
The block diagram for this configuration is shown in Figure 3.9. This is similar to forward
transfer configuration.
Static.
switch
Battery
The normal mode, emergency mode and recovery modes of operation are similar to those of
continuous mode configuration, if every thing is running smcmh. If there is any increase in
load which the inverter is not able to supply or any deteriomtion in the quality of inverter
output, the load will be transferred on to the normal supply mains automatically by means of
static transfer switch. If the power supply outage is for a long time, this is having the
advantage of transferring the load on to an alternative supply (generally DG set,) as the
battery can supply only for a stipulated period, i.e. 15-30 minutes.
This configuration has got all the advantages of continuous mode configuration. This is the
widely used mode of arrangement.
3.7.3 Batteries
Batteries are the most important units in UPS system as they have to provide back up to the
load when rectifier becomes inoperative due to mains supply failure.
The selectio~~ of size of the battery depends mainly on two factors:
i) The load for which it has to supply power.
ii) The back-up time.
The input voltage to the inverter and inverter efficiency are also to be taken into accoulrt for
the selection of battery.
The batteries will be in slightly overcharged condition for long periods as they have to supply
power instantaneously when mains supply fails. This overcharging will generate oxygen and
hydrogen and these gases will escape into the atmosphere through vent holes of the container
of the battery.
iiui!diilF '..;...' ., . . :'his ,\,ill;rt:huit ~~,iutr;rll!:in gradual loss (if water :uld c a ~ ~ prc~~iature
sc h:rfte~-yfailure. In
'?~i,lcdcc!ls,tl?r.se sini:S will raise the temperature of the cell wbicl~is detrimeatid to the
ba~tcrynpteriai .
When battery starts supplying the load. the voltage across tlie battery starts falling behind the
opcn circbit tcrmulil volrage (2V for lead acid cell) depending on. tllc load crxrerit and
internal resistance of battery. By the time this voltage reaches some 111ininlum specified lirnit
i1 85 lo 1.75 for lead acid cells) battery will be at Pully disclia~ryedconclition. Discharging
beyond Cllih lunlt will dam;rgc tlie battery. UPS systems gcrlcr:dly will h;lvr Uiz huill i ~ i
:rrr;uigemknt to disconnect the battery from thc inverter when fhc battery testninal voltage
rcachcs tlje minunun sprcil'ied limit.
Nickel - eadrnir~mseJc.d cells are ;llso used in UPS system. Tlicy do not 11ccJ m y
rnainlcnar?ce ant1 allow thc o~~erchnrge (uld raise 01' telnperature without dclcfcl.ious effects.
:-
The lead calcium batteries are also used due to their long life. less :unount of water reclulred t
:uid high kliarging rate. But this type of batteries ;!I-< not presenlly avai1:tblc in oar country. 111
the case cjf these cclls, it is enough to raise the renninal voltage upto flo:rt value to charge
them w h q e as in the n i ~ k e lantimony type. it has to be raised well above 11oi1t value
(equalising value! to ensure that all cells are fully charged.
Assum~ng(10%for future loads. the total load = 44.4 + 4.44 = 48.84. say 50 LVA.
" For compdtcr, the transl'er dme from inverter to backup source or vice-versa should be less
Ihan 5 ~nillisecs. Hence, a static 'UPS' system of 5OkVA capacity with sf:rtic transfer switch,
worlung i ~ reverse
i mode couliguratiou is selected.
ii) Selection of Battery
Generally for facilities provided with TjPS systcm a DG set is illso pro\:ideJ to ellsure re1i:ible
backup ?owe;. So 11battery bank having Ihe capacity to de11vt.r the loatl lor 30 minuter is
adeclunte. I
L0:rd to he supplied' 50 kVA at 0.8 PF (l:~y)
DC voltage
h't(~min:~l 300 V
~ d ) ,of ccl 1s c11c.wrl 180 cells
~ d cell
d voltage after 30 ~:linutesdisc11:lrge: 1.85 V
Efficiency of iuvertcr when delivering 50 k\'A 1o:id = approx. 00%
50000 x 0.8
. So. mnaxunw inverter input current = = 13q.46 A
I 0.9 x 1.85 x 180
For ,mivin$ at the AH capacity of the battery for a back up time of 30 minutes, a constant
whose valrje varies horn 1.3 to 1.7 depending on the type of battery (plarii type or tubular
type) is to pe applied. Assuming this value as 1.5 the 'AH' capacity of hattery at 27°C
But as pm the specification,the system has to operate at a temperature of minimum 5°C.
Suitable correctioli factor has to be taken as per IS :1652.
111 this case, for 30 minutes discharge. the pa correctio~lis approximately 1% per "C.
So, 'AH'capacity required at 5°C
=200.20 x 1.22 = 244.24
So, a baltery bank of capacity 250 AH with 180 cells is chosen.
Entrance gates
Production area lighting Stand-by generator areas, Boiler moms
Commercial areas lighting. Hazardous machines
For shorftime applications, the battery operated emergency lights, which shall give a backup
time of 1.5 hours is to be planned. A number of lights cai be grouped a1d backed up by a
ceiitralised battery (Which is now-a-days called as INVERTOR).
SAQ 2 1
I
1) Design an/
electrical system and develop a single line iliagram for a complex witb
100 shops/ distrihued over 5 floors and each sbop shall be provided with a rneter
separately1 Ex11 shop is provided with 4 number 40 watt fluo~resce~lt fitting, ,one
ceiling fa), 2 number of 5A single @lase socket ;u~d4 numher of 15A single' plmse
sockets.
2) What is light ?
3) What are me various type of lamps available ?
The usage of eleckcit, is incrhing everyday and people have came to a stage that the
civilisation cannotl survive without electricity.
The consumption of energy is a direct indicator of both the quality of existence and also its
standard. Howevey, the earth has limited resources of the fossil fuels and the resources are
depleting every y@. Due to this problem, the world has started looking into tapping the
energy from nat* sources like solar, wind, geothermal etc. In addition, it is absolutely
essential t c o n s q e the energy.
3.9.5 Motor
A major part of electric load in any industry consists of electric motors. Hence it is essential
to select them with care. Most of the motors used in industries are squirrel cage induction
motors which are basically constant speed motors. The efficiency and power factor of
Building Services -I induction motors are directly proportional to the load. At partial loads. thc eftk~sutyald PF
are low.
The savings ih losses by changing a motor can be worked out by the follow~ngtormula.
Savings = L x ( l/yl - l/yl j x h x k w h
where,
L = Load output of rnotor
yl = Efficier~cyof existing motor
yz = Efticierlcy of changed motor
h = working hourslyear
Size of Motob: Most of the places. the motors are oversized to reduce h11t-11outs which is a
very uneconohic proposxl. The under voltage or voltage tluctuaLions sh;ill be kken care of hy
AVRs.
A comparisolr of perfoimalce of motors at rated and partial loads ih given in Txblr ? 9
Table 3.9: Motor Performance
Casr 2
Motor input
88
8.5
84
90
i
- --- I
units consumed (5000 42500 15(Hlt)
hrs./year) --
3.9.6 Lighting
As a general $le, ( ~ I C folictwilig poilit:.>$ 4 : h2 I ? : : ! : ..,,: cllcr?y cc~:is~r\
1 7 , . i ~ t l ( . i l111 l1;:lllil1g :
i
i
1
z ii) Preventive maiiite~iarice
i) Breakdown Maintenance
The nk.unteli;uice carried OUL aVtc.1 tli; cquipmc~ithas broke11 down due to some pnjhlzrn I \
callcbJBre;Lkdown M:uiitai;~ncl: Tlii: rcp;nr!ov~rliaulii~pot the cquipmeni n1:1! hc: ~equiredto
he c;mcJ out in such a spa~cc.Then. u ill hc ;I 101 t)t down Llr~icxi(! i ~ ~ ~ lthe
he very less.
ii) Preventive blaintenanre
c c .reliat)illt! 1 ~ 1 1 1
I for unprovinp the reliabilily <)I' a system. This will also result 111 funclioning of the equipment
at a liipli ettichicy.
1) pai~>l
bo:~rcls (power contr~lcenterh);
t') trruixfonners;
0 ?Cr SttlS.
3.10.3 Records
The log boo+ $all be maintained with all the readings of indicating instruments and also the
fault noti4actions taken for various equipment. The log books will be helpful in diagnosing
the problem.
If required, d bus coupler could be arranged in between utility supply and generator supply, if
generator is b be operated during power cut periods.
4
Unless prop precautions are taken in the design and execution and also in the maintenance,
many accide ts may happen causing loss of human life and property. Many electrical
accidents haqe taken place due to the neglect of precautions while handling electrical
equipment. /
/
This chapter high lights the hazards due to improper handling and also precautions to be
taken to avo$ untoward incidents.
a) ~lec'pcalshock
b) Bunls
i) Joule Burns
,
ii) Flash over Burns
c) Fire & Explosion
i) spark
ii) Static Electricity
2) Seonda* Hazards
(Involuntary reflex action)
a) Persons falling from height
b) Dro$ping of tools and object
3.11.2 Definition of Electric Shock
Electric shock is a sudden and accidental stimulation of the body's nervous system by electric
cvrrent caused to flow due to voltage difference. The effects of electric current on humans is
given Table 3.7.
Table 3.7: Effects of Electric Current on Humans
Current in Milliamperes
Direct 50 Hz Ac 10,000 Hz Ac
Men Women Men Women Men Women
Slight sensation on hand 1 0.6 0.4 0.3 7 5
Perception threshold 5.2 3.5 1.1 0.7 12 8
Shock not painful, muscular control not lost 9 6 1.8 1.2 17 I 1'
Shock-painful, muscular control not lost 62 41 9 6 55 7
Shock-painful, threshold let go 76 51 15 10.5 75 50
Shock-painful and severe musular 90 60 23 15 94 63
contractions, breathing difficult
Shcok-possible ventricular fibrillation effect 500 500 100 100
from 8 second shocks
Short shocks testing seconds 165 165
High voltage surges SO* 50* 18.6* 18.6*
*Energy in watt-seconds or joules.
b) Moisture reduces insulaticun strength (erg. Nylon :ibs[#hs 8%: moisture). Hence in
damp locat!ious, electrical tools and extension cords slv~uld]lot ht: used:
r! In enclosed spaces (rotating electrical m;dlinerv) 111esp:uks will nive out ('kc~ue
which attaqks insulation;
d) Ultra violet, and nuclear radiation degrade insulation;
e) Photo chedical processes by solar radiation cause breakdown of polymers like
synthetic rubber. vinyl chloride;
f) Mechanical idanape results from abrasio~~.
cut ti:^_^, Hcsinp ;uld crimpilip. Vihr;~tic-~n
also rcduccq the insul:ition strength:
) High \?olt;ipt ca~usc\sparkil~gi)r corolla whi~lih r d : , i ~ ~ w l s ! ~ n ~ i :
where,
I is Current in Amps.
V is Voltage is volts
R is Resistance in ohms.
2) ACB i@the Air circuit Breaker used as the main control clement in a power supply
distrib4tion. ACBs are available in various current ratings varying from 630 Amp to 4300
Amp at 415V A.C.
Gang Operated Switch also known as Air break switch (AB switch), is used for
isolatink the 1lkv power supply in the llkv power distribution network.
MCB i$ a miniature crucial breaker used for a circuit protection. MCB provides overload
as well as short circuit protection.
Transfwmer is an electrical equipment used for either stepping up or stepping down of
power sppply from one voltage to another.
DG Set is the Diesel Generator set used for supplying emergency power supply. It
consists of a Diesel engine as a prime mover and an alternator coupled to the Diesel
engine fgr generating electrical power.
3) The following points are to be taken into account while designing an electrical power
distribution system.
i) Characteristics of the available power supply; ,
ii) Maxbum demand for the installation;
iii) Eanergency power supply requirement.
iv) Type of wiring;
v) Proteution system;
vi) Easy accessibility of variouvcomponents for maintenance and repairs;
vii) Permissible voltage dmp;
SAQ 2
1) i) Number of shops - 100
ii) Connected load in each shop :
Lights 4 x 55 - 220 watts
Ceiling fan 1 x 80 - 80 watts
5A Socket 2 x 100 - 200 watts
15A Socket 4 x 1000 - 4000 watts
4500 watts
iii) Diversity factor is assumed as 0.8.
iv) Hence Maximum Demand = 4500 x 0.8 = 3600 watts.
v) Selection of wires of MCB.
Voltage drop assumed is 1% for all circuit and lengths of the circuit wire is assumed
as 10 meters.
s
Hence circuit MCB of 6 Amp. and wire of size 1.5 sq. mm is selected for lighting circuit
and circuit MCB of 20 Amp. and wire size of 4 sq. mm is selected for power circuit:
vi) Selection of transformer and main cable:
Total load of the installation with 100 shops
3.6kw/shop x 100 = 360kW
common lighting for 5 floors = 3.5
at 670 wattslfloor 363.5 kW
Since all the shops may not operate at a time a diversity factor of 0.8 is assumed. Hence
maximum demand = 363.5 x 0.8 = 290 kW
Mnximum demand in kVA at a power factor of 0.85 290 - 341
0.85
-
A transformer of 350 kVA is required for the installation:
1
Hence 2 rem of 3 - core, 240 sq mm cables are selected. The Incoming switch in the
Z 2
main panel sllall be 600 Amp. For single line diagram refer to Figure 3.5
2) Light is defined as that part of electromag~ieticradiion or energy that is capable of
exciting the retina of the eye and produce its visual sensation.
3) Various type of lamps available are :
i) Incandescent lamps,
ii) Fluorescent lamps,
iii) Halogen lamps,
-
Bullding Services I iv) High Pressure Mercury Vapur Lamp (HPMV),
v) high Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp (HPSV),
vi) Blended Lamps
vii) b w Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp (LPSV)
viii) petal Halide Lamps
SAQ 3
1) Uni*temptible power supply (UPS) also known as No-break power supply is an interface
between raw utility supply and the sophisticated equipment like computers, data handling
system, satellite communication systems, which cannot tolerate any transients or
inteiruption in power supply.
2) The role of battery in UPS is to, provide back-up to the load when the rectifier becomes
inakve due to main supply failure. The battery will provide DC supply to the inverter so
that the continuity of power supply to the critical load is maintained.
3) The different configuration an4 modes of UPS are:
i) Continuous mode
ii) Emergency mode
iii) I Nonnal mode .
iv) I Forward transfer configuration
I
v) I Reverse transfer configuration