DOI: 10.

23968/2500-0055-2023-8-1-13-24

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN FOR FUTURISTIC ENVIRONMENTALLY

ADAPTIVE BUILDING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Aref Maksoud*, Hayder Basel Al-Beer, Aseel Ali Hussien, Samir Dirar,
Emad Mushtaha, Moohammed Wasim Yahia

United Arab Emirates University of Sharjah

Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

*Corresponding author's e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Introduction: With the rapid development in computational design, both architectural design and representation processes
have witnessed a revolutionary change from the analog to the digital medium, opening new doors for adaptability in
the architectural design process by leveraging nature concepts in design. The computational design approach starts
with the mathematical model definition based on numerical relations and equations, thus, replacing the standard visual
representation. Purpose of the study: We aimed to integrate computational design technologies to create self-learning
buildings that could adapt to environmental challenges and adjust accordingly by collecting data from the surrounding
environment via the implementation of sensors. Methods: We started with extensive research on state-of-the-art
computational design in architecture, followed by the design implementation and the implementation of the architectural
design of a building. The design followed a parametric approach to design and strategies. An algorithm was developed
with Grasshopper Scripting to generate documents that mimic the growth process of cellular bone structures and adapt
that form to a selected project site. To ensure that the generated form is adaptable, we performed multiple analyses, such
as sunlight, radiation, and shadow analysis, before selecting the form and finishing its development. The results show
that an environmentally responsive form that extends from the surrounding environment is characterized by high levels of
adaptability. Results: In the course of the study, the effectiveness of computational design technologies in architecture
was established.

Keywords: computational design; Grasshopper; parametric design; architecture; adaptive design.

Introduction floor plans with less focus on the effectiveness of a

Integrating computational design (CD) via particular algorithm or IT solution.
parametric architecture has been done with machines Caetano and Leitão (2020) focused on three
mimicking the human mind. The ability to mimic aspects: analyzing CD, discussing advancements
such skills as critical thinking, problem-solving, and in CD tools, and presenting architectural projects
decision-making refers to the desired attribute of CD and events that explored CD. The results showed
intelligence and its ability to think and make decisions that technological developments continue to shape
to achieve a specific goal (Choi et al., 2010). architectural theory and practice and, simultaneously,
The advancement of technology increases are guided by their needs and aspirations.
the evolvement of CD to benefit a wide variety of In this study, we explore the potential of integrating
industries (Dimitropoulos et al., 2021). Nowadays, Artificial Intelligence in architecture to create self-
various tools are being developed in the AEC industry learning buildings that can adapt to future challenges
that leverage CD to automate tasks and decrease the and enhance their performance, and improve the
time of their performing from days to minutes. architectural design process using computational design
This big jump in technology is setting a new technologies. This paper focuses on two aspects. First,
standard for the way architecture is practiced. we dive into the subject of CD and how it would serve
It is taking architectural practices in a direction architecture in a hypothetical scenario.
where it will no longer be optional to upgrade to The second part shows the architectural
new design methods (Emaminejad and Akhavian, design process in implementing a building using
2022). Caetano et al. (2020) identified the positive computational design. By looking at the factors that
impact of CD on architecture and established that influenced architecture throughout history, it can be
it enables architects to enhance the design process noticed that a new historical event happens every
by expanding its conceptual boundaries. Nisztuk few decades, such as a natural disaster, war, or
and Myszkowski (2017) demonstrated that recent pandemic, which inspires architects, engineers,
studies still focus on finding accurate and effective and designers to address new design challenges
computational approaches for the generation of (Hendy, 2020).

13
Architecture and Engineering Volume 8 Issue 1 (2023)

This study aims to create a building that uses AI also opens the doors to creating smart homes,
a system providing innovative solutions for any living spaces that are complex real-time data-driven
potential challenge facing the building. Such a living organisms (Pala and Özkan, 2020).
system would take advantage of the latest machine- For architects, the challenge is how to use AI to
learning technologies. It would merge sensors and fit it into the design language of the home to improve
bio-digital materials, which work perfectly together the lives of the residents (Chua, 2013). With AI, we
to deal with any challenge (Estévez and Navarro, would be able to tailor the building performance
2017). An example of this would be the challenges according to the people’s needs and have buildings
that occurred during the COVID-19 era. In this learn, adapt, and respond to the data that they
case, the building would adapt by activating social receive from the users (Zhao et al., 2019).
distancing from within the building, which could be AI in buildings takes complete care of residents’
done through the communication between the CD comfort and safety and helps with energy and
cloud system of the building and the robots, which financial savings (Joshi, 2019). AI-based energy
are inside the building. This means the CD would management platforms can track usage patterns
take the necessary actions to adapt and achieve the to create proper conditions for tenants, conserving
goal of social distancing (Ahmed, 2021). energy and saving money (Chen et al., 2021). Fig. 1
Another way to deal with COVID-19 challenges shows a Nest Thermostat, an excellent example of
could be by placing an innovative skin on the a system that can adapt and keep the building at a
buildings’ interior walls, which does not pick up safe and optimal temperature. It can also alert users
germs. This can ensure that the spaces are sanitized if the temperature increases to reach a dangerous
at all times (Assaf, 2021). range. AI devices can analyze data from sensors to
The goal of this study is to create a self-learning monitor leaks or malfunctions. This makes it easier
building. It would be a building that can adapt and than ever to track the building’s performance and
learn from all sorts of aspects of its environment efficiency (Oberste-Ufer, 2019).
(Cortiços, 2019). For example, if a project is In addition, building managers can maximize
implemented in a particular place, the intelligent operational efficiency, properly utilize assets, and
building system would be able to study and collect improve the comfort level of occupants (Rocha et al.,
information internally about the culture of that place 2021).
and adapt itself to that culture. It would use sensors 2. Use of AI in the architectural design process
to know the number of people in the building, the time As architects, we start our projects by spending
they spend together, the clothes they are wearing, many hours on research to understand the design
and the actions they are taking. philosophy of that project and analyze previous
After some time, it would see patterns and learn from similar projects. However, this process takes much
them to predict what will happen in the future (Hutson, time, and here AI comes in (Al-Azzawi and Al-Majidi,
2017). Another example of what the building can learn 2021). AI can collect and combine limitless amounts
is the environmental conditions of its site, which can be of data in little time, make decisions, and give
sensed externally. This means the building would be recommendations that ease the architect’s research
able to collect and store data about the environmental process (Kurtoglu et al., 2009).
conditions and energy use of the building. The architect can test many ideas and conceptual
Based on the data collected, it would decide on designs simultaneously without needing a pen and
the actions needed to reduce the energy use of the paper, and, as a result, better understand the design
building, such as changing the tint of the windows philosophy using a faster strategy. We are living in
to reduce the amount of heat in the building (Mehra the world where AI has become a tool to leverage
and Sharma, 2019). the design process. However, it is not convenient
1. Use of technology to enhance building
performance
When it comes to the performance of buildings,
new automation systems can be used to control
security, comfort, and energy efficiency (Birangal
et al., 2015). AI enables buildings to become
places driven by real-time data and feedback,
communicating with itself like a living organism
(Cotrufo et al., 2020).
It creates a system where buildings, smartphones,
cars, and public places share to improve living
conditions, limit waste and traffic, and increase safety.
This would allow the building’s AI to predict any Fig. 1. AI Nest Thermostat device keeping the building
challenges that might come up (Alexander, 2020). at an optimal temperature (Wollerton, 2018)

14
 Aref Maksoud, Hayder Basel Al-Beer, Aseel Ali Hussien, Samir Dirar, Emad Mushtaha, Moohammed Wasim Yahia — Pages 13–24
COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN FOR FUTURISTIC ENVIRONMENTALLY ADAPTIVE BUILDING FORMS AND STRUCTURES

to automate the entire design process and solely

depend on AI as there are always possible errors.
The real advantage of using AI comes from
a collaboration between human intelligence and
Artificial Intelligence (Wang, 2011). Today, there are
many AI engines, such as DeepArt, MidJourney, and
DALL-E, which open doors to a wide variety of
possibilities that can affect the architectural design
process. These engines can visualize anything the user
desires. The user (provided that they have some prior
knowledge in coding) just needs to type a prompt.
This means that the concept stage in the design
process will no longer need to involve sketching the
ideas. It can simply be visualized with high quality
in seconds (Jaruga-Rozdolska, 2022). Fig. 2 shows
images of buildings generated by the AI engine
MidJourney in a matter of minutes. These images
were obtained by typing a prompt to generate a Fig. 2. An example of images of buildings generated
building in a nature-inspired style. The engine by MidJourney (source: the authors)
creates four images and allows the user to select the
best ones to further create more images and make
enhancements. Traditionally, it might take days to opposed to Grasshopper, Dynamo’s advantage is
manually design and render, but with AI, it can be not in creating geometries but rather in ensuring
reduced to minutes. data management for the project, which makes it an
3. Computational design in the architectural excellent choice for BIM. Dynamo is a very important
design process tool in the automation of a lot of BIM processes,
Parametric/Computational Design is a significant which increases the efficiency of the design process
field where technology and architecture work (Shishina and Sergeev, 2019).
together harmoniously and where programming It works on a node-based system. Each node
tools have quite an impact on architecture. CD carries a piece of code inside, but instead of writing
allows us to create a parameter-based system that the code, a node can be dropped easily with a
can generate the desired output, such as forms, ready-to-use code. These nodes can be connected
structures, and systems, with the ability to control with wires to be merged into one piece of code that
high levels of complexity. performs a specific function. A full algorithm would
The CD approach to architectural design gives usually look similar to the one shown in Fig. 3, where
the designer many advantages, such as creating groups of nodes connected perform one or more
complex structures and having complete control specific actions. These CD strategies are almost like
over them, automating redundant tasks, which an architect’s own programming language. They can
take a lot of time in the design process, and easily be made even more vital when paired with Virtual
modifying the design at the late stages (Oxman, Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) devices,
2017). Intelligent software like Grasshopper where you would be able to use devices like the
Scripting gives the architect the opportunity to use Magic Leap to observe your design as if it is built in
geometric component-based programming with front of you and make adjustments from a different
complex algorithms to generate design variations perspective (Philips, 2020).
that follow a specific design vocabulary and offer Methods
numerous design options. One of the advantages The approach followed in this paper to show the
of using Grasshopper is its ability to control and architectural design process for the implementation
produce high-quality complex organic geometries of the building is divided into three phases. The first
(Cubukcuoglu et al., 2019). phase is the form generation process. In this phase,
Another advantage is that it is supported by a concept for an adaptable organism is selected to
a variety of plugins, providing access to external inspire the form generation strategy. After that, an
libraries such as Ladybug, thus giving you the algorithm is designed using Grasshopper Scripting
opportunity to perform a real-time environmental to generate various adaptive forms. The second
analysis of your project, which will be demonstrated phase is the form selection process. In this phase,
in Section 2.2.2 below (Roudsari et al., 2013). the forms generated in the previous phase get
Another popular CD software is Dynamo. It is a filtered according to many different analyses, such
visual programming software created by Autodesk, as structure, radiation, and shadow analysis. The
which can be used with Revit, a BIM software. As filtration process will help in selecting the most

15
Architecture and Engineering Volume 8 Issue 1 (2023)

Fig. 3 shows an example of an algorithm design in Dynamo. As seen from Fig. as well as Fig. 5, which is a Grasshopper
algorithm, the way these tools work is similar to coding but more convenient

environmentally responsive form. In the third phase, bio-mimic the process of growth in these organisms
the final selected generation is developed further to that causes them to evolve into an adaptive structure.
finalize the design and ensure a more ecologically These organisms grow in a way that produces voids
responsible approach. of different sizes in structures.
1. Phase 1: Form generation process In architecture, such voids could help create
1.1. Concept development different-sized patios that would allow sunlight to
The basis of this project was adaptation. go into the building to reach the internal spaces and
The research interests lie in form finding, form wind to flow and naturally ventilate the building, thus
optimization, architectural facades, skin, and other making an environmentally responsive form. These
geometrical explorations using computational tools
such as Rhino and Grasshopper. When we look at
nature, we can see a lot of naturally adaptive forms
and processes. This makes nature the mother of
inspiration for adaptive designs. We followed the
natural process of adaptation, combining parametric
modeling and CD modeling to explore avant garde
bio-inspired concepts. We also aimed to take
a concept from idea to form and visually present
it in a convincing rendering. It was planned to use
growth as a generative tool to create unexpected
forms that resemble those found in nature and
organisms.
In the course of the study, we used Rhinoceros
paired with Grasshopper + plugins to obtain
biomorphic designs. We tried to use computational
tools and strategies to create complex forms
morphing and mimicking the growth of bone cellular Fig. 4. Cellular structures’ growth pattern (Naboni and Kunic,
structures, which are shown in Fig. 4. The goal was to 2017)

16
 Aref Maksoud, Hayder Basel Al-Beer, Aseel Ali Hussien, Samir Dirar, Emad Mushtaha, Moohammed Wasim Yahia — Pages 13–24
COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN FOR FUTURISTIC ENVIRONMENTALLY ADAPTIVE BUILDING FORMS AND STRUCTURES

structures also could melt into each other forming 2. Phase 2: Form selection process
bridges between the different cells. The formed 2.1. Experimental studies
bridges would connect functions on different levels The approach followed to generate an adaptive,
(Chen et al., 2015). environmentally responsive form was subject
1.2. Grasshopper script design to experimental studies. In this phase, tens of
To generate architectural forms that mimic the experimental studies are generated and filtered by
growth of bone cellular structures, intelligent CD analyzing and selecting the most adaptive form.
technology and component-based programming To achieve this, the Grasshopper definition was
tools such as Grasshopper were used in the developed further by using the Millipede plugin. This
design process. This design technology allowed for plugin gives an opportunity to analyze the structure
developing an algorithm creating a system that can of each generated form and provides essential
generate complex forms based on logic. values such as maximum deflection, weight, yield,
The CD tools and principles were used to design bending moment, and more.
a Grasshopper definition that can generate adaptive The generation process for all the experimental
forms bio-mimicking the natural process. The studies was implemented using the Grasshopper
Cocoon plugin was applied in the process since it Galapagos tool. It is an Artificial Intelligence tool in
helps generate organic forms that connect masses Grasshopper that changes the selected parameters
by melting them into each other. As shown in Fig. 5, to find the best solution which maximizes or
the main component is called the Cocoon, which is minimizes a selected value. In this case, the value
the script’s core. The Cocoon generates the form that was selected to be minimized is the maximum
based on the inputs, which are shown on the left side deflection of each form, which was calculated with
and called Charges. the Millipede components.
These charges include three input parameters. The parameters that were altered to change
The first parameter is the site-surrounding blocks the form were the radius and the position of each
shown in Fig. 6. Using the site surroundings as a Cocoon charge assigned to the site-surrounding
parameter guarantees a form specifically tailored blocks and connections. Fig. 7 shows the best 24
to the selected site. The second parameter is the generated results of experimental studies with the
connection lines including the connection to the Galapagos tool.
surrounding blocks, the entrances to the site, and the 2.2. Selection analysis.
overall circulation pattern. Using those as a parameter At this stage, we analyzed the results of
helps in defining the mobility and circulation path of experimental studies generated at the previous
the building. To generate a final form, the volume of stage. Fig. 8 shows all the structural analyses for the
the function was used as the third input. generated forms. The colors show the distribution
It was used as an input parameter instead of the of deflection around the form; the red color shows
area of each function to generate 3D forms, not 2D the high-deflection areas, and the blue color shows
patterns. Finally, the last component on the right is lower amounts of deflection distribution.
the Smooth component which is used to smoothen The filtration process will depend on the forms with
the connection between the masses. the lowest maximum deflection, deflection distribution

Fig. 5. Grasshopper algorithm designed to generate building forms

17
Architecture and Engineering Volume 8 Issue 1 (2023)

Fig. 6. Site surroundings and volume of each function as the parameters defining how the building will look like

Fig. 7. Experimental studies performed in the process of generating the best form

18
 Aref Maksoud, Hayder Basel Al-Beer, Aseel Ali Hussien, Samir Dirar, Emad Mushtaha, Moohammed Wasim Yahia — Pages 13–24
COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN FOR FUTURISTIC ENVIRONMENTALLY ADAPTIVE BUILDING FORMS AND STRUCTURES

pattern, density of the structure, and availability of 3. Phase 3: Form development process
errors in the form. According to these criteria, the 3.1. Skin and structure development
best four forms are generations 21, 22, 24, and 24, After selecting the most adaptive form, we
with the minor deflection in all the experiments. developed it into a finalized form. At this stage, another
In addition, as seen from the colors, their Grasshopper definition was designed to generate the
deflection distribution pattern is acceptable. It can skin and the structure of the building. As you can see
be noticed that all four of these generations are very in Fig. 10, this definition uses the Weaverbirds plugin,
similar, which makes sense since they have similar which helps in generating triangle-shaped panels
performances. These four forms then went through forming the geometry of the form.
shadow and radiation analysis to select the most It also helps in generating the structural members
adaptive final form. Fig. 9 shows the shadow analysis that are supporting these panels. The skin that is
for the four selected forms. It can be seen from Fig. 9 used for the building is smart skin. It can sense the
that the best selection would be generation 21. Sun’s heat using CD and change the tint of the glass
Since this selection has more considerable when the heat increases and decreases. The panels
curvature, it provides a more extensive surface area that are facing the Sun moving from the south will be
towards the side of the Sun’s movement. It casts filled with solar PV panels to generate energy for the
shadows for a longer time of the day, with only one hour building. As for the rest of the panels that are facing
of direct sunlight hitting the internal part of the building. the other sides, they will be filled with smart glass,
Fig. 9 also shows the radiation analysis for the same which helps bring diffused light into the building.
four generations (Maksoud et al., 2022). Similarly, the (Abdalla, S.B et al., 2022)
same selection performed the best in terms of radiation Results and discussion
on the internal part of the building with a value below 1. Adaptive expansion system using CD
467.98 kWh/m2, which makes sense since this form The final form of the building was produced after
will have the least amount of direct sun exposure. finishing the form development, shown in Fig. 11.
The performed analysis helped in selecting the most As seen from the Figure, the strategy of using CD
environmentally responsive form. in the design process helped in creating an elegant

Fig. 8. Algorithm and results of the structure analysis

19
Architecture and Engineering Volume 8 Issue 1 (2023)

Fig. 9. Shadow and radiation analysis for the best four generations

originally looking building adapted to the site. The Fig. 13 shows that the best performers in terms
obtained final design looks futuristic, and some of radiation are the buildings that have less than
might argue that it’s not buildable. However, CD 171 kWh/m2 for hotels, 193 kWh/m2 for resorts,
tools provide more strategies for us in the digital 92 kWh/m2 for schools, and 378 kWh/m2 for malls
fabrication of such designs. (Emiratesgbc.org, 2020). Fig. 14 shows that a
For example, each of those panels that make significant part of this building is a CD Mall, and there
the skin of the building can be easily tracked with are some parts of the building that act as a CD Hotel
Grasshopper to produce a report with all the pieces and CD Institute. (Mushtaha, Emad et al., 2022)
required to build this using manufacturing and When comparing our results to those of the
assembly data. BEA project, it can be concluded that the building is
The story does not end here because a new considered a best performer when it comes to the mall
analysis must be made to test the performance of and hotel and a median performer when it comes to the
the final building after its development and check if institute. These results prove that the building generated
the building is environmentally responsive. by CD is, in fact, environmentally responsive.
To analyze the performance, a new Grasshopper In addition, it can be noticed from Fig. 12 that the PV
algorithm was developed using the Ladybug plugin, panels placed on the south façade provide 368,070.02
which is shown in Fig. 12. kWh per year, which is 12% of the building’s energy.
The table in Fig. 12 shows the results of the 2. Adaptive expansion system using CD
analysis that was generated from the algorithm. As CD has many potentials in design. At this stage,
seen from the Table, the total radiation per year is a CD engine called Deepart.io was used to predict
161.36 kWh/m­2. To know if that is a good result, it the future expansion of the building on the project’s
can be compared to the Emirates GBC BEA Project site and in the city of Dubai. This is a global CD engine
from the Emirates GBC 2020 Green Building Market that has been used by international universities like
Brief, which is shown in Fig. 13. MIT & organizations like AA in London. It can alter
a picture based on a given style, which acts as a
parameter controlling the output. So, a picture of the
site was uploaded as an input with another picture of
one of the experimental studies, as shown in Fig. 14.
The CD engine was able to study the style of
the building and produce an output showing how
the entire site would look when filled with this
form. In architectural terms, this CD engine could
predict future expansion of the building based on its
information as a parameter. This makes architecture
no longer about one building; it is rather about an
adaptive system that can be applied in any location.
By changing the picture of the site to a picture of a
different site, the CD engine will adapt the form to
the new site and produce a different result.
Conclusion
CD technologies not only enhance the efficiency
Fig. 10. Skin and structure of the building of the design process but also help create adaptive

20
 Aref Maksoud, Hayder Basel Al-Beer, Aseel Ali Hussien, Samir Dirar, Emad Mushtaha, Moohammed Wasim Yahia — Pages 13–24
COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN FOR FUTURISTIC ENVIRONMENTALLY ADAPTIVE BUILDING FORMS AND STRUCTURES

Fig. 11. Final form of the building after the development stage

Fig. 12. Algorithm and results of the energy use

scenarios of how it might be implemented. The

second part focused on the implementation of the
architectural design of a building.
This process used CD technologies to enhance
the architectural design process and create more
adaptive designs. This stage included three phases:
Phase 1: Using CD tools such as Grasshopper
Scripting to design a script that can generate different
kinds of adaptable forms.
Phase 2: Performing experimental studies and
Fig. 13. Emirates GBC BEA Project from the Emirates
GBC 2020 Green Building Market Brief selecting the best form based on structure, shadow,
and radiation analysis.
Phase 3: Developing the skin and the structure
and environmentally responsive designs. The of the building, which consisted of triangular panels
studies on the effects of these technologies in filled with PV panels from the south and smart glass
architecture consisted of two parts. The first part from the other sides.
focused on studying how CD could enhance building After those phases, further analyses were
performance and analyzing some hypothetical conducted to test the final performance of the building.

21
Architecture and Engineering Volume 8 Issue 1 (2023)

Fig. 14. Using AI to predict the future expansion of the building

The radiation analysis resulted in 161.36 kWh/m2, process all the way to the functionality of the actual
which was compared to the values of the Emirates building. Dubai, being one of the most competitive
GBC BEA Project from the Emirates GBC 2020 Green cities regarding technology, has enormous potential
Building Market Brief to prove that the resultant form to implement a project like this.
is, in fact, environmentally responsive. The significant limitation in this field is the
Another analysis was done to test the performance scarcity of expertise in CD technology, which makes
of the PV panels in producing energy for the building, implementation expensive.
which showed that the PV panels cover 12% of the Finally, design and technology are increasingly
building’s energy.
becoming more connected to each other; it will open
A CD engine was then used in developing an
doors for new areas of research and redefine how
adaptation system for the building. In conclusion,
this research explored the potential of using CD future architecture will look like.
and its technologies in architecture. With the results Acknowledgments
that showed how the technology helped in creating This research was partially supported by the
an environmentally responsive design, it is obvious University of Sharjah, College of Engineering,
that these technologies are powerful strategies to be Department of Architectural Engineering. We thank
considered and implemented in architecture. our colleagues from the Department of Architectural
The implementation of CD technologies in Engineering, who provided insight and expertise that
architecture starts from the beginning of the design greatly assisted the research.

22
 Aref Maksoud, Hayder Basel Al-Beer, Aseel Ali Hussien, Samir Dirar, Emad Mushtaha, Moohammed Wasim Yahia — Pages 13–24
COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN FOR FUTURISTIC ENVIRONMENTALLY ADAPTIVE BUILDING FORMS AND STRUCTURES

References
Abdalla, S.B.; Rashid, M.; Yahia, M.W.; Mushtaha, E.; Opoku, A.; Sukkar, A.; Maksoud, A.; Hamad, R. Comparative
Analysis of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Patterns and Trends in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with Developed
Countries. Buildings 2023, 13, 695. doi: 10.3390/buildings13030695
Ahmed, S. N. (2021). Covid, AI, and robotics - a neurologist’s perspective. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol. 8, 617426.
DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.617426.
Al-Azzawi, T. and Al-Majidi, Z. (2021). Parametric architecture: the second international style. IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1067, 012019. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012019.
Alexander, D. (2020). 5 ways artificial intelligence is changing architecture. [online] Available at: https://interestingengineering.
com/culture/5-ways-artificial-intelligence-is-changing-architecture [Date accessed 10 December 2022].
Assaf, T. (2021). A frequency modulation-based taxel array: a bio-inspired architecture for large-scale artificial skin.
Sensors, Vol. 21, Issue 15, 5112. DOI: 10.3390/s21155112.
Birangal, G., Admane, S. V., and Shinde, S. S. (2015). Energy efficiency approach to intelligent building. International
Journal of Engineering Research, Vol. 4, Issue 7, pp. 389–393. DOI: 10.17950/ijer/v4s7/711.
Caetano, Inês. Santos, Luís. Leitão, António. (2020) Computational design in architecture: Defining parametric, generative,
and algorithmic design, Frontiers of Architectural Research, Volume 9, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 287-300, ISSN 2095-2635,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.12.008.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095263520300029)
Caetano, Inês. Leitão, António. (2020) Architecture meets computation: an overview of the evolution of computational
design approaches in architecture, Architectural Science Review, 63:2, 165-174, DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2019.1680524
Chen, C., Hu, Y., Karuppiah, M., and Kumar, P. M. (2021). Artificial intelligence on economic evaluation of energy efficiency
and renewable energy technologies. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, Vol. 47, 101358. DOI: 10.1016/j.
seta.2021.101358.
Chen, D. A., Ross, B. E., and Klotz, L. E. (2015). Lessons from a coral reef: biomimicry for structural engineers. Journal of
Structural Engineering, Vol. 141, Issue 4, 02514002. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001216.
Choi, J.-M., Won, M.-C., and Lee, S.-J. (2010). 63906 Vision based self learning mobile robot using machine learning
algorithms (Robotics and Mechatronics). In: The Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Multibody Dynamics, 2010,
Vol. 2010.5, 63906. DOI: 10.1299/jsmeacmd.2010.5._63906-1_.
Chua, S. L. (2013). Behaviour recognition in smart homes. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, Vol. 5,
No. 1, p. 133. DOI: 10.3233/AIS-120193.
Cortiços, N. D. (2019). Self-learning and self-repairing technologies to establish autonomous building maintenance.
MATEC Web of Conferences, Vol. 278, 04004. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201927804004.
Cotrufo, N., Saloux, E., Hardy, J. M., Candanedo, J. A., and Platon, R. (2020). A practical artificial intelligence-based
approach for predictive control in commercial and institutional buildings. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 206, 109563.
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109563.
Cubukcuoglu, C., Ekici, B., Tasgetiren, M. F., and Sariyildiz, S. (2019). OPTIMUS: self-adaptive differential evolution with
ensemble of mutation strategies for Grasshopper algorithmic modeling. Algorithms, Vol. 12, Issue 7, 141. DOI: 10.3390/
a12070141.
Dimitropoulos, K., Daras, P., Manitsaris, S., Fol Leymarie, F., and Calinon, S. (2021). Editorial: artificial intelligence and
human movement in industries and creation. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol. 8, 712521. DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.712521.
Emaminejad, N. and Akhavian, R. (2022). Trustworthy AI and robotics: implications for the AEC industry. Automation in
Construction, Vol. 139, 104298. DOI: 10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104298.
Emiratesgbc.org (2020). Emirates GBC 2020 Green Building Market Brief. [online] Available at: https://emiratesgbc.org/
wp-content/uploads/2020/09/UAE-Brief_NewTemplate_electronic_final.pdf [Date accessed 12 December 2022].
Estévez, A. T. and Navarro, D. (2017). Biomanufacturing the future: biodigital architecture & genetics. Procedia
Manufacturing, Vol. 12, pp. 7–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.08.002.
Hendy, A. M. (2020). The new design considerations in the residential buildings’ interiors at the post-Corona (COVID-19)
era. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Vol. 12, Special Issue 8, pp. 444–458. DOI: 10.5373/
JARDCS/V12SP8/20202544.
Hutson, M. (2017). How artificial intelligence could negotiate better deals for humans. [online] Available at: https://www.
science.org/content/article/how-artificial-intelligence-could-negotiate-better-deals-humans [Date accessed 12 December
2022].

23
Architecture and Engineering Volume 8 Issue 1 (2023)

Jaruga-Rozdolska, A. (2022). Architektura 4.0: proces projektowania wspierany przez sztuczną inteligencję Potencjał
wykorzystania skryptu generatywnego MidJourney w procesie tworzenia koncepcji architektonicznej. Builder, Vol. 303,
No. 10, pp. 66–69. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.9893.
Joshi, N. (2019). How AI is making buildings smart and intelligent. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/
cognitiveworld/2019/08/13/how-ai-is-making-buildings-smart-and-intelligent/?sh=289dcd1e28d7 [Date accessed 1
January 2023].
Kurtoglu, T., Campbell, M. I., and Linsey, J. S. (2009). An experimental study on the effects of a computational design tool
on concept generation. Design Studies, Vol. 30, Issue 6, pp. 676–703. DOI: 10.1016/j.destud.2009.06.005.
Maksoud, A., Mushtaha, E., Al-Sadoon, Z., Sahall, H., and Toutou, A. (2022). Design of Islamic parametric elevation for
interior, enclosed corridors to optimize daylighting and solar radiation exposure in a desert climate: a case study of the
University of Sharjah, UAE. Buildings, Vol. 12, Issue 2, 161. DOI:  10.3390/buildings12020161.
Maksoud A., Mushtaha E., Chouman L., Al Jawad E., Samra S.A., Sukkar A., Yahia M.W. Study on Daylighting Performance
in the CFAD Studios at the University of Sharjah (2022) Civil Engineering and Architecture, 10 (5), pp. 2134 - 2143, DOI:
10.13189/cea.2022.100532.
Mehra, S. and Sharma, R. (2019). Performance analysis of artificial intelligence based MPPT techniques for a solar system
under changing environmental conditions. In: Proceedings of ICAEEC-2019, IIIT Allahabad, India, May 31 – June 1, 2019.
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3573604.https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3573604
Mushtaha, Emad; Alsyouf, Imad; Hamad, Rawan; Elmualim, Abbas; Maksoud, Aref ;Yahia Moohammed Wasim
(2022). Developing design guidelines for university campus in hot climate using Quality Function Deployment
(QFD): the case of the University of Sharjah, UAE, Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18:5, 593-
613, DOI: 10.1080/17452007.2022.2041386
Naboni, R. and Kunic, A. (2017). Design and additive manufacturing of lattice-based cellular solids at building scale.
Blucher Design Proceedings, Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 369–375. DOI: 10.5151/sigradi2017-058.
Nisztuk M, Myszkowski PB. Usability of contemporary tools for the computational design of architectural objects:
Review, features evaluation and reflection. International Journal of Architectural Computing. 2018;16(1):58-84.
doi:10.1177/1478077117738919
Oberste-Ufer, K. (2019). 7 ways artificial intelligence is revolutionizing architecture. [online] Available at: https://blog.
dormakaba.com/7-ways-artificial-intelligence-is-revolutionizing-architecture [1 January 2023].
Oxman, R. (2017). Thinking difference: theories and models of parametric design thinking. Design Studies, Vol. 52,
pp. 4–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.destud.2017.06.001.
Pala, Z. and Özkan, O. (2020). Artificial intelligence helps protect smart homes against thieves. DUJE (Dicle University
Journal of Engineering), Vol. 11, Issue 3, pp. 945–952. DOI: 10.24012/dumf.700311.
Philips, M. (2020). The present and future of AI in design (with infographic). [online] Available at: https://www.
toptal.com/designers/product-design/infographic-ai-in-design#:~:text=Designers%20working%20with%20AI%20
can,adjustments%20based%20on%20that%20data [4 January 2023].
Rocha, H. R. O., Honorato, I. H., Fiorotti, R., Celeste, W. C., Silvestre, L. J., and Silva, J. A. L. (2021). An Artificial Intelligence
based scheduling algorithm for demand-side energy management in Smart Homes. Applied Energy, Vol. 282, Part A,
116145. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116145.
Roudsari, M. S., Pak, M., and Viola, A. (2013). Ladybug: a parametric environmental plugin for Grasshopper to help
designers create an environmentally-conscious design. In: Proceedings of Building Simulation 2013: 13th Conference of
IBPSA, Chambéry, France, August 26–28, 2013, pp. 3128–3135. DOI: 10.26868/25222708.2013.2499.
Shishina, D. and Sergeev, P. (2019). Revit|Dynamo: designing objects of complex forms. toolkit and process automation
features. Architecture and Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 30–38. DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2019-4-3-30-38.
Wang, H. (2011) Real-time data-based fault diagnosis system. Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 189–193, pp. 2621–
2624. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.189-193.2621.
Wollerton, M. (2018). Nest Learning Thermostat (3rd Gen) review: same great Nest, now with a temperature sensor.
[online] Available at: https://www.cnet.com/reviews/nest-learning-thermostat-third-generation-review [Date accessed 12
December 2022].
Zhao, Y., Li, T., Zhang, X., and Zhang, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence-based fault detection and diagnosis methods for
building energy systems: advantages, challenges and the future. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 109,
pp. 85–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.021.

24