Syllabus References

Introduction ACI Code 318-14

Behavior or R.C. Beams under loading Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals/ Dr. E.R.F
Flexural analysis of beam , irregular section Zaghloul/ 1992
Strength design method. Reinforced Concrete mechanics and
Rectangular beam Design/sixth edition/ James K. Wight , James G.
Macgregor
Irregular section , T-beam
Reinforced concrete Design/ CHU-Kia Wang,
Shear strength, and Torsion reinforcement charles G. Samon, Jose A. Pincheira 7th edition.
Analysis and design of continuous beam Design concrete Structure/ Arther H. Nilson,
Design one way slab David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan
Two way slab by coefficient method ‫تصاميم المنشاءات الخرسانيه المسلحه\ جمال عبد الواحد فرحان‬
Deflection Design of Reinforced Concrete/Jack C.
Ribbed slap McCormac, Russell H. Brown/NINTHE
Bond development and cut off DITION/P29
Compression members short columns biaxial.
Introduction
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held together in a
rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are
added to change certain characteristics of the concrete such as its workability, durability, and
time of hardening.
Concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low tensile strength. Reinforced
concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides the
tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcing is also capable of resisting
compression forces and is used in columns as well as in other situations, which are described
later.
Reinforced concrete may be the most important material available for construction. It is used
in one form or another for almost all structures, great or small—buildings, bridges,
pavements, dams, retaining walls, tunnels, drainage and irrigation facilities, tanks, and so on.
Properties of Concrete
The compressive strength of concrete,𝐹𝑐 ҧ , is determined by testing to failure 28-day-old 6-in.
diameter by 12-in. concrete cylinders at a specified rate of loading. For the 28-day period,
the cylinders are usually kept under water or in a room with constant temperature and 100%
humidity.
Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity. Its value varies with different concrete
strengths, concrete age, type of loading, and the characteristics and proportions of the
cement and aggregates.
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑊𝑐1.5 0.043 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝐶𝐼 − 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝑴
− 𝟏𝟒; 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐. 𝟐)
The tensile strength of concrete varies from about 8% to 15% of its compressive strength. A
major reason for this small strength is the fact that concrete is filled with fine cracks.
The modulus of rupture (which is defined as the flexural tensile strength of concrete) is
usually measured by loading a 6-in. × 6-in. × 30-in.
Concrete Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete
Reinforcing Steel
The reinforcing used for concrete structures may be in the form of bars or welded wire fabric.
Reinforcing bars are referred to as plain or deformed. The deformed bars, which have ribbed
projections rolled onto their surfaces (patterns differing with different manufacturers) to provide
better bonding between the concrete and the steel, are used for almost all applications.
There are several types of reinforcing bars, designated by the ASTM. These steels are available
in different grades as Grade 50, Grade 60, and so on, where Grade 50 means the steel has a
specified yield point of 50,000 psi, Grade 60 means 60,000 psi, and so on.
Stress-Strain Curve for Steel
Shows the bar sizes given in both sets of units.
Compatibility of Concrete and Steel
Concrete and steel reinforcing work together beautifully in reinforced concrete
structures. The advantages of each material seem to compensate for the disadvantages of
the other. For instance, the great shortcoming of concrete is its lack of tensile strength,
but tensile strength is one of the great advantages of steel. Reinforcing bars have tensile
strengths equal to approximately 100 times that of the usual concretes used.
The two materials bond together very well so there is little chance of slippage between
the two; thus, they will act together as a unit in resisting forces. The excellent bond
obtained is the result of the chemical adhesion between the two materials, the natural
roughness of the bars, and the closely spaced rib-shaped deformations rolled onto the
bars’ surfaces.
Reinforcing bars are subject to corrosion, but the concrete surrounding them provides
them with excellent protection.
Section analysis
In this section, it is assumed that a small
transverse load is placed on a concrete beam
with tensile reinforcing and that the load is
gradually increased in magnitude until the
beam fails. As this takes place, the beam
will go through three distinct stages before
collapse occurs.
1- Uncracked Concrete Stage-Elastic stresses
At small loads when the tensile stress in concrete
(𝐹𝑐𝑡 ) is less than the modulus of rupture (𝐹𝑟 :the
bending tensile stress at which the concrete begins
to crack), so that no tension cracks develop and the
entire cross section of the beam resists bending,
with compression on one face and tension on the
other face.
2- Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage

As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture

Fr, of the concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to
develop in the bottom of the beam. The moment at
which these cracks begin to form, that is, when the
tensile stress in the bottom of the beam equals the
modulus of rupture is referred to as the cracking
moment,𝑀𝑐𝑟 . As the load is further increased, these
cracks quickly spread up to the vicinity of the
neutral axis, and then the neutral axis begins to
move upward. The cracks occur at those places
along the beam where the actual moment is greater
than the cracking moment. This stage will continue
as long as the compression stress in the top fibers is
less than about one-half (or 45%) of the concrete’s
compression strength, 𝐹𝑐 ҧ , and as long as the steel
stress is less than its yield stress𝐹𝑦 .
3- Concrete cracked- Inelastic stresses stages

𝒇′𝒄
When 𝐹𝑡𝑐 > 𝑓𝑟 and 𝑓𝑐 > (or 45%)
𝟐
As the load is increased further so that the compressive stresses are
𝒇′𝒄
greater than (45%), the tensile cracks move farther upward, as does
𝟐
the neutral axis, and the concrete compression stresses begin to change
appreciably from a straight line. For this initial discussion, it is assumed
that the reinforcing bars have yielded. The stress variation is much like
that shown in Figure below.
Design and Analysis Methods
Two philosophic of design, The working stress method, focusing on condition at service
load. the principal method was used from the early 1900s, until 1960s. Today, the strength
design method is used, focusing on conditions at loads greater than service loads when.
Working design method ; a structural element is so designed that the stresses resulting
from the action of service load and computed by the mechanics of elastic members do not
exceed some predesigned allowable values. Service load is the load, such as dead, live,
snow, wind, and earthquake, which is assumed actually to occur.
The basic assumption are,
1. strain distribution across the section is linear and thus the steel and concrete strains are
proportional to their distance from the neutral axis.
2. Concrete and steel behave as elastic materials under working loads.
3. The allowable steel stress should not be taken more than fy/2, with ,ACI-318-14; 20.2.2.3.
4. The allowable compressive stresses should be reduced to a max value of 0.45fc’ .
Analysis section before cracking:

❑ Strain in steel is the same as that in concrete at the level of steel ( assuming
strong bond between steel and concrete)
𝑓𝑐𝑠 𝑓𝑠
❑ 𝜀𝑐𝑠@ 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝜀𝑠 → 𝐸𝑐
=
𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
❑ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓 →𝑛= (modular ratio)
𝐸𝑐 𝑐𝑠 𝐸𝑐
❑ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓𝑐𝑠 …………. (1)
❑ 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑐 (equivalent force)
❑ 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐(𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡) 𝑓𝑐𝑠
→ 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑛𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐(𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣) 𝑓𝑐𝑠 → 𝐴𝑐(𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠
 That means replacing the actual steel and concrete cross section with a
fictitious section through as consisting of concrete only, which is called
“transformed section”
The area of transformed section become
𝐴𝑡 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑) = 𝐴𝑐 (𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒) + 𝑛𝐴𝑠
= 𝐴𝑔 (𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) − 𝐴𝑠 + 𝑛𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴𝑔 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠 , 𝐴𝑔 =bh
𝑀𝑌
𝜎=
𝐼
𝑀.𝑦𝑡 𝑀.𝑦𝑏
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. = , 𝑓𝑡𝑖𝑛. = ,
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟(𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑) 𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟(𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑)
𝑀.𝑦(@𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙)
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛 × 𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝑛 ×
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟(𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑)
Example; simple supported beam has (600*300) mm and area of steel As, (3200𝑚𝑚2 ),
modular ratio n, of (8). modulus of rupture Fr, of (3.1Mpa). Find the stresses of concrete
and steel if the subjected moment is (33.9kN.m). Also, find cracking moment.
𝐴𝑡 = 300 × 600 + 8 − 1 × 3200 = 202400 𝑚𝑚2
σ 𝑎 𝑖 𝑦𝑖
𝑦 ′=σ 𝑎𝑖
, 𝑦 ′ =𝐶1 =distance from N.A. to top fiber
600×300×300+7×3200×500
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 = = 322 𝑚𝑚
202400
𝐶2 = 600 − 322 = 278 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁. 𝐴. 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑦𝑠 = 278 − 100 = 178 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑁. 𝐴. 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
300×6003
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐 = 12
+ 300 × 600 × 222 + 3200 × (8 − 1) × 1782
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐 = 6197 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑀𝐶1 33.9×106 ×322

𝑓𝑐 = = = 1.76 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟 6197×106
𝑀𝐶2 33.9×106 ×278
𝑓𝑡(𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) = = = 1.52 𝑀𝑝𝑎 <𝑓𝑟
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟 6197×106
𝑀𝑦 8×33.9×106 ×178
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝐼 𝑠 = = 7.79 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟 6197×106
❑ the stresses in the concrete and steel in the elastic stage , and the
concrete section is uncracked.
❑ To find the cracking moment:
𝑀 .𝐶2
❑ If 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑟 = 𝐼 𝑐𝑟
𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟

𝑓𝑟. 𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟 3.1×6197×106

❑ 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = × 10−6 = 69.1kN.m
𝐶2 278
❑ Since the cracking moment is greater than subjected moment
❑ Thus, this moment 𝑀𝑐𝑟 causes the first crack to appear.
Cracked Section and Stresses in Elastic Stage:
by using Transformed section method

Finding neutral axis after of

transformed area steel section to
equivalent area of concrete;
𝐸𝑠
Ac(equiv.)=nAs ;𝑛=
𝐸𝑐
Take moment of area about N.A.
𝑘𝑑 2
𝑏 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑
2
𝑘𝑑 2
𝑏 − 𝑛𝜌𝑏𝑑2 1 − 𝑘 = 0
2
𝑘 2 + 𝑘 2𝜌𝑛 − 2𝜌𝑛 = 0
𝑘= 𝜌𝑛 2 + 2𝜌𝑛 − 𝜌𝑛
𝑀.𝑘𝑑 𝑀. 𝑑−𝑘𝑑
𝑘𝑑 𝑘 𝑓𝑐 = and 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝑛 ×
𝐽𝑑 = 𝑑 − = 1 − 𝑑 𝐼𝑐𝑟 𝐼𝑐𝑟
3 3
Or used the Moment Method
𝑀@𝑡𝑖𝑛. 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶 × 𝐽𝑑 = 0.5 × 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑘𝑑𝐽𝑑
𝑀 = 0.5𝑓𝑐 × 𝑏𝑘𝐽𝑑 2
Or 𝑀@𝑐𝑜𝑚. = 𝑇 × 𝐽𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 × 𝐽𝑑
And calculate the stresses
2𝑀
𝑓𝑐 =
𝑘𝐽𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀
𝑓𝑠 =
𝐴𝑠 𝐽𝑑
Note: The above formulas for the
rectangular section only and cracked section
Example 1; reinforced beam as shown in the figure 300 mm width and effective depth
500𝑚𝑚 has steel reinforcement area of 1500mm2, modulus ratio n=8, find stresses at
concrete and steel, if the beam subjected to 70kN.m.

Calculate k 𝑘= 2𝜌𝑛 + 𝜌𝑛 2 − 𝜌𝑛
𝐴𝑠 1500
𝜌= = = 0.01 → 𝜌𝑛 = 0.01 × 8 = 0.08
𝑏𝑑 300×500

𝑘 = 2 × 0.08 + 0.08 2 − 0.08 = 0.328

𝐾𝑑 = 164𝑚𝑚
𝑘 0.328
𝐽 =1− =1− = 0.89 𝐽𝑑 = 445𝑚𝑚
3 3
2𝑀 2×70×106
𝑓𝑐 = = = 6.39 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑘𝐽𝑏𝑑 2 300×0.328×0.89×5002
𝑀 70×106
𝑓𝑠 = = = 104.9 𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑀𝑘𝑑 70×106 ×164
𝐴𝑠 𝐽𝑑 1500×0.89×500 𝑓𝑐 = = = 6.39 𝑀𝑝𝑎and
𝐼𝑐𝑟 1795×106
Or by equivalent area 𝑛𝑀 𝑑−𝑘𝑑 8×70×106 (500−164)
300×1643 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓𝑐𝑠 = =
2 𝐼𝑐𝑟 1795×106
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8 × 1500 × 500 − 164
3 = 104.9 𝑀𝑝𝑎
= 1795 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
Example2: in a concrete beam (b=250mm), (d=400mm) , (As=1000 mm2),
(n=8), calculate the maximum moment can be subjected to the beam if the
allowable stress (fc=12Mpa), and (fs=140Mpa).
𝑘= 2𝜌𝑛 + 𝜌𝑛 2 − 𝜌𝑛 Or by the second method
𝐴𝑠 1000
𝜌
𝑏𝑑
=
250×400
= 0.01 Kd=0.328*400=131 mm
𝜌𝑛=0.01*8=0.08 250×1313 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8 × 1000 × 400 − 131
3
𝑘= 2 × 0.08 + 0.08 2 − 0.08 = 0.328 = 766.23 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐽 =1− =1−
𝑘 0.328
= 0.89 For concrete stress control
3 3
𝑓𝑐 ×𝐼𝑐𝑟 12×766.23×106
For concrete stress control 𝑀= = × 10−6
𝑘𝑑 131
𝑀 = 0.5 𝑓𝑐 × 𝑏𝑘𝐽𝑑 2 = 70 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀 = 0.5 × 12 × 250 × 0.328 × .89 × 4002 × 10−6 For steel stress control
= 70 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑓𝑠 ×𝐼𝑐𝑟 140×766.23×106
𝑀= = × 10−6 =49.8
For steel stress control 𝑛(𝑑−𝑘𝑑) 8(400−131)
KN.m
𝑀 = 1000 × 140 × 400 × 0.89 × 10−6 =49.8 KN.m
So the max. moment 49.8 kN.m
So the max. moment 49.8 kN.m
Design of Rectangular beam
The aim of the design is to find the dimensions
of the section and the area and detail of steel
reinforcement.
The allowable stress and the loads or moment
are given.
The perfect design have been gain when the
stress of concrete and steel reach to allowable
limit simultaneously(Economical section).

Steps :firstly find k from proportion stresses:

𝑓𝑠ൗ
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑠 𝑓𝑐 𝑛 𝑛(1 − 𝑘) 𝑓𝑠 𝑛
= → = ,𝑟 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑟 = 𝑘=
𝑘𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑) 𝑘𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑) 𝑘 𝑓𝑐 𝑛+𝑟
𝑀
𝑀 = 0.5 𝑓𝑐 𝑘𝐽𝑏𝑑2 𝑅 = 0.5 𝑓𝑐 𝑘𝐽 , 𝑀 = 𝑅𝑏𝑑 2 𝐴𝑠 =
𝑓𝑠×𝐽𝑑
Example : Design simply supported beam shown below to resist distributed load
of 24kN/m, if the compressive strength of concrete fc’=25Mpa, and fy=300Mpa.

Design based on allowable stresses using:

Fc=0.45fc’=0.45*25=11.25Mpa
Fs=150Mpa for fy=300Mpa
Ec=4700 25 = 23500Mpa
200000
𝑛= = 8.51 Used n=9 as Code
23500
dominated
Assume self weight of the beam is (4 kN/m)
Total load W=24+4=28kN/m
𝑊𝐿2 28×62
𝑀= = = 126 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
𝑛 9
𝑘= = 140 = 0.42
𝑛+𝑟 9+
11.25
0.42
𝐽 =1− = 0.86
3
𝑅 = 0.5 𝑓𝑐 𝑘𝐽 = 0.5 × 11.25 × 0.42 × 0.8 = 2.03
𝑀 = 𝑅𝑏𝑑2
𝑀 126×106
b𝑑2 = = = 62.07 × 106 let b=250mm d=498mm
𝑅 2.03
Jd=428
𝑀 126×106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 2102𝑚𝑚2 ,
𝑓𝑠×𝐽𝑑 150×428

then use bar diameter ø=30mm

2102
Number of bars= = 2.97
707
h=498+15+12+40=565 use 570 mm
1. H.W; the fig. shown below is a cross section of
cantilever beam supporting a uniform load of 2.5 kN/m
including it’s own weight and a concentrated load of 30
kN at it’s free end. It has Fc=8 Mpa, Fs=124 Mpa , and
n=10
find safe length span ?

2. H.W. ; For the beam shown below if the Ec=20000

Mpa, Fc’=21 Mpa and Fy=400 Mpa Calculate the
maximum stresses in the steel and concrete if the
applied bending moment is 115 kN.m and As=1935 mm2
3. H.W. ; find the maximum load (p) for case a. no cracked section b. maximum
capacity of the section if Fc’=21 Mpa, Fy=240 Mpa
Irregular section
When the beams cast monolithically with slab, thus T-section or L-section will be
produced. Also According architectonic requirements needs to produce different
shape of cross section.
Analysis of the irregular section (T-section)
There are two states
1. When 𝐾𝑑 ≤ ℎ𝑓 the
section is similar to
rectangular section
b=bf.
2. When 𝑘𝑑 > ℎ𝑓 the section considered flange section

f
Example: for the T-section beam, check the stresses of steel and concrete if the
beam subjected to 150 kN.m . Assume fc’=20 Mpa, fy=300 Mpa.
𝑡
1450 × 100 × 50 + 250 × 600 × 400 + 9 × 2040 × 650
𝑦 = = 252.7𝑚𝑚 → 𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 = 16.73116 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
1450 × 100 + 250 × 600 + 9 × 2040
𝐹𝑟 × 𝐼𝑢𝑛 0.62 × 20 × 16.73116 × 109
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = × 10−6 = 103.6𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 150𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑
𝑦𝑏 700 − 252.7

Check section behavior

𝐴𝑠 = 4 × 510 = 2040 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝑠 200000
𝑛= = = 9.51 ≈ 10
𝐸𝑐 4700 20
𝐴𝑠 2040
𝜌= = = 0.00216
𝑏𝑑 650×1450
𝜌𝑛 = 10 × 0.00216 = .0216
𝑘 = 2 × 0.0216 + 0.02162 − 0.0216 = 0.187
𝑘𝑑 = 650 × 0.187 = 121.5 > ℎ𝑓 = 100
So the section should be analysis as T-section
σ 𝑀𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁.𝐴 = σ 𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑁.𝐴
𝑥2 ℎ𝑓 x
× 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 × ℎ𝑓 × 𝑥 − = 𝑛 × 𝐴𝑠 × 𝑑 − 𝑥
2 2
125𝑥 2 + 120000 𝑥 − 50 = 20400 650 − 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 1123.2𝑥 − 154080 = 0
d-x
−1123.2± 1123.22 −4×(−154080)
𝑥= = 123.58 𝑚𝑚
2
250×123.583 1200×1003
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + + 1200 × 100 × (123.58 − 50)2
3 12
+20400 × (650 − 123.58)2 = 6.56 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
150×106 ×123.58
𝑓𝑐 = = 2.82 𝑀𝑝𝑎 < <𝑓𝑐′ /2
6.56 ×109
150×106 ×(650−123.58)
𝑓𝑠 = 10 = 120.370 𝑀𝑝𝑎 <fy
6.56×109
Thus, the stresses in concrete and steel are in the elastic stage.
𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑
From similarity of triangles:
𝑓𝑐 𝜎
= 𝜎 = 0.19𝑓𝑐
123.5 23.5
0.81𝑓𝑐
𝐶1 = × 100 × 1450 =58725𝑓𝑐
2
𝐶2 =0.19𝑓𝑐 × 100 × 1450=27550𝑓𝑐
0.19𝑓𝑐
𝐶3 = × 23.5 × 250=558.1𝑓𝑐
2
Mom. of resultant (@top face)=∑ M of components (@ top face)
𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 .Z=𝐶1 𝑍1 +𝐶2 𝑍2 +𝐶3 𝑍3
𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =(58725+27550+558.1) 𝑓𝑐 =86833.1𝑓𝑐
100 100 23.5
86833.1*Z=58725 ∗ ( )+27550 + 558.1(100 + )
3 2 3
Z=39.1 mm
M (@T)=𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (d-Z) 150 × 106 =86833.1𝑓𝑐 (650-39.1) 𝑓𝑐 =2.83 Mpa
M (@C)=𝑇(d-Z) 150 × 106 =2040𝑓𝑠(650-39.1) 𝑓𝑠 =120.36 MPa
Doubly reinforced concrete beams
1. The use of doubly reinforced beams sections permit using smaller section
which his important in structural and architectural requirement.
2. The compression reinforcement is important in limiting the long term
deflection .
3. The compression reinforcement is important in fixing stirrups.
4. The stresses in compression zone will increased due to creep during the
long time . This leads to the concrete more compacted and then the carry
double the stresses in compression zone.
For compression area𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
2𝑛𝐴𝑠 ′ − 𝐴𝑠 ′ ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 2𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠 ′
2𝑛 ; 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓𝑐𝑠 ; 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 2𝑛𝑓𝑐𝑠 ′ ; 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒆
Example; find the stresses in the beam shown below at first quarter of the
beam, and at max. moment , n=10, Fr=3.1.

As cracked section:
28 2 X
𝐴𝑏 = 𝜋 = 615.75 𝑚𝑚2
2
6× 20+27.4 1.52
𝑀𝑎𝑡 1.5 = × 1.5 − 20 + 27.4
2 2
= 159.975 KN. m
𝑤𝐿2 47.4×62
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = = = 213.3 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 Wd.l=20 kN/m WL.L=27.4 kN/m
8 8
Properties of transformed section
σ 𝑀𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁.𝐴 = σ 𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑁.𝐴
𝑋2
2𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠 ′ . 𝑋− 𝑑′ + 𝑏. = 𝑛𝐴𝑠. (𝑑 − 𝑋) As=3078.75
2
(n-10)As=16625.25
𝑋 2 + 274.45𝑋 − 69878.83 = 0 𝑦 𝑡 = 244.3𝑚𝑚
−274.45∓ 274.45 2 −4× −69878.83 𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 = 4.93569 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝑋= = 160.6 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟖𝟒𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
2
 350×162.63 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 2 × 10 − 1 × 2 × 615.75 × 160.6 − 70 + 10 × 4 × 615.75
3
× 430 − 160.6 2 = 2.4633 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
At 1.5 m from support M=159.975kN.m
𝑀.𝐶1 159.975×106 ×160.6
𝑓𝑐 = = = 10.4 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼 2.4633×109
𝑀.(𝑑−𝑋) 159.975×106 ×(430−160.6)
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝑛 = 10 = 175 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼𝑡 2.4633×109
′ ′ 𝑀.(𝑋−𝑑 ′ ) 159.975×106 ×(160.6−70)
𝑓𝑠 = 2𝑛𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 2𝑛 = 20 = 117 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼 2.4633×109
At mid span M=213.3kN.m
𝑀.𝐶1 213.3×106 ×160.6
𝑓𝑐 = = = 13.9 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼 2.4633×109
𝑀.(𝑑−𝑋) 213.3×106 ×(430−160.6)
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝑛 = 10 = 233 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼𝑡 2.4633×109
𝑀.(𝑋−𝑑 ′ ) 213.3×106 ×(160.6−70)
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 2𝑛𝑓𝑐𝑠 ′ = 2𝑛 = 20 = 156.9𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼 2.4633×109
5. H.w; Find the maximum live load p, that can be applied on the cantilever
beam show in fig. use Fc’=28 Mpa, Fy=400Mpa.
Example; Fc’=25 Mpa, Fy=400 Mpa, Find cracking Moment and
maximum moment. For cantilever beam shown below.
𝐸𝑠 200000
𝑛= = = 8.51 ≈ 9
𝐸𝑐 4700 25
22 2
𝐴𝑠 = 4 × 𝜋 = 1520.5 𝑚𝑚2
2
𝐴𝑡 = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠
7002 200 2×7002
200× 2 + 2 × 3 +(9−1)×1520.5×650
𝑌′ = 200 = 403.18 mm
200×700+ 2 ×700+(9−1)×1520.5

200×7003 700 2
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟 = + 200 × 700 × 403 −
12 2
200×7003 200 2×700 2
+ + × 700 × − 403
36 2 3
2
+ 9 − 1 × 1520.5 × 650 − 403 =
9.041 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
 𝐹𝑟×𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟 0.62 25×9.041×109
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = × 10−6 = 94.38 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
ℎ−𝑦′ 700−403
For max. moment
σ 𝑀𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁.𝐴 = σ 𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑁.𝐴
𝑠 200 2
= 𝑠= 𝑋
𝑋 700 7
𝑋2 𝑋2 2 𝑋
𝑛𝐴𝑠. 650 − 𝑋 = 200 +
2 3 72
𝑋 3 + 2100𝑋 2 + 287374.5𝑋 − 186793425 =0 X
𝑋 = 228.18 𝑚𝑚
2
200×228.183 ∗228.184
2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = +2∗ 7
+ 9 × 1520.5 650 − 228.18 = 3.356 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
3 12
0.45×25×3.356×109
Due to allowable concrete stress 𝑀 = × 10−6 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
228.18
0.5(400)×3.356×109
Due to allowable steel stress 𝑀 = × 10−6 =176.8 kN.m
9(650−228.18)
6. H.W. find stresses of concrete and steel if the subjected moment (a. 100
kN.m, b. 200 kN.m) and modular ratio n=10 for beam shown below
7. H.W.; design the beam below if the distributed load is 20 kN/m, n=10,
allowable stresses Fc=10 Mpa, and Fs=140 Mpa.