Geography 3 Success Terry Jennings UNIVERSITY PRESS—_—- O&O _ < $ je ee Acknowledgements The author and publisher would like to thank the following for help in the preparation of this book: Jeremy and Lourdes Cottam; Brenda Miles. Photographic credits Alamy/WGPR p 30 (bottom); Courtesy of Dover Harbour Board p 48; Corbis/Neil Rabinowitz p 37; Ecoscene/Rod Smith p 28 (top); English Heritage p 49; Eye Ubiquitous/A J G Bell p 43 (right) /Nick Bonetti p 13 ‘David Cumming pp 19, 51 /Laurence Fordyce p 6 (bottom /Steve Lindridge p SO /Tim Page p 18 (top) /David Peez.p 18 (bottom) /Bryan Pickering p 36 /J B Pickering p 25 /Stephen Rafferty p 54 /Paul Thompson p43 (left) (Gary Trotter p 31; Getty Images/Richard Elliott p 40; Greg Evans International p 3 Courtesy of Hutchison Ports (UK) Limited p 47 (ight); ICCE/Tom Skitt p 21 /Philip Steele p 20 (bottom); James Davis Worldwide pp 12 (bottom), 44; Terry Jennings pp 7, 8, 10, 12 (top), 16 (both), 33, 38 (all), 39, 47 (left), $2, 53, 5S (both); PA Photos/EPA pp 17, ‘7, $8 (both) /Tim Ockenden p 30 (top) /Kirsty Wigglesworth p 22 (right); Science Photo Libraryi/J G Golden p 59; Skyscan/Bob Evans p 45 /NOAA p 56; Stills Pictures p 15; www.tografox.com/R D Battersby pp 4 (both), 22 (lef), 24, 27, 28 (bottom), 29, 32 (top), 40 (Lop), 41; Travel Ink p 20 (top). Cover photo: Pablo Corral V/Corbis Maps (pp 6, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 60, 61) © GEOATLAS 1998, 1999 Graphi-Ogre OXFORD Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 DP Oxford University Press isa department ofthe University of Oxford it furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing ‘worldwide in Oxford New York ‘Auckland Cape Town Dares Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Naitobi New Delhi’ Shanghai Taipei Toronto ‘With offices in Argentina Austria Bazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzetland Thailand Tutkey Ukraine’ Vietnam (Oxford isa registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Terry Jennings 2002 ‘The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2002 3029 All rights reserved. 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Printed in Singapore by KHL Printing Co. Pte Ltd Paper used in the production of this book is a natural, recyclable product made from wood grown in sustainable forests, The manufacturing process conforms to the——_————— Contents (and suggested order of teaching) YEAR 5 1 WATER 4 COASTAL PLACES AND PEOPLE We need water 4 Coastal settlements 40 Water everywhere 6 Blackpool 42 The water supply 8 Tenby 44 Deserts 10 Felixstowe, a container port 46 Desert peoples 12 Dover 48 Tropical rainforests “4 Rotterdam, the gateway to Europe 50 Drought 16 Safe water 18 Who owns water? DOME ie WAND EN CHE NEMS Our friend, the wind $2 ‘Wind strength 54 2 TRAFFIC PROBLEMS eae ee ‘Transport 22 Tornadoes 58 Road traffic 24 ‘Traffic problems 26 Solving traffic problems a8 yan MaAeS) Do we want a bypass? 30 ‘The British Isles 60 The world 61 3 INVESTIGATING COASTS GLOGS ARY: es Coasts 32 ‘The moving sea 34 INDEX 64 Waves at work 36 Beaches 38We need water What would life be like without water? Water is one of the most important substances on Earth. Without water to drink we would die. About 70 per cent of our body weight is water. People have lived for a month or more without food, but no one can live for more than three or four days without water. How do we use water? We wash many things with water. We use water to flush the toilet. The foods we eat have water in them and all our drinks are largely water. We also use water to cook many of our foods. Animals, plants and water Animals and plants need water to live. Some simple plants and animals are 99 per cent water. Plants take up water from the soil through their roots. The animals that provide us with meat, milk and eggs need large amounts of clean, water to drink, Water is also home to millions of plants and animals, including one of our most important foods - fish. rops and irrigation Farmers all around the world need water for their crops. In some places, where there is not much rain and the land is dry, farmers bring water to their fields. The water is carried to the fields in pipes and ditches from rivers, lakes and wells. This special kind of watering is called irrigation. Some crops need more water to grow than others. Rice and cotton, for example, can be grown only in countries that are very hot and which also have lots of rain. We need water to keep ourselves clean. How much water do. animals and plants need? [human _|2 litres per day dairy cow| 135 litres per day oak tree @———>SWATER How does industry use water? In some industries, water is used to cool the moving parts of machinery or hot substances. Fi tneiot “litre of beer Water is used to help produce most of our electricity. All power stations that burn fuels use water to make steam to turn the machines that produce electricity. In hydro-electric power ; stations, the water of fast- fel flowing rivers is used to tum the machines that l | produce electricity. yer Water is used to make So many of the things we tiene see or use every day. Making cement, concrete, steel and paper uses huge quantities of water. Water is also used to make many kinds of food. 1009 bar of chocolate 15000 litres of water family-size car t How much water is used in making some everyday things? By t 2 Imagine you are going to a faraway Actwitttes planet. There [sie Water orp anet so you will have to take supplies with 1 Keep a diary of all the ways you use you. Draw or write about what you will water during a whole week. Examples need water for, include washing your hands, flushing the toilet and watering plants. 3 How is water used for people to enjoy themselves in your area? Make a list of the places where water is used for leisure activities. Draw pictures to show the different places. ‘a Record your results on a spreadsheet. b Discuss your results with your class. How could you use less water?Water everywhere Look at a globe or the map of the world on. page 61. How much of the Earth do you think is covered by water? Nearly three-quarters of the Earth is covered by water, but most of it is salty seawater. Oceans There is water in the oceans. What are the five great oceans? The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean. It covers about a third of the surface of the Earth and its average depth is over 4000m, All the oceans are connected to each other. This means that their waters are mixed together. Seas In addition to the oceans, there are seas. Some of these, such as the Arabian Sea and the Sargasso Sea, are parts of oceans. The largest of the world’s seas is the South China Sea. Other seas are surrounded by land on the continents, and so are separate from the oceans. The Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea are all on eo continents, although the Mediterranean does have a narrow opening into the Atlantic Ocean. How many seas can. you find on a world map? ‘The water in the oceans and seas is always salty. Some of this salt has come from volcanoes under the sea, but most of it has dissolved from rocks on land. Fresh water Where else, besides oceans and seas, is there water in the world? Most of the water we need for drinking, washing, cooking and growing plants comes from lakes and rivers. This is called fresh water. It is not salty like seawater. Some fresh water is found in the form of ice. Ice can be found on the tops of high ‘mountains. Sometimes the ice flows down the mountainside, like a slow-moving river. Such rivers of ice are called glaciers. There are huge sheets of ice, called polar ice caps, around the North and South Poles. The picture shows the Antarctic polar ice cap.WATER a — Did you know that there are huge quantities of fresh water under the ground? Every time it rains, some of the rainwater soaks into the ground and through tiny cracks in rocks. Sometimes the water flows as an underground river. ‘There is also a small proportion of the world’s water in the air. Some of it we can see, as clouds, but much of it is the invisible gas called water vapour. Do you think this lake in Austria is fresh water or salt water? Abbie 1 Here is a map quiz. Use an atlas to help you to answer the questions. a What is the name of the ocean off the west coasts of the British Isles, Make a Sketch plan of your school and France and Portugal? its grounds. Walk around the school b What is the name of the sea between and mark on your plan all the places Britain and Ireland? where water moves, including any taps, © What is the name of the sea between —_ gutters and downpipes. Japan and North Korea? d What is the name of the ocean to the 3 Use an atlas to find five countries with east of Africa? a very high rainfall and five countries e Find three seas which have colours in__with a very low rainfall. Compare your their name. results with those of your classmates. Which oceans and seas would a ship ross if it sailed from Sydney, Australia, to London, England, by the shortest route?The water supply What do we need clean water for? Inone —- Water treatment year the average family of four uses about 210000 litres of water ~ enough to fill four Do you know how water is cleaned? large tanker lorries to overflowing. If we are Where is it cleaned in your area? to stay healthy, this water has to be clean and safe to use. rainwater drains into river BE Bathe treatment plant, the water is first pumped Into large settling Where does our water _ come from? All the water we use comes from rain (or snow in winter). Many people in the world still have to collect their water from a stream or well. However, in places where there are lots of people, such as in towns and cities, local streams and wells cannot provide enough water for the population. ~ Water has to be transported from 1aKe5, ay the waters rivers or reservoirs further away. paseed through Filter beds of sand and gravel where the smaller particles of ait are removed. to the local district. layers of sand and ‘gravel i Although the water now looks clean, it stil Contains harmful germs that are too small to be filtered out. A gas called chlorine is added to ‘the water to kill these germs. In some areas a chemical called fluoride is also added to the ‘water to help prevent tooth decay. A reservoir is a large, artificial lake made by building a dam across a river. Wherever possible, reservoirs are built high up in hills or mountains where they are filled by water from clean rivers and streams. This reservoir is in the ‘Welsh mountains. eSWATER, Nene ee Sewage Used water from homes, schools and factories is normally passed through big pipes called sewers, to a sewage works for cleaning. The cleaned-up water may then be returned to a river or pumped into the sea. Chemicals are seled which make the bigger parties of it Sick together 1 The tank supplying your and sete on ayes may beon a hilor Tease aan Sie ecretalttoner ff 1 Ifa bucket holds 10 litres of water, tank. The dirt is 1 gle the water enough how many buckets of water a day then removed. pressure to push it along does the average family of four use? Pretgeaasl How many bucketsful does it use in a year? 2 a How many taps do you have in Whew aatuooninwecn your home? Count hot and cold and germ-free, itis pumped ‘taps separately. b How would you manage if there was no hot water in your home? ¢ What problems would you face if there were no taps in your home or along large underground led water mains, in your street? 3 a What is the difference between sewage and a sewer? Write a sentence or two about each word to show you know what it means. b Use reference books or the Internet to help you find out how dirty water is cleaned at a sewage works. Draw a flow chart. ¢ How is sewage in the sea harmful? 4 Mixa little soil with water in a plastic jug to make the water dirty. Experiment to find the best material for filtering the dirty water to make it clean.Deserts What is a desert? The driest places in the world are deserts. Deserts are dry lands where very little rain falls and where few plants can grow. Scientists usually say that an area is a desert if an average of less that 250mm of rain falls each year. More than one- seventh of the land on Earth is taken up by desert. Kinds of desert The hot deserts of the world ‘There are two kinds of desert: Desert scenery * Very cold deserts: found Many people think of hot deserts as being sandy, with the in the Arctic and sand blown into hilly dunes by the wind. But in most hot Antarctic regions at the deserts, the wind has blown the sand away, leaving pebbles North and South Poles. or even bare rock. Shallow lakes form in some deserts after ‘The ground is covered rain, When the water evaporates, only a flat layer of salt is with ice and snow forall eft. Elsewhere there are mountains and steep rocky slopes. or most of the year. Some of these have been carved into interesting shapes by the wind. + Hot deserts: mostly sunny and very dry although they can be very cold at night. The map shows where the great hot deserts of the world are found. These dunes are in the world's largest hot desert - the Sahara Desert in North Africa. .—<$A AAAWATER Desert plants ‘The few plants that are able to survive in the desert have to adapt to the dry conditions. Some desert plants have long roots to reach water deep underground. The roots of the acacia tree of Africa may go down 30m or more to reach water, while the mesquite bush of North America sends its roots down to a depth of 50m, Desert animals Few animals live in the desert. Those that can survive get the water they need from their food. Most of them sleep during the day and come out only at night when it is cooler. + A cactus plant stores The best-known desert animal is the camel. A camel can goa water in its thick stem. As the long time without drinking water. It can lose about one-third of cactus gradually uses up the the weight of its body and still live. Then, when the camel does __ water, the stem shrivels. a f 5 When the next rain comes, find water, it can drink 115 litres or more in a few minutes. jyren she neXt rain comes, hump with fat that can turned Into fo thin coat so it does si nostils to keep out the snd €® How a camel has adapted to life in the desert. These Wide feet to stop it camels |i ifferent oa oy deserts, Which are they? a oR 2 a If you were going to travel to the A CtWwitles Sahara Desert, list the things you would take with you. Arrange your list in order of importance. 1 In the Sahara Desert in summer, b What problems would you meet in temperatures of 58°C in the shade the desert? How would you cope have been recorded. with them? Measure the differences between the temperatures in the sunshine and in 3 Make and illustrate a book or class the shade on a hot day. display on plant and animal life in Record your results. deserts. Use reference books or the Internet to help you.Desert peoples In most parts of the world there is a lot of water under the ground. This is known as groundwater. Each time it rains, some of the water seeps down into the ground where it fills all the cracks and openings in the rocks below. Often, it is possible to dig a well to reach this water. Desert oases In deserts, most of the water from rain is lost. It either runs off the hard, dry surface or evaporates into the air. A little of it soaks into the ground where it may eventually join underground rivers and streams. Some of these rivers and streams bring water from mountains hundreds of kilometres away, where there is heavy rainfall or snow. Ina few places, water from these underground rivers or streams flows to the surface of the desert. The water forms a spring or waterhole, making the land fertile so plants can grow. This is called an oasis. A river flowing through a desert may have long oases along its banks. These nomadic Bedouins are in the Syrian Desert. The Bedouin have no fixed homes. Instead, they live in tents made from goat or camel skins. To protect themselves from the heat, cold and wind-blown sand, they wear long, flowing robes. 2 —$_aaAa9a9a_€é$a6_@~$iAia$ In this oasis in the Sahara Desert, people are able to grow crops by irrigating them with water pumped from a well. Oasis peoples wns and villages are built around oases and waterholes in the desert. The people who live in an oasis village make use of every bit of fertile land. In the oases of the Sahara Desert, for example, the people grow food plants such as vegetables, dates, figs, olives and apricots. They keep cattle, sheep and goats for their meat and milk.WATER a Nomadic peoples oan People who live in oases are not the only people who live Actwittes in the desert. Wanderers, or nomads, also live there. Some of the Bedouin of the Sahara and Arabian Deserts are 1 Nomads do not nomads. They travel from one oasis to another, driving build permanent their herds of sheep and goats in front of them. The sheep homes. Why do you and goats feed on the scattered desert plants. Because it is think this is? so hot during the day, the Bedouin often travel at night when it is cool, and rest during the daytime. a What kinds of clothes do people ‘Much of the time, the Bedouin live mainly on camel's milk, wear in the cheese and dates. They visit oases to exchange meat, skins desert? and handicrafts for tea, dates, rice and other foods. They b What colours are also let their camels drink water there, they? ¢ What materials Some of the Mongol people of the Gobi desert in Asia are aero ates also nomads. The nomadic Mongols are herdsmen, keeping \de from? horses, sheep, cattle, goats and camels. They ride short- i in abies legged, long-haired horses when they round up or drive erentkinctor their herds of animals. clothes people wear. ‘Today, many of the Bedouin and Mongol peoples have been Uae efereacainccke encouraged to change to a more settled existence. This is Shiba nteraeeto partly because governments find it difficult to control indiout abolethe people when they travel around, crossing from one country ener Homes to another. people have in desert areas. a What are the homes made of? b Why are so many houses in desert areas painted white? Why do they often have thick walls and small windows? Collect pictures of the different kinds of desert house and make a class display This Mongol encampment is in the Gobi Desert in Asia, The of them. round tents are called gers. They are made from thick felt stretched over a wooden frame.Tropical rainforests —_ Some of the wettest places Where are the The graph shows temperature on Earth are tropical ‘5 rainforests. In the rainforests? ‘Amazon rainforest. How is the i of the inforest rainforests it is hot and chiraees of the lpi there is a great deal of rain a where you live? all the year round. The rainfall often averages more than 2500mm a year. Many useful things, like rubber, Brazil nuts, bananas, nutmeg and some medicines, come from tropical rainforests. So do some of our most valuable hardwoods, including teak, mahogany and rosewood. This map shows where the world's tropical rainforests are found. Where is the largest area of rainforest? Rainforest trees The trees in a rainforest are very large and close together. The trees are evergreen and, as they grow all the year round, there are always flowers, fruits, leaves and nuts for animals to eat. As a result, there are more kinds of wildlife in a rainforest than in any other kind of environment. Although tropical rainforests take up only about 7 per cent of the world’s land area, they are home to almost half of the different kinds of plants and animals in the world. €® A tropical rainforest is built up of different layers of trees, shrubs and other plants. —_$ AMM __WATER —— Rainforest peoples Threatened rainforests Unfortunately, the world’s tropical rainforests are under threat. Huge areas are being cleared to obtain valuable timber or to make way for: * mines * factories * roads * large farms (called ranches) + plantations. The people and wildlife that live in the rainforest will lose their homes. Some scientists believe that the destruction of the tropical rainforests is also affecting the world’s climate. ‘Tropical rainforests are home to many small tribes of native people who are experts at living in the rainforest and obtaining everything they need from it. These are Yanomami farming people who live in the rainforest of Brazil in South America. The native people have little long-term effect on their environment. Actwites arise " tropical rainforests are found, such as 41 Work with a friend. Discuss why so few Arties or south America, Beople live in the tropical rainforests. 4 What different types of climate are rite down your conclusions. ee nae b How does the climate affect the type 2 Make a chart to compare your local area with a tropical rainforest area. Use these headings: Weather, Plants, Animals, Landscape, People. of clothes people wear, the way they build their houses, the different crops they grow and the domestic animals they rear?Drought ——— Some countries have too much rain and there are regular floods. What happens when there is too little rain? A drought is a long period of dry weather, when no rain falls for weeks, months or even years. In the deserts there is drought all the time. Regular droughts Many parts of the world have a period of drought every year. These are the places which have a dry season and a wet season. The countries around the Mediterranean Sea, for example, have rains in winter and droughts in summer. People plan for the dry period by storing water and by growing crops that can survive in the dry weather. Unexpected droughts The worst droughts are those that are not expected. In Crops, such as these sugar tropical areas, if the rains fail to arrive, there is no water to store for the dry season. beet plants, wither and die during a drought. Drought causes rivers, lakes, reservoirs and wells to dry up. Plants wither and die. Animals trample the ground down hard as they search for plants to eat and water to drink. The animals die, or their owners kill and eat them. The soil becomes as dry as dust and is blown away in strong winds. In the hot sunshine, the dry plants and bushes ‘may catch fire. Even when the rains return, crops will not grow well. With no crops for food, and no animals left to provide meat or milk, country people starve unless they can get food from somewhere else. People who live in towns and cities are affected, too, because, when food is in short supply, prices rise and it becomes too expensive for some people to buy. During a long drought, animals die of starvation and lack of water. This giraffe died during a drought in Kenya, —$ApDA_—___WATER Fe a ane ee a Drought and famine What happens when there is a long drought? In the poorer countries of the world, a long drought often leads to famine. A famine is when a large number of people do not have enough to eat. During a famine, people become weaker and weaker, and are unable to fight off disease. Children and mothers starve, and babies die as their mother's milk dries up. The region around the southern edge of the Sahara Desert suffered a severe drought in the 1980s. This led to a terrible famine in which about 2 million people died of starvation. Another severe drought struck the Orissa region in India, in 1998. There had been very little rain for several years, and then, in 1998, the monsoon rains failed to arrive, Crops withered and died and more than half a million people had to leave their homes in search of food elsewhere. Many starved to death. Actwities 1 Mark on a large map of the world areas where drought and famine are in the news. Make a key to your map. Imagine there is a drought where you live. How many ways of saving water can you think of? Write them down in order of importance. “These people are waiting for food and medicines at a famine relief camp in Sudan. 3 Some newspapers show the daily amount of rainfall for large towns and cities. a Collect these figures for a week and record them on a chart. b Make a league table with the wettest town or city at the top and the driest at the bottom. ¢ Use an atlas to help you mark these towns and cities on a map. What do you notice?Safe water Where does our water come from? We tend to take water for granted. We can turn on a tap and have water to drink or wash with. When we flush the toilet, water washes away our waste. But at least two-thirds of the people in the world do not have a tap inside their home. They have to obtain water from a tap, well, waterhole, stream or river some distance away. Their toilet may bea bucket, a hole in the ground, or a river. How much water do we use? How much water we use depends on how casy it is to obtain. In the poorer countries of the world, many people have to make do with only a few litres of water a day. This water may have come from a river or ee 4 Collecting water from a well in Sri Lanka waterhole which has been used as a toilet Water used per person per day by people and animals, Ages Se Europe 200 litres United States 600 litres Fetching water How do we get our water? In the poorer parts of some countries, it is the work of women and children to fetch water for the family to use. For most women, carrying water takes up several hours of every day. In the very dry areas south of the Sahara Desert, on average, women spend two to three hours each day walking to a waterhole 12 km from their home, and back again. On the return journey, each woman carries the water on her head in a clay pot which 2 weighs about 25 kg when full. In parts of In country areas of India, a woman may Me AE Taree te work for 20 hours each day, spending, on erry get up at three average, about five hours of this fetching and o'clock in the morning and walk 12 km to carrying water. fetch water. Q—$\jAPDDMN9W99 =Water and disease What makes water dirty? In Britain, the water that comes from the taps is clean and free from germs. But for people in many countries, the water they drink, cook or wash themselves with, can make them ill and cause diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery and diarrhoea. Scientists believe that eight out of ten sick people in poorer countries have diseases that have be spread by water. Every day, about 70000 children die from diseases spread by drinking or using water that has been polluted by sewage. ‘Men washing clothes, dishes and themselves in the polluted waters of the Hooghly River in Kolkata, India Ackivitt 1 Work in a group of friends. Pour 5 litres 2 Imagine you had to collect all the of water into a bucket. Take turns to water for your family from a well carry it around the playground, at the other end of your street. a Ask each of your friends how much How would this change life in they think the bucket of water your home? weighs. Record their answers. b Now weigh the bucket of water. Whose guess was nearest? ¢ Imagine you had to carry the bucket of water 12km. Write down how you think you would feel. 3 Find out more about cholera from reference books or the Internet. Find the names of two countries where people still suffer from cholera.Who owns water? Although the water you use originally fell from the sky as rain, you have to pay for it, unless you get your water from a well in your own garden. Nearly every home in Britain receives a bill from the local water company demanding payment for the water supplied to it. Many homes have a meter that measures how much water has been used. The cost Special bamboo pipes are used to collect rainwater in Why do we have to pay for water? It costs a lot of money to this village in Laos. build dams and reservoirs, waterworks, water towers and all the water mains and pipes that carry water to our homes. The cost of cleaning and purifying the water that comes from our taps also has to be paid for. And when we have used the water, we have to pay towards the cost of the pipes and sewage works that clean the water and make it fit to put back into a river or the sea. Unsafe water In the poorer countries of the world, many people do not have enough money to pay for clean water. Some people have to take their water from polluted wells, streams and waterholes. In these places, too, few homes or villages have a safe toilet Frequently, people have to Ina few places, solar panels, which produce electricity use an open pit or a bucket from sunlight, are used to drive pumps that bring up water from deep underground. This solar-powered water pump is in that may overflow into the The Gambia, Africa. local well, river or stream. 8 —_A_A ACharities and water Many charities are working in poorer countries to try to provide clean water and safe toilets. Charities, such as Save the Children, Oxfam, Christian Aid and Water Aid, are drilling wells deep into the ground, in places where the underground water is clean and safe to use. Unlike the wells built by local people, which are often shallow and dug by hand, these new wells are lined with piping and covered so that the water does not become polluted. In countries that are not too dry, small dams and reservoirs are being built. Beis 1 Design a poster to help to raise money for a water project in a country where there is a shortage of clean, safe water. 2 Look at a water bill for your home. How is the amount you have to pay worked out? What kinds of things does the water company charge for? 3 You can work out how much water a dripping tap wastes. Turn on the cold tap until itis just dripping. Put a bucket under the tap and measure 5 WATER a ieee” Charities are building latrines in country areas. A latrine is a kind of toilet used where there are no sewers or running water. ‘The pit latrine has a special pipe which removes flies and bad smells so that it is not too unpleasant to use. This latrine is in Zimbabwe, Africa. how much water drips into the bucket in an hour. How much water would drip away in a aday, b aweek, c a year? Work with a friend. Discuss how other countries can help those that regularly have water shortages. Write down your ideas. Find out more about some of the charities that are working to improve the supplies of fresh, clean water to some of the world’s poorer countries. Use as many sources of information as you can,Transport ———_ —— In the past, most people walked or travelled and motorways, trains run on railway by horse or some other animal when they _ lines, aircraft follow flight paths and ships made a journey. In some parts of the world, keep to special shipping lanes. these are still the only methods of travel for le. ena Why is transport . ? Different forms of importan transport A good transport system is important to us. We expect to have our letters delivered, and Which forms of transport have you used? _food and other goods delivered to the In Britain today, the most common forms of _ shops. Factories need a steady supply of transport are bicycles, cars, buses, vans, raw materials and some means of lorries, trains, aeroplanes and ships. These _ carrying away the goods they have are all ways of taking people or goods from produced. Many people travel to other one place to another. countries for their work or for their holidays. There is now hardly anywhere in the world we cannot reach in 24 hours. And wherever we are, in an emergency we expect the fire brigade, ambulance or police to come to our aid quickly. Day and night, all over the world, millions of people and huge quantities of goods are moving from one place to another. The different forms of transport follow fixed routes. Motor vehicles travel along roads What are the advantages and disadvantages of each form of transport? Trains link big towns and cities and can carry lots of people or heavy goods. They are noisy if you happen t to live near a railway, and there Motor vehicles can goto _—_are many places they cannot Bicycles are inexpensive many different places and reach because there are no and quiet and do not pollute move people and goods easily. railway lines. thee However, they are noisy, they _It is often necessary to use They are not good for long —_ pollute the air and can be some other form of transport journeys, and not very dangerous, particularly to to get to and from a comfortable in bad weather, _ pedestrians and cyclists, railway station.TRAFFIC PROBLEMS — Land and buildings All forms of transport require special routeways and, sometimes, buildings too. Bicycles and motor vehicles need roads or motorways, while trains need railway lines and railway stations. Ships need special harbours and docks, and aeroplanes need airports with road and rail links to them. a On your map, work out a route a fire engine would take from the fire station to your school. Label any important information such as ‘one way street’ or ‘traffic lights! Agee 1 London's Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport in the British Isles. a Use maps and local information or hemembamiagibeyshortest route the Internet to find out where the might not be the quickest for a large major routeways into and out of the fireengine. airport go. Do they pass through b Now repeat this for the other towns and villages, or do they go services. areuna thet 3 Work with a friend and an atlas. Discuss Reka tiDSTiOie uae ae which kind of transport would be best alpen neater. te youretee: for bringing the following to your area: a people from Paris b crude oil from Saudi Arabia ¢ letters from New Zealand d oranges from southern Spain e new motor cars from Japan. 2 Ona map of your local area, mark the following public services: fire station police station hospital health centre clinic or doctors’ surgery t Aeroplanes are the fastest way of travelling. They can cross mountains, oceans and seas, as well as land. — They can carry large numbers of people, but not Ships and boats can cross oceans and seas V*rY large or heavy cargoes. carrying large numbers of passengers and huge They are also noisy and pollute the air. quantities of cago There are not very many airports, so people may They are slow and can travel only from one port _ have to travel a long way by road or rail to get to another, on a river, lake or sea coast. to an airport. —_—_———— _ ®Road traffic —— — ‘The first roads were bumpy, twisting, a narrow, muddy tracks used by people and | Ere their herds of animals. About 2000 years ago, the Romans built straight roads in Europe and North Africa so that soldiers scams We 3 could march easily from one part of the f a i Roman Empire to another. Roman roads Fee | autobah, were paved with stones, and had a sloping ) is surface to allow rainwater to drain away. | What are roads like Po today? = Today, in Britain, many country roads fos fl follow the routes of the first tracks. They sites twist and turn around people's property and pats peo other obstacles such as ponds and woods. Qf The most important roads in Britain today Ai Soha are called motorways. On a long journey in N Ke ~ Britain, most people will travel along a A {soe nnn, me motorway at some time. A motorway is ieee named with the letter M, followed by a | 190 | apm number, such as M1, M9 and M27. Ses Motorways have two or more lanes in each direction, separated by a central barrier. They have no sharp bends, steep hills, ‘A’ roads and minor crossroads, roundabouts or traffic lights. roads Other important main roads are called ‘A’ roads, such as Al, AS, A30 and A947. Many ‘A’ roads have just one lane in each direction. Some have two or more lanes in each direction, when they are called dual carriageways. Many modem dual- carriageway ‘A’ roads are built like motorways, but others have traffic lights, crossroads, roundabouts and steep hills. Roads that are not as important as motorways and ‘A’ roads are called minor roads. Some of the larger minor roads have Cars, lorries, vans and coaches can usually names like B1113 or B723, but many do not travel quickly along a motorway. have names. 2 peTRAFFIC PROBLEMS a Risen ‘Traffic on the A61 in Sheffield ees 1 Look at a map of your local area. a What types of road are there? Now look at a road atlas and follow ‘the routes that these roads take. b Which towns and cities do they pass through? ¢ How long is each road? d Record your results on a spreadsheet. 2 Draw a sketch map of the area where you live. Show all the motorways, A roads and B roads. Label the roads Roads and development Good roads are important to an area. Factories and shops need a good road network to move their goods. If an area has good roads, new factories, offices and shops may be built there, attracting new jobs. Most factories and many supermarkets and other large stores are now built on the outskirts of a town or city, where roads are less busy than those nearer the middle, Houses, schools and hospitals need a good road network. Why do you think this is important? with their correct names. Make a key for your map. 3 All roads have speed limits. Use the Highway Code, or reference books or the Internet, to find out what are the maximum speed limits on the different types of road. 4 Make a table showing the advantages and disadvantages of cars as a method of transport.Traffic problems What is the main method of transport today? In developed countries, people use cars more than any other kind of transport. Lorties and vans are the main methods of moving goods from place to place. _—" note pollution canbe Badin towne and ties 4nd forpeopie ving Congestion = Siero staat caused by |_| designed teary large iieavy motor vehicles an damage bul People expect traffic to be heavy in towns and cities, but the Some of the problems situation is not much better in country areas. Winding, alba by Srattic narrow country roads were not built for today’s large lorries or fast cars. Many villages also suffer from drivers using their roads as a short-cut to the nearest motorway or ‘A’ road. 9 —_@_€zAUi im @é@ $n‘Why is this police officer wearing a mask? Achiviti 1 Ask your teacher to organize a class visit to a local high street area. Look at and record information about any traffic problems and how they affect people and businesses. Record your results on graphs. TRAFFIC PROBLEMS a — Air pollution Motor vehicles also pollute the air with fumes from their exhaust pipes. These fumes contain: © soot which dirties buildings and damages the lungs of people who breathe it in * carbon monoxide - a gas that prevents oxygen being taken into the body, and helps to cause an unhealthy mixture of smoke and fog, called smog * nitrogen oxides - gases that help to cause acid rain and also global warming (or the greenhouse effect) by trapping the Sun’s heat; they also cause breathing problems in humans * hydrocarbons - gases that may cause cancer and breathing problems, and also help to cause global warming. One child in seven in Britain now suffers from asthma or other breathing difficulties, which many people believe are caused, or made worse, by air pollution. In addition to the noise and air pollution caused by motor vehicles, many people are killed or injured in road accidents. Work with a group of friends. Discuss ‘the ways in which planners try to solve traffic problems. Which of these ways are the most effective? Which are least effective? Road accidents are a major problem caused by motor traffic. Find out how many serious accidents resulting in death or injury occurred last year in your local area.Solving traffic problems The government and local councils have become very worried about the effects of road transport and traffic jams in towns and cities. They are concerned about: + human health © the damage to the environment caused by the noise, air pollution, congestion and traffic jams © the effects of global warming * the wastage of time, and of non-renewable fuels such as petrol and oil, while engines ‘idle’ in traffic jams. How can we solve traffic problems? In the past, governments believed that building bigger, ‘What is being done in this straighter roads was a way to solve the problems of traffic picture to help solve traffic jams. But those roads also became jammed as more and problems? more traffic used them. One way to solve the problems is to get people to use forms of transport other than cars. Walking and cycling are better for short journeys. They provide healthy exercise and cause no pollution at all. A bus or train can carry many people at vehicles are not once and causes a lot less pollution than several cars. Motor veblcies this street. How can we discourage car use? Various ways are being tried to encourage people to stop using their cars, or to use them less. These include: * increasing the tax on petrol and diesel oil to make it more expensive to use a car + making parking in towns and cities more difficult and more expensive, except for those people who actually live in that town or city © restricting access to some towns and cities at busy times of the day (—<$ANDPp$$_____* closing some shopping streets to traffic so that people can walk about, safe from traffic — this is called pedestrianization of streets * park-and-ride schemes - large car parks on the outskirts of towns and cities from which shoppers and workers travel into the centre by bus + traffic-calming schemes, such as ramps and chicanes, force motor vehicles to travel more slowly through streets where people live, shop or go to school © trying to encourage more companies to send their goods by rail. Metro’ systems In Britain, London is the only city that has a very large network of underground trains. A large network is expensive and difficult to build. But some cities, such as Manchester, Newcastle, Sheffield and Glasgow, have built special, electrically driven light railways, called ‘metro’ systems. They carry passengers from one part of the city to another quickly, safely and with a minimum of noise and pollution. Activist 1 You are a shopkeeper in a street from which motor vehicles have been banned. Give one reason why you might be pleased with this type of traffic planning and one reason why you might not. In the ‘rush hour’ in many towns and Cities, each car often contains only one person. Work with a friend and discuss TRAFFIC PROBLEMS ‘The metro system in Croydon, South London what could be done to change this. Write down what conclusions you come to. 3 a Collect pictures, or make drawings, of all the methods people use to try to control traffic, such as traffic lights, pedestrian crossings and speed limits. b Stick your pictures on a chart or in a book. © Write a sentence or two about each ‘one, saying whether or not you think it works, and why.Do we want a bypass? — A bypass road is sometimes built to take all the through traffic away from a town or village. Such a road makes people's journeys quicker and safer, while life in the town or i village is quieter, safer and less polluted. Once a bypass is built, new factories and offices often grow up near it, bringing new jobs to the atea. But not everyone welcomes a new bypass. What problems do new roads cause? Because better roads make journeys easier, new roads can attract more cars and lorries, causing even more noise and pollution. Many motorways have had to be widened in places to take extra traffic, New roads also take up large areas of land. It may be necessary to knock down houses that are in the way of the route of the new road. Other houses may have the new road close to them, causing noise and pollution for the people who live there. ‘When the M25 motorway was built all the way around the outskirts of London, road engineers predicted it would carry 80.000 vehicles a day. Within a few months it was carrying 160 000 vehicles a day! ‘New bypasses take up valuable farmland and may destroy attractive countryside and To allow this bypass to be built, the course of a river has been altered. —$A $i mA i $$TRAFFIC PROBLEMS, Unwelcome bypasses Some people in the bypassed town or village may not welcome the new road. Shopkeepers and the owners of garages, cafés, pubs and other businesses may lose trade because of the reduction in through-traffic. So, although a bypass may reduce the traffic in a town or village, such a road is extremely expensive and not everyone wants it to be Not everyone believes we should keep on building bigger built. What do you think? —_ and better roads! ees 1 Look at an Ordnance Survey map or road map of your area. Make a list of all the villages, towns and cities which have been bypassed. 2 Imagine there is a proposal to build a bypass around the area where you live. Work with a group of friends and discuss if and where the bypass should be built. Play the parts of the following local people in your discussion: +a farmer « an elderly person « a traffic planner + a school headteacher a lorry driver * a bird-watcher + the owner of a house on the proposed route Set up a class discussion. 3 Imagine you are a local planning officer. You receive a proposal to build a large new superstore and cinema next to the local bypass. Make a list of arguments for, and against, allowing the superstore and cinema to be built.Coasts What is the coast? The coast is the place where the land meets the oceans and seas. Have you visited any places on the coast? Find them in an atlas. The seashore The seashore lies along the coast. There are sandy, muddy and rocky seashores, and some seashores are made of pebbles. A beach is a sloping strip of sand, shingle or pebbles at the edge of the sea. ‘This seashore in southern England has cliffs behind it. Cliffs are steep rock faces formed by the action of the waves. Changing coastlines The shape of the coast changes all the time because of the constant battering by waves and rough seas. In some places, where the rocks are soft, the water often wears away the land, while harder rocks show little sign of wear. In other places, the sea helps to form new land. This new land is made from the tiny pieces of rock the water has carried from other parts of the coast. Some of the largest inlets on the coast are estuaries, where rivers flow into the sea. Tiny pieces of mud and sand oa mel are swept along by the river and gradually settle on the See hey nae bottom as the river's current is slowed by the incoming dunes. The sand was blown _ waves of the sea. Over many years, the particles form large into dunes by the wind. areas called mudflats. Eventually, these may form new land. .—$ N\AINVESTIGATING COASTS — Why are coasts important? Many people go to the coast for their holidays or to enjoy sports and leisure activities. Sheltered parts of the coast are used as ports for ships and fishing boats. Some of our food, including fish and shellfish, comes from places on the coast. Salt, oil and natural gas are found in coastal areas. How have people harmed the coast? Sadly, human activities are destroying many coastal areas. Thoughtless people leave litter and trample sand dunes, while oil, sewage and chemicals from towns, cities and industries pollute the beaches and seawater. ‘An estuary is a river's mouth, where it flows into the sea. This is the estuary of the River Dovey in Wales. Activits 1 Collect pictures of the different kinds of coastline. Make a class display or scrapbook with your pictures. Write a sentence or two about each picture. 2 Make an illustrated dictionary of words to do with coasts, such as cliff, wave, current, inlet, and so on. Add to your dictionary as you come across new words. 3 Use an atlas or road map to select a part of the coast you would like to visit. Write down the reasons for your choice.The moving sea ‘The oceans and seas are never still. The water is constantly moving because of tides, waves and currents. ides Twice each day, the level of the ocean or sea rises and water covers the shore, We say that the tide is ‘in’, or that it is ‘high tide’. Twice each day, the level of the seawater falls. ‘The seashore is uncovered and we say the tide has ‘gone out’, or it is ‘low tide’. High tide brings deep water to harbours and ports so that large ships can sail in and out, but sometimes a very high tide may cause flooding. Tides are caused Spring tides occur twice a month when the by the combined Sun and Moon are both on the same side of Neal of gravity: the Earth. ae ‘The pul ofboth the Bie tesa Sun and Moon makes ‘of the Moon as ine the water pile up cana . higher than usual ‘The ocean's Moon water piles up « ina bulge on ¢ » the side of the Earth facing the ‘Moon ‘Another bul Moon. 7 ‘of water forms arth ae opposite ~ Moon Ordinary tide Spring tide Waves Waves are big ripples of water caused by the wind. They make the water move up, down and around, but they do not move the seawater from place to place like currents or tides. peaking wave breaking wave ‘trough ut at sea, waves look asf But really the water n each ] ee ‘they are traveling forwards. wave stays in almost the ‘same place, moving round previous wavet The main currents in the Atlantic Ocean 1 Work with a friend. Discuss where and when waves, currents and tides can be dangerous to people. What can people INVESTIGATING COASTS Ne, Currents Currents are like giant rivers of water moving slowly across the oceans. Most currents are caused by winds that blow in the same direction all the time, Find the Gulf Stream on the map. It is one of the most important ocean currents, It begins with warm (26-29°C) water near the Equator in the Gulf of ‘Mexico. The warm current then flows up the east coast of the United States, warming the land as it goes. Then it flows across the Atlantic Ocean. What is it called as it flows past the British Isles? The current is ‘warm enough to make the winters in the countries it flows past milder than they would be otherwise. Is there a connection between these three statements? If so, what is it? do to avoid these dangers when they are 3 Western Scotland is usually warmer at the seaside? Write down what you have decided. * Over most of the Mediterranean Sea, the rise and fall of the tides between high and low water is less than 30 cm. © There are no strong currents. * Pollution has become a serious problem. than eastern England in winter. Why is this? Labrador, in eastern Canada, is about the same distance north of the Equator as Britain. It is also beside the same ocean. Why is Labrador much colder in winter than Britain? Use an atlas. Write down what you have discovered.Waves at work Waves carry with them some of the energy and power of the wind. Strong waves hurl pebbles against the cliffs and sea walls. So it is not surprising that waves can wear away, or erode, cliffs. They can also damage buildings, sea walls and other structures. Waves and cliffs Sea cliffs along a rocky coast often have strange shapes. All these shapes were carved by the waves. As the waves hurl pebbles and lumps of rock at the base of the cliffs, they gradually erode them away. Breaking waves also compress, or squeeze, the air trapped in cracks and crevices in the rocks of the cliff. When the waves pull back, the compressed air explodes out, weakening the rock so that eventually lumps break off it. Seawater also weakens and erodes some tocks, such as chalk and limestone, by slowly dissolving them. Cliff erosion If a cliff is made of soft rocks, such as clay or chalk, it may be eroded quite quickly. Harder rocks, such as granite, are eroded more slowly. the cf on t How a cliff is worn away to form a wave-cut platformINVESTIGATING COASTS ee Bays, headlands and caves aa Ileavesa column trove called 9 1 The hard roeks Stack intime the Bele jttng Sack wil aso be me ‘wom away by Readlands the waves Gl caveson Waves may ‘oppesitessides wear away a ‘of aheadland hole inthe may meet td roof of the Hy insome places; the form an arch. cave, called a waves can slowly cut a blowhole, hollow deep intoa lif, forming a cave, | agape 2 Use Ordnance Survey maps of coastal Actwitves areas to identify the coastal features described in this unit. I + collect pictures showing cliffs, sea ! caves, stacks and other coastal Blandforms. Make a class display or scrapbook with your pictures. Write a sentence or two about each one. 3 On parts of the coast, cliffs are eroding away. In the past, whole villages have disappeared into the sea. Use reference books and the Internet to find | examples of coastal erosion. eee ec eer eeBeaches What is a beach? Beaches are the gently sloping areas of sand, pebbles or mud at the edge of the water, by the sea. Where the coast is sheltered, the beach is often made of sand or mud. At low tide there may be seaweed-covered rocks and rock pools. On open, wind-swept coasts, the beach is usually made of pebbles. Most of the sand has been washed away. How is sand made? When the waves erode cliffs, large pieces of rock break off and crash down to the beach below. These large pieces of rock are called boulders, and they are rolled backwards and forwards by the waves along with smaller pebbles. Pieces break off the boulders until eventually they are worn down to pebbles. The pebbles are swept backwards and forwards by the waves, tides and currents, which wear them away even more until they are ground into grains of sand. Other beach materials Rivers bring millions of tonnes of sand and mud to the oceans and seas every year. This material has been eroded from mountains, These seashells will eventually be worn away to become part of the sand on the beach. —$ mA cliff will eventually be turned into sand. hills and rocks inland. This sand and mud may be swept along the coast by tides and currents and may eventually be deposited on a beach, In the tropics, many beaches are made almost entirely of tiny fragments of seashells or coral washed up from nearby reefs. beach are slowly worn smooth by the action of the waves, so that they eventually form tiny grains of sand,INVESTIGATING COASTS One eee enemeseenn Sorting beach materials On many beaches at low tide, you will find that there are large pieces of rock and pebbles at the top of the beach, and smaller pebbles or sand nearer the water. How was this material sorted? When a wave breaks on the shore, the water rushes up the beach, taking pebbles and sand with it. The water drains back down the beach in what is called the backwash. But the backwash is weak and cannot carry the larger pebbles far, so these are left further up the beach. — « ae Smaller pebbles are ack of some open, wind-swey are ver iota ones ese ean ogee stn then nd storms. That is why these beaches are called storm beaches. This 4 finally tiny particles storm beach is in western Ireland. called silt, At low tide, you can sometimes see where a sandy beach changes to coarse silt or even fine mud. oo mem ea OAs 1 A 2 As we have seen, sand is made of tiny of rock. He of 1 How do boulders break down into Dn cate you think of pebbles and then sand? Place a few small pieces of chalk ina 3 Use holiday brochures, the Internet and plastic jar half full of water. Screw the holiday guides to find out where the lid on the jar and shake it vigorously. best sandy beaches are in the world, a What happens to the pieces of chalk? Make a table of them, arranged by b What is left in the bottom of the jar? _continent or country. mS SSS SsCoastal settlements Look at an atlas and find how many of the world’s largest cities are on the coast. There are also large ports, industrial towns, eri fishing villages and holiday Ks resorts on the coast. By building and developing these settlements, people have changed the environment of parts of the coast. Why do settlements develop on the coast? ‘San Francisco in the United States grew into a port because gold was found nearby. Villages also grew near the Parts of the coast are sheltered from the open sea and have mouths of rivers, where they natural deep-water harbours. These are the best places to. _could be crossed by a bridge launch a boat so villages and ports have grown up in places _or ford. In many of these like this. Portsmouth in southern England, Sydney in places, where land and the Australia and Vancouver in Canada have sheltered, sea routes joined, large ports, natural harbours. such as London, Bristol and New York, have developed. Other coastal towns and cities grew because there were important resources or industries nearby. Aberdeen in Scotland developed into a major port because of the huge shoals of herring in the North Sea. Today, much of its work is connected with the North Sea oil industry. Cardiff in South Wales grew into an industrial city and major port because ‘Tromso city in Norway started life as a port based on fis! plentiful supplies of coal and the capture of whales. were found nearby. C—\AM___How do ports affect the environment? Some of the biggest ports in the world developed in the shelter of river estuaries. Estuaries are home to many kinds of plants and wildlife. Because estuaries are sheltered from the force of the waves and tides, they are excellent sites for ports, Dublin in Ireland and Buenos Aires in Argentina developed in the shelter of estuaries. With the development of a port comes the growth of oil refineries, and industries that use the port to bring in their raw materials or to export their products. But as a port develops, the habitats of plants and animals are destroyed by building work and pollution, Holiday resorts Villages on coasts with wide sandy beaches have grown into holiday resorts. Some of Britain’s best-known resorts are Ayr, Blackpool, Bournemouth, Brighton, Llandudno and Tenby. Which coastal holiday resorts do you know? Activiti 1 Use your atlas to find the major estuaries of the British Isles. Name the large towns and cities by these estuaries. Which rivers flow into the estuaries? Can you find any large bridges or tunnels crossing these estuaries? 2 Using a road atlas or a map, make of coastal villages, towns and cities which have ‘mouth’, ‘bay’, ‘quay’ or COASTAL PLACES AND PEOPLE ——— ee t ‘Why do you think this holiday resort grew? Do holiday resorts damage the environment? ‘port’ in their name. Make a graph of your results. Which of these is used most often in the names of settlements? With a friend, discuss how holiday resorts damage the environment. Use reference books or the Internet to find out about holiday resorts that are trying to protect the environment. Design your ideal coastal holiday resort. What attractions would it have and where would they be? How will you protect the environment?Blackpool Where is Blackpool? Blackpool is the largest and most popular seaside resort in Europe. About 16 million people visit the town each year. Yet, like many other seaside resorts, Blackpool began asa small fishing village. Map of Lancashire and North ‘West England Early days By the 1780s, rich families from Manchester were going to Blackpool for what they called the ‘bathing season’. It was not long before day-trippers arrived. Most of these travelled by horse and cart, but some people walked more than 60km on Sundays for a breath of fresh sea air. In 1846, the railway came to Blackpool, and more and more day-trippers and holidaymakers arrived from the industrial towns of the North. The first of Blackpool's three piers, the North Pier, was opened in 1863. In 1879 it became the first town in Britain to have electric street lighting. The most famous landmark, the Blackpool Tower, was built in 1894. It is 15m high. Peak of popularity Blackpool reached the peak of its popularity as a holiday resort in the 1960s. After that, it began to face increasing competition from cheap package holidays to the Mediterranean area and further afield. cae LACT a These seaside resorts had the big advantage that, unlike Blackpool, they could offer more-or-less guaranteed warmth and sunshine, Today, fewer people visit Blackpool for their annual holidays, but many visit the town for the day or a weekend, What do visitors do in Blackpool? As well as the Tower with its ballroom, the attractions include a circus, parks, an art gallery, ice and roller skating rinks, a Sea Life centre, waxworks, a boating lake, model village, golf course and a large amusement park. Each of the piers has its own theatre, and on the beach there are donkey rides and Punch and Judy shows A tram service runs the full length of Blackpool's 11 km-long promenade, carrying visitors to the various attractions. Blackpool has large numbers of hotels and guesthouses for visitors, as well as discos, bars and restaurants. 0— AAADPDDMM@€U4’u_“_llm