CHAPTER 15

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
INDUCED EMF AND INDUCED CURRENT
MOTIONAL EMF
1. If we make the magnetic field stronger, the value of induced current is:
(a) Decreased (b) Increased (c) Vanished (d) Kept constant
2. When a loop of wire is moved across a magnetic field, the current is produced in it, which is
called:
(a) Eddy current (b) DC current (c) Induced current (d) Photo–electric current
3. The induced current in a loop can be increased by:
(a) Using strong magnetic field (b) Moving the loop faster
(c) Replacing the loop by coil (d) All of these
4. The rod of unit length is moving at 30o through a magnetic field of 1 T. If velocity of the rod is 1
m s-1, then induced emf the rod will be given by:
(a) 1V (b) 0.25V (c) 0.5V (d) 0.6V
5. If velocity of a conductor moving through a magnetic field ‘B is made zero, then motional emf
is:
v BL
(a) –vBL (b) − (c) − (d) zero
BL v
6. If 1 m conductor is moving parallel to the magnetic field of 10 T with 10 ms -1. The value of
induced emf:
(a) 100 V (b) 10 V (c) zero (d) Infinite
7. The direction of induced current is always so as to oppose the change which cause the current:
(a) Faraday’s law (b) Ohm’s law (c) Lenz’s law (d) Kirchhoff’s 1st rule
8. Motional emf depends upon the :
(a) Length of conductor (b) Speed of the conductor
(c) Strength of the magnet (d) All of these
9. The induced emf is primarily produced at the cost of:
(a) Internal energy (b) Chemical energy (c) mechanical energy (d) Electrical energy
FARADAY’S LAW AND INDUCED EMF
LENZ’S LAW AND DIRECTION OF INDUCED EMF
10. Induced emf in a coil according to Faraday’s Law is expressed as:
t   t
(a) ε = -N (b) ε = -N (c) ε = -N (d) ε = -N
 Nt t N
11. Lenz’s law deals with:
(a) Induced emf (b) Induced current (c) power (d) Electrical energy
12. Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of conservation of:
 (a) Mass (b) Charge (c) Energy (d) Momentum
MUTUAL INDUCTION
SELF INDUCTION
13. Mutual inductance between two coils depends upon:
(a) Area of coils (b) Number of turns (c) Distance b/w coils (d) All of these
14. The inductance can be increased by winding the wire around a core made of:
(a) Copper (b) Silicon (c) Iron (d) Aluminum
15. The practical application of the mutual induction phenomena is:
(a) Electric motor (b) Transformer (c) A.C generator (d) Transistor
16. The ratio of average induced emf to the rate of change of current in the same coil is called:

(a) Self-inductance (b) Mutual inductance

(c) Self-induction (d) Mutual induction
17. If induced emf in a coil is 200 V, when the current changes from 1 A to 2 A in 0.05 s, the self-
inductance of the coil is:
(a) 1 H (b) 10 H (c) 20 H (d) 30 H
18. If coil has an inductance 5.0 H. If current through it changes at the rate of 5 A s -1, the emf
induced in the coil will be:
(a) 2.5 V (b) 25 V (c) 1.0 V (d) 0.04 V
19. Self-induction is given by :
(a) 𝑁𝐿 = ∅𝐼 (b) 𝑁𝐼 = 𝐿∅ (c) 𝑁∅ = 𝐿𝐼 (d) N=LI
20. Unit of Self-inductance is:
(a) Weber (b) Tesla (c) Henry (d) Farad
21. One Henry is equal to:
(a) 1 Ohm  1 sec (b) 1 V A s (c) 1 V s A-1 (d) None of these
22. The inductance is more in self-induction when ______coil is used:
(a) Air cored (b) Iron cored (c) Tungsten cored (d) Steel cored
23. SI units of mutual inductance and self-inductance are:
(a) Same (b) Different (c) No units (d) None of these
24. Unit of self-inductance is:
(a) weber (b) volt second /ampere
(c) tesla (d) no unit
ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR
25. An inductor may store energy in:
(a) Its magnetic field (b) Its electric field (c) Its coil (d) A neighboring circuit
26. Energy stored in an inductor is given by:
1 1 1 2 1 2 2
(a) LI (b) L2 I (c) LI (d) LI
2 2 2 2
27. Energy stored per unit volume inside a solenoid is called:
(a) Electric flux (b) Energy density (c) Work (d) Volume charge density
28. The energy density of an inductor is:
B2  o B2
(a) 2
(b) o (c) (d)
20 2B 2B2 2μ o

29. If N is the number of turns in the coil, the value of self-inductance varies as:
(a) No (b) N2 (c) N-2 (d) N
30. Energy stored in an inductor is proportional to as:
(a) B2 (b) B (c) L2 (d) I
31. If magnetic field is doubled then magnetic energy density becomes:
(a) Four times (b) Two times (c) Three times (d) Six times
32. If 10 A current passes through 100 mH inductor, then energy stored is:
(a) 100 J (b) 5 J (c) 20 J (d) Zero
33. A 50 mH coil carries a current of 2 ampere. The energy stored in its magnetic field:

(a) 0.05J (b) 0.1J (c) 10J (d) 100J

34. Energy density Um can be given by the relation:
1B2 2B2 1u 2u o
(a) (b) (c) o2 (d)
2u o uo 2B B2

35. The self-inductance of a long solenoid with n turns per unit length is:
o nA o n 2 A o n 2
(a) L = (b) L = (c) L = o n A
2
(d) L =
A
ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR
36. The principle of an alternating current generator is based on:
(a) Coulomb’s law (b) Ampere’s law (c) Faraday’s law (d) Lenz’s law
37. Alternating current generator converts which type of energy into electrical energy?
(a) Mechanical energy (b) Chemical energy (c) Solar energy (c) Potential energy
38. The component in a generator which consumes electrical energy is called:
(a) Capacitor (b) Load (c) Split rings (c) Commutator
39. Alternating current generators use:
(a) Coiled rings (b) Split rings (c) Slip rings (c) Solenoid rings
40. If the speed of the generator is doubled the output voltage will be:
(a) One Half (b) Double (c) Four Times (c) Remains Same
41. Maximum value of induced emf in the coil of A.C. generator is:
NBA NBω NAω
(a) (b) NBA (c) (d)
ω A B
42. Which of the following is not present in an A.C. generator:
(a) Armature (b) Slip rings (c) magnet (d) Commutator
D.C. GENERATOR
43. A D.C. generator has:
(a) Split rings (b) Slip rings (c) Both rings (c) None of these
44. The only difference between the construction of the D.C. generator and an A.C. generator is
that
(a) Carbon brushes (b) Coil (c) Commutator (d) magnetic field
45. Commutator was invented in:
(a) 1736 (b) 1834 (c) 1934 (d) 1885
46. Commutator was invented by:
(a) Henry (b) Orested (c) William Sturgeon (d) Maxwell
BACK MOTOR EFFECT IN GENERATORS
D.C. MOTOR
BACK EMF EFFECT IN MOTORS
47. The winding of electromagnet in motor are usually called:
(a) Magnetic coils (b) Field coils (c) Electric coils (d) Electric-o-electric coils
48. When the back emf in a circuit is zero, it draws:
(a) Zero current (b) Maximum current (c) Minimum current (d) Steady average current
49. When motor is just started, back e.m.f is almost:
(a) Zero (b) Minimum (c) Infinite (d) Maximum
50. When a motor is overloaded, then the magnitude of the back emf:
(a) Increase (b) Decrease (c) Zero (d) Remains same
51. With the speed of the motor, the magnitude of the back emf:
(a) Increase (b) decrease
(c) Remains Same (d) First increases then decreases
TRANSFORMER
52. A transformer:
(a) Works on A.C only (b) Works on D.C only
(c) Works on both A.C and D.C (d) Has no hysteresis loss
53. Eddy currents produced in the core of transformer are responsible for:
(a) Heat loss (b) Step-up process (c) Step-down process (d)Induction phenomenon
54. Which one is correct relation for transformer:
N V I V N I Ip Vp
(a) s = p (b) s = s (c) s = p (d) =
Np Vs I p Vp Np Is Is Vs

55. The turn ratio of a step up transformer is 50, the voltage and current ratio will be:
(a) 50, 50 (b) 50, 0.02 (c) 0.02, 50 (d) 0.02, 0.02
56. The power loss in transformer takes place due to:
(a) Eddy currents (b) hysteresis loss (c) magnetic field (d) both a & b
57. An ideal transformer obeys the law of conservation of:
(a) Flux (b) Momentum (c) emf (d) Energy
58. The turn ratio of a transformer is 50. If 220 V AC is applied to its primary coil, voltage in the
secondary coil will be:
(a) 440 V (b) 4.4 V (c) 220 V (d) 11000 V
59. A real transformer does not change:
(a) Voltage level (b) Current level (c) Frequency level (d) Power level
60. The core of the transformer is laminated to reduce:
(a) Electric loss (b) Magnetic loss (c) Eddy current loss (d) Hysteresis loss

Answer Key-15
1 B 13 D 25 A 37 A 49 A
2 C 14 C 26 C 38 B 50 B
3 D 15 B 27 B 39 C 51 A
4 C 16 A 28 D 40 B 52 A
5 D 17 B 29 B 41 B 53 A
6 C 18 B 30 A 42 D 54 C
7 C 19 C 31 A 43 A 55 C
8 D 20 C 32 B 44 C 56 D
9 C 21 C 33 B 45 B 57 D
10 C 22 B 34 A 46 C 58 D
11 B 23 A 35 C 47 B 59 D

12 C 24 B 36 C 48 B 60 C
 Short Questions from Topics
Q.1 What are the dimensions of mutual inductance?
Ans According to the formula of mutual inductance
𝜀
𝑀 = ∆𝐼𝑃𝑠
⁄∆𝑡
Dimensions of mutual inductance = [ML2T-2A-2]
Q.2 If number of turns in a solenoid is doubled, keeping the other factors constant,
does self-inductance change?
Ans The self inductance of a solenoid is
A
L = μo N 2 l
A
L′ = μo (2N)2 l
A
L′ = 4μo N2 l
L′ = 4 L
Hence, the self inductance increases four times.
Q.3 How can induced current be increased?
Ans The induced current can be increased by
i. Moving the loop faster
ii. Replacing the loop by a coil of many turns
iii. Using a stronger magnetic field

Q.4 What is meant by motional emf. Write its mathematical relation.

Ans Motional emf: The emf induced by the motion of a conductor across the magnetic field is called
motional emf.
Mathematical Relation: ε = −vBLsinθ
Q.5 Distinguish between slip rings and split rings.
Ans Slip rings:
The slip rings are metallic rings which are concentric with the axis of the coil and rotate with it.
These rings slide against stationary carbon brushes to which external circuit is connected. These are
used in A. C generator.
Split rings:
The split rings are two halves of a metallic ring which act as commutator. It is used in D.C
generator to avoid the reversal of direction of current.

Q.6 State the Lenz’s law and define henry.

Ans Statement: It states that the direction of induce current is always so as to oppose the
change which causes the current.
Henry:
ε
M = ∆IPs
⁄∆t
1𝑉
1H=1(𝐴
⁄𝑠)

One henry is the mutual inductance of the pair of coils in which the rate of change of
 current of one ampere per second in the primary causes an induce emf of one volt in the
secondary.
Q.7 Why are transformers used in AC Supply Network?
Ans The principle of transformer is based on mutual induction, which requires change of
magnetic flux. The A.C supply can easily change the magnetic flux due to its sinusoidal
nature.
Q.8 What is back motor effect in generators? Explain.
Ans
When the current flows through a coil, it produces a
force F1 acting on left side and an equal and opposite
force F2 acting on the right side of the coil. These forces
are such that they produce a counter torque that opposes
the rotational motion of the coil. This effect
is called back motor effect in the generator.

Q.9 State Faraday’s law and write it in mathematical form.

Ans Statement:
The average emf induced in a conducting coil of N loops is equal to the negative of the rate at
which magnetic flux through the coil is changing with time.
Mathematical formula:
∆φ
ε = −N ∆t
Q.10 List the factors on which mutual inductance depend.
Ans It depends upon the following factors:
i. Number of turns of the coils.
ii. Area of cross section of the coils.
iii. Closeness of the two coils.
iv. Nature of core material.
Q. 11 Define self induction and self inductance.
Ans Self induction:
The phenomenon in which a changing current in a coil induces an emf in itself is called self
induction.
∆I
ε = L ∆t
Self inductance:
The ratio of the emf to the rate of change of current in the coil. Its unit is henry.
ε
L = ∆I
⁄∆t
Q.12 Give the two techniques to improve the efficiency of a transformer.
Ans
i. The core should be made from the soft iron whose hysteresis loop area is very small.
ii. The insulation between lamination sheets should be perfect so as to stop eddy currents.
Q.13 Define Induced EMF and Induced Current.
Ans Induced EMF: The emf produced in the conductor due to changing magnetic flux is called induced
emf.
Induced Current: The current flow by induced emf is called induced current.
Q.14 Define electromagnetic induction.
Ans The phenomena in which an emf is induced across an electric conductor by changing magnetic flux,
is called electromagnetic induction.
 Exercise Short Questions
Q.1 Does the induced emf in a circuit depend on the resistance of the circuit? Does the
induced current depend on the resistance of the circuit?
Ans The induced emf does not depend upon the resistance of the circuit. It depends upon rate
of change of magnetic flux as given by relation
ε = -N Δφ/Δt
The induced current depends upon the resistance of the circuit. If resistance increases, current
will decrease from the relation;
ε = IR or I = ε / R
Q.2 A square loop of wire is moving through a uniform magnetic field. The normal to the loop is
oriented parallel to magnetic field. Is an emf induced in the loop? Give reasons.
Ans No, the emf will not be induced in the loop. From the relation
ε= -vBLsinθ,
as v and normal to the loop are parallel to B, so θ = 0,
ε = -vBLsin0o = 0
Also there is no change of magnetic flux due to parallel motion, so Δφ / Δt = 0
ε = -N Δφ / Δt = -N (0) = 0
Therefore no emf will be induced in the loop.
Q.3 A light metallic ring is released from above in to a vertical bar magnet. Viewed from above,
does the current flow clockwise or anticlockwise in the ring?
Ans When viewed from above, current in ring will flow in clockwise
direction. According to Lenz’s law induced current is such that it
opposes motion of the ring. Thus N-pole of the magnetic
field produced due to the induce current in the ring must face to N-
pole of bar magnet. It is only possible when induced current in ring
will flow clockwise direction.
Q.4 What is the direction of the current through resistor R? When switch S is;
(a) closed (b) opened
Ans (a) The direction of current is left to right when switch is closed. The
induced current must flow
in anticlockwise direction according to Lenz’s law.
(b) The direction of current is from right to left when the switch is opened.
The induced current m u s t flow in clockwise direction according to Lenz’s
law.
Q.5 Does the induced emf always act to decrease the magnetic flux through
a circuit?
Ans No, induced emf does not always act to decrease the magnetic flux.
According to Lenz’s Law it acts to maintain magnetic flux by opposing any change in it. Thus, if
magnetic flux decreases, the induced emf tends to increase the magnetic flux and if magnetic
flux increases the induced emf tends to decrease it.
Q.6 When the switch in the circuit is closed a current established in the
coil and the metal ring jumps upward Why? Describe what would
happen to the ring if battery polarity were reversed?
Ans When switch is closed then current will increase from zero to
maximum in the coil. This will induce the emf in the metallic
ring. Due to induce current in the ring, the magnetic field will be
produced around the ring which will oppose the magnetic field of the
 coil according to Lenz’s law. Due to this opposition the ring jumps in the upward direction. In this
case the S-poles of both the magnetic fields will repel each other. The ring will jump upward in
the same manner, if the battery polarity is reversed. In this case the N-poles of both the magnetic
fields will repel each other.
Q. 7 The shows a coil of wire in the xy plane with a magnetic field
directed along the y- axis. Around which of the three
coordinate axes should the coil be rotated to generate an emf and
a current in the coil?
Ans If the coil is rotated around x-axis, then emf and a current is
generated in the coil due to change of magnetic flux passing
through the coil.
Q.8 How would you position a flat loop of wire in a changing magnetic field so that there is
no emf induced in the loop?
Ans If plane of the loop is parallel to the magnetic field, then angle between vector area ‘A’
and magnetic field ‘B’ will be 90o . The magnetic flux will be zero according to the equation
Δφ = ΔB.A = ΔB A cos90o = 0
Hence no emf will be induced as given by the relation
ε = -N Δφ / Δt = -N (0 / Δt) = 0
Q.9 In a certain region the earth’s magnetic field point vertically down. When a plane flies due
north, which wingtip is positively charged?
Ans According to right hand rule, the direction of the magnetic force
will be from East to West. This force will move the positive charges
to the West wingtip. Hence West wingtip will be positively
charged.
Q.10 Show that ε and Δφ / Δt have the same units.
W
Ans as ε= q
Units of ε = JC−1 − − − − − (1)
ΔB A
Δ∅/Δt = Δt
N A−1 m−1 m2
Units of Δφ / Δt = 𝑠
Nm
= As
= JC−1 − − − −(2)
From equation (1) and (2) ε and Δφ / Δt have the same units.
Q.11 When an electric motor, such as an electric drill, is being used, does it also act as a generator?
If so what is the consequences of this?
Ans Yes, an electric motor also acts as a generator.
An electric motor generates induced emf due to the rotation of its coil inside the magnetic
field which is also the property of a generator. According to Lenz’s law the induce emf will
reduce the speed of an electric motor.
Q.12 Can a D.C. motor be turned into a D.C. generator? What changes required to be done?
Ans Yes a D.C. motor can be turned into a D.C. generator.
For this purpose, two changes are required;
(i) Some arrangement should be made to rotate the armature
(ii) The voltage source should be disconnected and these terminals should be used as
output of D.C. generator.
Q.13 Is it possible to change both the area of the loop and the magnetic field passing through the
loop and still not have an induced emf in the loop?
Ans Yes, it is possible. from the equation;
Δφ = ΔB.ΔA
When we increase the area and equally decrease magnetic field and vice versa, the
magnetic flux remains constant, therefore Δφ=0. According to Faraday’s law
ε = -N Δφ / Δt =0
Q.14 Can an electric motor be used to drive an electric generator with the output from the
generator being used to operate the motor?
Ans No, an electric motor cannot be used to drive an electric generator.
It is against the law of conservation of energy as it becomes self-perpetuating machine.
Q.15 A suspended magnet is oscillating freely in horizontal plane. Oscillations are strongly damped
when a metal plate is placed under the magnet. Explain why this occurs?
Ans The metal plate produces an induced emf due to oscillations in the suspended magnet. This
induced emf produces eddy currents in the metal plate, which produces its own magnetic
field. This will oppose the motion of the suspended magnet and the oscillations will be strongly
damped.
Q.16 Four unmarked wires emerge from a transformer. What steps would you take to determine
the turns ratio?
Ans The following steps are required to determine the turns ratio:
(i) The primary and secondary coils will be separated with ohmmeter by checking their
continuity.
(ii) The induced voltage across secondary coil (Vs) will be measured by connecting primary
coil with A.C. supply of known voltage (Vp).
(iii) Then we can calculate turns ratio from the formula;
Vs / Vp = Ns / Np
Q.17 (a) Can a step-up transformer increase the power level?
(b) In a transformer, there is no transfer of charge from the primary to the secondary. How is,
then the power transferred?
Ans (a) No, a step up transformer cannot increase the power level.
as for ideal case;
Pin=Pout
Vp Ip= Vs Is
It can increase or decrease alternating voltage but power will remain same.
(b) Primary and secondary coils are connected magnetically but not electrically. Therefore, power
is transferred due to change of magnetic flux.
Q.18 When the primary of a transformer is connected to A.C. mains the current in it (a) is very
small if the secondary circuit is open, but (b) increases when the secondary circuit is closed.
Explain these facts.
Ans (a) The output power is zero, if the secondary circuit is open. Hence a very small
current is drawn by the primary coil from A.C. mains.
(b) When output circuit is closed then output power will increase and primary coil must
draw a larger current from the A.C. mains to equalize the power output as we know that
Power input = Power output
 Long Questions
Q.1 Define motional emf and derive an expression.
Ans Motional EMF:
The emf induced by the motion of a conductor across a magnetic field is called motional emf.
 = vBLsin
Derivation:
Consider a conducting rod of length L placed on two parallel metal rails separated by a distance
L. A galvanometer is connected between the ends c and d of the rails. This forms a complete
conducting loop abcda as shown in fig. A uniform magnetic field B ⃗⃗⃗ is applied directed into the
page. Initially when the rod is stationary, galvanometer shows no current in the loop. If the rod
is pulled to the right with constant velocity v ⃗⃗ , The galvanometer shows a current flowing through
the loop. Obviously, the current is induced due to the motion of conducting rod across the
magnetic field. The moving rod is acting as a source of emf .
 = Vb – Va = V
When the rod moves, a charge q also moves within the rod B into paper
b
c I
with the same velocity v ⃗⃗ in the magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ B and
experiences a force ⃗⃗F given by
⃗ = q (v
F ⃗ ×B⃗) L q+
G v
The magnitude of the force F ⃗⃗ is
F = q v B sin
Since angle θ between v ⃗⃗ and B ⃗⃗⃗ is 90o, so d I a
F = qvB sin90 o

F = qvB ----------------- (1)

→
Applying right hand rule, we see that F is directed from a to b in the rod. As a result, the charges
migrate to the top end of the conductor. As more and more of the charges migrate, concentration
of the charge is produced at the top b and deficiency of charges at the bottom a. This
redistribution of charge sets up an electrostatic field E directed from b to a. The electrostatic
force on the charge is
Fe = qE --------------- (2)
The system quickly reaches an equilibrium state in which these two forces on the charge are
balanced. If Eo is the electric intensity in this state, then from eqns. (1) and (2),
qEo = qvB
Eo = vB ------------------- (3)
∆V ∆V ∆V
As Eo = − L (∵ Eo = - ∆r = - L )

Eo = - L -------------------- (4) (∵  = ∆V)
Comparing equation (3) and (4)
−
L = vB
 = − vBL
When the angle between v ⃗⃗⃗ is 
⃗⃗ and B
 = − vBL sin
Taking the magnitude and ignoring the −ve sign
 = vBL sin
 Due to induced emf, positive charges would flow along the path abcd, so direction of current is
anticlockwise as shown in the fig. As the current flows the quantity of charge at top decreases so
the electric intensity decreases but the magnetic force remains the same. The current continues
to flow due to the unbalanced magnetic field.
Q.2 State and prove Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction.
Ans Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction:
Statement:
The average emf induced in a conducing coil of N loops is equal to the negative of the rate at
which magnetic flux through the coil is changing with time.

 = −N
t
Proof:
Let a conducting rod of length L moves from position 1 to 2 in a small interval of time t as shown
in the fig. The distance travelled by the rod in time t is given by,
x = x2 – x1
I Position 1 Position 2

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x
A + L
G V
x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

B in to paper
X1 X
X2
Since the rod is moving with constant velocity
x
v=
t
As  = − vBL
x
 = − BL
t
−B(x.L)
= -----------------(1)
t
As the rod moves through the distance the increase in the area of the loop is given by
A = x. L
This increases the flux through the loop by
 = B.A
 = B.x.L
Putting this value in equation (1), we get

= −
t

For a coil of N loops,  = −N
t
 This is known as Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induced. The minus sign shows that direction
of induced emf is such that it opposes the change in flux.
Q.3 Define Lenz’s law. On its basis prove the law of conservation of energy in case of movement
of: (i) bar magnet towards the coil.(ii) metal rod placed on parallel metal rails in a uniform
magnetic field.
Ans Statement:
The direction of induced current is always so as to oppose the change which causes the
current. This law was given by Russian physicist Heinrich Lenz in 1834. He found that the
polarity of an induced emf always leads to an induced current that opposes the change, the
change inducing the emf.
Explanation:
Let us apply the Lenz’s law to the coil in which current is induced by movement of a bar magnet.
We know that a current carrying coil produces a magnetic field similar to that of a bar magnet.
One face of the coil acts as north pole while other one as south pole. If the coil is to oppose the
motion of bar magnet, the face of coil towards magnet must become the north pole. The two
north poles then repel each other.
The right hand rule applied to the coil suggests that the induced current must be anticlockwise
as shown in the fig.
According to Lenz’s law the push of magnet is the change that produces induced current, and the
current acts to oppose the push. On the other hand if we pull the magnet away from coil, the
induced current will oppose the pull by creating a south pole on the face of coil towards the bar
magnet.
Lenz’s Law and Law of conservation of energy:
The Lenz’s law is also a statement of law of
conservation of energy, that can be applied to
V
circuits involving induced currents. Consider
the experimental set up shown in fig.
S N N S
When the rod moves toward the right, emf is
induced in it, and induced current flows
through the loop in anti-clockwise direction.
Since the current carrying rod is moving in the Current is
anti-clockwise
magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force
Fm having the magnitude:
Fm = ILBSin90o = ILB. I B into paper I B into paper

By right hand rule the direction of Fm is

F
opposite to that of v, so it tends to stop the rod F m v
m

v
Fig.a. An external dragging force equal to Fm in
magnitude but opposite in direction must be
equal to keep the rod moving with constant I
(a)
I (b)

velocity. This dragging force provides energy

for the induced current to flow. This energy is the source
Q.4 Define mutual induction. Also derive an expression for induced emf in the secondary coil.
OR
Explain the phenomena of mutual induction, mutual inductance and define its units.
Ans Mutual induction:
The phenomenon in which a changing current in one coil produces an emf in another coil is called
mutual induction.
Explanation:
Consider two coils placed close to each other. One coil connected with a battery through a switch
and a rheostat is called the Primary coil. The other coil connected to the galvanometer is called
as Secondary coil. If current in the primary is changed by varying the resistance of rheostat, the
magnetic flux in its surrounding region changes. Since the secondary coil is in the magnetic field
of the primary, the changing flux also links with the secondary. This causes an induced emf in the
secondary.
Derivation:

Primary Secondary
Coil coil

Ip Ip

Rheostat

Let the magnetic flux passing through one loop of secondary coil is s. Net flux passing through
the coil of Ns loops is
Ns s
As this flux is proportional to the magnetic field produced by the current in the primary i.e., N ss
 B and the magnetic field itself is proportional to IP i.e., B  IP. Therefore,
Nss  IP
Nss = M IP ---------------(1)
where M is the constant of proportionality called mutual inductance.
Dependence of Mutual inductance:
(i) Number of turns of coils
(ii) Area of cross-section of coils
(iii) Closeness of coils
(iv) Nature of core material of coils
According to Faraday’s Law, the emf induced in the secondary coil is:
Ns ∆s
s = − ∆t
∆Ns s
s = − ∆t
Putting the value from equation (1), we get
∆(MIp )
s = − ∆𝑡
∆Ip
s = − M ∆t
∆Ip
s  ∆t
This shows that induced emf in secondary coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of
current in the primary coil. The negative sign shows that induced emf is such that it opposes the
cause which produces it. Ignoring the −ve sign.
IP
s = M
t
 s
M=
I
 P 
 
 t 
Thus, mutual inductance can be defined as the ratio of average emf induced across secondary
coil to the time rate of change of current in primary coil.
Unit of mutual inductance:

Since, M = s∆I× ∆t
P
volt × second
= = V s A-1
ampere
Thus, unit of mutual inductance is V s A-1, which is called as henry (H).
Henry:
One henry is the mutual inductance of pair of coils in which the rate of change of current of one
ampere per second in primary produces an induced emf of one volt in the secondary coil.
Q.5 Define self induction. Derive an expression for induced emf in itself. Also define self inductance
and its SI units.
Ans Self-induction:
The phenomenon in which a changing current in a coil induces an emf in itself is called self
induction.
Explanation:
Consider a circuit as shown in fig. A coil is connected in series
with a battery and a rheostat. Magnetic flux is produced through
the coil due to current in it. If the current is changed by varying
I I
the rheostat quickly, magnetic flux through the coil changes that
S
causes an induced emf in the coil itself. This emf is called self
Rheostal
induced emf. +
Derivation:
If the flux through one loop of coil is , then total flux through N turns of coil is
N as  is proportional to the magnetic field i.e.,   B, which is in turn proportional to
the current I i.e., B  I , therefore
N  I
N = L I -------------(1)
where, L is constant of proportionality called self-inductance of the coil.
Dependence of self-inductance:
(i) The number of turns of the coil
(ii) Area of cross-section of the coil
(iii) Nature of core material of coil
Using Faraday’s law, induced emf in the coil is:
 ∆Nф
L = -N = − ∆t
t
Putting value from equation (1), we have
∆(LI)
L = − ∆t
I
L = − L ----------------(2)
t
I
L  −
t
So, self induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of current in the same coil.
 From eq. (2),
L
L=
(I/t)
Thus self-inductance L of the coil can be defined as the ratio of emf to the rate of change of
current in the coil.
Unit of self inductance:
 × ∆t
Since, L = L ∆I
volt × second
= = V s A-1
ampere
Thus, unit of self inductance is V s A-1, which is called as henry (H).
Henry:
One henry is the self inductance of a coil in which the rate of change of current of one ampere
per second produces an induced emf of one volt in itself.
Back-emf:
The negative sign shows that the self induced emf opposes the change which produces it. This is
why self-induced emf is also called back emf. This is exactly in accordance with the Lenz’s Law.
Uses of Inductor:
Because of self-inductance, coils of wires are known as inductors.
(i) They are widely used in electronics.
(ii) In ac, inductors behave like resistors.
Q.6 Define inductor. Derive the formula for energy stored in an inductor.
OR
Define energy density. Prove that energy density is directly proportional to the square of
magnetic field.
OR
1 B2
Prove that magnetic energy stored in an inductor is Um = 2 (A𝒍).
o
OR
Define self-induction. Explain how energy in stored in the magnetic field. Also find energy
density. OR
Define self-induction. Prove that in case of inductor, the energy density is directly proportional
to the square of magnetic field.
OR
Define solenoid. Derive an expression for the energy stored per unit volume inside the
solenoid.
Ans Inductor/Solenoid:
A long, tightly wound, cylindrical coil of wire is called inductor/solenoid.
Self induction:
The phenomenon in which a changing current in a coil induces an emf in itself is called self
induction.
Derivation of expression:
Consider a coil (inductor) connected to a battery and a switch S in series as shown in fig. When
the switch S is turned ON, voltage V is applied across the ends of coil and current through it rises
to its maximum value. Due to change of current, an emf is induced which is opposite to the of
battery. Work done by battery to move charge ∆q against the induced emf is given by
 W = q. L -----------------(1) Induced
Current
where L is the magnitude of induced emf given by,
∆I
L = L ∆t
Putting value of L in equation (1), we get
∆I
W = q. L ∆t I I

q S +
W= . L I --------------- (2)
t
q 0+I 1
Average current = = 2 =2I
t
Change in current =∆I = I – 0 = I
Putting values in eq.(2), we get
1
W = ( 2 I) L (I)
1
W = 2 L I2
This work is stored as potential energy in the inductor. Hence, the energy stored in an inductor
is
1
Um = 2 L I 2 -----------------(3)
Energy stored (Um) in terms of magnetic field:
For a solenoid (coil) having n turns per unit length and area of cross section A, the magnetic field
inside it is given by,
B = on I
B
I =  n -------------------(4)
°
Since flux through the coil is given by
 = BA ---------------------(5)
As magnetic flux is directly proportional to the magnetic field and the magnetic field
is proportional to the current passing through the inductor, therefore,
N = L I
N
L= I
Putting values of I and  from eqns. (4) and (5) in above equation, we get
N(BA)
L= B
° n

L = NonA
But N =n𝑙
So, L = n 𝑙. onA
L = on2(A 𝑙) -----------------(6)
Putting the value of L and I from equation (4) and (6) in equation (3), we have
1 B 2
Um = 2 (on2(A 𝑙)). ( )
on
1 B2
Um = 2 on2(A 𝑙). μₒ2 n2
1 B2
Um = 2 (A 𝑙)
o
 where A 𝑙 = volume of inductor/solenoid in which magnetic field is present.
Energy density:
It can be defined as the energy stored per unit volume in the solenoid.
Energy Um
Energy density = volume = Al
B2 (𝐴 𝑙)
um = 2μₒ 𝐴𝑙
B2
um = 2μₒ
Q.7 Define alternating current generator. Give its principle, construction and working. Derive an
expression for induced emf and current.
Ans AC Generator:
A current generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Working Principle:
Working principle of AC generator is based upon Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
When a coil is rotated in a magnetic field by some mechanical means, magnetic flux through the
coil changes, as a result an emf is induced in the coil.
Construction:
→
Let a rectangular loop of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field B as shown in fig. The loop is
rotated about z-axis through its center at constant angular velocity . One end of the loop is
attached to metal ring R and the other end to ring R’. These rings, called the slip rings, are
concentric with the axis of the loop and rotate with it. Rings RR’ slide against stationary carbon
brushes BB’ to which the external circuit is connected.
Working:
Consider the position of coil as shown in fig. while it is rotating anticlockwise. The vertical side
ab of the loop is moving with velocity v in magnetic field B. If angle between v and B be , then
motional emf induced in the side ab has the magnitude.
ab = vBL sin
The direction of induced current in the wire ab is the same as that of force F experienced by the
charges in the wire i.e., from top to bottom. The same
amount of emf is induced in the side cd but the direction of
I I
current is from the bottom to the top. Therefore,
o
cd = vBL sin 180 R’

The net contribution to emf by sides bc and da is zero, R

Carbon
because the force acting on the charges inside bc and da is d brush
not along the wire.
bc = da = 0 a

Since both the emfs in sides ab and cd drive current in same I

I
direction around the loop, so net emf in the loop is: N c
S
 = ab + cd
b
 = vBLsin + vBLsin
 = 2vBLsinθ
If the loop is replaced by a coil of N turns, the total emf in (Front view)
the coil will be
 = 2NvBLsin
 The liner speed v is related to the angular speed  as
v = r d v
 = 2N(r) BLsin N S
 = B (2r L) Nsin a
B
But (2r L) = A (Area of loop)
(Top view)
 = BANsin

 = NABsin(t) (∵  = t ,  = t)
This equation shows that the induced emf varies sinusoidally with t.  has
maximum value o when sin(t) = 1 ( = 90∘).
o = BAN A

 = o sin(t)
Induced current in the coil is given as
 r
I=R
o 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐭)
I= 𝐑
I = Iosin(t)
As  = 2f
 = osin(2ft) -------------------(1)
I = Iosin(2ft) --------------------(2)
Graph between current and :
Equation (2) indicates the variation of current as a function of  = 2ft. The graph for the current
corresponding to different positions of one loop the coil is shown in the fig.
(i) When the angle between v and B is  = 0o, the plane of the loop is perpendicular to B, current is
zero.

(ii) At  = 90o = 2 rad, the plane of loop is parallel to B, current is maximum directed along abcda.
(iii) At  = 180o =  rad, the current becomes zero and the plane of loop is again perpendicular to B.
For 180∘ <  < 270∘, current increases but reverses its direction as is clear from the fig.
3
(iv) At  = 270o = 2 rad, the current is maximum in the reverse direction as the loop is parallel to B.
(v) At  = 360o = 2 rad, one rotation is completed, the loop is perpendicular to B and the current
decreases to zero.
d a d
d a a d
a d a
B B I
B B B
N S N S N S N S N S
v I
c v v
b c
c b b c
b c b

0 3 2
-I 2 2
 Alternating Current:
The current changes its direction once in one cycle. Therefore, such a current is called alternating
current. It reverses its direction f times per second.
Armature:
In actual practice, number of coils are wound around an iron cylinder which is rotated in magnetic
field. This assembly is called an armature.
Electromagnet:
The magnetic field is usually provided by an electromagnet. Armature is rotated by a fuel engine,
or a turbine run by a waterfall. In some commercial generators magnetic poles are rotated
around a stationary armature.
Q.8 What is transformer? Describe its principle, construction, and working.
Ans. Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device to change a given alternating emf into a larger or smaller
alternating emf.
Working Principle:
It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils.
Construction:
The transformer consists of two coils of copper electrically insulated from each other, wound on
the same iron core. The coil to which AC Power is supplied is called primary coil and that from
which power is delivered to circuit is called secondary coil.
There is no electrical connection between two coils, but they are magnetically linked.
Working:
Suppose that an alternating emf is applied to primary coil

= Rate of change of flux in the primary coil.
t
There will be back emf induced in primary which will oppose the applied voltage. Instantaneous
value of self-induced emf is:

Self induced emf = − Np
t
If the resistance of coil is negligible, then back emf is equal and opposite to applied voltage V p.
   
Vp = − back emf = −−NP  
  t  
 
Vp = NP  ------------------------ (1)
 t 
The changing flux due to primary coil passes through secondary coil.

= Rate of change of flux in secondary coil
t
Magnitude of induced emf in secondary coil is
 
Vs = Ns   -------------- (2)
 t 
where Ns is the number of turns in the secondary.
Dividing eq. (2) by eq. (1), we get
  
Ns 
Vs  t 
Vp =  
NP 
 t 
Vs N s
Vp = Np --------------------- (3)
Step up Transformer:
If Ns> NP then Vs> VP, such a transformer in which voltage across Input Output
secondary is greater than the primary voltage is called setup
transformer (fig.a). (a) Step up transformer
Step down transformer:
If Ns < NP then Vs< Vs, such a transformer in which voltage across
secondary is less than the primary voltage, is called a step down Input Output

transformer (fig.b).
Power of transformer: (b) Step down transformer
The transformer transfers electrical power from its primary to its
secondary coil by means of changing magnetic flux. For an ideal
transformer:
Power input = power out put
Transformer symbol
VP IP = Vs Is
Vs IP
VP = Is
Ip and Is are currents in primary and secondary. The currents are thus inversely proportional to
the respective voltages.
Application:
A step up transformer increases the voltage and decreases the current. So the current can be
transmitted over long distances without much power loss. This is principle used in electric supply
networks. Power loss by heating effect is I2R and is reduced by decreasing the current.
Explanation:
Suppose R is the resistance of transmission line. In order to minimize the power loss I 2R during
transmission, it require use of thick copper wire which becomes highly uneconomical. The
problem can be solved by decreasing I. At the generating power station the voltage is stepped
up to several thousand volts. Consequently the current is decreased significantly and power is
transmitted to long distances with much loss.
(i) Step down transformer decreases the voltage to a safe value for consumer.
(ii) Inside a house transformer may be used to step down the voltage from 220 volts to 9
volts for running bell or operating a transistor radio.
(iii) Transformers with several secondries are used in television and radio receivers where
several different voltages are required.
Power loss:
There are two main causes of power loss in a transformer:
 i) Eddy Currents:
The magnetic flux generated by the coils also passes through S

the core. As magnetic flux changes through a solid conductor, Secondary

coil
induced current is set up in closed path in the body of I p
(N turns)
s

Primary coil
conductor. These induced currents are set up in a direction (N turns)
s

Magnetic
perpendicular to the flux and are known as eddy currents. As I p field lines

a result, power is dissipated, and the core material is heated Iron core

up. In order to minimize the power loss due to the flow of these currents, the core is laminated
with insulation in between the layers of laminations which stops the flow of eddy currents.
ii) Hysteresis loss:
It is the energy expended to magnetize and demagnetize the core material in each cycle of the
A.C. In order to reduce this loss soft iron cores are used in the transformer.
Efficiency:
Efficiency of transformer is defined as
Output
E = Input × 100 %

Numerical Problems
15.1 An emf of 0.45 V is induced between the ends of a metal bar moving through a magnetic field
of 0.22T. What field strength would be needed to produce an emf of 1.5 V between the ends
of the bar, assuming that all other factors remain the same?
Given data:
ε1 = 0.45V
B1= 0.22T
ε2 = 1.5V
To find:
B2 = ?
Solution:
According to formula:
ε= vBL sin θ
ε1 = vB1LSin θ → (i)
ε2 = vB2LSin θ → (ii)
Divided eq (i) by (ii)
𝛆𝟏 𝐯𝐁 𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
= 𝐯B𝟏 𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝛆𝟐 𝟐
ε1 B
= B1
ε2 2
𝐁𝟏 𝐱 𝛆𝟐
B2 = 𝛆𝟏
𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝐱 𝟏.𝟓
B2 = 𝟎.𝟒𝟓
B𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝐓 Ans.
15.2 The flux density B in a region between the pole faces of a horse-shoe magnet is 0.5
Wbm−2directed vertically downward. Find the emf induced in a straight wire 5.0 cm long,
perpendicular to B when it is moved in a direction at an angle of 60O with the horizontal with
a speed of 100 cms−1.
 Given data:
B = 0.5 Wb/m2
L = 5cm = 0.05m
θ = 60o
v = 100cm/s = 1m/s
To find:
ɛ=?
Solution:
According to formula:
ɛ = vBLSin θ
Angle between v and B

θ = 90o + 60o
= 150o
ε = 1 x 0.5 x 0.05 sin150o
= 0.0125 V
ɛ = 1.25 x 10-2 V Ans.
15.3 A coil of wire has 10 loops. Each loop has an area of 1.5  10−3 m2. A magnetic field is
perpendicular to the surface of each loop at all times. If the magnetic field is changed from
0.05 T to 0.06 T in 0.1 s, find the average emf induced in the coil during this time.
Given data:
N = 10
A = 1.5 x 10-3 m2
B1 = 0.05 T
B2 = 0.06 T
ΔB = B2 – B1 = 0.01 T
t = 0.1 sec
To find:
ɛ= ?
Solution:
According to Faraday’s law:
Δϕ
ɛ = -N Δt
→ →
ϕ = B . A
= BA cos θ
= BA cos0
∆ϕ= ΔBA
Δϕ
ɛ = -N Δt
By substituting the values:
0.01x1.5x10−3
ɛ = -10x 0.1
ɛ = 1.5 x 10-3 V Ans.
15.4. A circular coil has 15 turns of radius 2 cm each. The plane of the coil lies at 40O to a uniform
magnetic field of 0.2 T. If the field is increased by 0.5 T in 0.2 s, find the magnitude of the
induced emf.
Given data:
N = 15
 r = 2cm = 0.02 m
θ =40o
B1 = 0.2 T
B2 = 0.5 T
ΔB = B2 – B1
= 0.3 T
t = 0.2 sec
To find:
ɛ=?
Solution:
According to formula:
Δϕ
ɛ = -N Δt
ϕ= ΔB. 𝐀 = ΔBA cos θ
Angle between vector area A and magnetic field ΔB
θ = 90o – 40o = 50o
 ϕ = ΔBA cos 50o
 ϕ = ΔBA (0.64)
−N∆BA (0.64)
ɛ= ∆t
(−15x0.3x3.14x(0.02)2 (0.64)
ε= 0.2
ɛ = 0.018 V
ε = 1.8 x 10-2 V Ans.
15.5 Two coils are placed side by side. An emf of 0.8 V is observed in one coil when the current is
changing at the rate of 200 As1 in the other coil. What is the mutual inductance of the coils?
Given data:
ɛs = 0.8V
ΔIp
= 200As-1
Δt
To find:
M=?
Solution:
According to formula:
ΔIp
ɛs = - M Δt
ε
M = ΔIps
⁄Δt
0.8
M= = 4 x 10-3 H
200
M = 4 mH Ans.
15.6 A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 0.75 H. If the current in the primary
changes from 0 to 10 A n 0.025 s, what is the average induced emf in the secondary? What is
the change in flux in it if the secondary has 500 turns?
Given data:
M = 0.75 H
I1 = 0A
I 2 = 10A
ΔI= I 2 - I1 = 10A
 Δt = 0.025 sec
N = 500
To find:
εs = ?
Δϕ = ?
Solution:
According to formula:
ΔIp
ɛs = M Δt
10
= (0.75) 0.025
ɛs = 300 V
For change in flux:
Δϕ
ɛs= -Ns Δt
εs ∆t
∆φ =
Ns
0.025
∆φ = 300 x 500 = 0.015Wb
∆𝛗 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐖𝐛 Ans.
15.7 A solenoid has 250 turns and its self inductance is 2.4 mH. What is the flux through each turn
when the current is 2 A? What is the induced emf when the current changes at 20 As −1?
Given data:
N = 250
L = 2.4mH
= 2.4 x 10-3 H
I = 2A
∆I
= 20A s-1
∆t
To find:
Φ= ?
ɛ= ?
Solution:
For flux through each turn:
NΦ = LI
NΦ
L=
I
L I 2.4x 10−3 x2
Φ= =
N 250
Φ = 1.92x 10−5 Wb
For induced emf:
∆I
 = L∆t
 = 2.4x 10-3x 20
= 48x 10-3 V
ɛ = 48 mV Ans.
15.8 A solenoid of length 8.0 cm and cross sectional area 0.5 cm2 has 520 turns. Find the self
inductance of the solenoid when the core is air. If the current in the solenoid increases
through 1.5 A in 0.2 s, find the magnitude of induced emf in it. (o = 4 10−7 WbA−1m−1)
Given data:
l = 8.0 cm = 0.08 m
 A = 0.5 cm2
= 0.5 x 104 m2
N = 520
I = 1.5A
t = 0.2s
To find:
L=?
ε ?
Solution:
For self inductance of the solenoid when the core is air,
L = μ o n2 l A
N
n=
l 2
N
L = μo l2 l A
N2
L = μo l A
(520)2 x 0.5x 10−4
−7
L = 4π x 10 x
0.08
L = 2.12 x 10−4 H
For magnitude of induced emf:
∆I
 = L∆t
1.5
= 2.12x10−4 x 0.2
= 15.9 x 10−4 V
 = 𝟏.59 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐕 Ans
15.9 When current through a coil changes from 100 mA to 200 mA in 0.005 s, an induced emf of 40
mV is produced in the coil. (a) What is the self inductance of the coil? (b) Find the increase in
the energy stored in the coil?
Given data:
Ii = 100 mA = 0.1A
If = 200 mA = 0.2A
I = If – Ii
= 0.2 − 0.1 = 0.1A
t = 0.005 s
ε = 40 mV
= 40 x 10-3 V
To find:
L=?
Um = ?
Solution:
According to formula:
ΔI
ε = L Δt
ε x∆t
L = ∆I
By substituting the values
40 x10−3 x 0.005
L=
0.1
 L = 2 x 10-3H
L= 2 mH
1
∆Um = L (If2 − Ii2 )
2
1
∆Um = x2x10−3 [(200x10−3 )2 − (100x10−3 )2 ]
2
∆Um = 0.03x 10−3 J
∆𝐔𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝐦𝐉 Ans
15.10 Like any field, the earth’s magnetic field stores energy. Find the magnetic energy stored in a
space where strength of earth’s field is 7  10−5 T, if the space occupies an area of 10  108 m2
and has a height of 750 m.
Given data:
B = 7 x 10-5T
A = 10 x 108m2
h = 750m
To find:
Um = ?
Solution:
According to formula:
1 B2
Um = 2 μ (A l)
o
μo = 4π x 10−7 Wb A−1 m−1
2
1 (7 x 10−5 )
Um = x 10x 108 x 750
2 4π x 10−7
𝐔𝐦 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐉 Ans
15.11 A square coil of side 16cm has 200 turns and rotates in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude
0.05 T. If the peak emf is 12 V, what is the angular velocity of the coil.
Given data:
l = 16 cm
A = 16 cm x 16 cm
= 256 cm2
= 256 x 10-4 m2
N = 200
B = 0.05 T
ε o = 12 V
To find:
=?
Solution:
According to formula:
ɛo = NAB sinθ as θ = 90o
ɛo = NAB
ɛo
 = BNA
12
 = 0.05 x 200 x 256 x 10−4
 = 46.8 rad s-1 Ans.
15.12 A generator has a rectangular coil consisting of 360 turns. The coil rotates at 420 rev per min
in 0.14 T magnetic field. The peak value of emf produced by the generator is 50 V. if the coil is
5.0 cm wide, find the length of the side of the coil.
Given data:
N = 360
ω = 420 rev/min
2π
= 420 x 60 rad s-1
= 14 π rad/sec
= B = 0.14T
ε o = 50V
b = 5cm
= 0.05m
To find:
l=?
Solution:
According to formula:
A=lxb
ɛo = NAB
ɛo = NB (l x b)
ɛo
l = BNb
50
l = 0.14 x 14 π x 360 x 0.05
l = 0.45 m
l = 45 cm Ans
15.13 It is desired to make an A.C generator that can produce an emf of maximum value 5kV with
50 Hz frequency. A coil of area 1 m2 having 200 turns is used as armature. What should be the
magnitude of the magnetic field in which the coil rotates?
Given data:
ɛo = 5KV
= 5 x 1000 V
= 5000 V
f = 50 Hz
A = 1 m2
N = 200
To find:
B=?
Solution:
According to formula,
ɛo = NAB
ɛo
B = NA
 = 2πf
ɛo
B = 2πfNA
5000
B= 2 (3.14) x 50 x 200 x 1
B = 0.08 T Ans.
15.14 The back emf in a motor is 120 V when the motor is turning at 1680 rev per min. What is the
back emf when the motor turns 3360 rev per min?
Given data:
ε1 = 120V
1= 1680 rev/min
2 = 3360 rev/min
To find:
ε2 = ?
Solution:
According to formula,
ɛ1 = N1AB sinθ (i)
ɛ2 = N2 AB sinθ (ii)
Dividing eq (i) by (ii)
ɛ1 N AB sinθ
= N1AB sinθ
ɛ
2 2
ɛ1 1
=
ɛ2 2
ɛ1 x 2
ɛ2 = 1
120 x 3360
ɛ2 = 1680
ɛ𝟐 = 240 V Ans.
15.15 A D.C motor operates at 240 V and has a resistance of 0.5 . When the motor is running at
normal speed, the armature current is 15 A. Find the back emf in the armature.
Given data:
V = 240V
r = 0.5Ω
I = 15A
To find:
ε =?
Solution:
According to formula,
V = ε + Ir
ε = V – Ir
ε = 240 – (15 x 0.5)
ε = 232.5 V Ans.
15.16 A copper ring has a radius of 4.0 cm and resistance of 1.0 m. A magnetic field is applied over
the ring, perpendicular to its plane. If the magnetic field increases from 0.2 T to 0.4 T in a
time interval of 5  10−3 s, what is the current in the ring during this interval?
Given data:
r = 4cm = 0.04m
R = 1m = 1 x 10-3
B1 = 0.2T
B2 = 0.4T
ΔB = 0.4T-0.2T= 0.2T
Δt = 5 x 10-3sec
To find:
I=?
Solution:
According to formula:
V = IR
or ε = IR
ε
I=R (1)
Δϕ
ε = Δt
As, Δϕ = ΔBAcos0o
Δϕ = ΔBA
A = πr2
Therefore, Δϕ = ΔB x πr 2
Now,
ΔB x πr2
ε= Δt
0.2 x 3.14 x (0.04)2
ε= 5 x 10 −3
ε = 2 x 10-1
ε = 0.20 V
Putting in eq. (1)
0.20
I = 1 x 10−3
I = 200 A Ans.
2
15.17 A coil of 10 turns and 35 cm area is in a perpendicular magnetic field of 0.5 T. The coil is
pulled out of the field in 1.0 s. Find the induced emf in the coil as it is pulled out of the field.
Given data:
N = 10
A = 35cm2 = 35 x 10-4m2
B = 0.5 T
t = 1.0 sec
To find:
ε=?
Solution:
According to formula,
Δϕ
ɛ = N Δt
Δϕ = BA
BA
ɛ = N Δt
10 x 0.5 x 35 x 10−4
ɛ= 1.0
= 175 x 10-4
ɛ= 1.75 x 10-2 V Ans.
15.18 An ideal step down transformer is connected to main supply of 240 V. It is desired to operate
a 12 V, 30 W lamp. Find the current in the primary and the transformation ratio?
Given data:
Vp = 240 V
Vs = 12 V
Ps = 30 Watt
To find:
Ip = ?
 Ns
=?
Np

Solution:
For an ideal transformer,
Power input = Power output
Vp Ip = Vs Is
V I
Ip = Vs s
p
Ps = Vs Is
P 30
Is =Vs = 12
p
Is = 2.5 A
12 x 2.5
Ip = 240
Ip = 0.125 A
For transformer ratio,
Ns Vs
=V
N p p
Ns 12
Therefore, = 240
Np
𝐍𝐬 𝟏
= 𝟐𝟎 Ans.
𝐍𝐩