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The document outlines the key steps in developing an effective research design: 1) Consider your aims and whether to take a qualitative or quantitative approach, 2) Identify your research questions, 3) Determine your study population and sampling method, 4) Choose appropriate data collection methods like surveys or observations, 5) Plan systematic data collection procedures, and 6) Decide on data analysis strategies like statistical analysis for quantitative data and identifying patterns for qualitative data. The purpose, sampling, design, and analysis methods are also compared between qualitative and quantitative research.

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17 views3 pages

Reviewer Rm1 1

The document outlines the key steps in developing an effective research design: 1) Consider your aims and whether to take a qualitative or quantitative approach, 2) Identify your research questions, 3) Determine your study population and sampling method, 4) Choose appropriate data collection methods like surveys or observations, 5) Plan systematic data collection procedures, and 6) Decide on data analysis strategies like statistical analysis for quantitative data and identifying patterns for qualitative data. The purpose, sampling, design, and analysis methods are also compared between qualitative and quantitative research.

Uploaded by

junnie boy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RESEARCH DESIGN

A research design is a strategy for answering your research question using empirical data.

Creating a research design means making decisions about:

 Your overall aims and approach


 The type of research design you’ll use
 Your sampling methods or criteria for selecting subjects
 Your data collection method
 The procedures you’ll follow to collect data
 Your data analysis methods
 A well-planned research design helps ensure that your methods match your research aims and that you use
the right kind of analysis for your data

WHAT TO INCLUDE IN A RESEARCH DESIGN?

 Your research questions and/or hypotheses


 Your overall approach (e.g. qualitative or quantitative)
 The type of design you’re using (e.g. a survey, experiment, or case study)
 Your sampling methods or criteria for selecting subjects
 Your data collection methods (e.g. questionnaires, observations)
 Your data collection procedures (e.g. operationalization, timing and data management)
 Your data analysis methods (e.g. statistical test or thematic analysis)

STEP 1: Consider your aims and approach

 Before you can start designing your research, you should already have a clear idea of the research question
you want to investigate.
 The first choice you need to make is whether you’ll take a qualitative or quantitative approach.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS ten to be more flexible and inductive, allowing you to adjust your approach
based on what you find throughout the research process

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS tend to be more fixed and deductive, with variables and hypotheses clearly
defined in advance of data collection

STEP 3: Identify you population and sampling method

You research design should clearly define who or what your research will focus on, and how you’ll gi about
choosing your participants or subjects.

POPULATION – entire group that you want to draw conclusions about

SAMPLE – smaller group of individuals you’ll actually collect data from

STEP 4: Choose your data collection methods

DATA COLLECTION METHODS are ways of directly measuring variables and gathering information.

 Survey Methods – allows you to collect data about opinions, behaviors, experiences and characteristics by
asking people directly: QUESTIONAIRES and INTERVIEWS
 Observation Methods – collecting data unobtrusively, observing characteristics, behaviors or sociala
interactions without relying on self-reporting. They can be qualitative or quantitative.
 Secondary Data – other researchers already collected. Not more than 3 years ago.
STEP 5: Plan your data collection procedures

Planning systematic procedures is especially important in quantitative research, where you need to precisely
define your variables and ensure your measurement are reliable and valid.

STEP 6: Decide on your data analysis strategies

 Raw data can’t answer your research questions. The last step of designing your research is planning how
you’ll analyze the data.

QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS mostly use some form of statistical analysis. Can summarize your sample
data, make estimates and test hypotheses.

QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS need to comb through the data in detail, interpret its meanings, identify
patterns, and extract the parts that are most relevant to your research question.

PURPOSE-

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
 To explain and gain insight and understanding  To explain, predict, and/or control phenomena
of phenomena through intensive collection of through focused collection of numerical data
narrative data.  Test hypotheses, deductive.
 Generate hypothesis to be test, inductive.

OVERVIEW-

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
 Subjective, holistic, process-oriented  Objective, focused, outcome-oriented
 Tentative, evolving, based on a particular study  Specific, testable, stated prior to a particular
 Controlled setting not as important study
 Controlled to the degree possible

SAMPLING-

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
PURPOSIVE: RANDOM:
Intent to select “small”, not necessarily representative, Intent to select a “large”, representative sample in
sample in order to get an in-depth understanding order to generalize results to a population

DESIGN AND METHOD-

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
 Flexible, specified only in general terms in  Structured, inflexible, specified in detail in
advance of study. advance of study.
QUALITATIVE

DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIES

 Document and artifact


 Interviews/Focus groups
 Administration of questionnaires
 Taking intensive, detailed field notes

DATA ANYALYSIS

 Raw data are in words


 Essentially ongoing, involves using the observations/ comments to come to a conclusion

DATA INTERPRETATION

 Conclusions are tentative


 Review on an ongoing basis, conclusions are generalizations
 The validity of the interferences/ generalizations are the reader’s responsibility

6 TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH


1. ETHNOGRAPHY METHOD
 Describe cultural characteristics
 Identify the cultural aspects and variables by reviewing the literature
 Getting Involved in the environment, live with the target audience , and collect data through
observing and interacting with subjects
 Describe the main parameters of culture
 A detailed description of the social morals
2. NARRATIVE METHOD
 Collect data in the form of a cohesive story
 Review the sequence of events, and conduct interviews to describe the largest influences that
affected on individual
 Analyze different life situations and opportunities
 Present a short story with themes, conflicts and challenges
3. PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD
 Describe the experiences, events, or situations from different angles
 Sampling and data collection by conduction interviews, observation, surveys etc.
 Describe and write the experience of the phenomena
 Classify the data and examine the experiences beyond human awareness
 A database is formed to describe the findings from a subject’s viewpoint
4. GROUNDED THEORY METHOD
 Used to develop theory, identify social development and ways to deal it
 Data collection methods such as interviews, observation, literature review, and document analysis
 Theory formation and development by a sampling of literature
5. CASE STUDY
 Describe an experience, person, event, or place in detail
 Direct observation and interaction with the subject
 An in-depth description of the subjects
6. HISTORICAL METHODS
 Describe and examines past events to understand present patterns and understanding present
patterns and predicting future scenarios
 Present the findings in a form of biography or paper

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