CHAPTER 2 INSIDE OUR EARTH

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What are the three layers of the earth?

2. What is a rock?
3. Name three types of rocks.
4. How are extrusive and intrusive rocks formed?
5. What do you mean by a rock cycle?
6. What are the uses of rocks?
7. What are metamorphic rocks?

Answer:

1. Three Layers of the Earth

• Crust
• Mantle
• Core.
2. Rock
• A mass of mineral matter that makes up the crust of
the earth is called rock.
Or
• Aggregates of minerals are termed as rocks.
Examples: See part
3. Three Types of Rocks
• Igneous Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks.
4. Formation of Extrusive and Intrusive Rocks
• Due to extreme heat in the interior of the earth, rocks
are found in the form of molten material called
magma.
• When magma comes out on the surface of the earth, it
cools down and turns into solid rocks. Such rocks are
termed as extrusive rocks.
Examples:
★ Basalt.
★ Deccan Trap is built of basalt.
• When the molten magma cools down within the
interior of the earth, it becomes solid to form intrusive
rocks.
 Examples:
★ Granite.
5. Rock Cycle
Igneous rocks change into sedimentary rocks, igneous and
sedimentary rocks under heat and pressure change into
metamorphic rocks, metamorphic rocks into igneous rocks or
sedimentary rocks due to melting or wearing down. This process
is called the rock cycle.
6. Uses of Rocks
• Hard rocks are used in making buildings and barrages.
• Houses and buildings are built of rocks (stones, slates,
granite, marble).
• Stones are used in numerous games:
• Seven stones (phitthoo).
• Hopscotch (stapu, kit).
• Five stones (gitti).
• Rocks (stones and slates) are used in building bridges,
embankments.
7. Metamorphic Rocks
• When under heat and pressure igneous rocks and
sedimentary rocks change their form and more
precious rocks are formed to be known as
metamorphic rocks.
Examples:
★ Granite into granite gneiss.
★ Coal into slate.
★ Limestone into marble.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) The rock which is made up of molten magma is
(a) Igneous
(b) Sedimentary
(c) Metamorphic.

(ii) The innermost layer of the earth is

(a) Crust
(b) Core
(c) Mantle.

(iii) Gold, petroleum and coal are example of

(a) Rocks
(b) Minerals
(c) Fossils.

(iv) Rocks which contain fossils are

(a) Sedimentary rocks
(b) Metamorphic rocks
(c) Igneons rocks.

(v) The thinnest layer of the earth is

(a) Crust
(b) Mantle
(c) Core.
Answer:
(i)—(a), (ii)—(b), (iii)—(b), (iv)—(a), (v)—(a).

Question 4.
Give reasons:

1. We cannot go to the center of the earth.

2. Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.
3. Limestone is changed into marble.

Answer:

1. We cannot go to the center of the earth because of the following

reasons:
• The thickness (from crust to the core) is 6371 km.
(Radius of the earth).
• There is extreme heat and pressure of overlying rocks,
everything is in a molten state.
• There is no oxygen to survive.
 2. Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments because of the
following reasons:
• Igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, decompose,
disintegrate and wear down due to weathering.
• This material is carried away by running water (rivers),
wind, glacier.
• The material is then deposited in low lying areas and is
called sediments.
• When sediments are solidified into layers due to
pressure from overlying sediments, they are called
sedimentary rocks.
3. Limestone is changed into marble due to the following reasons:
• The overlying layers of rocks put pressure on the
underlying rocks.
• From the surface to the interior of the earth,
temperature and heat go on increasing.
• Due to pressure and heat, the original limestone
changes into marble.

CHAPTER 2 INSIDE OUR EARTH PART B QUESTION ANSWERS

1. 'Earth is like an onion with many layers.' Explain the statement

with suitable points.

ANS. The earth is made up of several concentric layers.

The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is called the crust. It is the
thinnest layers of about 35 km, on the continental masses and only 5 km,
on the ocean floors. The main mineral constituents of the continental
mass are silica and alumina. It is thus called sial. The oceanic crust
mainly consists of silica and magnesium; it is therefore called sima.

Just beneath the crust is the mantle which extends up to a depth of 2900
km. below the crust.it is in viscous form.

The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km. It is
mainly made up of nickel and iron and is called nife. The inner core has
very high temperature and pressure.
2. Into how many parts the crust is divided? What are they called
and what are the minerals it contains?

The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is called the crust. It is
divided into two layers.

Continental crust is the thinnest layers of about 35 km, on the continental

masses. The main mineral constituents of the continental mass are silica
and alumina. It is thus called sial.

Oceanic crust the oceanic crust is only 5 km on the ocean floors. It mainly
consists of silica and magnesium; it is therefore called sima.

3. Name three types of rocks.

There are three major types of rocks:

Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks

4. Dead plants make something useful . What is that ?

The remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of
rocks are called fossils. They are found in the layers of sedimentary
rocks.

5. Explain the formation of sedimentary rock with examples.

Rocks roll down, crack, and hit each other and are broken down into
small fragments called sediments. These sediments are transported
and deposited by wind, water, etc. These loose sediments are
compressed and hardened to form layers of rocks called sedimentary
rocks. For example, sandstone is made from grains of sand. These
rocks may also contain fossils of plants, animals and other
microorganisms.

6. What are igneous rocks? Briefly explain.

When the molten magma cools, it becomes solid. Rocks thus formed
are called igneous rocks. They are also called primary rocks. There are
two types of igneous rocks: intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks. When
the molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and
becomes solid. Rocks formed in such a way on the crust are called
extrusive igneous rocks. They have a very fine-grained structure. E.g,
basalt.
Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s
crust. Solid rocks so formed are called intrusive igneous rocks. Since
they cool down slowly, they form large grains. Granite is an example.