Welcome to

Binomial Theorem
 Table of contents

Session 02 𝟐𝟐 Session 05 𝟗𝟒

Introduction 23 Properties of Binomial Coefficients 102

Algebraic Identities 25 Factorial Notation 109

Pascal’s Triangle 27
Session 06 𝟏𝟏𝟓
Factorial Notation 29
Combinations 32 Differentiation 121

Session 01 𝟎𝟑 Integration 124

Mathematical Induction 05 Session 03 𝟒𝟎 Product of Binomial Coefficients 129

Steps for Truth Value 06 Binomial Theorem 41

Session 07 𝟏𝟑𝟕
General Term 48
Substitution Method 140
Middle Term 60
Binomial Theorem for any Index 145
Maximum value of 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 65

Session 08 𝟏𝟔𝟎
Session 04 𝟕𝟎
Multinomial Theorem 163

Constant Term 71

Numerically Greatest term 84

 Session 01
Mathematical Induction
and its Applications

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 𝑛 𝑛+1
∑𝑛 = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 =
2

𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
∑𝑛2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 =
6
Key Takeaways

Mathematical Induction:

• Mathematical Induction is a technique which is used to prove a

mathematical statement, a formula or a theorem valid for every
natural number starting from some initial value.

• Suppose there is a given statement 𝑃(𝑛) involving natural number 𝑛.

• To prove the statement, we follow these two steps:
Key Takeaways

𝑖 BASE STEP (Basis):

Prove that statement is true for initial value of 𝑛.

𝑖𝑖 INDUCTIVE STEP:

Prove that if the statement is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘

(where 𝑘 is positive integer greater than the initial value)

then the statement is also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1

i.e. truth of 𝑃(𝑘) implies truth of 𝑃 𝑘 + 1 .

Then, 𝑃 𝑛 is true for all naturals numbers given in the statement.

Prove using principle of mathematical induction for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
𝑛 𝑛+1
1 +2 + 3+ ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2

Let the given statement is 𝑃 𝑛 , i.e.

𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑃 𝑛 = 1+ 2 + 3 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2

For 𝑛 = 1,
1 2
𝑃 1 =1= = 1 which is true
2

Assume that 𝑃(𝑘) is true for some positive integer 𝑘, i.e.

𝑘 𝑘+1
𝑃 𝑘 = 1+ 2 + 3+ ⋯+ 𝑘 = ⋯ (𝑖)
2
Prove using principle of mathematical induction for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
𝑛 𝑛+1
1 +2 + 3+ ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2

𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑃 𝑛 = 1+ 2 + 3 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2
𝑘 𝑘+1
𝑃 𝑘 = 1+ 2 + 3+ ⋯+ 𝑘 = ⋯ (𝑖)
2

Now, prove that 𝑃 𝑘 + 1 is also true

1 + 2+ 3 + ⋯+ 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 1
𝑘 𝑘+1 𝑘 𝑘+1 𝑘+2
= + 𝑘+ 1 = 𝑘+1 +1 =
2 2 2

Thus, 𝑃(𝑘 + 1) is true, whenever 𝑃 𝑘 is true.

Hence, statement 𝑃 𝑛 is true for all natural numbers 𝑛.

Prove using principle of mathematical induction for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 =
6

Let the given statement is 𝑃 𝑛 , i.e.

𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
𝑃 𝑛 = 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 =
6

For 𝑛 = 1,
1 2 (3)
𝑃 1 =1= = 1 which is true
6

Assume that 𝑃(𝑘) is true for some positive integer 𝑘, i.e.

𝑘 𝑘+1 2𝑘+1
𝑃 𝑘 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑘2 = ⋯ (𝑖)
6
Prove using principle of mathematical induction for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 =
6

𝑘 𝑘+1 2𝑘+1
𝑃 𝑘 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑘2 = ⋯ (𝑖)
6

Now, prove that 𝑃 𝑘 + 1 is also true

12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑘2 + 𝑘 + 1 2

𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1) 2
= + 𝑘+1
6
𝑘 2𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+2 2𝑘+3
= 𝑘+1 + 𝑘+1 =
6 6

Thus, 𝑃(𝑘 + 1) is true, whenever 𝑃 𝑘 is true.

Hence, statement 𝑃 𝑛 is true for all natural numbers 𝑛.

Prove using principle of mathematical induction for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
1 1 1 1 1
+ + +⋯+ 𝑛 = 1− 𝑛
2 4 8 2 2

Let the given statement is 𝑃 𝑛 , i.e.

1 1 1 1 1
𝑃 𝑛 = + + + ⋯+ =1−
2 4 8 2𝑛 2𝑛
1 1 1
For 𝑛 = 1, 𝑃 1 = = 1 − = which is true
2 2 2

Assume that 𝑃(𝑘) is true for some positive integer 𝑘, i.e.

1 1 1 1 1
𝑃 𝑘 = + + + ⋯+ =1− ⋯ (𝑖)
2 4 8 2𝑘 2𝑘

Now, prove that 𝑃 𝑘 + 1 is also true

1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ +
2 4 8 2𝑘 2𝑘+1
1 1 1
=1− + = 1−
2𝑘 𝑘+1
2 2𝑘+1

Thus, 𝑃(𝑘 + 1) is true, whenever 𝑃 𝑘 is true.

Hence, statement 𝑃 𝑛 is true for all natural numbers 𝑛.

Prove using principle of mathematical induction for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
1 1 1 1 𝑛
+ + +⋯+ =
2⋅5 5⋅8 8⋅11 3𝑛−1 3𝑛+2 6𝑛+4

Let the given statement is 𝑃 𝑛 , i.e.

1 1 1 1 𝑛
𝑃 𝑛 = + + + ⋯+ =
2⋅5 5⋅8 8⋅11 3𝑛−1 3𝑛+2 6𝑛+4

For 𝑛 = 1,
1 1 1
𝑃 1 = = = which is true
2⋅5 10 6+4

Assume that 𝑃(𝑘) is true for some positive integer 𝑘, i.e.

1 1 1 1 𝑘
𝑃 𝑘 = + + + ⋯+ = ⋯ (𝑖)
2⋅5 5⋅8 8⋅11 3𝑘−1 3𝑘+2 6𝑘+4
Prove using principle of mathematical induction for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
1 1 1 1 𝑛
+ + +⋯+ =
2⋅5 5⋅8 8⋅11 3𝑛−1 3𝑛+2 6𝑛+4

Now, prove that 𝑃 𝑘 + 1 is also true

1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ +
2⋅5 5⋅8 8⋅11 3𝑘−1 3𝑘+2 3𝑘+2 3𝑘+5

𝑘 1
= +
6𝑘+4 3𝑘+2 3𝑘+5

1 𝑘 1 𝑘+1 3𝑘+2 𝑘+1

= + = =
3𝑘+2 2 3𝑘+5 2 3𝑘+2 3𝑘+5 6𝑘+10

Thus, 𝑃(𝑘 + 1) is true, whenever 𝑃 𝑘 is true.

Hence, statement 𝑃 𝑛 is true for all natural numbers 𝑛.

For every positive integer 𝑛, prove that 32𝑛+2 − 8𝑛 − 9 is divisible by 8.

Let the given statement is 𝑃 𝑛 , i.e.

𝑃 𝑛 : 32𝑛+2 − 8𝑛 − 9 is divisible by 8

For 𝑛 = 1,

𝑃 1 = 81 − 17 = 64 (64 is divisible by 8) which is true

Assume that 𝑃(𝑘) is true for some positive integer 𝑘 , i.e.

𝑃 𝑘 : 32𝑘+2 − 8𝑘 − 9 is divisible by 8

i.e. 32𝑘+2 − 8𝑘 − 9 = 8𝜆, 𝜆 ∈ ℕ ⋯ (𝑖)

For every positive integer 𝑛, prove that 32𝑛+2 − 8𝑛 − 9 is divisible by 8.

Now, prove that 𝑃 𝑘 + 1 is also true

𝑃 𝑘 : 32𝑘+2 − 8𝑘 − 9 = 8𝜆, 𝜆 ∈ ℕ
32 𝑘+1 +2 − 8 𝑘+1 −9

= 9 ⋅ 32𝑘+2 − 8𝑘 − 9 − 8

= 32𝑘+2 + 8 ⋅ 32𝑘+2 − 8𝑘 − 9 − 8

= 32𝑘+2 − 8𝑘 − 9 + 8 ⋅ 32𝑘+2 − 8

= 8𝜆 + 8(32𝑘+2 − 1) is divisible by 8

Thus, 𝑃(𝑘 + 1) is true, whenever 𝑃 𝑘 is true.

Hence, statement 𝑃 𝑛 is true for all natural numbers 𝑛.

For every positive integer 𝑛, prove that 𝑥 2𝑛 − 𝑦 2𝑛 is divisible by 𝑥 + 𝑦.

Let the given statement is 𝑃 𝑛 , i.e.

𝑃 𝑛 : 𝑥 2𝑛 − 𝑦 2𝑛 is divisible by 𝑥 + 𝑦

For 𝑛 = 1,
𝑃 1 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 is divisible by 𝑥 + 𝑦 which is true

Assume that 𝑃(𝑘) is true for some positive integer 𝑘, i.e.

𝑃 𝑘 : 𝑥 2𝑘 − 𝑦 2𝑘 is divisible by 𝑥 + 𝑦
i.e. 𝑥 2𝑘 − 𝑦 2𝑘 = 𝜆 𝑥 + 𝑦 , 𝜆 ∈ ℕ ⋯ (𝑖)
For every positive integer 𝑛, prove that 𝑥 2𝑛 − 𝑦 2𝑛 is divisible by 𝑥 + 𝑦.

Now, prove that 𝑃 𝑘 + 1 is also true

𝑥2 𝑘+1
− 𝑦2 𝑘+1

= 𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑥 2𝑘 − 𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑦 2𝑘 + 𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑦 2𝑘 − 𝑦 2 ⋅ 𝑦 2𝑘

= 𝑥 2 𝑥 2𝑘 − 𝑦 2𝑘 + 𝑦 2𝑘 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

= 𝜆 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2𝑘 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

= 𝑥+𝑦 𝜆𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑦

Thus, 𝑃(𝑘 + 1) is true, whenever 𝑃 𝑘 is true.

Hence, statement 𝑃 𝑛 is true for all natural numbers 𝑛.

For every positive integer 𝑛, prove that 2𝑛 > 𝑛.

Let the given statement is 𝑃 𝑛 , i.e.

𝑃 𝑛 : 2𝑛 > 𝑛
For 𝑛 = 1, 𝑃 1 = 2 > 1 , which is true
Assume that 𝑃(𝑘) is true for some positive integer 𝑘, i.e.
𝑃 𝑘 : 2𝑘 > 𝑘
Now, prove that 𝑃 𝑘 + 1 is also true
2𝑘 > 𝑘, multiplying both sides by 2
⇒ 2𝑘+1 > 2𝑘
⇒ 2𝑘+1 > 𝑘 + 𝑘
⇒ 2𝑘+1 > 𝑘 + 1
Thus, 𝑃(𝑘 + 1) is true, whenever 𝑃 𝑘 is true.
Hence, statement 𝑃 𝑛 is true for all natural numbers 𝑛.
Statement: 𝑝(𝑛): 𝑛2 ≥ 3𝑛 is true, then which of the following is correct ?

A ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ

B ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑛 > 1

C ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑛 ≥ 3

D For all odd natural

numbers 𝑛
Statement: 𝑝(𝑛): 𝑛2 ≥ 3𝑛 is true, then which of the following is correct ?

𝑝 1 : 1 ≥ 3 is not true.
𝑝 2 : 4 ≥ 6 is not true.
𝑝 3 : 9 ≥ 9 is true.
𝑝 4 : 16 ≥ 12 is true.
𝑝 5 : 25 ≥ 15 is true.
By the principle of mathematical induction as shown below that 𝑝(𝑛) is true ∀ 𝑛 ≥ 3
Suppose 𝑝 𝑘 : 𝑘2 ≥ 3𝑘, 𝑘 ≥ 3 is true
We have to prove that 𝑝 𝑘 + 1 : 𝑘 + 1 2
≥ 3 𝑘+1
Here 𝑘 + 1 2
= 𝑘2 + 2𝑘 + 1
𝑘+1 2 ≥ 3𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 1 (As 𝑘 ≥ 3, So 2𝑘 + 1 ≥ 3)
Statement: 𝑝(𝑛): 𝑛2 ≥ 3𝑛 is true, then which of the following is correct ?

Here 𝑘 + 1 2 = 𝑘2 + 2𝑘 + 1

𝑘+1 2
≥ 3𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 1 (As 𝑘 ≥ 3, So 2𝑘 + 1 ≥ 3)

Since, 𝑘 + 1 2 ≥ 3𝑘 + 3 = 3 𝑘 + 1

𝑘+1 2 ≥ 3 𝑘+1

𝑝 𝑘 + 1 is true.

Hence, By the principle of mathematical induction 𝑝 𝑛 : 𝑛2 ≥ 3𝑛; ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑛 ≥ 3 is true

 Session 02
Introduction to
Binomial Theorem

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 Key Takeaways

Binomial:

• An algebraic expression containing two dissimilar terms is called a Binomial.

Example:

𝑎+𝑏
• 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
2𝑥 + 3𝑦

Trinomial:

• An algebraic expression containing three dissimilar terms is called a Trinomial.

Example:

3𝑥 2 + 7𝑦 2 + 2
• 2𝑎2 − 𝑏2 + 7
2𝑎2 + 7𝑎𝑏 + 9𝑏
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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial:

An algebraic expression containing one, two or more dissimilar terms with

• non-zero coefficient (with variables having non-negative integers as exponents)
is called a Polynomial.

Example:

2𝑎 + 5𝑏
• 3𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 + 𝑧
3𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑧 − 7𝑧 + 11

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 Key Takeaways

Algebraic Identities:

• 𝑎+𝑏 0 =1

• 𝑎+𝑏 1
= 𝑎+𝑏

• 𝑎+𝑏 2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2

• 𝑎+𝑏 3
= 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑏3

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 Key Takeaways

Observation:

• 𝑎+𝑏 0 =1 1

• 𝑎+𝑏 1
= 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎1 𝑏0 + 𝑎0 𝑏1

• 𝑎+𝑏 2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏0 + 2𝑎1𝑏1 + 𝑎0 𝑏2

• 𝑎+𝑏 3
= 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑏3 𝑎3 𝑏0 + 3𝑎2 𝑏1 + 3𝑎1 𝑏2 + 𝑎0 𝑏3

Note:

• Number of terms = 𝑛 + 1 (If degree is 𝑛)

• Exponent of 𝑎 decreases from 𝑛 to 0, and exponent

of 𝑏 increases from 0 to 𝑛.

• In any term, the sum of exponents of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 𝑛.

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 Key Takeaways

Pascal’s Triangle:

0
𝑎+𝑏 =1
1
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎+𝑏
2
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
3
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑏3
𝑎+𝑏 5 = 𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏2 + 4𝑎𝑏3 + 𝑏4
𝑎+𝑏 5 = 𝑎5 + 5𝑎4 𝑏 + 10𝑎3 𝑏2 + 10𝑎2 𝑏3 + 5𝑎𝑏4 + 𝑏5
6
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎6 + 6𝑎5 𝑏 + 15𝑎4 𝑏2 + 20𝑎3 𝑏3 + 15𝑎2 𝑏4
+6𝑎𝑏5 + 𝑏6

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 Key Takeaways

Pascal’s Triangle:

• Pascal’s triangle is used to determine the coefficients in the binomial expansion.

• But this process is quite lengthy when the index (𝑛) is large.

Hence a general rule to expand 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 without writing all the terms of

•
Pascal’s Triangle is required.

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 Key Takeaways

Factorial Notation:

• The product of first 𝑛 natural numbers is denoted by 𝑛!

𝑛! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × ⋯ × 𝑛 − 1 × 𝑛

Example:

• 2! = 2 × 1 = 2

• 3! = 3 × 2! = 6

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 Key Takeaways

Factorial Notation:

Note:

• We define 0! = 1
• 𝑛! = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 − 1 ! = 𝑛 × 𝑛 − 1 × 𝑛 − 2 ! and so on..

Example:

• 1! = 1 • 2! = 2 × 1 = 2

• 3! = 3 × 2! = 6 • 4! = 4 × 3! = 4 × 6 = 24

• 5! = 5 × 4! = 5 × 24 = 120 • 6! = 6 × 5! = 6 × 120 = 720

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 1 1 𝑥
If + = , then find 𝑥.
8! 9! 10!

1 1 𝑥
+ = .
8! 9! 10!

10! 10!
⇒𝑥= + .
8! 9!
10⋅9⋅8! 10⋅9!
⇒𝑥= + . 𝑛! = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 − 1 ! = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 − 1 ⋅ (𝑛 − 2)!
8! 9!

⇒ 𝑥 = 10 ⋅ 9 + 10 = 100

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 Key Takeaways

Formulas for Combination:

𝑛
• 𝑛𝐶𝑟 or 𝐶 𝑛, 𝑟 or
𝑟
denotes the number of combinations (selections)
of 𝑟 things chosen from 𝑛 distinct things.
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 = where 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑟 ∈ 𝕎
𝑟! 𝑛−𝑟 !

𝑛! 𝑛!
• 𝑛𝐶0 =
0! 𝑛−0 !
=
𝑛!
= 1;
𝑛! 𝑛!
• 𝑛𝐶𝑛 =
𝑛! 𝑛−𝑛 !
=
𝑛!⋅0!
= 1;
𝑛! 𝑛!
• 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛 −𝑟 =
𝑟! 𝑛−𝑟 !
=
(𝑛−(𝑛−𝑟))! 𝑛−𝑟 !

• 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑠 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑠 or 𝑛 = 𝑟 + 𝑠

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 Key Takeaways

Index 𝑛 = 1

Index 𝑛 = 2

Index 𝑛 = 3

Index 𝑛 = 4

Index 𝑛 = 5

𝑛𝑐
0,
𝑛𝑐 , 𝑛𝑐 , ⋯ , 𝑛𝑐
1 2 𝑛 are the binomial coefficients.

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 Key Takeaways

Important Results:

• 𝑛
𝑐𝑟 + 𝑛𝑐𝑟−1 = 𝑛+1
𝑐𝑟

𝑛𝑐 𝑛−𝑟+1
• 𝑛𝑐
𝑟
𝑟−1
=
𝑟

• 𝑛𝑐 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2

𝑟 = 𝑐𝑟−1 = 𝑐𝑟−2
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟−1

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 Find the value of 10
𝐶4

Given: 10𝐶 , here

4 𝑛 = 10 and 𝑟 = 4

10𝐶 10!
∴ 4 = 𝑛!
4!6! 𝑛𝐶
𝑟 = where 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑟 ∈ 𝕎
𝑟! 𝑛−𝑟 !

10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6!
=
4! 6!

10 × 9 × 8 × 7
=
4!

= 210

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 Solve for 𝑛, 𝑛𝑐𝑛2 −25 = 𝑛𝑐5

𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑠 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑠 or 𝑛 = 𝑟 + 𝑠

Given, 𝑛𝑐𝑛2 −25 = 𝑛𝑐5 Given, 𝑛𝑐𝑛2 −25 = 𝑛𝑐5

⇒ 𝑛2 − 25 = 5 {𝑟 = 𝑠} ⇒ 𝑛2 − 25 + 5 = 𝑛 {𝑟 + 𝑠 = 𝑛}

⇒ 𝑛2 = 30 ⇒ 𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 20 = 0
As 𝑛 ∉ ℕ It will be rejected. ⇒ (𝑛 − 5)(𝑛 − 4) = 0
⇒ 𝑛 = 5, 𝑛 = −4

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 If 𝑛 𝑐9 = 𝑛 𝑐8 , then find 𝑛𝑐16 :

Given, 𝑛𝑐9 = 𝑛𝑐8

𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑠 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑠 or 𝑛 = 𝑟 + 𝑠
⇒ 𝑛 = 9 + 8 = 17

⇒ 𝑛𝑐16 = 17𝑐
16 = 17

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 The value of ∑12
𝑟=5
16
𝑐𝑟 ,

∑12 16
𝑟=5 𝑐𝑟 =
16
𝑐5 + 16
𝑐6 + 16𝑐7 + 16𝑐8 + 16𝑐9 + 16𝑐10 + 16𝑐11 + 16𝑐12

= ( 16𝑐5 + 16𝑐6 ) + ( 16𝑐7 + 16𝑐8 ) +( 16𝑐9 + 16𝑐10) +( 16𝑐11 + 16𝑐12)

𝑛𝑐 + 𝑛𝑐𝑟−1 = 𝑛+1𝑐
𝑟 𝑟

= 17𝑐 17𝑐 + 17𝑐 + 17𝑐 17𝑐 17𝑐 17𝑐 17𝑐

6+ 8 10 12 = 11 + 9+ 10 + 12

= ( 17𝑐11 + 17𝑐12) + ( 17𝑐9 + 17𝑐10 )

18𝑐 + 18𝑐 18𝑐 18𝑐
= 12 10 = 6+ 8

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 The value of ∑12
𝑟=5
16
𝑐𝑟 ,

A 18𝑐 + 18𝑐
5 12

B 18𝑐
6+
18𝑐
8

C 17
𝑐5 + 17𝑐6

D 17𝑐 17𝑐
6+ 8

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 Session 03
Binomial theorem and its
applications

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 Key Takeaways

Binomial Theorem:

• If 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then
𝑛
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑛𝑐0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏0 + 𝑛𝑐1𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝑐2𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑐𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏𝑛

• 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛𝑐𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

• Number of terms = 𝑛 + 1 .

• 𝑛𝑐
0,
𝑛𝑐 , 𝑛𝑐 , ⋯ , 𝑛𝑐
1 2 𝑛 are called binomial coefficients.

• Index of 𝑎 decrease from 𝑛 to 0, and Index of 𝑏 increase from 0 to 𝑛.

• In any term sum of exponents of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 𝑛.

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 Key Takeaways

Binomial Theorem:

• The coefficient equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal.

• 𝑘𝑡ℎ term from the end is equal to 𝑛−𝑘+2 𝑡ℎ

term from the beginning.

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 For the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏 10
1. Number of terms in expansion.
2. Draw the Pascal’s Triangle row for above expansion.
3. Using second find the coefficient of 𝑎 5 𝑏6 .
4. Using second find the coefficient of 𝑎 4 𝑏6 .

Number of terms = 𝑛 + 1 . 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛𝑐𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

⇒ 𝑛 = 10 ⟺Number of terms = 11 Here, 𝑛 − 𝑟 = 5 and 𝑟 = 6
Here, 𝑛 = 11 which is not possible.

1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1

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 For the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏 10
1. Number of terms in expansion.
2. Draw the Pascal’s Triangle row for above expansion.
3. Using second find the coefficient of 𝑎 5 𝑏6 .
4. Using second find the coefficient of 𝑎 4 𝑏6 .

𝑎+𝑏 𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛𝑐𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

Here, 𝑛 − 𝑟 = 4 and 𝑟 = 6
⇒ 𝑛 = 10
Here, Coefficient will become 10𝑐6

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 If 18𝐶2𝑟 = 18
𝐶𝑟+3 then the value(s) of 𝑟 is

18𝐶 = 18𝐶 𝑛𝐶 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟

2𝑟 𝑟+3 𝑟

So,

2𝑟 = 𝑟 + 3 or 2𝑟 + 𝑟 + 3 = 18

⇒𝑟 =3

⇒𝑟 =5

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 If 18𝐶2𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟+3 then the value(s) of 𝑟 is
18

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 6

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 Key Takeaways

BINOMIAL THEOREM

If 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then

𝑎+𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏𝑛

𝑛

= ෍ 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟
𝑟=0

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 Key Takeaways

General Term

We have,

• 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏𝑛

𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇𝑛

• 𝑟+1 𝑡ℎ
term in the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛
is called General Term.

𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

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 4
3
Expand 𝑥2 + :
𝑥

𝑎+𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏𝑛

3
𝑎 = 𝑥2; 𝑏 =
𝑥

4 2 3 2
3 33 2 3 3 3
𝑥2 + = 4𝐶0 𝑥 2 4 + 4𝐶
1 𝑥2 + 4𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 4𝐶3 𝑥2 + 4𝐶4
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

4
3 108 81
⇒ 𝑥2 + = 𝑥 8 + 12𝑥5 + 54𝑥 2 + +
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥4

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 Find the number of terms in the expansion of 1 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 40 :

1 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥2 + 𝑥 3 40 = 1+𝑥 3 40

120
= 1+ 𝑥

∵ Number of terms = 𝑛 + 1

∴ Number of terms = 121

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 Find the number of terms in the expansion of 1 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 40
:

A 120

B 119

C 121

D 123

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 5
If the third term in the binomial expansion of 1 + 𝑥 log2 𝑥 is 2560,
then a possible value of 𝑥 is :

5
Given: 1 + 𝑥 log2 𝑥 and 𝑇3 = 2560

⇒ 𝑇2+1 = 2560 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

⇒ 5𝐶2 13 ∙ (𝑥 log2 𝑥 )2 = 2560

⇒ 10 ∙ 𝑥 2 log2 𝑥 = 2560

⇒ 𝑥 2 log2 𝑥 = 256

⇒ 2 log 2 𝑥 = log 𝑥 256 = 8 log 𝑥 2 (By taking log 𝑥 on both the sides)

⇒ (log2 𝑥)2 = 4

⇒ log 2 𝑥 = ±2

1
⇒ 𝑥 = 4 or
4
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 5
If the third term in the binomial expansion of 1 + 𝑥 log2 𝑥 is 2560,
then a possible value of 𝑥 is :

JEE MAIN 2019

A 4 2

B 1
4

C 1
8

D 2 2

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 The ratio of the 5th term from the beginning to the 5th term from the end in
10
1
1
the binomial expansion of 2 + 3 1 is:
2 (3)3

10
1
1
Given: 2 +
3 1
2 (3)3

𝑘𝑡ℎ term from the end = 𝑛 − 𝑘 + 2 𝑡ℎ

term from the beginning.

5th term from the end = 10 − 5 + 2 th

term from the beginning

= 7th term

𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

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 The ratio of the 5th term from the beginning to the 5th term from the end in
10
1
1
the binomial expansion of 2 + 3 1 is:
2 (3)3

1
(23 )2
= 1 2
1
2 (3) 3

2 2
= 23 ∙ 22 ∙ 33

1
= 4 (36)3

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 The ratio of the 5 th term from the beginning to the 5th term from the end in
10
1
1
the binomial expansion of 2 +3 1 is:
2 (3)3

JEE MAIN 2019

A 1
1: 2 6 3

B 1
1: 4 16 3

C 1
4 36 3 : 1

D 1
2 36 : 1
3

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 The coefficient of 𝑥 3 in the expansion of 𝑥 + 1 5
is

Using Pascal triangle, we get

5
𝑥+1 = 5𝐶0 𝑥 5 + 5𝐶1 𝑥4 + 5𝐶2 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 5𝐶5

If 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏𝑛

Therefore, the coefficient of 𝑥 3 in 𝑥 + 1 5

is

5𝐶 5×4
2 = = 10
2

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 The coefficient of 𝑥 3 in the expansion of 𝑥 + 1 5
is

A 10

B 5

C 1

D 15

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 1 1 60
The total number of irrational terms in the binomial expansion of 7 −3
5 10 is:

60
1
Given: 7 − 3
5
1
10
𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

1 60−𝑟 1 𝑟
⇒ 𝑇𝑟+1 = 60𝐶 75 −310
𝑟

𝑟 𝑟
𝑟 60𝐶 12−5
⇒ 𝑇𝑟−1 = −1 𝑟 7 ⋅ 310

𝑟 𝑟
The above term will be rational if and are integers
5 10

The possible values of 𝑟 (0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 60) are:

0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 (7 values)

⇒ No. of rational terms = 7

⇒ No. of irrational terms = 61 − 7 = 54

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 Key Takeaways

MIDDLE TERM(s) IN THE EXPANSION OF 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛

• 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏𝑛

𝑛=4

• ⇒ 𝑎+𝑏 4 = 4𝐶0 𝑎4 𝑏0 + 4𝐶1 𝑎3 𝑏1 + 4𝐶2 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 4𝐶3 𝑎𝑏3 + 4𝐶4 𝑏4

Number of terms = 5 = Odd

𝑛=5

• ⇒ 𝑎+𝑏 5 = 5𝐶0 𝑎5 𝑏0 + 5𝐶1 𝑎4 𝑏1 + 5𝐶2 𝑎3 𝑏2 + 5𝐶3 𝑎2 𝑏3 + 5𝐶4 𝑎𝑏4 + 5𝐶5 𝑏5

Number of terms = 6 = Even

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 Key Takeaways

MIDDLE TERM(s) IN THE EXPANSION OF 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛

Case 1

• If 𝑛 is even, the number of terms in the expansion is odd.

th
• There will be only one middle term, which is 𝑛
2
+1 term.

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 Find the middle term in the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏 10
.

Number of terms in the expansion= 10 + 1 = 11

th
10
∴ There will be only one middle term, which is +1 term.
2

⇒ 6th term

𝑇6 = 𝑇5+1

10𝐶
⇒ 𝑇6 = 5 ⋅ 𝑎5 ⋅ 𝑏5

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 Key Takeaways

MIDDLE TERM(s) IN THE EXPANSION OF 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛

Case 2

• If 𝑛 is odd, the number of terms in the expansion is even.

𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ 𝑛+3 𝑡ℎ
• There will be two middle terms, which are 2
and
2
terms.

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 Find the middle term in the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏 11
.

Number of terms in the expansion = 11 + 1 = 12

𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ
11+1 11+3
∴ There will be two middle terms, that are and terms.
2 2

⇒ 6𝑡ℎ and 7𝑡ℎ terms

⇒ 𝑇6 = 𝑇5+1

11
⇒ 𝑇6 = 𝐶5 ⋅ 𝑎6 ⋅ 𝑏5

⇒ 𝑇7 = 𝑇6+1

11
⇒ 𝑇7 = 𝐶6 ⋅ 𝑎5 ⋅ 𝑏6

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 Key Takeaways

MAXIMUM VALUE OF 𝑛𝐶𝑟 IN THE EXPANSION OF 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛

The value of 𝑛𝐶𝑟 is

Binomial Coefficients maximum when
5𝐶 5
𝐶3
•
2 𝑛
𝑟 = , if 𝑛 is even.
2

•
𝑛−1 𝑛+1
𝑟= or ,
2 2
4𝐶
2 if 𝑛 is odd.
5
𝐶1 5
𝐶4
4
𝐶3
3𝐶 3
1 𝐶2
2
𝐶1
2 3𝐶 4𝐶 5𝐶
2
𝐶0 𝐶2 3 4 5

n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5

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 Find the maximum value of
i. 10𝐶
𝑟
9𝐶
ii. 𝑟

10
i. 10
𝐶𝑟 is maximum when 𝑟 = = 5
2

10∙9∙8∙7∙6
∴ Max. value = 10𝐶
5 = = 252
4!

9−1 9+1
ii. 9
𝐶𝑟 is maximum when 𝑟 = or = 4 (or) 5
2 2

9∙8∙7∙6
∴ Max. value = 9𝐶5 = 9𝐶4 = = 126
4!

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 The sum of the real values of 𝑥 for which the middle term in the binomial
𝑥3 3 8
expansion of + equals 5670 is:
3 𝑥

𝟖
𝒙𝟑 𝟑
Given: +
𝟑 𝒙

𝑛 = 8 (even) ⇒ one middle term (is) 𝑇8+1 = 𝑇5

2

𝑇5 = 5670 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

𝑥3 4 3 4
⇒ 8𝐶4 = 5670
3 𝑥

𝑥12 34
⇒ 70 ∙ ∙ = 5670
34 𝑥4

⇒ 𝑥 8 = 81

⇒𝑥=± 3

So, sum of real values of 𝑥 = 3 + − 3 = 0.

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 2𝑛 is 1∙3∙5…(2𝑛−1) ∙
If the middle term in the expansion of 1 + 𝑥 𝑘𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑛 ∈ ℕ ,
𝑛!
then find the value of ′𝑘′.

Given: 1 + 𝑥 2𝑛

2𝑛 is even ⇒ one middle term (i.e.) 𝑇2𝑛+1 = 𝑇𝑛+1

2

2𝑛
𝑇𝑛+1 = 𝐶𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛
2𝑛 !
= ∙ 𝑥𝑛
𝑛!𝑛!

1∙2∙3∙4∙5∙6⋯ 2𝑛−1 2𝑛
= ∙ 𝑥𝑛
𝑛!∙𝑛!

1 3 5 ⋯ 2𝑛 − 1 2 4 6 ⋯ 2𝑛
= ⋅ 𝑥𝑛
𝑛! ⋅ 𝑛!

1∙3∙5⋯ 2𝑛−1 ∙2𝑛 ∙[1∙2∙3⋯𝑛]

= ∙ 𝑥𝑛
𝑛!∙𝑛!

1∙3∙5⋯ 2𝑛−1 ∴𝑘=2

𝑇𝑛+1 = ∙ 2𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛!
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 Find the coefficient of 𝑥 6 𝑦 3 in the expansion of 𝑥 + 2𝑦 9.

𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

⇒ 𝑇𝑟+1 = 9𝐶𝑟 ∙ 𝑥 9−𝑟

∙ (2𝑦)𝑟

⇒ 𝑇𝑟+1 = 9𝐶𝑟 ∙ 2𝑟 ∙ 𝑥 9−𝑟 ∙ 𝑦𝑟

𝑥 6 𝑦 3 occurs in the above term, if 𝑟 = 3

∴ 𝑇4 = 9𝐶3 ∙ 23 ∙ 𝑥 6 𝑦 3

⇒ Coefficient of 𝑥 6 𝑦 3 = 9𝐶3 ∙ 23

∴ Coefficient of 𝑥 6 𝑦 3 = 672.

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 Session 04
Numerically Greatest
Term

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 Key Takeaways

INDEPENDENT TERM (CONSTANT TERM)

• The term free from variable(s) is called Independent term.

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 3𝑥2 1 6
Find the term independent of 𝑥 in the expansion of − :
2 3𝑥

6
3𝑥2 1
Given: − 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟
2 3𝑥

3𝑥2 6−𝑟 1 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = 6𝐶𝑟 ∙ ∙
2 3𝑥

6−𝑟 𝑟
𝑛 6𝐶 3 1
𝑇𝑟+1 = −1 𝑟 ∙ ∙ ∙ 𝑥 12−3𝑟
2 3

Above term will be independent of ′𝑥 ′ , if 12 − 3𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = 4

4 6 3 2 1 4 5
𝑇5 = −1 𝐶4 ∙ ∙ =
2 3 12

5
Here, the term independent of 𝑥 is .
12

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 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 10
The term independent of 𝑥 in the expansion of 2 1 − 1
𝑥 3 −𝑥 3 +1 𝑥−𝑥 2
where 𝑥 ≠ 0,1 is:
a.) 120 b.) 210 c.) 310 d.) 4

1 3 1 2 1
Let 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 3 + 1 3 = 𝑥3 + 1 𝑥3 + 1 − 𝑥3

and 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑥 2
− 1 2
= ( 𝑥 − 1)( 𝑥 + 1)

1 2 1
𝑥3 +1 𝑥3 −𝑥3 +1 𝑥−1 𝑥+1
⇒ 2 1 −
𝑥 𝑥−1
𝑥3 −𝑥3 +1

10
1Τ 1
⇒ 𝑥 3 +1 − 1+
𝑥

1 1 10
−2
⇒ 𝑥3 −𝑥

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 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 10
The term independent of 𝑥 in the expansion of 2 1 − 1
𝑥 3 −𝑥 3 +1 𝑥−𝑥 2
where 𝑥 ≠ 0,1 is:
a.) 120 b.) 210 c.) 310 d.) 4

1 10−𝑟 1 𝑟
Let 𝑇𝑟+1 = −1 𝑟 10𝐶
𝑟 𝑥 Τ3 𝑥− Τ2
10−𝑟 𝑟
Power of 𝑥 ∶ − = 0 (for term independent of 𝑥)
3 2

⇒ 20 − 2𝑟 − 3𝑟 = 0

⇒𝑟 =4

∴ Term independent of 𝑥 = 𝑇4+1 = 𝑇5

4 . 10𝐶
𝑇5 = −1 4 . 𝑥0

𝑇5 = 210

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 The positive value of 𝜆 for which the coefficient of 𝑥 2 in the
𝜆 10
expansion of 𝑥 2 𝑥+ is 720, is:
𝑥2

𝜆 10
Given ∶ 𝑥 2 𝑥+
𝑥2

2 10 10−𝑟 𝜆 𝑟 10 𝑟 2
10−𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑥 𝐶𝑟 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ = 𝐶𝑟 ∙ 𝜆 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑥 −2𝑟
𝑥2
10−𝑟
10𝐶 2+ −2𝑟
⇒ 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑟 ∙ 𝜆𝑟 ∙𝑥 2

10−𝑟
𝑥 2 occurs in the above term if, 2 + − 2𝑟 = 2 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2
2

∴ 𝑇3 = 10
𝐶𝑟 ∙ 𝜆2 ∙ 𝑥 2 ⇒ Coefficient of 𝑥 2 = 10
𝐶2 𝜆2

10𝐶 𝜆2
2 = 720 (Given)

45𝜆2 = 720 ⇒ λ = ±4

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 The positive value of 𝜆 for which the coefficient of 𝑥 2 in the
𝜆 10
expansion of 𝑥 2 𝑥+ is 720, is:
𝑥2

JEE MAIN (2019)

A 4

B 5

C 2 2

D 3

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 Find the coefficient of 𝑎 4 in the product 1 + 2a 4
2 − 𝑎 5.

4
1 + 2𝑎 = 4𝐶0 + 4𝐶1 (2𝑎) + 4𝐶2 2𝑎 2
+ 4𝐶3 2𝑎 3
+ 4𝐶4 2𝑎 4

4
1 + 2𝑎 = 1 + 8𝑎 + 24𝑎2 + 32𝑎3 + 16𝑎4

2−𝑎 5 = 5𝐶0 ∙ 25 − 5𝐶1 ∙ 24 ∙ 𝑎 + 5𝐶2 ∙ 23 ∙ 𝑎2 − 5𝐶3 ∙ 22 ∙ 𝑎3 + 5𝐶4 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑎4 − 5𝐶5 𝑎5

5
2−𝑎 = 32 − 80𝑎 + 80𝑎2 − 40𝑎3 + 10𝑎4 − 𝑎5

⇒ 1 + 2𝑎 4 2− 𝑎 4 = 1 + 8𝑎 + 24𝑎2 + 32𝑎3 + 16𝑎4 32 − 80𝑎 + 80𝑎2 − 40𝑎3 + 10𝑎4 − 𝑎5

∴ Coefficient of 𝑎4 in the product is

= 1 × 10 + 8 × −40 + 24 × 80 + 32 × −80 + 16 × 32

= 10 − 320 + 1920 − 2560 + 512 = −438

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 The term independent of 𝑥 in the expansion of
1 𝑥8 3 6
− 2𝑥 2 − is:
60 81 𝑥2

a.) −72 b.) 36 c.) −36 d.) −108

JEE MAIN (2019)
1 𝑥8 3 6
Given: − 2𝑥 2 −
60 81 𝑥2

1 𝑥8 3 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = − ∙ 6𝐶𝑟 ∙ 2𝑥 2 6−𝑟
∙ −
60 81 𝑥2
1 1 6
𝑇𝑟+1 = ∙ 6𝐶𝑟 ∙ 26−𝑟 ∙ −3 𝑟 ∙ 𝑥 12−4𝑟 − ∙ 𝐶𝑟 ∙ 26−𝑟 ∙ −3 𝑟 ∙ 𝑥 20−4𝑟
60 81

1 𝑥8 3 6
The term independent of 𝑥 in − 2𝑥 2
− 2
60 81 𝑥

⇒ The power raised to 𝑥 is 0

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 The term independent of 𝑥 in the expansion of
1 𝑥8 3 6
− 2𝑥 2 − is:
60 81 𝑥2

a.) −72 b.) 36 c.) −36 d.) −108

1 1 6
𝑇𝑟+1 = ∙ 6𝐶𝑟 ∙ 26−𝑟 ∙ −3 𝑟
∙ 𝑥 12−4𝑟 − ∙ 𝐶𝑟 ∙ 26−𝑟 ∙ −3 𝑟
∙ 𝑥 20−4𝑟
60 81

𝑇𝑟′+1 𝑇𝑟′′+1

Case I. 12 − 4𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = 3 Case II. 20 − 4𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = 5

1 1 6
⇒ 𝑇4′ = ⋅ 6𝐶3 ∙ 26−3 ∙ −3 3 ⇒ 𝑇6′′ = − ⋅ 𝐶5 ∙ 26−5 ∙ −3 5
60 81
1 1
⇒ 𝑇4′ = ⋅ 20 ⋅ 8 ⋅ (−27) ⇒ 𝑇6′′ = − ⋅ 6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (−243)
60 81
⇒ 𝑇4′ = −72 ⇒ 𝑇6′′ = 36

∴ Sum of terms independent of 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑇4′ + 𝑇6′′ = −72 + 36 = −36

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 If the sum of the coefficients of the first three terms in the
3 𝑛
expansion of 𝑥 − is 559, then find the value 𝑛. (𝑛 ∈ ℕ)
𝑥2

3 𝑛 3 3 2
𝑥− = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑛𝐶1 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛−1 ∙ + 𝑛𝐶2 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛−2 ∙ ⋯
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2

Given sum of the coefficients of the first three terms = 559

⇒ 𝑛𝐶0 − 𝑛𝐶1 ∙ 3 + 𝑛𝐶2 ∙ 32 = 559
9𝑛 𝑛−1
⇒ 1 − 3𝑛 + = 559
2

⇒ 2 − 6𝑛 + 9𝑛2 − 9𝑛 = 1118

⇒ 9𝑛2 − 15𝑛 − 1116 = 0

⇒ 3𝑛2 − 5𝑛 − 372 = 0
⇒ (𝑛 − 12)(3𝑛 + 31) = 0
31
⇒ 𝑛 = 12 or 𝑛 = − ( not acceptable)
3

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 Find the coefficients of 𝑥 4 in the expansion of
1 + 1 + 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 1 + 𝑥 9.

Given, 𝑆 = 1 + 1 + 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2
+ ⋯ + 1 + 𝑥 9.
Terms are in G.P. with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 1 + 𝑥 , 𝑛 = 10
1+𝑥 10 −1
∴𝑆= 𝑎(𝑟𝑛 −1)
1+𝑥 −1 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1+𝑥 10 −1
⇒𝑆 =
𝑥

1+𝑥 10 −1
⇒𝑆 =
𝑥

Coefficient of 𝑥 4 in 𝑆 = Coefficient of 𝑥 5 in 1 + 𝑥 10

10𝐶
= 5 Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟
= 252

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 Find the coefficients of 𝑥 4 in the expansion of
1 + 1 + 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 1 + 𝑥 9.

Alternate Method:

Coefficient of 𝑥 4 in 1 + 1 + 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2+ 1+𝑥 3+ 1+𝑥 4+⋯+ 1 + 𝑥 9.

Coefficient of 𝑥 4 in 1 + 𝑥 4+ 1+𝑥 5+ 1+𝑥 6 + ⋯+ 1 + 𝑥 9.

= 4𝐶4 + 5𝐶4 + 6𝐶4 + ⋯ + 9𝐶4 Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in 1 + 𝑥 𝑛

= 𝑛𝐶𝑟

= 5𝐶5 + 5𝐶4 + 6𝐶4 + 7𝐶4 + ⋯ + 9𝐶4 𝑛𝐶

𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 = 𝑛+1𝐶
𝑟
= 6𝐶5 + 6𝐶4 + 7𝐶4 ⋯ + 9𝐶4

= 7𝐶5 + 7𝐶4 + ⋯ + 9𝐶4

10
= 𝐶5

= 252

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 If the coefficients of three consecutive terms of 1 + 𝑥 𝑛+5

are in the ratio 5: 10: 14, then find the value of 𝑛.

Let the three consecutive terms be 𝑇𝑟 , 𝑇𝑟+1 , 𝑇𝑟+2 in 1 + 𝑥 𝑛+5

Given: 𝑛+5𝐶𝑟−1 , 𝑛+5𝐶𝑟 , 𝑛+5𝐶𝑟+1 are in the ratio 5: 10: 14

𝑛+5 𝐶 10 𝑛+5 𝐶 14
∴ 𝑛+5 𝐶
𝑟
= and 𝑟+1
𝑛+5 𝐶
=
𝑟−1 5 𝑟 10

𝑛+6−𝑟 𝑛+5−𝑟 7
∴ = 2 and =
𝑟 𝑟+1 5

𝑛 − 3𝑟 + 6 = 0 ⋯ (1)

5𝑛 − 12𝑟 + 18 = 0 ⋯ (2)

Solving 1 and 2 , we get

𝑛=6

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 Key Takeaways

Numerically greatest term (N.G.T.)

Lets analyze terms in the following expansions:

𝑎+𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏𝑛

Example 1:
2+3 5 = 5𝐶0 25 30 + 5𝐶1 2431 + 5𝐶2 23 32 + 5𝐶3 2233 + 5𝐶4 2134 + 5𝐶5 20 35
= 32 + 240 + 720 + 1080 + 810 + 243

Greatest Binomial Coefficient = 5𝐶2 or 5𝐶3 = 10

Numerically Greatest Term = 1080

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 Key Takeaways

Numerically greatest term (N.G.T.)

1200
𝑇𝑟+1 =1080
1000

810
800
𝑇𝑟 =720
600

400
240 243
200

32
0

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 Key Takeaways

Numerically greatest term (N.G.T.)

Example 2:
4−2 6 = 6𝐶0 46 − 6𝐶1 45 21 + 6𝐶2 44 22 − 6𝐶3 43 23 + ⋯ + 6𝐶6 26
= 4096 − 12288 + 15360 − 10240 + 3840 − 768 + 64
Greatest Binomial Coefficient = 6𝐶3 = 20
Numerically Greatest Term = 15360

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 Key Takeaways

Numerically greatest term (N.G.T.)

6
4−2
18000
𝑇𝑟+1 = 15360
16000

14000
𝑇𝑟 = 12288
12000
10240
10000
8000

6000
4096 3840
4000

2000 768
64
0

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 Key Takeaways

Numerically greatest term (N.G.T.)

• In the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 , if we give certain values for ′𝑎′ and ′𝑏′, then the
term having the numerically greatest value is said to be N.G.T.

Let us consider 𝑇𝑟 , 𝑇𝑟+1 in the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛

Now, 𝑇𝑟+1 will be N.G.T., if

𝑇𝑟+1 𝑛𝐶 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟
𝑟
≥1 ⇒ 𝑛𝐶 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑏𝑟−1
≥1
𝑇𝑟 𝑟−1 𝑎

𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑛+1

⇒ ≥1⇒ −1 ≥ ⇒𝑟 ≤ 𝑎
𝑟 𝑎 𝑟 𝑏 1+
𝑏

𝑛+1 |𝑏|
⇒𝑟 ≤
|𝑎|+|𝑏|

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 Key Takeaways

Case 1:

𝑛+1 |𝑏|
• If
|𝑎|+|𝑏|
= 𝑚 (integer), then 𝑇𝑚 , |𝑇𝑚+1 | will be numerically greatest

terms. (both are equal)

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 Which term(s) in the expansion of 3 + 5𝑥 11
when
1
𝑥= is/are numerically greatest ?
5

(3+1)^5
1 1200000
Given: 3 + 5𝑥 11
,𝑥 =
5 𝑇3 = 1082565 𝑇4 =1082565
1000000
1
∴ 𝑛 = 11, 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 5 × =1
3 800000
649539 721710
𝑛+1 |𝑏| 12×1
= = 3 (𝑚 = 3, integer) 600000
|𝑎|+|𝑏| 4
400000
∴ |𝑇3 | and |𝑇4 | are the numerically 336798

greatest terms. 200000

177147 112266
495
0 26730 1
4455 3

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 Key Takeaways

Case 2:

𝑛+1 |𝑏|
• If |𝑎|+|𝑏|
= 𝑚 + 𝑓, where 𝑚 is integer and 0 < 𝑓 < 1, then |𝑇𝑚+1 | will

be numerically greatest term.

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 Find the numerically greatest term(s) in the expansion of
1
7 − 3𝑥 25 , when 𝑥 = .
3

25 1
Given 7 − 3𝑥 25
= 7 + −3𝑥 ,𝑥 =
3
1
∴ 𝑛 = 25, 𝑎 = 7, 𝑏 = −3 × =1
3

𝑛+1 |𝑏| 26×1

= = 3.25 = 3 + 0.25 (𝑚 = 3)
|𝑎|+|𝑏| 8

∴ |𝑇𝑚+1 | = |𝑇4 | is the N.G.T.

25𝐶 ∙ 22 ∙ 1 3
|𝑇4 | = 3 7 −3 ×
3

= 25𝐶 ∙ 7 22
3

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 In the expansion of 2𝑥 + 5 10
, if the middle term is the N.G.T,
then find the range of ′𝑥 ′ .

Given: 2𝑥 + 5 10

∴ 𝑛 = 10, even ⇒ 𝑇𝑛+1 = 𝑇6 is the middle term

2

Also, 𝑇6 is the N.G.T

⇒ |𝑇5 | < |𝑇6 | and |𝑇6 | > |𝑇7 |
𝑇6 𝑇7
⇒ > 1 and <1
𝑇5 𝑇6

10𝐶 ∙(2𝑥)5 ∙55 10𝐶 ∙(2𝑥)4 ∙56

⇒ 5
10𝐶 ∙(2𝑥)6 ∙54
> 1 and 6
10𝐶 ∙(2𝑥)5 ∙55
<1
4 5

6 5 5 5 25
⇒ × > 1 and × < 1 ⇒ 𝑥 < 3 and 𝑥 >
5 2𝑥 6 2𝑥 12

25 25 25
⇒ < 𝑥 < 3 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −3, − ∪ ,3
12 12 12

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 Session 05
Properties of Binomial
Coefficients

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 Find the remainder when 599 is divisible by 13.

599 = 5 × 598 = 5 × 2549 = 5 × 26 − 1 49

𝑛
𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝑛𝐶
𝑛 𝑏𝑛

∴ 599 = 5 49
𝐶0 2649 − 49𝐶1 2648 + ⋯ + 49𝐶48 26 − 49𝐶49

= 5 × 26 𝑘 − 5 (𝐾 ∈ 𝐼)

= 13 10𝑘 − 5

= 13𝑘′ + 8

= 13𝑘′ + 13 − 5

Hence the remainder is 8.

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 For all ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 7𝑛 + 5 is divisible by _____?

7𝑛 + 5 = 5 + 1 + 6 𝑛

(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

∴ 7𝑛 + 5 = 5 + 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 . 6 + 𝑛𝐶2 . 62 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 . 6𝑛

= 6 + 𝑛𝐶1 . 6 + 𝑛𝐶1 . 62 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 . 6𝑛

= 6 1 + 𝑛𝐶1 + 𝑛𝐶1 . 6 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 . 6𝑛−1

= 6 × some integer

Hence 7𝑛 + 5 is divisible by 6, ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.

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 For all ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 7𝑛 + 5 is divisible by _____?

A 6

B 4

C 12

D 18

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 2403 𝑘
If the fractional part of the number is , then the value of 𝑘 is
15 15
equal to ______.

2403 𝑘
Given: Fractional part of is .
15 15

Consider 2403 = 23 . 2400 = 8 × 16 100

= 8 × 15 + 1 100

∴ 2403 = 8 × 1 + 15 100

(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

=
8 100𝐶0 + 100𝐶1 15 + 100𝐶2 152 + ⋯ + 100𝐶99 1599 + 100𝐶100 15100
= 8 15𝑘 + 8 𝑘∈𝐼

2403 8 2403 8
= 8𝑘 + ⇒ Fractional Part of is
15 15 15 15

∴𝑘=8
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 Which of the following is/are true for 1710 ?

1710 = 289 5
= 290 − 1 5

(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝑛

𝐶𝑛 𝑏𝑛

⇒ 1710 = 5𝐶0 290 5 − 5𝐶

1 290 4 + 5𝐶2 290 3 − 5𝐶
3 290 2 + 5𝐶
4 290 − 5𝐶5

5
= 𝐶0 290 5 − 5𝐶1 290 4
+ 5𝐶2 290 3
− 5𝐶3 290 2
+ 5𝐶4 290 − 5𝐶5

multiple of 103
= 5 290 − 1

= 1450 − 1 = 1449

⇒ Last three digits are 449.

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 𝑛
If 7 + 4 3 = 𝐼 + 𝑓, where 𝐼, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 0 < 𝑓 < 1, then
which of the following is/are true?
𝑛
𝐼 +𝑓 = 7+4 3 ⋯ 𝑖 (0 < 𝑓 < 1)
𝑛
Let 𝑓 ′ = 7 − 4 3 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖 0 < 𝑓′ < 1

𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 𝐼 + 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′
𝑛 𝑛
⇒ 𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 = 7 + 4 3 + 7−4 3

(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 +(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛 = 2 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + 𝑛𝐶4 𝑎𝑛−4 𝑏4 + ⋯

2
⇒ 𝐼 + 𝑓 + 𝑓′ = 2 𝑛𝐶
0 7𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶2 7𝑛−2 4 3 + ⋯

⇒ 𝐼 + 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′ = 2𝐾 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐾∈𝐼

⇒ 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′ = 2𝐾 − 𝐼, which is an integer

⇒ 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′ = 1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑣 (∵ 0 < 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′ < 2)
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 𝑛
If 7 + 4 3 = 𝐼 + 𝑓, where 𝐼, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 0 < 𝑓 < 1, then
which of the following is/are true?

From 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐼 = 2𝐾 − 1, which is odd

From 𝑖𝑣 𝑓′ = 1 − 𝑓

𝑛 𝑛
⇒ 𝐼 +𝑓 1−𝑓 = 7+4 3 7− 4 3

= 49 − 48 𝑛

⇒ 𝐼 +𝑓 1−𝑓 = 1

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Binomial Coefficients:

• In a binomial expansion 𝑛𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 ⋯ , 𝑛𝐶𝑛 are called binomial coefficients.

Usually they are denoted by 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , ⋯ , 𝐶𝑛

𝑖 . 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛

Consider 1 + 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

Put 𝑥 = 1, 2𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Binomial Coefficients:

• In a binomial expansion 𝑛𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 ⋯ , 𝑛𝐶𝑛 are called binomial coefficients.

Usually they are denoted by 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , ⋯ , 𝐶𝑛

𝑖𝑖 . 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 0

Consider 1 + 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

Put 𝑥 = −1, 0 = 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Binomial Coefficients:

• In a binomial expansion 𝑛𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 ⋯ , 𝑛𝐶𝑛 are called binomial coefficients.

Usually they are denoted by 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , ⋯ , 𝐶𝑛

𝑖𝑖𝑖 . 𝐶0 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶4 + ⋯ = 2𝑛−1

2𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)

0 = 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 2𝑛 = 2[𝐶0 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶4 + ⋯ ]
⇒ 𝐶0 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶4 + ⋯ = 2𝑛−1

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Binomial Coefficients:

• In a binomial expansion 𝑛𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 ⋯ , 𝑛𝐶𝑛 are called binomial coefficients.

Usually they are denoted by 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , ⋯ , 𝐶𝑛

𝑖𝑣 . 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶5 + ⋯ = 2𝑛−1

2𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)
0 = 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑖 − 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 2𝑛 = 2[𝐶1 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶5 + ⋯ ]
⇒ 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶5 + ⋯ = 2𝑛−1

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 Which of the following is/are true?
12 12
𝐴 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 12𝐶11 = 4094 𝐵 10
𝐶1 + 10𝐶3 + ⋯ + 10𝐶9 = 512 𝐶 11
𝐶0 + 11𝐶1 + ⋯ + 11𝐶5 = 210

𝐴
12
𝐶1 + 12𝐶2 + ⋯ + 12𝐶11 = 4094

𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛

12 12
⇒ 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 12𝐶2 + ⋯ + 12
𝐶11 + 12𝐶12 = 212
12
⇒ 𝐶1 + 12𝐶2 + ⋯ + 12𝐶11 = 212 − 12𝐶0 − 12𝐶12 = 4094

𝐵
10
𝐶1 + 10𝐶3 + ⋯ + 10𝐶9 = 512

𝐶1 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶5 + ⋯ = 2𝑛−1
9
⇒ 10
𝐶1 + 10𝐶3 + ⋯ + 10𝐶9 = 210−1 = 2 = 512

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 Which of the following is/are true?
12 12
𝐴 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 12𝐶11 = 4094 𝐵 10
𝐶1 + 10𝐶3 + ⋯ + 10𝐶9 = 512 𝐶 11
𝐶0 + 11𝐶1 + ⋯ + 11𝐶5 = 210
𝐶 11
𝐶0 + 11𝐶1 + ⋯ + 11𝐶5 = 210

⇒ 11𝐶0 + 11𝐶1 + 11𝐶2 + ⋯ + 11𝐶11 = 211

11
⇒ 𝐶0 + 11𝐶1 + 11𝐶2 + 11𝐶3 + 11
𝐶4 + 11𝐶5
= 211
+ 11𝐶 + 11𝐶 + 11𝐶 + 11𝐶 + 11𝐶 + 11𝐶
6 7 8 9 10 11

11𝐶 + 11𝐶 + 11𝐶 + 11𝐶 + 11𝐶 + 11𝐶

⇒2 0 1 2 3 4 5 = 211
11
⇒ 𝐶0 + 11𝐶1 + 11𝐶2 + 11𝐶3 + 11
𝐶4 + 11𝐶5 = 210

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 1 20
Prove that : 20
𝐶0 + 20𝐶1 + 20𝐶2 + ⋯ + 20𝐶10 = 219 + 𝐶10
2

𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛

⇒ 20𝐶0 + 20𝐶 + 20𝐶 + ⋯ + 20𝐶

1 2 20 = 220

20
⇒ 𝐶0 + 20𝐶1 + 20𝐶2 + ⋯ + 20𝐶10
= 220 + 20𝐶10
20 20
+ 𝐶10 + 𝐶11 + 20𝐶12 + ⋯ + 20𝐶10

𝑛𝐶 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟
𝑟

⇒2 20
𝐶0 + 20
𝐶1 + 20
𝐶2 + ⋯ + 20𝐶10 = 220 + 20𝐶10
1 20
⇒ 20𝐶 + 20𝐶 + 20𝐶 +
0 1 2 ⋯ + 20𝐶10 = 219 + 𝐶10
2

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 Key Takeaways

Factorial Notation:

Note:

• 2𝑛+1
𝐶0 + 2𝑛+1𝐶1 + 2𝑛+1𝐶2 + ⋯ + 2𝑛+1𝐶𝑛 = 22𝑛

• 2𝑛𝐶
0
1
+ 2𝑛𝐶1 + 2𝑛𝐶2 + ⋯ + 2𝑛𝐶𝑛 = (22𝑛 +
2
2𝑛𝐶 )
𝑛

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 The value of 𝑛𝐶0 + 3 𝑛𝐶1 + 32 𝑛𝐶2 + ⋯ + 3𝑛 𝑛𝐶𝑛 is _____

(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

Put 𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 4𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 3 + 𝑛𝐶2 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 3𝑛

⇒ 𝑛𝐶0 + 3. 𝑛𝐶1 + 32 . 𝑛𝐶2 + ⋯ + 3𝑛 . 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 4𝑛 = 22𝑛

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 The value of 𝑛 𝐶0 + 3 𝑛𝐶1 + 32 𝑛𝐶2 + ⋯ + 3𝑛 𝑛𝐶𝑛 is _____

A 42𝑛

B 22𝑛

C 2𝑛

D 3𝑛

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 The value of 21
𝐶1 − 10𝐶1 + 21
𝐶2 − 10𝐶2 + ⋯ + 21
𝐶10 − 10𝐶10 is ___.

A 221 − 211

B 220 − 29

C 221 − 210

D 220 − 210

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 The value of 21
𝐶1 − 10𝐶1 + 21
𝐶2 − 10𝐶2 + ⋯ + 21
𝐶10 − 10𝐶10 is ___.

Let the general equation,

21𝐶 − 10𝐶 21𝐶 − 10𝐶 21𝐶 − 10𝐶

𝐺= 1 1 + 2 2 + ⋯+ 10 10

= 21𝐶 + 21𝐶 + ⋯ + 21𝐶 − 10𝐶 + 10𝐶 + ⋯ + 10𝐶

1 2 10 1 2 10

21
= 𝐶0 + 21𝐶1 + 21𝐶2 + ⋯ + 21𝐶10 − 21
𝐶0 − 10
𝐶0 + 10𝐶1 + 10
𝐶2 + ⋯ + 10𝐶10 − 10𝐶0

2𝑛+1𝐶 + 2𝑛+1𝐶 + 2𝑛+1𝐶 + ⋯ + 2𝑛+1𝐶𝑛 = 22𝑛

0 1 2

𝑛𝐶 + 𝑛𝐶1 + 𝑛𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛

0

∴ 𝐺 = 220 − 1 − (210 − 1) = 220 − 210

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 1 𝑟
If 𝑎𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛 then ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛 equals ___.
𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑟

A 𝑛 − 1 𝑎𝑛

𝑛
B . 𝑎𝑛
2

C 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑎𝑛

D 2𝑛 . 𝑎𝑛

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 Session 06
Series involving binomial
coefficients

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 If 𝑛 is even, then the last two digits of 99𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 > 1, is ?

𝑆 = 99𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 > 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ,

𝑆 = 99𝑛 + 1 = 1 + 100 − 1 𝑛

𝑛𝐶 𝑛 − 𝑛𝐶 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑛
⇒ 𝑆 = 1+ 0 100 1 100 −1

When 𝑛 is even, we get

𝑆 = 2 + 100𝑘1 , 𝑘1 ∈ ℤ

The last two digits are 02

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 If 𝑛 is even, then the last two digits of 99𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 > 1, is ?

A 00

B 02

C 11

D 99

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 Find the value of 𝐶1 + 2. 𝐶2 + 3. 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛:

𝐶1 + 2. 𝐶2 + 3. 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
= ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟. 𝐶𝑟 = ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟. 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟. . 𝑛−1𝐶𝑟−1 𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟−1
𝑟 𝑟

= 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑛−1𝐶𝑟−1 𝑛𝐶
0 + 𝑛𝐶1 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛

= 𝑛 [ 𝑛−1𝐶0 + 𝑛−1𝐶1 + ⋯ + 𝑛−1

𝐶𝑛−1 ]

= 𝑛. 2𝑛−1

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 Find the value of 𝐶1 − 2. 𝐶2 + 3. 𝐶3 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛+1
. 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛:

𝑛+1
𝐶1 − 2. 𝐶2 + 3. 𝐶3 − ⋯ + −1 . 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛
𝑛
𝑟+1 . 𝑟. 𝐶
= ෍ −1 𝑟
𝑟=1

𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
= ෍ −1 𝑟+1 . 𝑟. 𝑛𝐶
𝑟
𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟−1
𝑟
𝑟=1

𝑛
𝑟+1 𝑛
= ෍ −1 . 𝑟. . 𝑛−1𝐶𝑟−1
𝑟
𝑟=1

𝑛
𝑟+1 . 𝑛−1𝐶
= 𝑛 ෍ −1 𝑛𝐶
𝑟−1
0 − 𝑛𝐶1 + 𝑛𝐶2 − ⋯ = 0
𝑟=1

= 𝑛 [ 𝑛−1𝐶0 − 𝑛−1𝐶1 + 𝑛−1𝐶2 − ⋯ ]

=0
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 If 1 + 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 , then prove that

1.2 𝐶2 + 2.3 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 . 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 2𝑛−2 .

LHS = 1.2 𝐶2 + 2.3 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 . 𝑛 𝐶𝑛

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛−2
= ∑𝑛𝑟=2 𝑟 𝑟 − 1 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑟 =
𝑟
𝐶𝑟−1 =
𝑟(𝑟−1)
𝐶𝑟−2
𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛−2
= ∑𝑛𝑟=2 𝑟 𝑟 − 1 𝐶𝑟−2
𝑟(𝑟−1)

= ∑𝑛𝑟=2 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛−2
𝐶𝑟−2

= 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 ∑𝑛𝑟=2 𝑛−2𝐶𝑟−2

= 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 [ 𝑛−2𝐶0 + 𝑛−2𝐶1 + ⋯ + 𝑛−2𝐶

𝑛−2 ]

= 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 2𝑛−2 =RHS

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 Key Takeaways

Differentiation (Quick revision):

𝑑
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
Example: 𝑖) 𝑥 5 = 5 𝑥 5−1 = 5𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 −3 = −3 𝑥 −3−1 = −3𝑥−4
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑎)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
Example: 𝑖) 2𝑥 + 3 5
= 5 2𝑥 + 3 5−1
(2) = 10 2𝑥 + 3 4
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 7 7−1 6
𝑖𝑖) 𝑥+1 =7 𝑥+1 (1) = 7 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 8 8−1 7
𝑖𝑖𝑖) −𝑥 + 1 = 8 −𝑥 + 1 (−1) = −8 −𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
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 Key Takeaways

Alternative Method:

To prove : 1.2 𝐶2 + 2.3 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 . 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 2𝑛−2

The last term of LHS is 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝐶𝑛 i.e., 𝑛 − 1 𝑛

The given series is 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. 𝑥, we get

𝑛 1+𝑥 𝑛−1 = 0 + 𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 𝑥 + 3𝐶3 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1

Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. 𝑥, we get

𝑛−2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 1 + 𝑥 = 0 + 0 + (1.2)𝐶2+(2.3)𝐶3 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2

Substituting 𝑥 = 1, we get
𝑛−2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 1 + 1 = 0 + 0 + (1.2)𝐶2 +(2.3)𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛

⇒ (1.2)𝐶2 +(2.3)𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 2𝑛−2

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 𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶𝑛
Find the sum of 𝐶0 + + +⋯+ :
2 3 𝑛+1

𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶𝑛
𝐶0 + + +⋯+
2 3 𝑛+1
𝑛𝐶 1 𝑛+1 𝑛
= ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑟
= ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ∙ ⋅ 𝐶𝑟
𝑟+1 𝑛+1 (𝑟+1)

1 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
= ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ⋅ 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟−1
𝑛+1 (𝑟+1) 𝑟

1
= ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛+1
𝐶𝑟+1
𝑛+1

1 𝑛𝐶
= 𝑛+1 𝐶1 + 𝑛+1 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑛+1 𝐶 𝑛+1 0 + 𝑛𝐶1 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛
𝑛+1

1
= 2𝑛+1 − 𝑛+1 𝐶0
𝑛+1

2𝑛+1 −1
=
𝑛+1

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 Key Takeaways

Integration (Quick revision):

𝑏
𝑥𝑛+1 𝑏 𝑥𝑛 +1 𝑏𝑛+1 −𝑎𝑛+1
‫׬‬ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 𝑎׬‬ =
𝑛+1 𝑎
=
𝑛+1
𝑛+1

Example: Example:

𝑥5 +1 𝑥6 𝑏 𝑏
𝑏 𝑥3+1 𝑥4 𝑏4 −𝑎4
‫ 𝑥 ׬‬5 𝑑𝑥 = 5+1
+𝑐=
6
+𝑐 ‫ 𝑥 𝑎׬‬3 𝑑𝑥 = = =
3+1 𝑎 4 𝑎 4

𝑏
𝑏 (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑛+1 1 1 𝑝𝑏+𝑞 𝑛+1 𝑝𝑎+𝑞 𝑛+1
‫ 𝑥𝑝( 𝑎׬‬+ 𝑞)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑛+1
⋅
𝑝 𝑎
=
𝑝 𝑛+1
−
𝑛+1

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 Key Takeaways

Alternative Method:
𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶𝑛
To find the sum of : 𝐶0 + + +⋯+
2 3 𝑛+1

𝑛
1+𝑥 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

Integrating both sides within limits 0 to 1, we get

1 1
‫׬‬0 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 (𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
1+𝑥 𝑛+1 𝐶 𝑥2 𝐶 𝑥3 𝐶𝑛 𝑥𝑛 +1
= 𝐶0 𝑥 + 1 + 2 + ⋯+
𝑛+1 0 2 3 𝑛+1 0

1 1
1+𝑥 𝑛+1 𝐶 𝑥2 𝐶 𝑥3 𝐶𝑛 𝑥𝑛 +1
= 𝐶0 𝑥 + 1 + 2 + ⋯+
𝑛+1 0 2 3 𝑛+1 0

2𝑛+1 −1 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛
⇒ = 𝐶0 + + + ⋯+
𝑛+1 2 3 𝑛+1

𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛 2𝑛+1 −1
𝐶0 + + +⋯+ =
2 3 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
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 22 23 211
Find the sum of 2𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶10: (𝐶𝑟 = 10
𝐶𝑟 )
2 3 11

22 23 211
2𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶10
2 3 11

2𝑟+1 10
= ∑10
𝑟=0 . 𝐶𝑟
𝑟+1

1 11
= ∑10
𝑟=0 . 10𝐶𝑟 . 2𝑟+1
11 𝑟+1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
1 10 11 10 1 10 11 𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟−1
= ∑ . 𝐶𝑟 . 2𝑟+1 = ∑ 𝐶𝑟+1 . 2𝑟+1 𝑟
11 𝑟=0 𝑟+1 11 𝑟=0

1 11 𝑛
= 𝐶1. 2 + 11𝐶1. 22 + ⋯ + 11𝐶11. 211 1+𝑥 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
11

𝑛 = 11, 𝑥 = 2

1 11 311 −1
= 1+2 − 11𝐶0 =
11 11

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 Find the sum of 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 .
Hence find the sum of 𝐶02 + 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛2 :

We know,

𝑛
1+𝑥 = 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)

𝑛
𝑥+1 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟+1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟−1 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟+2 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟−2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 in 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 . 𝑥 + 1 𝑛

= Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 in 1 + 𝑥 2𝑛

⇒ 𝑛𝐶0 . 𝑛𝐶𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶1 . 𝑛𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝑛𝐶2 . 𝑛𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟 . 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛𝐶

𝑛−𝑟

2𝑛
⇒ 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 = 𝐶𝑛−𝑟

2𝑛 !
⇒ 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 =
𝑛−𝑟 ! 𝑛+𝑟 !

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 Find the sum of 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 .
Hence find the sum of 𝐶02 + 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛2 :

2𝑛 !
⇒ 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 =
𝑛−𝑟 ! 𝑛+𝑟 !

Substitute 𝑟 = 0, we get

2𝑛 !
⇒ 𝐶02 +𝐶12 + 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛2 = = 2𝑛𝐶
𝑛
𝑛!𝑛!

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 Key Takeaways

Product of Binomial Coefficient:

• 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛𝐶

𝑛−𝑟

2𝑛 !
• 𝐶02 + 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛2 =
𝑛!𝑛!
= 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛

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 Key Takeaways

Product of Binomial Coefficient:

0, if 𝑛 is odd
• 𝐶02 − 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛2 =
𝑛
−1 2 . 𝑛𝐶𝑛, if 𝑛 is even
2

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 Key Takeaways

Proof:

1+𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)

𝑛
𝑥−1 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 𝑛−2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝑛
𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛 in 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 . 𝑥 − 1 𝑛

= Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛 in 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑛

𝑛 2 𝑛 2 𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑛 2
⇒ 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − ⋯ + −1 𝐶𝑛

In 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑛,

𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 . 𝑥 2 𝑛−𝑟

. −1 𝑟

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 Key Takeaways

𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 . 𝑥 2 𝑛−𝑟

. −1 𝑟

𝑛
For coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑟 = (𝑛 must be even) and 𝑥 𝑛 does not occur if 𝑛 is odd
2

0, if 𝑛 is odd
• 𝐶02 − 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛2 =
𝑛
−1 2 . 𝑛𝐶𝑛, if 𝑛 is even
2

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 Key Takeaways

• 𝑚𝐶 . 𝑛𝐶
𝑟 0 + 𝑚𝐶𝑟−1 . 𝑛𝐶1 + 𝑚𝐶𝑟−2 . 𝑛𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝐶0 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = (𝑚+𝑛)𝐶
𝑟

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 Find the sum of 𝑚
𝐶𝑟 + 𝑚
𝐶𝑟−1 . 𝑛𝐶1 + 𝑚
𝐶𝑟−2 . 𝑛𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 :
(where 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑟 ∈ ℕ and 𝑟 < 𝑚, 𝑟 < 𝑛)

𝑚
1+𝑥 = 𝑚𝐶0 + 𝑚𝐶1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝐶𝑟−2 𝑥 𝑟−2 + 𝑚𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑟−1 + 𝑚𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝐶𝑚 𝑥 𝑚

𝑛
1+𝑥 = 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in 1 + 𝑥 𝑚
. 1+𝑥 𝑛

= Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in 1 + 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛

⇒ 𝑚𝐶𝑟 . 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑚𝐶𝑟−1 . 𝑛𝐶1 + 𝑚𝐶𝑟−2 . 𝑛𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝐶0 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = (𝑚+𝑛)

𝐶𝑟

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 The value of ′𝑟′ for which 20
𝐶𝑟 . 20𝐶0 + 20
𝐶𝑟−1 . 20𝐶1 + 20𝐶𝑟−2 . 20𝐶2 + ⋯ +
20
𝐶0 20𝐶𝑟 is maximum, is______

(1 + 𝑥)20 = 20𝐶0 + 20𝐶1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 20𝐶𝑟−2 𝑥 𝑟−2 + 20𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑟−1 + 20𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 + ⋯ + 20𝐶20 𝑥 20

(1 + 𝑥)20 = 20𝐶0 + 20𝐶1 𝑥 + 20𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 20𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 + ⋯ + 20𝐶20 𝑥 20

Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in 1 + 𝑥 20
. 𝑥+1 20

= Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in 1 + 𝑥 40

⇒ 20𝐶𝑟 20𝐶0 + 20𝐶𝑟−1 20𝐶1 + ⋯ + 20𝐶0 20𝐶𝑟 = 40𝐶

𝑟

𝑛
𝑛𝐶
𝑟 is maximum when 𝑟 = , if 𝑛 is even
2

40
40𝐶
𝑟 is maximum, when 𝑟 = = 20
2

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 The value of ′𝑟′ for which 20
𝐶𝑟 . 20𝐶0 + 20
𝐶𝑟−1 . 20𝐶1 + 20𝐶𝑟−2 . 20𝐶2 + ⋯ +
20
𝐶0 20𝐶𝑟 is maximum, is______

A 15

B 10

C 11

D 20

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 Session 07
Binomial Theorem for
any index

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 If 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 20
= 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 𝑥 40 , then
Find : 𝑎 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40
𝑏 𝑎0 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ + 𝑎40
𝑐 𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ + 𝑎39
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 20

= 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40𝑥 40
Now ,

𝑓 1 = 420 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 ⋯ 𝑖 → (𝑎)

𝑓 −1 = 220 = 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − ⋯ + 𝑎40 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 = 420

+ 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − ⋯ + 𝑎40 = 220

420 + 220
𝑎0 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 = → (𝑏)
2
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 If 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 20
= 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 𝑥 40 , then
Find : 𝑎 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40
𝑏 𝑎0 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ + 𝑎40
𝑐 𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ + 𝑎39

𝑓 1 = 420 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 ⋯ 𝑖 → (𝑎)

𝑓 −1 = 220 = 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − ⋯ + 𝑎40 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

𝑖 − 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 = 420
20
− 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − ⋯ + 𝑎40 = 2
420 − 220
𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 = → (𝑐)
2

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 Key Takeaways

Substitution Method :

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 , then

• 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓(1)

𝑓 1 + 𝑓 −1
• 𝑎0 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ =
2

𝑓 1 − 𝑓 −1
• 𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ =
2

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 If the sum of the coefficients of all even powers of 𝑥 in the
product 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 2𝑛 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑥 2𝑛 is 61,
then 𝑛 is equal to ______.

𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 2𝑛 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑥 2𝑛

𝑓 1 +𝑓 −1
sum of the coefficients of all even powers of 𝑥 =
2

𝑓 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ + 1 1 = 2𝑛 + 1

2𝑛 + 1 terms

𝑓 −1 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 ⋯ − 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ + 1 1 = 2𝑛 + 1

2𝑛 + 1 terms
2𝑛+1 + 2𝑛+1
sum of the coefficients of all even powers of 𝑥 = = 2𝑛 + 1
2

⇒ 2𝑛 + 1 = 61

∴ 𝑛 = 30.
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 If 𝑛 is a positive integer and 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑛
= 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
Then the value of 𝑎02 − 𝑎12 + 𝑎22 − ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛
2
is equal to

1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)

1
Replacing 𝑥 by − , we get
𝑥

1 1 𝑛 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎2𝑛
1− + = 𝑎0 − + − ⋯+ ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2𝑛

Constant (Independent) term in

𝑛
1 1
1+𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑛 1− + = 𝑎20 − 𝑎21 + 𝑎22 − ⋯ + 𝑎22𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑥 𝑥2

2 𝑛 1 1 𝑛 2
2 𝑛 𝑥 −𝑥+1
𝑛
1+𝑥 +𝑥 1− + 2 = 1+ 𝑥+𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2

2 𝑛
𝑛
𝑥2 +1 −𝑥2 1+𝑥2 +𝑥4
= =
𝑥2𝑛 𝑥2𝑛

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 If 𝑛 is a positive integer and 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑛
= 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
Then the value of 𝑎02 − 𝑎12 + 𝑎22 − ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛
2
is equal to

1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)

∴ Independent term = Coefficient of 𝑥 2𝑛 in 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 𝑛

= Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛 in 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑛

= 𝑎𝑛

From (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎20 − 𝑎21 + 𝑎22 − ⋯ + 𝑎22𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛

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 If 𝑛 is a positive integer and 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑛
= 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
Then the value of 𝑎02 − 𝑎12 + 𝑎22 − ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛
2
is equal to

A 𝑎𝑛

B 2𝑎𝑛

C 𝑎𝑛2

D 2𝑎𝑛2

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 Key Takeaways

Binomial Theorem for any index

If 𝑛 ∈ ℚ − 𝕎 and 𝑥 < 1 , then

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2

1+𝑥 = 1+ 𝑛⋅𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯
2! 3!

• The number of terms in the above expression is infinite.

𝑛⋅ 𝑛−1 ⋅ 𝑛−2 ⋯(𝑛−𝑟+1)

• General Term 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑟!
⋅ 𝑥𝑟

• If ′𝑛′ is a negative integer or a fraction , then

𝑏 𝑛 𝑏
𝑎𝑛 1 + , if <1
𝑛 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎+𝑏 =
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎
𝑛
𝑏 1+ , if <1
𝑏 𝑏
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 1
Find the range of values of 𝑥, for which can be expanded
5+4𝑥
in ascending powers of 𝑥.
1
1 1
−2
1
−2 4𝑥 −2
Given : 5+4𝑥
= 5 + 4𝑥 =5 1+
5
1 𝑛
1
− 4𝑥 −2 𝑎𝑛 1+
𝑏
, if
𝑏
<1
=5 2 1 + 𝑛 𝑎 𝑎
5 𝑎+𝑏 =
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎
𝑏𝑛 1 + , if <1
𝑏 𝑏
4𝑥
∴ Expansion is valid only when <1
5

5 5 5
⇒ 𝑥 < ⇒𝑥∈ − ,
4 4 4

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 Key Takeaways

Special Case

When 𝑛 is a negative integer

Let 𝑛 = −𝑚 , where 𝑚 ∈ ℕ

We have ,
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2
1+𝑥 = 1+ 𝑛⋅𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯
2! 3!

Now , put 𝑛 = −𝑚
−𝑚 𝑚 𝑚+1 𝑚 𝑚+1 𝑚+2
⇒ 1+𝑥 = 1− 𝑚⋅𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + ⋯
2! 3!
−𝑚
⇒ 1+𝑥 = 1 − 𝑚𝐶1𝑥 + (𝑚+1)𝐶2 𝑥 2 − (𝑚+2)
𝐶3 𝑥 3 + ⋯

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 Key Takeaways

Special Case

1+𝑥 −𝑚 = 1 − 𝑚𝐶1 𝑥 + (𝑚+1)𝐶2 𝑥 2 − (𝑚+2)𝐶3 𝑥 3 + ⋯

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚−1 𝑚 𝑚−1 𝑚−2

1−𝑥 = 1−𝑚⋅ 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + ⋯
2! 3!

(𝑚+𝑟−1)
General term , 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝐶𝑟 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑟

• 1−𝑥 −1
= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯

• 1+𝑥 −2 = 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥3 + ⋯

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 2 3
2 1⋅3 2 1⋅3⋅5 2
If 𝑦 = + + + ⋯ , then the value of 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 4 , is _________.
5 2! 5 3! 5

2 1⋅3 2 2 1⋅3⋅5 2 3
We have 𝑦 = + + +⋯
5 2! 5 3! 5

2 1⋅3 2 2 1⋅3⋅5 2 3
⇒1+𝑦 =1+ + + +⋯
5 2! 5 3! 5

𝑛 𝑛−1
Let 1 + 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 𝑛
= 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥2 + ⋯
2!

On equating the given series, we get

2
𝑛𝑥 = ⋯ 𝑖
5

𝑛 𝑛−1 1⋅3 2 2
And 2
𝑥 =
2 2! 5

On solving Equations 𝑖 and 𝑖𝑖 , we get

4 1
𝑥 = − and 𝑛 = −
5 2
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 2 3
2 1⋅3 2 1⋅3⋅5 2
If 𝑦 = + + + ⋯ , then the value of 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 4 , is _________.
5 2! 5 3! 5

1
4 −2
∴ 1+𝑦 = 1−
5

1
⇒ 𝑦+1 = 5 2

On squaring both sides, we get

𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 5

⇒ 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0

∴ The value of 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0

Hence, option 𝑐 is correct.

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 2 3
2 1⋅3 2 1⋅3⋅5 2
If 𝑦 = + + + ⋯ , then the value of 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 4 , is _________.
5 2! 5 3! 5

A 1

B −1

C 0

D None of the above

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 3
1−𝑡 6
The coefficient of 𝑡 in the expansion of
4
is
1−𝑡

JEE MAIN 2019

6 3
1− 𝑡
= 1 − 𝑡6 3 1− 𝑡 −3
1−𝑡

= 1 − 3𝑡 6 + 3𝑡12 − 𝑡 18 1− 𝑡 −3

3
1−𝑡6
∴ Coefficient of 𝑡 4 in = Coefficient of 𝑡 4 in 1 − 𝑡 −3
1−𝑡

Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in 1 − 𝑥 −𝑚
is (𝑚+𝑟−1)𝐶𝑟

(3+4−1)
= 𝐶4 = 6𝐶4 = 6𝐶2 = 15

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 3
1−𝑡 6
The coefficient of 𝑡 in the expansion of
4
is
1−𝑡

JEE MAIN 2019

A 12

B 15

C 10

D 14

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 For 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑚 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎 , the coefficients of 𝑥 𝑛 in the expansion of
1
is
1+𝑥+𝑥2

1 1−𝑥 −1
= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ⋯
Given : A
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 1 , if 𝑛 = 3𝑚
1 (1 − 𝑥)
= ×
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥) B 1 , if 𝑛 = 3𝑚 + 1
1−𝑥
=
1 − 𝑥3
C 0 , if 𝑛 = 3𝑚 − 1
= 1− 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 3 −1

D −1 , if 𝑛 = 3𝑚 + 1
= 1 − 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 9 + ⋯ + 𝑥 3𝑟 + ⋯ )

= 1 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 9 + ⋯ + 𝑥 3𝑟 + ⋯ − 𝑥 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 10 + ⋯

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 For 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑚 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎 , the coefficients of 𝑥 𝑛 in the expansion of
1
is
1+𝑥+𝑥2

1
= 1 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 9 + ⋯ + 𝑥 3𝑟 + ⋯ − 𝑥 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 10 + ⋯ A 1 , if 𝑛 = 3𝑚
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2

In the above expansion , if 𝑚 ∈ 𝕎

B 1 , if 𝑛 = 3𝑚 + 1
𝑖) Coefficient of 𝑥 3𝑚 = 1
C 0 , if 𝑛 = 3𝑚 − 1
𝑖𝑖) Coefficient of 𝑥 3𝑚+1 = −1

𝑖𝑖𝑖) Coefficient of 𝑥 3𝑚−1 = 0 (no term contain 𝑥 3𝑚−1)

D −1 , if 𝑛 = 3𝑚 + 1
Hence options 𝑎 , 𝑏 and 𝑑 are correct.

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 If 𝑥 is so small such that 𝑥 𝑘 is neglected for all 𝑘 ≥ 2 ,
1 3
−
1−2𝑥 3 + 1+5𝑥 2
then the value of 1 is
9+𝑥 2

A 149
1− 𝑥
36

B 4 145
+ 𝑥
3 36

C 2 149
− 𝑥
3 54

D 149
1+ 𝑥
36

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 If 𝑥 is so small such that 𝑥 𝑘 is neglected for all 𝑘 ≥ 2 ,
1 3
−
1−2𝑥 3 + 1+5𝑥 2
then the value of 1 is
9+𝑥 2

Given : 𝑥 𝑘 is neglected ∀ 𝑘 ≥ 2 𝑛 𝑛− 1 2 𝑛 𝑛 −1 𝑛−2 3

1+𝑥 𝑛 =1+𝑛⋅𝑥+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
2! 3!

1 49𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 49𝑥 49 2
= 2− 1− = 2− − + 𝑥
3 6 18 3 9 6 108
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 If 𝑥 is so small such that 𝑥 𝑘 is neglected for all 𝑘 ≥ 2 ,
1 3
−
1−2𝑥 3 + 1+5𝑥 2
then the value of 1 is
9+𝑥 2

Given : 𝑥 𝑘 is neglected ∀ 𝑘 ≥ 2 If 𝑥 < < 1 , 𝑛 ∈ ℚ − 𝕎 , 𝑥 2 and its higher power

are neglected , then

1+𝑥 𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥

1 𝑥 49𝑥 49 2
= 2− − + 𝑥
3 9 6 108

neglected

1 149𝑥 2 149𝑥
= 2− = −
3 18 3 54

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 If 𝑥 is so small such that 𝑥 𝑘 is neglected for all 𝑘 ≥ 2 ,
1 3
−
1−2𝑥 3 + 1+5𝑥 2
then the value of 1 is
9+𝑥 2

A 149
1− 𝑥
36

B 4 145
+ 𝑥
3 36

C 2 149
− 𝑥
3 54

D 149
1+ 𝑥
36

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 Session 08
Multinomial theorem and
its applications

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 Find the sum of ∑𝑛𝑠=1 ∑𝑠𝑟=0 𝑛𝐶𝑠 ⋅ 𝑠 𝐶𝑟 (𝑟 ≤ 𝑠)

∑𝑠𝑟=0 ∑𝑛𝑠=1 𝑛𝐶𝑠 ⋅ 𝑠𝐶𝑟 (𝑟 ≤ 𝑠)

= ∑𝑛𝑠=1 𝑛𝐶𝑠 ⋅ ( 𝑠𝐶0 + 𝑠𝐶1 + 𝑠𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑠𝐶𝑠 )

= ∑𝑛𝑠=1 𝑛𝐶𝑠 ⋅ 2𝑠
𝑛
1+𝑥 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝑛𝐶1 ⋅ 2 + 𝑛𝐶2 ⋅ 22 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 ⋅ 2𝑛

𝑥=2
𝑛 − 𝑛𝐶
= 1+2 0

= 3𝑛 − 1

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 𝑎7
Let 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 4 10
𝑟=0 𝑎𝑟 𝑥 . Then
= ∑20 𝑟 is equal to _______.
𝑎13

We have, 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 4 10
= ∑20
𝑟=0 𝑎𝑟 𝑥
𝑟
⋯ 𝑖
2
Replacing 𝑥 by , we get
𝑥

10 20 𝑟
8 6 2
⇒ 2+ +4 = ෍ 𝑎𝑟
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑟=0

20
210 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 10
⇒ = ෍ 𝑎𝑟 2𝑟 𝑥 −𝑟
𝑥 20
𝑟=0

20 20

⇒ ෍ 𝑎𝑟 𝑥𝑟 = ෍ 𝑎𝑟 2𝑟−10 𝑥 20−𝑟 Using 𝑖

𝑟=0 𝑟=0

On comparing the coefficient of 𝑥 7 from both sides, we get

𝑎7
𝑎7 = 𝑎13 23 ⇒ =8
𝑎13

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 Key Takeaways

MULTINOMIAL THEOREM

We know,
𝑛

• 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛
= ෍ 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟 , ∀𝑛∈ℕ
𝑟=0
𝑛

Consider 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥1𝑛−𝑟 𝑥2𝑟

𝑟=0
𝑛
𝑛!
=෍ ⋅ 𝑥1𝑛−𝑟 ⋅ 𝑥2𝑟
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟!
𝑟=0

𝑛 𝑛! 𝑘 𝑘
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = ෍ ⋅ 𝑥1 1 ⋅ 𝑥2 2
𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 !
𝑘1 +𝑘2 =𝑛

where 𝑘1 = 𝑛 − 𝑟, 𝑘2 = 𝑟 and 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 = 𝑛
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 Key Takeaways

MULTINOMIAL THEOREM

𝑛!
• 𝑛 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 = ෍ . 𝑥1 1 . 𝑥2 2 . ⋯ . 𝑥𝑟 𝑟
𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 ! ⋯ 𝑘𝑟 !
𝑘1 +𝑘2 +⋯+𝑘𝑛 =𝑛

Also, 0 ≤ 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , ⋯ , 𝑘𝑟 ≤ 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ

And 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑛

Note:

The total number of distinct terms in the expansion of 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 𝑛

(𝑛+𝑟−1)
= 𝐶(𝑟−1)

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 In the number of terms in the expansion of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑛
is 36,
then the value of 𝑛 is ________.

Given: Number of terms in the expansion of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑛

is 36.

Number of terms = (𝑛+𝑟−1)𝐶

𝑟−1

Number of terms in 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑛+3−1𝐶

3−1 = 𝑛+2𝐶
2

𝑛+2 𝑛+1
⇒ = 36
2!

⇒ 𝑛 + 2 𝑛 + 1 = 72

⇒ 𝑛2 + 3𝑛 − 70 = 0

⇒ 𝑛 − 7 𝑛 + 10 = 0

⇒ 𝑛 = 7 and 𝑛 = −10 (Rejected)

∴𝑛=7
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 In the number of terms in the expansion of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑛
is 36,
then the value of 𝑛 is ________.

A 6

B 8

C 9

D 7

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 𝑥 2 4
Find the independent term in the expansion of 1 + + .
2 𝑥

𝑥 2 4 4! 𝑥 𝑘2 2 𝑘3
Given: 1+ + =∑ 1 𝑘1
⋅ ⋅
2 𝑥 𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 ! 𝑘3 ! 2 𝑥

(Where 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 = 4 and 0 ≤ 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , 𝑘3 ≤ 4)

𝑥 2 4 4! 𝑘1 1
𝑘2
𝑘3
1+ + =∑ 1 2 𝑥 𝑘2−𝑘3
2 𝑥 𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 ! 𝑘3 ! 2

For independent terms 𝑘2 − 𝑘3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘2 = 𝑘3

Also, 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 = 4

Possible Cases:

𝑖 𝑘1 = 4, 𝑘2 = 0, 𝑘3 = 0

𝑖𝑖 𝑘1 = 2, 𝑘2 = 1, 𝑘3 = 1

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𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑘1 = 0, 𝑘2 = 2, 𝑘3 = 2
 𝑥 2 4
Find the independent term in the expansion of 1 + + .
2 𝑥

Independent term

𝑘2
4! 𝑘1 1 𝑘3
=∑ 1 2 𝑥 𝑘2 −𝑘3
𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 ! 𝑘3 ! 2

0 1 2
4! 4 1 0+ 4! 2 1 1+ 4! 0 1 2
= 1 2 1 2 1 2
4!0!0! 2 2!1!1! 2 0!2!2! 2

= 1 + 12 + 6

Independent term = 19.

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 Find the coefficient of 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐 4 𝑑 in the expansion of 𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 10.

𝑛
𝑛! 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 = ෍ . 𝑥1 1 . 𝑥2 2 . ⋯ . 𝑥𝑟 𝑟
𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 ! ⋯ 𝑘𝑟 !
𝑘1 +𝑘2 +⋯+𝑘𝑛 =𝑛

10 = 10! 𝑘1 (−𝑏)𝑘2 (−𝑐)𝑘3 (𝑑)𝑘4

𝑎−𝑏−𝑐+𝑑 ∑
𝑘1 !𝑘2 !𝑘3 !𝑘4 !
⋅ 𝑎 (where 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 + 𝑘4 = 10)

To find the coefficient of 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐 4 𝑑,

Put 𝑘1 = 2, 𝑘2 = 3, 𝑘3 = 4, 𝑘4 = 1

10!
∴ Coefficient of 𝑎 2 −𝑏 3 −𝑐 4 𝑑 1=
2! 3! 4! 1!

= 12600

⇒ Coefficient of 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐 4 𝑑 = −12600.

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 3 6 10
In the expression of 2+ 3+ 5 which of the following is/are true ?

3 6 10 10! 𝑘1 3 𝑘2 6 𝑘3
2+ 3+ 5 =∑ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 ! 𝑘3 ! A The number of rational terms is 4.
Where, 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 = 10.
B The number of rational terms is 3.
For rational terms

𝑘1 should be multiple of 2 C Sum of the rational terms is 12632.

𝑘2 should be multiple of 3
D Sum of the rational terms is 11792.
𝑘3 should be multiple of 6

Possible cases:

𝑖 𝑘1 = 10, 𝑘2 = 0, 𝑘3 = 0

𝑖𝑖 𝑘1 = 4, 𝑘2 = 6, 𝑘3 = 0

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑘1 = 4, 𝑘2 = 0, 𝑘3 = 6
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 3 6 10
In the expression of 2+ 3+ 5 which of the following is/are true ?

Hence the number of rational terms = 3 → 𝑏

A The number of rational terms is 4.
Now, Sum of rational terms

10! 𝑘1 3 𝑘2 6 𝑘3 B The number of rational terms is 3.

=∑ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 ! 𝑘3 !

10! 10 3 0 6 0 10! 4 3 6 6 0 C
= 2 3 5 + 2 3 5 Sum of the rational terms is 12632.
10!0!0! 4!6!0!
10! 4 3 0 6 6
+ 2 3 5
4!0!6! D Sum of the rational terms is 11792.

= 32 + 7560 + 4200

So, Sum of rational terms = 11792 → 𝑑

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 THANK
YOU

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