Simple Way To Learn English For Arab
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Saeed AhmedSimple Way To Learn English For Arab
Uploaded by
Saeed Ahmed1
2006 /
Dedication
To our beloved father, mother, brothers, sisters, wife, sons and
daughters.
To our beloved homeland, martyrs and injuries.
To our university, doctors and students.
Those who gave us the needed support and encouraged us all the time
to complete this work.
Ahmed Ellouh
A
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Subject m
1 Pronouns .1
5 The Verb .2
6 Forms of the Verb .3
8 Helping Verbs .4
8 Verb To Be ( ) .5
10 Verb To Do .6
11 Verb To Have .7
12 Defective Verbs .8
14 Tenses of The Verb .9
14 The Present Simple Tense .10
18 The Past Simple Tense .11
21 Conjugation of Verbs .12
27 The Present Simple Tense .13
31 The Past Simple Tense .14
34 The Present Perfect Tense .15
37 The Past Perfect Tense .16
39 The Future Simple Tense .17
44 .18
47 .19
48 Conditional Sentences (IF Rules) (IF ) .20
53 IF .21
54 Active and Passive Voice .22
67 Direct and Indirect Speech .23
86 Adjectives .24
91 .25
94 Answers .26
B
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Pronouns
ﻭﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﱡﺏ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﻪ ﺴﺎﺒﻘٍﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺤﺎﺠـﺔ،ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﺀ
. ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ،ﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ
:
: ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ:Personal Pronouns (1)
I, You, He, She, It, They, We -: ﻭ ﻫﻲ: Subject Pronouns (
me, you, him , her , it , them , us -: ﻭ ﻫﻲ: Object Pronouns (
.ٍﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﻪٍ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﻪ
ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
Subject Object
Singular ﺃﻨﺎ Plural Singular Plural
I ﻫﻭ We ﻨﺤﻥ me ـﻨﻲ us ﻨﺎ
He ﻫﻲ him ـﻪ
She They ﻫﻥ/ﻫﻡ her ـﻬﺎ them ـﻬﻥ/ـﻬﻡ
It ﻫﻲ/ﻫﻭ it ـﻬﺎ/ ـﻪ
You ﺃﻨﺕ You ﺃﻨﺘﻡ you ـﻙ you ـﻜﻡ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. I am a doctor. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ
2. Samy visited me yesterday. .ِﺯﺍﺭﻨﻲ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ
3. He is my friend. .ﻫﻭ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ
4. I welcomed him. .ﺕ ﺒﻪ
ﺃﻨﺎ ﺭﺤﺒ ﹸ
5. We visited our friend. .ﻨﺤﻥ ﺯ ﺭﻨﺎ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻨﺎ
6. They welcomed us. . ﻫﻡ ﺭﺤﺒﻭﺍ ﺒﻨﺎ
7. I invited them. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﺩﻋﻭﺘﻬﻡ
8. She met her uncle yesterday. .ﺱ
ِ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﹶﺕﹾ ﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻤ
9. We shall visit you tomorrow. .ﺴﻨﺯﻭﺭﻙ )ﺴﻨﺯﻭﺭﻜﹸﻡ( ﻏﺩﹰﺍ
10. You should help the old man. . ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺠ ل ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻭﺯ
1
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Possessive Pronounsﻭﻫﻲ- : )(2
Singular Plural
my mine our ours
his his
their theirs
her hers
its its
your yours your yours
:
.1ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ) (Possessive Adjectivesﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻴﺨﹸﺹ(.
ﺨﺹ(.
.2ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻜﹸﹼﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻴ ﹸ
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. It is my pen. ﹼﺇﻨﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ .
2. It is mine. ﺨﺼ ﻨﻲ .
ﹼﺇﻨﻪ ﻴ ﹸ
3. It is not yours. ﺨﺼﻙ(.
ﹼﺇﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻗﻠﻤﻙ )ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﻴ ﹸ
4. I found his bag. ﻘﻴﺒﺘﻪ .
ﺕﺤ ﹶ ﻭﺠﺩ ﹸ
5. This bag is his. ﺨﺼﻪ.
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘ ﹸ
6. This is our garden. ﻫﺫﻩ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺘﹸﻨﺎ.
7. This garden is ours. ﺨﺼﻨﺎ .
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﹸﺔ ﺘ ﹸ
8. They entered their garden. ﺩﺨﻠﻭﺍ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺘﹶﻬﻡ.
9. That garden is theirs. ﺨﺼﻬﻡ .
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﹸﺔ ﺘ ﹸ
?10. Did you bring your car ﻫل ﺃﺤﻀﺭﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻙ؟
11. This car is yours. ﺨﺼﻙ .
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘ ﹸ
:Reflexive or Emphasing Pronouns )(3
ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻊ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻨﻔﺱِ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ) .ﺃﻱ :ﻴ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻔﻌـﻭل ﻷﻥ
ﹼﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ(. ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ
ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻨﻔﺱ( selfﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﺃﻨﻔﹸﺱ( ) (selvesﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ.
ﻭﹸﻨﺠﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴ ﻠﻲ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨﹰﺔ ﺒﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻟﻼﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل :
2
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Singular Plural
I ﺃﻨﺎ myself ﻨﻔﺴﻲ /ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻲ We ﻨﺤﻥ ourselves ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻨﺎ /ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴِﻨﺎ
He ﻫﻭ himself ﻨﻔﺴﻪ /ﺒﻨﻔﺴِِﻪ
She ﻫﻲ herself ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ /ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ /ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻥ
They ﻫﻡ /ﻫﻥ themselves
ﻫﻭ /ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔـ ﺴﻪ /ﻨﻔ ـﺴﻬﺎ )ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴِِﻬﻡ /ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴِِﻬﻥ (
It itself
ﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل )ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻪِ /ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻬﺎ(
ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻜﻡ /ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻜﻥ
You ﺃﻨﺕ yourself ﻨﻔﺴﻙ /ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻙ You ﺃﻨﺘﻡ /ﺃﹸﻨﺘ ﻥ
ﹸ yourselves
)ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻜﻡ /ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻜﻥ(
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. I blamed myself. ﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ .
ﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ /ﹸﻟﻤ ﹸ
ﻭﺒﺨ ﹸ
2. He blamed himself. ﺦ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ /ﻻﻡ ﻨﻔﺴﻪُ .
ﻭﺒ ﹶ
3. You blamed yourself. ﺃﻨﺕ ﻭﺒﺨﺕ /ﹸﻟﻤﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻙ.
4. You blamed yourselves. ﻭﺒﺨﹾﹸﺘﻡ ﺃﻨﻔﹸﺴﹸﻜﻡ /ﺍﻨﺘﻡ ﹸﻟﻤﺘﹸﻡ ﺃﻨﻔﹸﺴﻜﹸﻡ.
5. They blamed themselves ﻭﺒﺨﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬ ﻡ /ﻻﻤﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬ ﻡ .
6. Mr. Ahmed himself visited me. ﺴِﻪ )ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩ(.
ﺯﺍﺭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻨﻔ ِ
7. The manager himself visited him. ﺯﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻪِ ﻫ ﻨﺎ.
: Demonstrative Adjectives )(4
ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺸﻲٍﺀ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ.
ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ.
ﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﺸﻲﺀ
ﻟﹼ
□
this ﻫﺫﺍ /ﻫﺫﻩ these ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺫﻟﻙ /ﺘﻠﻙ that ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ those
:
: Demonstrative Pronounsﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻱ ) ( this, that, these, those
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ).(noun
1. This pen is mine. ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ ﻴﺨﺼﻨﻲ.
2. This is my pen. ﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ ) ﺒﻴﺩﻱ(.
3. Those are book. ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﻜﹸﺘﺏ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ .
3
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. This is my book in my hand. .ﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺩﻱ
2. That book on the shelf is not mine. . ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋ ﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻑ ﻻ ﻴﺨﺼ ﻨﻲ
3. These pupils in this class are very clever. .ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِل ﻤﻬﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ
4. Those pupils in that class are not clever. .ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِل ﻟﻴﺴﻭﺍ ﻤﻬﺭﺓﹰ
Exercise No. 1 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
*) Choose the right answer between brackets:- :ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹ ﺠﺎﺒ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴ ﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷ ﻗﻭﺍﺱ
1. The window is green. (He – She – It) is not yellow.
2. Usama is standing up. (He – She – It) is not sitting down.
The pencils are in the box. (He – They – We) are not on the table. The plane is in the air.
3. (She – It – He – They) is flying to Cairo.
4. My name is Ahmed. (I – Me – My) am fifteen years old.
5. (We – Our – Us) are students.
6. (Yours – You – Your) are teachers.
7. (Your – Yours – You) books are new.
8. He is doing his work; I am doing (my – mine – me).
9. He is doing his work; I am doing (my – mine – me) work.
10. The girl is drinking milk. She is drinking (she – it – they – he) from the glass.
11. The children are eating apples. They are eating (them – her – him) in the room.
12. You should do your homework by (yourself – himself – herself).
13. We finished our homework. We finished it by (ourselves – themselves – yourself).
14. I always depend on (himself – myself – herself).
15. The boys helped the old man. They helped him (ourselves – themselves – herself).
16. The doctor told Huda and Nabil to take care of (themselves – herself – yourself).
17. (Those – This – That) girls are playing basketball.
18. (This – These – That) pupils are polite.
19. (This – These – Those) bag is mine.
Patience is a key to relief.
4
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
The Verb
ﻤِﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻌل ).(Verb
ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ:
(Full verbﻤﺜل :ﻴﺴﺎﻓﺭ travelـ ﻴﺯﻭﺭ visitـ ﻴ ﻌﻁﻲ ،giveﻭﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤـﺩﺙٍ (1
ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ،ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻤﺜل:
1. He always travels to France. ) ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ( ﻫﻭ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻴ ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ .
2. He is travelling to France now. ) ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﻴ ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ ﺍ ﻵﻥ .
: Helping ( Auxiliary ) Vereb (2
ﺙ.
ﻥ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺩلّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺩﺍ ٍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺩل ﻋﺎ ﹰ
ﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎ ٍ
ﺙ ،ﻤﺜل:
ﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ُِ ﺍﻟﺩﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩ ٍ
ﻭﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤ ِ
ﺍﻟﺦ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻌل ).(verb ﻴﻜﺘﺏ - writeﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ buy
: **
.1ﺼِﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ.
.2ﺼِﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ.
.3ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ).(Passive
ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺠﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﺩﻗٍﺔ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ.
ﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋٍﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ ،ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل
ﻌﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎ ٍ
ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺒ ِ
ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ.
ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل ٍّ ﻤﺴﺎﻋٍﺩ ﺒﻭﻀِﻊ ) (notﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ِّ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ،ﻤﺜل:
1. They are students. ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ.
2. They are not students. ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻟﻴﺴﻭﺍ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ.
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل ٍّ ﻤﺴﺎﻋٍﺩ ،ﺒﻭﻀِﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ
ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴِﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ )؟( ،ﻤﺜل:
1. He is a doctor. ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ.
?2. Is he a doctor ﻫل ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ؟
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴﺏِ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴﺏ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ.
ﹸﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﹰﻻ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ،ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻴ ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻌل ﻀﻌﻴﻑ .
5
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Forms of Verb □
:
):(The Infinitive (1
ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ) (baseﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ toﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﻘﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴ ﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ toﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭِ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻱ ) ،(base infinitiveﻤﺜل:
(to) play ﻴﻠﻌﺏ (to) sing ﻴ ﻐﻨﹼ ﻲ (to) be ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
):(The Present (2
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ،toﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻓﻌل to beﻓﻠﻪ ﺸﻜﻼﻥ am :ﻤﻊ ،Iو areﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺏ:
play ﻴﻠﻌﺏ sing ﻴ ﻐﻨﹼ ﻲ )am (are ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
):(The Present with 3rd person singular (3
ﺃﻭ ﺸﻜل ) (- sﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ ) (sﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴِﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل.
plays ﻴﻠﻌﺏ sings ﻴ ﻐﻨﹼ ﻲ is ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
):(The Past (4
ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﹰﺓ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﻓﻲ ) (-edﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ) .ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﹼﺫﺓ ) ،(Irregular Verbsﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ).(Helping Verbs
played ﻟﻌﺏ sang ﻏﻨﹼﻲ )was (were ﻜﺎﻥ
):(The Past Participle (5
ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺸﻜل ) (-edﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﻴ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ) .ﻤـﺎ ﻋـﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل ﺍﻟـﺸﹼﺎﹼﺫﺓ )،(Irregular Verbs
ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ).(Helping Verbs
played ﻟﻌﺏ sung ﻏﻨﹼﻲ been ﻜﺎﻥ
):(The Present Participle (6
ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺸﻜل ) (-ingﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ) (–ingﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل.
playing ﻴﻠﻌﺏ singing ﻴ ﻐﻨﹼ ﻲ being ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
6
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
1 2 3 4 5 6
Present with 3rd Past Present
Infinitive person singular Participle Participle
□Present Past
□)(base
□ )(-s form □ )(-ed form) □ (-ing form
(to) play play plays played played playing
(to) sing sing sings sang sung singing
(to) be )am (are is )was (were been being
:
.1ﻜل ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ) (to beﻟﻪ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻫﻲ :
to be am is are was were been being
.2ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ،ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺌﺏ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ ) ،(sﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﺈﻀـﺎﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ) .(ingﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﻔﻅ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ ﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻫﻲ :ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ )،(present
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ) ،(pastﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ) ،(past participleﻷﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺱِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل )(base
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ) (infinitiveﺒﺩﻭﻥ ):(to
Present ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ Past Past participle
smile ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ smiled smiled
bring ﻴ ﺤﻀِﺭ brought brought
rise ﻴﺭﻓﻊ rose risen
ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ) (P.P) (Past Participleﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ }ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ{. 3 .
ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﹸﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ) (Finite Verbsﻷﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺸﻜل ُِ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤـﻊ
ﺸﺨﺹ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ.4 .
ﻭﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ) (infinitiveﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ) (past participleﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ) (present participleﻓﺘﹸـﺴﻤ ﻰ
ﺒﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎل ُِ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ) ،(N on-finites or Infinitiesﻷﻥ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻔﺎﻋل ُِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺒﺯﻤﻨﻬﺎ. 5 .
ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﹼﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻷﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﹰﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ٍُ ﻤﺤـﺩﻭٍﺩ ﺨـﺎﺹ )ﻓﻌـل
ﻤ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ( ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻓﻌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ،ﻤﺜل:
1. Dina is playing. ﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ. )(finite + non-finite
2. He has gone home. ﻫﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ. )(finite + non-finite
) (Finite Verb ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ:
Do good and cast it into the sea.
.
7
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Helping Verbs
Verb To Be Verb To Do Verb To Have Defective Verbs
□(
)□
1- Verb To Be ( )
be , am , is , are , was , were , been , being
Pronoun Present Past
I am ﺃﻜﻭﻥwas ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩ
He , She , It is ﺘﻜﻭﻥ/ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ was ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩ
We , They , You are ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ were ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ
am, is was
be been
are were
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. I am a teacher. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤ ﺩﺭ ﺱ
2. He is a doctor. .ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ
3. Huda is not a nurse. .ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤ ﻤﺭﻀﺔ
4. I was doing my home work. .ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﻋﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ
5. I and Ali are neighbors. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﻴﺭﺍﻥ
6. Are you a doctor? ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ ؟
7. Was she angry yesterday? ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺔﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟
8. Today, he is better. .ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ
9. You are not a teacher. .ﺕ ﻤ ﺩﺭ ﺴ ﺎﹰ
ﺕ ﻟﺴ ﹶ
ﺃﻨ ﹶ
10. They were given a good lesson yesterday. .ِﺃﻋﻁﻭﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﹰﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ
8
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
:
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﺎﻏِﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﻓـﻲ، ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ، ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕVerb To Be ﻻﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل.1
.ُِ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ،ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ
.(n't) not ﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎVerb To Be ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﻔﻲ.2
am , is , are , was , were (n't) not ﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ
Exercise No. 2 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Put (am), ( is) or (are) in the spaces :- : ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕare ﺃﻭis ﺃﻭam ﻀﻊ
1. The window ........ green.
2. I ......... in the classroom.
3. We .........students.
4. There......... a pen and two pencils on the table.
5. There......... two pencils and a pen on the table.
II) Put (was) or (were) in the spaces:- : ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕwere ﺃﻭwas ﻀﻊ
1. My brother ........ ill yesterday.
2. They......... students five years ago.
3. Huda and Nabila......... in the hospital last month.
4. There......... no planes two hundreds years ago.
5. There......... a map here last week .
Cowards die often.
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
2- Verb To Do
do, does did
Pronoun ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ Present ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ Past ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ
I , We , They , You do did
He , She , It does ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل
do + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل = ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ do + play = play
does + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل = s + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل does + play = plays
did + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل = ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل did + play = played
:
. ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ.1
.( ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎn't) not ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ.2
do not = don't does not = doesn't did not = didn't
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. I do not like smoking. .ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺩﺨﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺤِﺏ
2. He does not remember her name. .ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺫﻜﹼﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﻬﺎ
3. We do not go to school on Friday. .ﻨﺤﻥ ﻻ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ
4. Do you speak English? ﻫل ﺘﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ؟
5. Did she go to school yesterday? ﺱ؟
ِ ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺫﻫﺒ ﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤ
6. Does he live in Gaza? ﻫل ﻴﺴﻜﹸﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ ؟
I do my home work everyday. .ﺃﻋﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ
7.
(ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﻓﻌل ﺃﺼﻠﻲ )ﻀﻌﻴﻑ
Exercise No. 3 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
*) Put (do), (does) or (did) in the spaces:- : ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕdid ﺃﻭdoes ﺃﻭdo ﻀﻊ
1. .………….. he bring money yesterday?
2. She ................... not speak Arabic.
3. I ................ not care.
4. I and Huda ................. not go to school today.
5. .…………. Samy like smoking?
10
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
3- Verb To Have
have, has had
Pronoun ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ Present ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ Past ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ
I , We , They , You have had
He , She , It has ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل
. ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎnot ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ:
has not = hasn't have not = haven't had not = hadn't
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. I have a new bag. .ﺃﻤﺘِﻠﻙ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﹰﺓ
2. Samy has a larger bag. .ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻴﻤﺘﻠِﻙ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓﹰ
3. The cat has a tail. .ﺍﻟﻘﻁﹼﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﻠِﻙ ﺫﻴل
4. I had a key but I lost it. .ﻟﺩﻱ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻜﻨﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﺩﺘﹸﻪ
5. We had a useful lesson yesterday. .ِﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺴﹰﺎ ﻤ ﻔﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ
6. Has Huda got any sisters? ﻫل ﻟﺩﻯ ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺨﻭﺍﺕ؟
7. Huda has not got any sisters. .ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺨﻭﺍﺕ
8. I have done my work. .ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﹸﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻲ
Exercise No. 4 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
*) Put (have ) or (has) in the spaces :- : ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕhas ﺃﻭhave ﻀﻊ
1. I ............... a new watch.
2. You ............ a red pen.
3. Usama ................ a green pencil.
4. We .............. dinner before we go to bed.
5. Ramzy................ breakfast at home.
6. He ............. two sisters.
Many hands m ake light work.
.( )
11
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
4- Defective Verbs
:
Present Past Present Past
shall shouldﺴـ /ﺴﻭﻑ willﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ ﺴـ /ﺴﻭﻑ would ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴ ـ
can couldﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ mustﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻴﺠﺏ/ﻴﻠﺯﻡ
)had to (ought to
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ
may mightﻴﺠﻭﺯ /ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ought toﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻴﺠﺏ /ﻴﻠﺯﻡ
:
.1ﺴ ﻤﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻷﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻭﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻔﻌـﻭل(
ﺙ ،ﻤﺜل go – went – gone :ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺄﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩ ٍ
.2ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل must – ought toﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﺎﺽٍ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ).(had to
.3ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ) (sﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺭﻩ ،ﺃﻭ toﻗﺒﻠﻪ)ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ(.
.4ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل shallﻤﻊ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ Iﺃﻭ . We
.5ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل willﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻲ.(They, You, He, She, It) :
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1. I can carry this heavy bag . ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻘﻴﻠﺔ.
2. The train will move ﺴﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ ﺤﺎﻻﹰ.
3. I shall come again. ﺴﺄﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ.
4. We should help our parents. ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟِﺩﻴﻨﺎ.
5. They may meet us in Gaza. ﺭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴ ﻘﺎﺒﻠﻭﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ.
6. Students must get up early. ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻬﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻼﺏ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻴﻥ.
?7. Can you carry this bag ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ؟
8. She couldn't understand me yesterday. ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻬﻤﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ.
He is rich that has few wants.
.
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Exercise No. 5 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
*) Choose the correct answer between brackets: - :ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ
1. She must (help - helps - helped) her mother.
2. Ali should (gets - get - getting) up early everyday.
3. Students must not (writes - wrote - write) on the walls.
4. My father may (buys - bought - buy) a watch to me.
5. A good student must (studies - studied -study) hard.
6. We had to (helped - help - helps) the old man yesterday.
:
. ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﺔbe, have, do ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ.1
.it, she, he ﻤﻊhas, does, was, is ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ.2
Manners make the man.
. □
13
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Tenses of The Verb
ﺍﻟﺦ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ) (infinitiveﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ ﺙ ) ،(Full Verbﻤﺜل :ﻴﺯﻭﺭ – visitﻴﺫﻫﺏ go
ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺩﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩ ٍ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴﺏ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ) (Tenseﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺼﻭﻏﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ.
ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺩﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﻫﻲ- :
Present Past Future
Simple Continuous Perfect Simple Continuous Perfect Simple
.
ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻐ ﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻘﻁ . :
1. The Present Sim ple Tense
1) Formation :- ( )
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ )ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻠﻔﻌل( ،ﻤﻊ ﻤ ﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ ـﻀﺎﻑ )(s
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴِﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻔﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﹰﺎ ،ﻤﺜل ) ،(he , she , itﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻤﺜل:
Ali - Samia - The teacher - The cat
[
1. Ali drinks tea. drink + s = drinks
2. Huda plays football. play + s = plays
3. He eats a cake. eat + s = eats
4. I play basketball play
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍ ﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻏﺎﺌ ﺒﹰﺎ ،ﻤﺜل ) (he, she, itﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ: :
.1ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ (sh, ch, o, x, ss) -:ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ ﻀﺎﻑ )(es
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ) ،(sﻤﺜل -:
wash + es = washes ﻴﻐﺴل watch + es = watches ﻴ ﺸﺎ ﻫﺩ
wish + es = wishes ﻴﺘﻤﻨﹼﻰ teach + es = teaches ﻴ ﺩﺭ ﺱ
finish + es = finishes ﻴ ﻨﻬﻲ mix + es = mixes ﻴﺨﻠﻁ
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
go + es = goes ﻴﺫﻫﺏ fix + es = fixes ﻴ ﺜﹶﺒ ﺕ
do + es = does ﻴﻔﻌل pass + es = passes ﻴﻤﺭ /ﻴﻌ ﺒﺭ
cross + es = crosses ﻴﻌ ﺒﺭ match + es = matches ﻴ ﻭﺼ ل
ﻴ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻭﻴـﻀﺎﻑ .2ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ) (yﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ )(y
) (iesﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ،ﻤﺜل-:
try ﻴﺤﺎﻭل tries
cry ﻴﺒﻜﻲ cries
study ﻴﺩﺭ ﺱ studies
fly ﻴﻁﻴﺭ flies
.3ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ) ( yﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ )ﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﺔ( ،ﻓﺈﹼﻨـﻪ ﻴ ـﻀﺎﻑ ) ( s
ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴِﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ ) ( yﻤﺜل-:
play + s = plays ﻴﻠﻌﺏ obey + s = obeys ﻴ ﻁﻴﻊ
buy + s = buys ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ say + s = says ﻴﻘﻭل
enjoy + s = enjoys ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ stay + s = stays ﻴﻤﻜﹸﺙ /ﻴﺒﻘﻰ
. ( )( a, e, i , o, u ) : (vowels )
2) Usage: ?( )
ﻴ ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺩ ل ﻋﻠﻰ :
) (factﻤﺜل-: .1
1. The earth moves around the sun. ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ.
2. They play football every week. ﻫﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﻜﹸل ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻉ.
( ﻤﺜل-: )) (habit .2
1. Samy goes to school every morning. ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻜل ﺼﺒﺎﺡ.
2. Boys go to school at the age of six. ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺴِﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤِﺭ.
3) Key words:
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﺭﺠﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ :
always ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ never ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ /ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ
often ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ generally ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ
usually ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ frequently ﻤﺭﺍﺭﺍﹰ /ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ
sometimes ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ rarely ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ
every…. ﻜل )ﻴﻭﻡ – ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻉ(... ، seldom ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺎ
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
:
.1ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﹼﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ) (everyﻓﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴِﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ.
.2ﻟﻴﺱ ﺸﺭﻁﹰﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﹼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠِﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺼﻭﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻁ ﺇﻻﹼ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻴ ﺼﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ) (factﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ) ،(habitﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ
ﻍ
ﺍﻷﺘﻲ-:
The earth moves around the sun.
ﺸﻤﺱ) .ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﹰﺔ ،ﻓﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ) (moveﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﹼﺍﻟﺔ.
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
.3ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ) (toﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل.
4) The Present Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:-
:
)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + don't +ﻓﺎﻋل(. .1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ) ، (sﻟﻠﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل
)?...ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل .(Do + .2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ) ،(sﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل
)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + doesn't +ﻓﺎﻋل (. .3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻪ ) (sﺃﻭ ) (esﻟﻠﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل
)?...ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل .(Does + .4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻪ ) (sﺃﻭ ) (esﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل
Examples Negative Interrogative
I speak English. I don't speak English. ?Do you speak English
1.
ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ ﺔ . ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ. ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ؟
Ali speaks English. Ali doesn't speak English. ?Does Ali speak English
2.
ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ. ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠ ﻴﺯﻴﺔ . ﻫل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ؟
Huda washes the car. Huda doesn't wash the car. ?Does Huda wash the car
3.
ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ. ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﻻ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ. ﻫل ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ؟
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. Samy usually stays at home everyday . ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ.
2. It often rains in winter. ﺸﺘﺎﺀ.
ﻁﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﹼﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﹸﺘﻤ ِ
3. Ahmed always watches TV at night. ﻤﺎ ﻴ ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﹼﻟﻠﻴل.
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺩﺍﺌ ﹰ
4. Always they watch TV at night. ﻤﺎ ﻴ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻴل .
ﺩﺍﺌ ﹰ
5. Ameera never visits us. ﺃﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻭﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ.
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Exercise No. 6 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Choose the correct verbs in the brackets: - :ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴ ﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍ ﺱ
1. He sometimes (take – takes – to take) the bus to school.
2. We generally (spoke – speaks – speak) Arabic.
3. He (watch – watches – is watching) the news on TV every evening.
4. I always (meet – meets – meeting) him on the corner of this street.
5. The sun (give – giving – gives – is giving) us light.
6. He usually (drives – drive – is driving) very fast.
II) Correct the verbs between brackets: - :ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍ ﺱ
1. I usually drink tea after breakfast, but my sister (drink) milk.
2. He always (reach) school late.
3. He never (visit) us.
4. He rarely (answer) my letters.
5. Every Friday, he (go) to the river and (catch) fish.
6. Nagla sometimes, (enjoy) watching television.
7. He always (study) Arabic at school.
8. She usually (get) up early.
9. The moon sometimes (shine) at night.
10. He (to visit) his uncle every week.
The exception proves the rule.
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
2.The Past Simple Tense
1) Formation:- ( )
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل.
1. I watched TV yesterday . ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ.
2. The wolf ran away. ﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﹼﺫﺌﺏ ﻤ ﺒﺘﻌﺩﺍﹰ.
3. Hanan met her friend at school. ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﺤﻨﺎﻥ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ.
ْ
:
( ):(irregular ) ( )(regular ) .1
( ) :(Regular Verbsﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ ﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﻤﺎ ) (edﺃﻭ ) m
)(dﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻤﺜل-:
help - helped - helped ﻴ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ
smile - smiled - smiled ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ
watch - watched - watched ﻴ ﺸﺎ ﻫﺩ
: m
ﻜﻥ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ ﺤـﺭﻑ .1ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ) (edﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴِﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻗﺩ ﹸﻨﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺩﺭ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺤﺭ ٍ
ﻑ ﺴﺎ ٍ
ﻤ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ( ،ﻤﺜل:
travel + ed = travelled ﻴ ﺴﺎﻓﺭ
stop + ed = stopped ﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻑ
.2ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ) (edﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴِﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩِﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ) ( yﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ ) (yﻴ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻭﻴـﻀﺎﻑ
) ،(iedﻤﺜل-:
study + ed = studied ﻴﺩﺭﺱ deny + ed = denied ﻴ ﻨ ﻜﺭ
carry + ed = carried ﻴﺤﻤل cry + ed = cried ﻴﺒﻜﻲ
ﻙ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ ﻀﺎﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ ) (edﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ .3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ ) (yﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴِﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﺭ ٍ
ﻑ ﻤﺘﺤﺭ ٍ
ﺃﻥ ﹸﻨﺤﻭ ل ﺍﻟـ ) (yﺇﻟﻰ ) ،(iedﻤﺜل -:
enjoy + ed = enjoyed ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ
play + ed = played ﻴﻠﻌﺏ
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ) ،(edﻤﺜل:
ﺤﺭﻑ ) (eﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ ) (eﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻭﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ ) (dﺒﺩ ﹰ
ِ .4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻤ ﻨﺘﻬﻴﹰﺎ ﺒ
invite + d = invited ﻴﺩﻋﻭ smile + d = smiled ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ
prove + d = proved ﻴ ﺒﺭ ﻫﻥ /ﻴ ﺜﺒ ﺕ exercise + d = exercised ﻴﺘﻤﺭ ﻥ
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
ﻨﹸﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ( ) :(Irregular Verbsﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻬﺭِ ﻗﻠﺏ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ) (
ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺫ.
. ****
2) Usage:- ?( )
ﻴ ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎ ﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ -:
.1ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ.
.2ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘِﺼﺹ.
ﺙ ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ،ﻤﺜل-:
.3ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩ ٍ
I met him yesterday . ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺘﹸﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ .
.4ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ،ﻤﺜل -:
When I was on holiday, I swam everyday. ﺕ ﻜلَ ﻴﻭﻡ .
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺯٍﺓ ،ﺴﺒﺤ ﹸ
3) Key words :
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﺭﺠﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ.
yesterday ﺃﻤﺱ in olden times ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ
once ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ ago ﻤﻨﺫ
one day ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ last... ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ /ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀ ﻲ
just now ﻗﺒل ﺍﻵﻥ last night ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ
in the past ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ last month ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ
4) The Past Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:-
.1ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ:
+ did not +
.2ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ:
Did + + ? ..................
Examples Negative Interrogative
They went to school. They didn't go to school. ?Did they go to school
ﻫﻡ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ . ﻫﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ. ﻫل ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ؟
The wolf ran away. The wolf didn't run away. ?Did the wolf run away
ﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺌﺏ. ﺍﻟﺫﺌﺏ ﻟﻡ ﻴِﻔﺭ. ﻫل ﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺌﺏ؟
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. Ahmed travelled to Japan last week. .ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ
2. Samy wrote the letter. .ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ
3. My father bought a new car last year. .ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺭ ﻯ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﹰﺓ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﹰﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ
4. Huda studied lesson ten a week ago. . ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﺩﺭﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻋ ﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎ ﻀﻲ
5. We invited them for lunch three days ago. .ﺩﻋﻭﻨﺎﻫﻡ ﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡِ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻴﺎﻡٍ ﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ
Exercise No. 7 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
*) Correct the verbs in brackets: :ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍ ﺱ
1. Ahmed ..................... (buy) a new bicycle last week.
2. She ..................... (make) a cake yesterday.
3. Two months ago, we ............... (have) a holiday.
4. Samy ..................... (to climb) a tree yesterday.
5. I ........................ (finish) my work two hours ago.
A stitch in time saves nine.
.( ) .
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Conjugation of Verbs □
ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ:Ord inar y or Regular or Weak Verbs ( )( )
( ﻴ ـﻀﺎﻑpast participle) (( ﺃ ﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﹼﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭلpast tense) (ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ) ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﹼﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ
.( )ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ. d ﺃﻭed ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻨﻁﻘﻪ
Present or infinitive Meaning Past Past participle
prove ﻴ ﺒﺭﻫﻥ proved proved
help ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ helped helped
burn ﻴﺤﺭﻕ burnt burnt
:
.(d) ( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎe) ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ.1
Present or infinitive Meaning Past Past participle
arrive ﻴﺼل arrived arrived
change ﻴ ﻐﻴﺭ changed changed
invite ﻴﺩﻋﻭ invited invited
( ﻭﻴـﻀﺎﻑi) ( ﻴﻘﻠﺏ ﺇﻟـﻰy) ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ،ﻜﻥ
ٍ ﻑ ﺴﺎ
ٍ ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﺭy) ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ.2
.( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎed)
Present or infinitive Meaning Past Past participle
cry ﻴﺒﻜﻲ cried cried
marry ﻴﺘﺯﻭﺝ married married
study ﻴﺩﺭﺱ studied studied
( ﻴﺒﻘـﻰ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـ ﻭy) ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ،(ﻑ ﻋﹼﻠﺔ )ﻤ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ
ِ ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﺭy) ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ.3
.( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎed) ﻭ ﻴ ﻀﺎﻑ
Present or infinitive Meaning Past Past participle
enjoy ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ enjoyed enjoyed
obey ﻴ ﻁﻴﻊ obeyed obeyed
play ﻴﻠﻌﺏ played played
stay ﻴﺒﻘﻰ/ ﻴﻤﻜﹸﺙ stayed stayed
21
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
ﻜﻥ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ
ٍ ﻑ ﺴـ ﺎ
ٍ ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺤـﺭed) ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ.4
.( ﻤ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ
Present or infinitive Meaning Past Past participle
stop ﻴﻘِﻑ stopped stopped
travel ﻴ ﺴﺎﻓﺭ travelled travelled
( )( )
Present or Past Present or
Past Past
infinitive Meaning participle infinitive Meaning Past
participle
act ﯾﻤﺜﻞ acted acted describe ﯾﺼﻒ described described
damage ﯾﺘﻠﻒ damaged damaged die ﯾﻤﻮﺕ died died
ask ﯾﺴﺄل asked asked disappear ﯾﺨﺘﻔﻲ disappeared disappeared
believe ﯾﻌﺘﻘﺪ believed believed dive ﯾﻐﻮص/ ﯾﻐﻄﺲdived dived
attack ﯾﮭﺎﺟﻢ attacked attacked dream ﯾﺤﻠﻢ dreamed dreamed
blink ﯾﻐﻤﺰ blinked blinked drop ﯾﺴﻘِﻂ dropped dropped
arrive ﯾﺼﻞ arrived arrived earn ﯾﻜﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﺗﮫearned earned
belong to ﯾﺨﺺ belonged to belonged to end ﯾﻨﮭﻲ ended ended
boil ﯾﻐﻠﻲ boiled boiled enjoy ﯾﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ enjoyed enjoyed
call ﯾﻨﺎدﻱ/ ﯾﺘﺼﻞcalled called erupt ( ﯾﺜﻮﺭ)ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎنerupted erupted
borrow ﯾﻘﺘﺮض borrowed borrowed evaporate ﯾﺘﺒﺨﺮ evaporated evaporated
carry ﯾﺤﻤﻞ carried carried exercise ﯾﺘﻤﺮن exercised exercised
change ﯾُﻐُﯿﺮ changed changed explain ﯾﺸﺮح explained explained
chase ﯾﻄﺎﺭد chased chased explode ﯾﻨﻔﺠﺮ exploded exploded
check ﯾﺮﺍﺟﻊ checked checked finish ﯾﻨﮭﻲ finished finished
clean ﯾﻨﻈﻒ cleaned cleaned float ﯾﻄﻔﻮ floated floated
close ﯾُﻐِﻠﻖ closed closed fold ﯾﻄﻮﻱ/ ﯾﺜﻨﻲfolded folded
climb ﯾﺘﺴﻠﻖ climbed climbed follow ﯾﺘﺒﻊ followed followed
compare ﯾﻘﺎﺭن compared compared form ﯾُّﻜﻮن formed formed
collect ﯾﺠﻤﻊ collected collected guess ﯾُﺨﻤﻦ guessed guessed
compute ﯾﺤﺼﻲ/ ﯾﺤﺴﺐcomputed computed happen ﯾﺤﺪث happened happened
condense ﯾﻜﺜﻒ condensed condensed hate ﯾﻜﻮه hated hated
correct ﯾﺼﺤﺢ corrected corrected heat ﯾﺄﻣﻞ heated heated
cook ﯾﻄﺒﺦ cooked cooked hope ﯾﺄﻣﻞ hoped hoped
control ﯾﺘﺤﻜﻢ controlled controlled hurry up ﯾُﺴﺮ ع hurried up hurried up
copy ﯾﻨﺴﺦ copied copied introduce ﯾﻘﺪم introduced introduced
correct ﯾﺼﺤﺢ corrected corrected join ﯾﺮﺑﻂ joined joined
count ﯾﻌﺪ counted counted jump ﯾﻘﻔﺰ jumped jumped
crawl ﯾﺤﺒﻮ/ ﯾﺰﺣﻒcrawled crawled kick ﯾﺮﻛﻞ kicked kicked
cross ﯾﻌﺒﺮ crossed crossed kill ﯾﻘﺘﻞ killed killed
dance ﯾﺮﻗﺺ danced danced land ﯾﺮﺳﻮ landed landed
22
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Present or Present or
infinitive Past infinitive
Meaning Past Meaning Past Past participle
participle
lift ﯾﺮﻓﻊ lifted lifted remember ﯾﺘﺬﻛﺮ remembered remembered
like ﯾﺤﺐ liked liked replay ﯾﺮد replayed replayed
listen ﯾﻨﺼﺖ listened listened report ﯾﻘﺪم ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﻋﻦ reported reported
live ﯾﻌﯿﺶ lived lived rest ﯾﺮﺗﺎح rested rested
load ﯾﺤﻤﻞ loaded loaded revise ﯾﺮﺍﺟﻊ revised revised
look after ﯾﻌﺘﻨﻲ ﺑـ looked after looked after sail ﯾُﺒﺤﺮ sailed sailed
look at ﯾﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ looked at looked at scream ﯾﺼﺮخ screamed screamed
look for ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ looked for looked for shop ﯾﺘﺴﻮّق shopped shopped
look good ﯾﺒﺪو ﺟﯿﺪًﺍ looked good looked good shout ﯾﺼﯿﺢ shouted shouted
ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺮج
look up looked up looked up slope ﯾﻨﺰﻟﻖ sloped sloped
ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ
love ﯾﺤﺐ loved loved sow ﯾُﺒّﺬﺭ sowed sowed (sown)
marry ﯾﺘﺰوج married married start ﯾﺒﺪﺃ started started
match ﯾُﻼﺋﻢ matched matched stay ﯾﻤﻜُﺚ stayed stayed
measure ﯾﻘﯿﺲ measured measured stop ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ stopped stopped
mend ﯾﺼﻠّﺢ mended mended support ﯾﺪﻋﻢ supported supported
milk ﯾﺤﻠﺐ milked milked store ﯾُﺨُﺰ ن stored stored
/ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﺟﮭﺎز
miss ﯾﻔﺘﻘﺪ missed missed switch on
ﯾﺸﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ
switched on switched on
move ﯾﺘﺤﺮّك moved moved talk ﯾﺘﺤﺪث talked talked
need ﯾﺤﺘﺎج needed needed taste ﯾﺬوق/ ﯾﺘﺬوق
tasted tasted
open ﯾﻔﺘﺢ opened opened tie ﯾﺮﺑﻂ tied tied
order ﯾﺄﻣﺮ ordered ordered thank ﯾﺸﻜﺮ thanked thanked
own ﯾﻤﺘﻠﻚ owned owned touch ﯾﻠﻤﺲ touched touched
paint ﯾﺪﻫﻦ painted painted train ﯾﺪﺭب trained trained
pass ﯾﻤﺮ passed passed translate ﯾﺘﺮﺟﻢ translated translated
ًﯾﺘﺼﻞ ﺗﻠﯿﻔﻮﻧﯿﺎ
phone ﺑـ phoned phoned travel ﯾﺴﺎﻓﺮ travelled travelled
pick ﯾﻘﻄﻒ picked picked try ﯾﺤﺎول tried tried
plant ﯾﺰﺭع planted planted turn ﯾﻠﻒ/ ﯾﺪوﺭturned turned
ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
play ﯾﻠﻌﺐ played played type ﺍﻵﻟﺔ typed typed
plough ﯾﺤﺮث ploughed ploughed use ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم used used
point to ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ pointed to pointed to visit ﯾﺰوﺭ visited visited
post ﯾﺮﺳﻞ posted posted wait ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮ waited waited
pour ﯾﺼﺐ poured poured want ﯾﺮﯾﺪ wanted wanted
practice ﯾﺘﻤﺮن practiced practiced wash ﯾﻐﺴﻞ washed washed
prefer ﻀﻞّ ﯾُﻔ preferred preferred watch ﯾﺸﺎﻫﺪ watched watched
/ ﯾﺪّﻋﻲ
pretend ﯾﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ pretended pretended water ﯾﺮوﻱ watered watered
pronounce ﯾﻨﻄﻖ pronounced pronounced weigh ﯾﺰن weighed weighed
pull ﯾﺠﺮ/ ﯾﺸﺪ pulled pulled welcome ﯾﺮﺣﺐ ﺑـ welcomed welcomed
push ﯾﺰق/ﯾﺪﻓﻊ pushed pushed work ﯾﺸﺘﻐﻞ/ ﯾﻌﻤﻞworked worked
rain ﺗﻤﻄﺮ rained rained worry ﯾﻘﻠﻖ worried worried
receive ﯾﺴﺘﻠﻢ received received
23
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
، ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﻤ ﻌﻴﻨـﺔ:T h e Irr eg u la r Ve r b s ( )
.ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻬﺭِ ﻗﻠﺏ
( )
Present
Present or Past Past
or
infinitive Meaning Past participle Meaning Past participle
infinitive
abide ﯾﻘﯿﻢ/ ﯾﻤﻜﺚ abode abode clothe ﯾﻜﺴﻮ clothed clothed
agree ﯾﻮﺍﻓﻖ agreed agreed come ﯾﺤﻀﺮ/ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ came come
am ﺃﻛﻮن was been cost ﯾﺴﺎوﻱ/ ﯾﻜﻠّﻒ cost cost
are ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ/ﺗﻜﻮن were been creep ﯾﺰﺣﻒ crept crept
arise ﯾﻨﮭﺾ arose arose cut ﯾﻘﻄﻊ cut cut
awake ﯾﺴﺘﯿﻘﻆ/ ﯾﻮﻗﻆawoke awoken dare ﯾﺠﺮؤ dared (durst) dared (durst)
be ﯾﻜﻮن was / were been deal ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ dealt dealt
bear ﺗﻠﺪ bore born dig ﯾﺤﻔﺮ dug dug
bear ﯾﺤﻤﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰbore borne do/does ﯾﻔﻌﻞ did done
beat ﯾﻀﺮب beat beat (en) draw ﯾﺮﺳﻢ drew drawn
become ﯾﺼﯿﺮ/ ﯾﺼﺒﺢbecame become dream ﯾﺤﻠﻢ dreamt (ed) dreamt
begin ﯾﺒﺘﺪئ/ ﯾﺒﺪﺃbegan begun drink ﯾﺸﺮب drank drunk
bend ﯾﺤﻨﻲ/ ﯾﺜﻨﻲbent bent drive ﯾﺴﻮق/ ﯾﻘﻮد drove driven
bet ﯾﺮﺍﻫﻦ bet bet dwell ﯾﺴﻜﻦ/ ﯾﻘﻄﻦ dwelt dwelt
bet ﯾﺮﺍﻫﻦ betted bet eat ﯾﺄﻛﻞ ate eaten
bid ﯾُﻘّﺪم ﻋﻄﺎءbade bidden fall ﯾﻘﻊ/ ﯾﺴﻘﻂ fell fallen
bid ﯾﺄﻣﺮ bid bid feed ُﯾﻐّﺬﻱ/ﯾُﻄﻌﻢ fed fed
bind ﯾﺮﺑﻂ bound bound feel ﯾﺸﻌﺮ felt felt
bite ﯾﻠﺪغ/ ﯾﻌُﺾbit bitten fight ﯾﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ/ ﯾﻘﺎﺗﻞ fought fought
bleed ﯾﻨﺰف bled bled find ﯾﺠﺪ found found
blend ﯾﻤﺰج/ ﯾﺨﻠﻂblent blent fit ﯾﻨﺎﺳﺐ fit (fitted) fit (fitted)
blend ﯾﻤﺰج/ ﯾﺨﻠﻂblended blended flee ﯾﮭﺮب fled fled
blow ﯾﻨﻔﺦ/ ﯾﮭﺐblew blown fling ﯾﻘﺬف/ ﯾﻄﯿﺢ/ ﯾﻄﻮﻱflung flung
break ﯾﻜﺴﺮ broke broken fly ﯾﻄﯿﺮ flew flown
breed ﯾﺮﺑﻲ bred bred forbid ﯾﻤﻨﻊ forbade forbidden
bring ﯾﺤﻀﺮ brought brought forecast ﯾﺘﻜﮭﻦ/ﯾﺘﻨﺒﺄ forecast forecast
bring up ﯾﺮﺑﻲ brought up brought up foretell ﯾﺘﻨﺒﺄ foretold foretold
broadcast ﯾﺬﯾﻊ broadcast broadcast forget ﯾﻨﺴﻰ forgot forgotten
build ﯾﺒﻨﻲ built built forgive ﯾﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﻦ/ ﯾﺴﺎﻣﺢforgave forgiven
burn ﯾﺤﺮق burnt (burned) burnt forsake ﯾﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﻋﻦ/ ﯾﮭﺠﺮforsook forsaken
burst ﯾﻨﻔﺠﺮ burst burst freeze ﯾﺘﺠﻤﺪ froze frozen
buy ﯾﺸﺘﺮﻱ bought bought get ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ got got
can ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ could ---- give ﯾﻤﻨﺢ/ﯾﻌﻄﻲ gave given
cast ﯾﺮﻣﻲ/ ﯾﻘﺬفcast cast go ﯾﺬﻫﺐ went gone
catch ﯾﻤﺴﻚ caught caught grind ﯾﻄﺤﻦ ground ground
choose ﯾﺨﺘﺎﺭ chose chosen grow ﯾﺰﺭع/ ﯾﻜﺒُﺮ/ ﯾﻨﻤﻮgrew grown
cling ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻖ/ ﯾﻠﺘﺼﻖclang clung hang ﯾُﻌّﻠﻖ hung hung
24
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Present
Present or Past
or Past
infinitive Meaning Past Past participle Meaning participle
infinitive
hang ﯾﺸﻨﻖ hanged hanged say ﯾﻘﻮل said said
have / has ﯾﻤﻠﻚ had had see ﯾﻔﮭﻢ/ ﯾﺮى saw seen
have to ﯾﺠﺐ ﺃن had to had to seek ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ sought sought
hear ﯾﺴﻤﻊ heard heard sell ﯾﺒﯿﻊ sold sold
hide ﯾﺨﺒﺊ hid hidden send ﯾﺮﺳﻞ sent sent
hit ﯾﻀﺮب hit hit set out ﯾﻐﺮب/ ﯾﺸﺮع ﻓﻲ set out set out
hold ﯾﻤﺴﻚ held held set aside ًﯾﻀﻊ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ set set
hurt ﯾﺆﻟﻢ/ ﯾﺆذﻱ hurt hurt sew ﯾﺨﯿّﻂ sewed sewn
is ﯾﻜﻮن was been shake ﯾﺼﺎﻓﺢ/ ﯾﮭﺰ shook shaken
/ ﯾﻨﺰف دﻣًﺎ
keep ﯾﺤﻔﻆ kept kept shed ﯾﺬﺭف دﻣﻮﻋًﺎ shed shed
kneel ﯾﺮﻛﻊ knelt knelt shine ﯾﺴﻄﻊ/ ﯾﻠﻤﻊ shone shone
ﯾﻀﻊ ﺣﺪوﺓ
knit ﯾﻌﻘﺪ ﺧﯿﻮﻃًﺎ knit (knitted) knit shoe ﻟﻠﺤﺼﺎن shod shod
ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﮭﻢ ﺃو
know ﯾﻌﺮف knew known shoot ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎص
shot shot
lade ﯾُﺤﻤّﻞ laded laden show ﯾﺒﯿﻦ/ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ showed shown
lay ﯾﺒﯿﺾ/ ﯾﻀﻊ laid laid shrink ﯾﻨﻜﻤﺶ shrank shrunk
lead ﯾﻘﻮد led led shut ﯾُﻐﻠﻖ shut shut
lean ﯾﺘﻜﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ leant (leaned) leant (leaned) sing ﯾﻨﺸﺪ/ﯾﻐﻨﻲ sang sung
leap ﯾﻘﻔﺰ leapt leapt sit ﯾﺠﻠﺲ sat sat
learn ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻢ learned (learnt) learned (learnt) sink ﯾﻐﻮص sank sunk
leave ﯾﻐﺎدﺭ left left slay ﯾﺴﻠﺦ/ ﯾﺬﺑﺢ slew slain
lend ﯾُﻘﺮ ض lent lent sleep ﯾﻨﺎم slept slept
let ﯾﺪع let let slide ﯾﻨﺰﻟﻖ slid slid
/ ﯾﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺤﺒﻞ
lie ﯾﺮﻗﺪ lay lain sling ﯾﻘﺬف ﺑﻤﻘﻼع
slung slung
lie ﯾﻜﺬب lied lied smell ﯾﺸﻢ smelt (ed) smelt (ed)
light ﯾﻀﻲء lit (lighted) lit (lighted) sow ﯾﺒﺬﺭ sowed sown
lose ﯾﻔﻘﺪ lost lost speed ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ sped sped
/ ًﯾﻨﻔﻖ ﻣﺎﻻ
make ﯾﻌﻤﻞ/ ﯾﺼﻨﻊmade made spend ﯾﻘﻀﻲ وﻗﺘًﺎ
spent spent
may ّ ﻟﻌﻞ/ ُﺭﺑّﻤﺎmight ---- spill ﯾﺮﯾﻖ/ ﯾﺴﻜﺐ spilt spilled
mean ﯾﻘﺼﺪ/ﯾﻌﻨﻲ meant meant spin ﯾﻐﺰل span spun
meet ﯾﻠﺘﻘﻲ/ ﯾﻘﺎﺑﻞ met met spit ﯾﺒﺼﻖ spat spat
mistake ﯾﺨﻄﺊ mistook mistaken split ﯾﺸﻄﺮ ﺷﻄﺮﯾﻦ split split
mow ﯾﺨﺰن/ ﯾﺠﻤﻊmowed mown run ﯾﺠﺮﻱ ran run
overcome ﯾﺘﻐﻠﺐ overcame overcome rise ﯾﺮﻓﻊ/ ﯾﺸﺮق rose risen
pay ً ﯾﺪﻓﻊ ﻧﻘﻮدﺍpaid paid saw ﯾﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎﺭ sawed sawn
put ﯾﻀﻊ put put sell ﯾﺒﯿﻊ sold sold
quit ﯾﮭﺠُﺮ/ ﯾﺘﺮكquit quit spoil ﯾﻔﺴﺪ/ﯾﺘﻠﻒ spoilt spoilt (ed)
read ﯾﻘﺮﺃ read read spread ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ spread spread
rid ﯾﺨﻠّﺺ/ ﯾﺰﯾﻞrid rid spring ﯾﻘﻔﺰ sprang sprung
ride ﯾﺮﻛﺐ rode ridden stand ﯾﻘﻒ stood stood
ring ﯾﺮن rang rung steal ﯾﺴﺮق stole stolen
25
COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Present or
infinitive Past
Meaning Past
participle
stick ﯾﻠﺘﺼﻖ/ ﯾﻠﺼﻖ stuck stuck
sting ﯾﻠﺪغ/ ﯾﻠﺴﻊ stung stung
stink ﯾﻨﺘﻦ stank stunk
stride ﯾﺨﻄﻮ strode stridden
strike ﯾﻀﺮب struck struck
string ﯾﺨﺒﻂ/ ﯾﺜﺒﺖ strung strung
strive ﯾﻜﺎﻓﺢ/ ﯾﻨﺎﺿﻞ strove striven
swear ﯾﺤﻠﻒ/ ﯾُﻘﺴﻢ swore sworn
sweep ﯾﻜﻨﺲ swept swept
swell ﯾﺘﻮﺭم swelled swollen
swim ﯾﻌﻮم/ ﯾﺴﺒﺢ swam swum
swing ﯾﺘﺄﺭﺟﺢ/ ﯾﮭﺘﺰ swang swung
take ﯾﺄﺧﺬ took taken
teach ﯾُﻌّﻠﻢ taught taught
tell ﯾُﺨﺒﺮ told told
think ﯾﺆﻣﻦ/ ﯾﻔﻜﺮ thought thought
throw ﯾﺮﻣﻲ threw thrown
thrust ﯾﻄﻌﻦ thrust thrust
tread ﯾﺪوﺱ/ ﯾﻄﺄ trod trodden
undergo ﯾﻤﺮ ﺑـ underwent undergone
understand ﯾﻔﮭﻢ understood understood
undertake ﯾﻌﮭﺪ ﺑـ undertook undertaken
upset ﯾﻘﻠﺐ/ﯾﺰﻋﺞ/ﯾﻘﻠﻖ upset upset
wake ﯾﻮﻗﻆ woke (ed) woken (ed)
wear ﯾﺮﺗﺪﻱ wore worn
weave ﯾﻨﺴﺞ wove woven
wed ﯾﻌﻘﺪ ﻗﺮﺍن/ ﯾﺘﺰوج wedded wedded
weep ﯾﺒﻜﻲ wept wept
win ﯾﺮﺑﺢ/ ﯾﻔﻮز/ ﯾﻜﺴﺐ won won
wind ﯾﻠﻒ wound wound
wring ﯾﻌﺼﺮ wrung wrung
write ﯾﻜﺘﺐ wrote written
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
3.The Present Continuous Tense
1) Formation:- ?( )
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ -:
□
I am
He, She , It is + ingﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل +
They, You, We are
1. I am watching TV now. ﺃﺸﺎ ﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺍﻵﻥ.
2. Samy is eating an apple. ﻴﺄﻜل ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺤﺔﹰ.
3. We are doing our home work. ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻨﺎ.
2) Usage: ?( )
:
ﻉ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻜﱡﻠﻡ ،ﻤﺜل-:
.1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭ ِ
I am writing now. ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ.
ﺙ ﺁﺨٍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀِﺭ ،ﻤﺜل-: .2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭ ِ
ﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩ ٍ
While she is making tea, I am reading her new book. ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ ،ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ.
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ،ﻤﺜل:
ِ .3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺜِﻪِ ﻓﻲ
1. They are building a new school in our street. ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﺒﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺎﺭِﻋِﻨﺎ.
2. The sun is shining this morning. ﺘﹶﺴ ﻁﹶﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤ ﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺒﺎﺡ .
3) Key words :
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻴﺭﺠﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ:
now ﺍﻵﻥ still ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل
while ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ as ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ /ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ
at this moment ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺤﻅﺔ !Look ﻅﺭ!
ﺃﹾﻨ ﹸ
at the present ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭِ !Listen ﺍﺴﻤ ﻊ! /ﺃﺘﹶﺴ ﻤﻊ!
as long as ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ !Smell ﺃﺘﹶﺸﹸﻡ! /ﻫل ﺘﺸﹸﻡ!
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
:
ﻼ ،ﻤﺜل-:
ﺙ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﹰ
ﺭﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺤﺩ ﹶ
ﺙ ﻤ ﻥ ﺍﻟ ﻤﻘ ِ
ﻗﺩ ﻴ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴِﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩ ٍ .1
He is going to buy some sugar. ﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل (
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺎ ﻟﺤﺭﻑ ) (eﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﻴ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )، (ingﻤﺜل-: .2
write + ing = writing ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ride + ing = riding ﻴﺭﻜﺏ
come + ing = coming ﻴﺄﺘﻲ give + ing = giving ﻴ ﻌﻁﻲ /ﻴﻤﻨ ﺢ
smile + ing = smiling ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ invite + ing = inviting ﻴﺩﻋﻭ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒـ ) (eeﻓﻼ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ) ،(ingﻤﺜل: .3
agree + ing = agreeing ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻴ ﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ) ،(ingﻤﺜل: .4
put + ing = putting ﻴﻀﻊ shut + ing = shutting ﻴ ﻐﻠﻕ
stop + ing = stopping ﻴﻭﻗﻑ travel + ing = travelling ﻴ ﺴﺎﻓﺭ
run + ing = running ﻴﺠﺭﻱ dig + ing = digging ﻴﺤﻔﹸﺭ
sit + ing = sitting ﻴﺠﻠِﺱ swim + ing = swimming ﻴﺴﺒﺢ
greet + ing = greeting ﻴ ﺭﺤﺏ /ﻴ ﺤ ﻴ ﻲ ﻫ ﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ) (tﻷّﻨﹼﻪ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕ ﺒﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻤ ﺘﺤﺭﻜﻴﻥ.
enter + ing = entering ﻴ ﺩﺨ ل ﻫ ﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ) ،(rﻻﻥ ﺘﻀﻌﻴﻔﻪ ﻴ ﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﱡﻨﻁﻕ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒـ ) (ieﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ) (yﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ) ،(ingﻤﺜل: .5
lie + ing = lying ﻴﺭﻗﹸﺩ /ﻴﻜﺫﺏ die + ing = dying ﻴﻤﻭﺕ
ﻻ ﻴ ﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ )ﺃﻱ :ﻻ ﻴﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ .6
ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ( ،ﻤﺜل-:
( ) (Verbs of Senseﻤﺜل: ) (
see ﻴﺭﻯ notice ﻴ ﻼﺤ ﻅ
hear ﻴﺴﻤﻊ taste ﻴﺘﺫﻭ ﻕ
smell ﻴﺸﹸﻡ observe ﺤﻅ
ﻴﻼ ِ
touch ﻴﻠﻤِﺱ
) (Verbs of Thinkingﻤﺜل: (
understand ﻴﻔﻬﻡ mean ﻴﻌﻨﻲ /ﻴﻘﺼﺩ
suppose ﻴﻔﺘﺭِﺽ believe ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ
feel ﻴﺸﻌﺭ think ﻅﻥ /ﻴ ﻔﻜﹼﺭ
ﻴﹸ
know ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
) ،(Verbs of Emotionﻤﺜل: (
love ﻴ ﺤﺏ ﺸﺨﺼﺎﹰ wish ﻴﺭﻏﺏ
like ﻴ ﺤﺏ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ desire ﻴﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ
hate ﻴﻤﻘﹸﺕ /ﻴﻜﺭﻩ want ﻴ ﺭﻴ ﺩ
dislike ﻴﻜﺭﻩ refuse ﻴﺭﻓﹸﺽ
care ﻴﻬﺘﻡ /ﻴ ﻐﻨﻲ forgive ﻴ ﺴﺎﻤﺢ /ﻴﻌﻔﻭ ﻋﻥ
) ،( Verbs of Possessingﻤﺜل: (
own ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ possess ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ
belong ﻴﺨﺹ /ﻴ ﻌﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﹸ
.Verb To Have, Verb To Be )(Helping Verbs (
،ﻤﺜل: (
appear ﻴﻅﻬﺭ /ﻴﺒﺩﻭ disobey ﻴﻌﺼﻰ
seem ﻴﻅﻬﺭ /ﻴﺒﺩﻭ suit ﻴ ﻨﺎﺴﺏ /ﻴ ﻼﺀﻡ
contain ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ /ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ fit ﻴ ﻨﺎﺴﺏ /ﻴ ﻼﺀﻡ
obey ﻴ ﻁﻴﻊ consist of ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ
matter ﻴﻬﻡ /ﻴ ﺸﻜﹼل ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻁ The Present Simple
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏٍ ﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔٍ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺼﺎﻍ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﹸﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ.
I am understanding; he is hating her. ﹼﺇﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﻓﻬﻡ ،ﺇﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﺭﻫﻬﺎ. ﻻ ﻴ ﻘﺎل ﺃﺒﺩﹰﺍ
I understand; he hates her. ﹼﺇﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﻓﻬﻡ ،ﺇﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﺭﻫﻬﺎ. ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ُﻴﻘﺎل
I am seeing you tomorrow. ﺴﺄﺭﺍﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﹼﺘﺄﻜﻴِﺩ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ) .ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﹸﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ( )(Emphasis
?Are you forgetting your promise ﻫل ﺴﺘﻨﺴﻰ ﻭﻋﺩﻙ؟ )ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﹸﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻬﺩﻴﺩ( )( Threat
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. The train is travelling now. ﺍﻟِﻘﻁﺎﺭ ﻴ ﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻵﻥ .
2. We are having a test at this moment. ﻨﺄﺨﺫﹸ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺤﻅﺔِ.
3. Listen! The tractor is working. ﺍﺴﻤﻊ! ﺍﻟﺸﹼّﺎﺤﻨﺔﹸ ﺘﻌﻤل.
4. Look! The plane is crashing. ﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺤﻁﻡ .
ﺃﻨﻅﺭ! ﺍﻟ ﹼ
5. I am drinking tea at this moment. ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺤﻅﺔِ. ﺃﺸﹾﺭ ﺏ
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
4) The Present Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:-
□
.(Verb To Be) ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلُِ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻋﺩnot) ﻴ ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ.1
am, is, are + not + + ing
ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ،( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋلVerb To Be) ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ.2
.ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
Examples Negative Interrogative
She is working now. She is not working now. Is she working now?
1.
.ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻵﻥ .ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻵﻥ ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻵﻥ؟
They are playing. They are not playing. Are they playing?
2.
.ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ .ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ؟
I am playing. I am not playing. Are you playing?
3.
.ﹼﺇﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ . ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ؟
Exercise No. 8 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Choose the correct verbs between brackets: : ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ
1. Listen! They (shout - shouts - shouting - are shouting).
2. (Do you listen - Are you listening - Do listen) to what I (say-says-am saying)?
3. Look! Azza (type - types - typing - is typing) letters.
4. Mother (make - is making - made) coffee now.
5. Now, they (welcome - welcomes - are welcoming) the new pupil.
6. The people (is standing - stand - are standing) at the bus stop at this moment.
7. At the present time, my father (builds - building - is building) a house.
8. I (answer - am answering - is answering) the teacher’s question now.
9. She (do - does - is doing) her homework now. She usually (do-does-is doing) it in the evening.
10. . I (am wearing-not wearing-am not wearing) a coat as it is not raining.
II) Correct the verbs in brackets: :ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍ ﺱ
1. He (wait) for you at this moment.
2. You can’t see Ahmed now, he (have) a bath.
3. He is (drive) his car.
4. Look! it (rain) heavily.
5. Now, we (hear) very well what he say.
6. I (think) that I (know) how to use a calculator now.
Glory to my God, the Greatest.
.
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
4 .The Past Continuous Tense
1) Formation: ?( )
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ-:
I, He, She , It was + + ing
They, You, We were + + ing
1. I was walking in the street. ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉِ.
2. Ahmed was reading a story. ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ.
3. They were cooking the food. ﻁﻌﺎﻡ.
ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
2) Usage : ?( )
:
.1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ.
1. They were making a party yesterday. ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ.
ِ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻠﺔﹰً
2. They were sitting behind as she was driving her car. ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺠﻠﺴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻑِ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ.
ﻼ ،ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ.
ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥ sitﻭ driveﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﻁﻭﻴ ﹰ 2
ﺙ ﺁﺨٍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ،ﻤﺜل:
ﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩ ٍ
.2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭ ِ
While she was driving her car, a policeman stopped her.
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻗﻔﻬﺎ ﺸﹸﺭﻁﻲ.
:
.1ﺍﻟﻔﻌل stopﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﻗﺼﻴﺭ ًﺍ ،ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﹸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ.
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ.
ﻼ ،ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺼ ﻴﺎﻏﺘﹸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤ ِ
.2ﺍﻟﻔﻌل driveﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﻁﻭﻴ ﹰ
3) Key words:
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ :
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻴ ﺭﺠﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤ ِ
while ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ as ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ /ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ
still ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯل when ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
:
ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱِ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ،ﺃﻱ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺌﻬﻤﺎ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ﻓﻌ ٌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥِ
ﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﻴ ِ
. 1ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ whileﺃﻭ asﻟﺘﻌﺒﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺜﻴ ِ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ،ﻤﺜل:
While he was reading the newspaper, his wife was watching TV.
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ،ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﹶﻪ ﺘﹸﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ.
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺯﻤـ ِ
. 2ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨ ًﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺘﺕ whenﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤ ِ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ،ﻤﺜل:
My mother was cooking, when I came. ﺦ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺤ ﻀ ﺭ ﺕﹸ.
ﺃﻤﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻁﺒ ﹸ
ﺙ ﻤﺘﺼلٍُ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓٍ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔٍ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ )ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻴـﻭﻡ ـ ﻜـل
.3ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻨﹸﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ٍ
،(.ﻤﺜل: ﻁﻭﺍل ﺍﹼﻟﻠﻴل
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ـ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ ـ ِ
1. I was shopping all afternoon. ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﺘ ﺴﻭﻕ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ.
2. They were studying all day. ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺩﻭﺴﻭﻥ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ.
. 4ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒ ﻌﺩ asﺃﻭ whileﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ.
While I was walking in the street, I saw my friend. ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉِ ،ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ.
4) The Past Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:
ﻴ ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ notﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ) (Verb To Beﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ: .1
+ ingﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ were + not +ﺃﻭ was
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ) (Verb To Beﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ،ﻭ ﻭﻀـﻊ ﻋﻼﻤـﺔ .2
ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
Examples Negative Interrogative
I was working. I was not working. ?Were you working
1.
ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻋﻤل. ﻟﻡ ﺃﹸﻜﻥ ﺃﻋﻤل. ﻫل ﻜﻨﺕﹶ ﺘﻌﻤل؟
They were working. They were not working. ?Were they working
2.
ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ. ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ. ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ؟
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1. As I was walking in the street, I saw Samy. ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ ،ﺭﺃﻴﺕ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ.
2. While we were having supper, all lights went out. ﻁﻔﺌِﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﺭ.
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﹸﻜﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﹶﺎﺀ ،ﹸ
ﺨﻠﹶﺕﹾ ِﻗﻁـﺔﹲ The teacher was giving us a lesson, when a cat walked
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ ﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺴﹰﺎ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺩ ﹶ
3.
into the room. ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﹸﺭﻓﺔِ.
4. He was reading a book, when the bell rang. ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺱ.
5. Yesterday , he was watching a good film on TV. ﺱ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ ﺸﹶﺎﻫِﺩ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ.
ﺒﺎﻷﻤ ِ
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
Exercise No. 9 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Choose the correct verbs in brackets: :ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴ ﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍ ﺱ
1. I (meet - met - was meeting) your brother, while I was studying in London.
2. While you (played - plays - were playing) the piano, I (write - was writing - wrote) a letter.
3. I (find - found - was finding) the ring as I (dig - dug - was digging) in the garden.
When I (arriving - arrive - arrived - was arriving) at the house, he (still sleeping - was still
4. sleeping - still slept).
5. He (sits - sat - was sitting) in a restaurant, when I (see - saw - was seeing) him.
6. What story (does Samy tell - did Samy tell - was Samy telling) you, when I came into the room.
Last night, somebody (shouted - will shout - was shouting), while I (studying - was studying
7.
- studies).
8. She (lived - was living - living) in England, when war (begin - beginning - began - was beginning).
9. The phone rang while I (get - got - was getting) a bath.
She (was talking - talked - talking) to her neighbor, when the baby (begin - began - was
10.
beginning) to cry.
II) Correct the verbs between brackets: :ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍ ﺱ
1. The telephone (ring) just as I (leave) the house.
2. He (have) his dinner, while I (have) a bath.
3. She (cook) all morning yesterday.
4. As they (to work), a man (to knock) at the door.
5. As we (to play), it (rain).
6. The pupil (sleep), when the teacher (come).
7. What you (do) when I came in?
8. As we (come) here, a policeman (stop) us.
9. The boy (jump) of the bus, while it (move).
10. He (watch) TV, when I (come).
He beat me and cried out, he got the start of me and complained.
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
5. The Present Perfect Tense
1) Formation: ?( )
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ -:
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤ ِ
) has + Past Participle (P.Pﺃﻭ have
)ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل(
I, They, We, You have + P.P
He, She, It has + P.P
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. I have finished my homework. ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ.
2. Nader has written a letter. ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ.
3. They have met their teacher. ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﻤ ﺩ ﺭ ﺴﻬﻡ.
2) Usage : ?( □)
:
ﺏ )ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻜﱡﻠﻡ( ،ﻤﺜل:
ﺕ ﻗﺭ ﻴ ٍ
.1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻤ ﻨﹾﹸﺫ ﻭﻗ ٍ
We have just received this letter. ﺽ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻤِﻬﺎ(.
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﹰﺍ) .ﻟﻡ ﻴﻤ ِ
.2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻤﺜل:
Maged has learnt English recently. ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﹰﺎ) .ﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻌﹸﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺘِﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌّﹸﻠِﻤﻬﺎ(.
.3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﹸﻨﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﺎِﻡ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯِﻩ ،ﻤﺜل:
We have already written the letter.
ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ) .ﹸﻨﻨﻭﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ(.
Or: We have written the letter already.
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ،ﻤﺜل:
ِ .4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ
ﻟﻘﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ) .ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻡ ﻤـﻥ
She has changed some words in the contract.
ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ(. ﺠﺎﻨِﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﹼﺏ
3) Key words :
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴﺭﺠﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ :
already ﻓﻌﻼﹰ /ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل since ﻤ ﻨﹾﺫﹸ yet ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ
just ﺘﻭﹰﺍ /ﻤ ُُْﻨﺫ ﻭﻗ ٍ
ﺕ ﻗﻠﻴل for ﻟﻤ ﺩﺓ never ﻤ ﻁﻠﻘﹰﺎ /ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ
ever ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ( recently latelyﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ ﻤﺅﺨﹼﺭﺍﹰ
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
:
ﻕ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻗﺩ( ﺃﻭ)ﻟﻘﺩ(.
. 1ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﹼﻟﻠﻐﺔِ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ ﺴﺒ ﹸ
I have finished my work. ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕﹸ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ.
ﺏ ،ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓِ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ justﻗﺒـل
. 2ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ justﺃﻭ alreadyﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺘﻡ ّﻤﻨﹸﺫ ﻭﻗﺕٍ ﻗﺭﻴ ٍ
ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ alreadyﻓﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴِﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
have, has + already (just) + P.P have, has + P.P + already
. 3ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) yetﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ( ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠ ﻤﻠِﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻲ ،ﻤﺜل- :
He has not received the money yet. ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻭﺩ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ )ﺒﻌﺩ(.
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ.
. 4ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ) everﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻟﺯﻤ ِ
. 5ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ) neverﺃﺒﺩﹰﺍ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺒﺎﻟﹼﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ everﺒﻪ.
.6ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ everﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺅﺍل ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺠﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻔـﻲ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ-:
?Have you ever travelled by air )ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل( ﻫل ﺴﺎﻓﺭﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ؟
Yes, I have travelled by air. )ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ( ﻨﻌﻡ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺴﺎﻓﺭﺕﹸ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ.
No, I have never travelled by air. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ( ﻻ ﻟﻡ ﺃُﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ.
. 7ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) recentlyﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ( ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻟﺙ ) (P.Pﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻤﺜل-:
I have recently written a new book. ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ.
Recently, I have written a new book. ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ.
ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤ ﺤِﺩﺩ ﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل. .8ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) sinceﻤ ﹾﻨﺫﹸ(
since + 1985, yesterday, April, 7 o'clock, last …… etc
I haven't seen Ahmed since 1995. ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻯ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤ ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﻋﺎﻡ 1995ﻡ.
ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩ ﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل. .9ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) forﻟِﻤﺩﺓ(
for + 3 weeks, along time, an hour, six years …..etc
She has been in London for seventeen years. ﺎﻤﺎ.
ﺩﺓ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻋ ً
ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ ﻟﻤ ِ
.10ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻌل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ sinceﻓﺈﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ .
I have come here since you left. ﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫ ﻨﺎ ﻤ ﹾﻨﹸﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﺩﺭﺕ .
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﻀﺭ ﹸ
4) The Present Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative:
ﻴ ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ notﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ )ﺃﻱ :ﺒﻌﺩ haveﺃﻭ.(has
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
ﻭﻭﻀـﻊ،( ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـلhas ﺃﻭhave ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ: ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ )ﺃﻱ
.ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
Examples Negative Interrogative
I have finished work. I have not finished work. Have you finished work?
1.
.ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل .ﻟﻡ ﺃُﻨﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل؟
َ ﻫل ﻗﺩ
Samia has met Mona. Samia has not met Mona. Has Samia met Mona?
2.
.ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤ ﻨﻰ .ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﹸﺘﻘﺎﺒل ﻤ ﻨﻰ ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤ ﻨﻰ؟
Exercise No. 10 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
*) Correct the verbs in the following sentences: :ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ
1. I ......................... (not, see) my friend since last month.
2. Hatem ......................... (already, eat) his breakfast.
3. Hassan ...................... (never, be) to Jordan.
4. I and Ali ..................... (finish) the work yet.
5. She ................... (not, meet ) him since she was in Paris.
It is no use crying over silt milk.
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
6. The Past Perfect Tense
1) Formation: ?( )
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ :
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤ ِ
)had + past participle (P.P
( )
1. She had bought a paper. ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺕ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔﹰ.
2. They had met their friends. ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻬﻡ.
2) Usage: ?( )
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺤﺩﺜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻴﻭﻀـﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺯﻤـ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻡ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ.
After they had eaten their breakfast, they went to school.
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻭﺍ ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻓﻁﺎﺭﻫﻡ ،ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ.
3) Key words :
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ ﺭﺠﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ:
before ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ until ﺤﺘﹼﻰ
after ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ by the time ﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ
till ﺤﺘﹼﻰ as soon as ﺤﺎﻟﻤﺎ
:
. 1ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﻗﺒل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ beforeﺃﻱ ) ) (befo re Beforeﻗﺒل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺒل (.
)(past perfect before )(past simple
)(had + P.P ( )
. 2ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎ ﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ afterﺃﻱ ) ) (after Afterﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ (.
)(Past simple after )(Past perfect
( ) )(had + P.P
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
. ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ: ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺒﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ.3
د
1. After I had done my home work, I played football. . ﻟﻌِﺒﺕ ﻜﹸﺭﺓﹶ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﹸﻤﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ
2. I had washed my face before I came to school. .ِ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺁﺘﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ،ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻏﹶﺴ ﻠﹾﺕﹸ ﻭﺠﻬﻲ
4) The Past Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative:
.(had) ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻋﺩnot ﻴ ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ
ِ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ،( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋلhad) ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ
.ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
Examples Negative Interrogative
She had made a cake. She had not made a cake. Had she made a cake?
1.
.ﻌﻜﺔ
ﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩﺕ ﻜ ﹰ .ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﹸﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩﺕ ﻜﻌﻜﺔﹰ ﻌﻜﺔ؟
ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩﺕ ﻜ ﹰ
We had written a letter. We had not written a letter. Had they written a letter?
2.
.ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ .ﻨﺤﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻨﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ؟
Exercise No. 11 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
*) Correct the verbs between brackets: :ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍ ﺱ
1. Mazen …….. (drink) much tea before he ……… (finish) his supper.
2. After Nadia ............. (cook) the food, her father …… (come).
3. They ………… (leave) Rafah before I .................. (reach).
4. Samy ……. (go) to school after he ……. (take) his breakfast.
5. She ............... (thank) him because he (save) her daughter.
6. The police ………… (arrest) the thief who................. (steal) the bag.
If you want peace, be prepared for war.
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
7. The Future Simple Tense
1) Formation: ?( )
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ :
shall will + )(infinitive
:
. 1ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺴﻭﻑ (shallﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ Iﻭ Weﺃﻱ:
(I , We )shall + Infinitive
. 2ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺴﻭﻑ (willﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ،ﺃﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ- :
( He, She, It, They, You )will + infinitive
1. I shall meet Mohammed tomorrow . ﺴﺄﻗﺎﺒل ﻤ ﺤﻤﺩﹰﺍ ﻏﺩﹰﺍ.
ُ
2. They will visit us next Friday. ﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ.
ﺴﻴﺯﻭﺭﻭﻨﻨﺎ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠ ِ
3. Shadia will come next month. ﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺴﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ.
2) Usage: ?( )
–:
. 1ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل.
1. They will visit us tomorrow . ﺴﻴﺯﻭﺭﻭﻨﻨﺎ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ.
2. Cars will move without petrol in the future. ﺴﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺘﺭﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ِّ.
. 2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺴﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ِّ ﺒﺸﻜل ٍّ ﻋﺎﻡ.
I shall see you tomorrow. ﺴﺄﺭﺍﻙ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ.
3) Key words:
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ:
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠِﺩﺕ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ ﺭﺠﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤ ِ
tomorrow ﻏﺩﺍﹰ in the future ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل
next ..... tonightﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ /ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩِﻡ... ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ
)… next (week, month, year, soon ﺤﺎﻻﹰ
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COMPREHENSIVE ACADEMY MULTAN PAKISTAN
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. The match will begin soon. ﺴﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺭﺍﺓ ﺤﺎﹰﻻ .
2. Ramy will travel tomorrow . ﺴﻴﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﻏﺩﹰﺍ .
3. I shall watch TV tonight. ﺴﺄُﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ.
4. It will be hot in the future. ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﺭﹰﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل.
5. She will come back next year. ﻫﻲ ﺴﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ.
4) The Future Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:
ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ) (notﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ) willﺃﻭ .(shall
shall will + not +
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ willﺃﻭ shallﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ،ﻭﻭﻀـﻊ ﻋﻼﻤـﺔ
ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
:
. 1ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘ ﺼﺎﺭ ﻜﹸﹼﻠﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ willﺃﻭ shallﺇﻟﻰ ) ('llﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎ ﻟﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ.
) shan'tﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ(. ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ shall not
) won'tﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ(. ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ will not
ﻁ ﻤ ﻌﻴﻥٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺩ ،ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ :
.2ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ،ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴ ٍ
am / is / are + going to + □
1. He is going to read a new story. ) ﻨﻴﺔ( ﻫﻭ ﺴﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ.
2. Shadi is going to weekend in London. )ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ( )(Planning ﺴﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﻋ ﻁﻠﹶﺔ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ .
Examples Negative Interrogative
I shall go to school. I shan't go to school. ?Will you go to school
1.
ﺴﺄﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ. ﻟﻥ ﺃﺫ ﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ . ﻫل ﺴﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ؟
He will leave school. He won't leave school. ?Will he leave school
2.
ﻫﻭ ﺴ ﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ. ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺘﺭﻙَ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ. ﻫل ﻫﻭ ﺴﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ؟
He'll come to school. He won't come to school. ?Will he come to school
3.
ﻫﻭ ﺴﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ. ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ. ﻫل ﺴﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ؟
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Exercise No.12 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Choose the correct verb in the brackets:- :ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍ ﺱ
1. They (will go - are going - is going) to move to a new house.
2. He (studies - will study - is studying) all morning tomorrow.
3. We (starts- shall start - will start) work next week.
4. Tomorrow, I (swam - swim - shall swim) in the sea.
5. Ali (will built - built - will build) a new house in the future.
II) Correct the verbs between brackets:- : ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ
1. She (clean) the rooms tomorrow.
2. We (see) him next Friday.
3. Ahmed (visit) us in the next Monday.
4. My father (be) forty next May.
5. I (take) the exam next Tuesday.
6. Mazen's father (arrive) to Gaza tomorrow.
7. Nadia (study) at home tomorrow.
8. We (meet) Ali next week.
9. When you (meet) them? I (meet) them at 7:00 o'clock.
10. He (leave) in a few days.
Birds of a feather flock together.
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Exercise No. 13 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
General Exercises on Tenses
I) Correct the verbs between brackets:- : ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ
1. He usually (visit) us once a month.
2. I (make) few mistakes but she (make) many mistakes.
3. He (live) in England since 1985.
4. We (finish) the project by the end of the year.
5. Many planets ( to move) round the sun.
6. He (travel) to France next week.
7. If you think it over, you (see) I am right.
8. The doctor (examine) him and (give) him some pills.
9. After I (work) for some time, I (hear) a knock at the door.
10. I (wait) her till she comes back.
11. I (wait) her till she came back.
12. Samy (come) tomorrow.
13. My uncle (become) better.
14. She (leave) London before we (reach).
15. I (not see) my friend since his absence.
16. I (see) you yesterday; you (sit) outside a café.
17. The pupils (learn) English grammar now.
18. Yesterday, I (visit) my uncle Khalil.
19. While he (learn) to drive, he (have) many accidents.
20. Before I (come) to school, I (eat) my breakfast.
21. They (buy) some fruits now.
22. A policeman always (direct) traffic there.
23. Rain (fall) heavily tonight.
24. He (travel) in Europe when he (meet) Mary in France.
25. She (see) the accident before she (go) to school.
II) Choose the correct answers between brackets: : ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ
1. I (borrow - borrows - borrowed) three books from the library last week.
2. My friend (lived - lives - has lived) in Rafah since 1980.
3. Now, he (watches - watched - is watching) TV.
4. After I (had - had had - have had) some biscuits, I had a drink.
5. While she (was making - makes - made) tea, they (open - opened - are opening) her bag.
6. I have not met Ali (for - ago - since) the last two weeks.
7. Did you (see - saw - seen) Ahmed yesterday?
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8. Have you (did - do - done) your work?
9. She (didn't finish - hasn't finished - hadn't finished) her new book yet.
10. Generally, I (think - am thinking - thought) the story is not bad.
11. Before I (go - went - had gone) home, they (left - had left - leave).
Last night, I (sleep - am sleeping - slept) for six hours when I (receive - received - was
12. receiving) a telephone call.
13. We (move - will move - shall move) those stones soon.
14. They (visit - will visit - had visited) the farm tomorrow.
15. Have you (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem?
16. I have (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem.
17. Samy always (go - goes - went) to school on foot.
18. While I (am walking - was walking - walked) in the street I (see - saw - seen) my friend.
19. Look! He (jumps - was jumping - is jumping).
By the time, he (finishes - had finished - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring - rang -
20.
rung).
As soon as he (had finished – finishes - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring -rang -
21.
rung).
22. She (writes - writing - write) to her parents on Fridays.
23. What (they were doing - they did - were they doing) when the teacher entered?
24. I (lived - have lived - has lived) here since I (was - were - am) a little boy.
25. He (feel - felt - feels) sick after he (eats - ate - had eaten) three cakes.
The exception proves the rule.
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Tense Formation Examples Negative Interrogative
: ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ 1) I play football.
don't + Do + + …. ?
.ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ I, You, We, They :ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ I, You, We, They :ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ
2) He reads a story. I don't play football. Do you play football?
:ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ
.ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﹰﺔ .ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﻫل ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ؟
The Present Simple I, You, We, They
s + ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
doesn't + Does + + …. ?
He, She, It :ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ He, She, It :ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ
:ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴـﺔ
He doesn't read a story. Does he read a story?
He, She, It .ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ ﻫل ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔ؟
: ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ 1) They watched TV.
didn't + Did + + ................ ?
.ﻫﻡ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ
.ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل . ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻤﺎﺌﺭ
The Past Simple 1) They didn't watch TV. 1) Did they watch TV?
2) He studied the lesson.
.ﻫﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻫل ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ؟
.ﻫﻭ ﺩ ﺭ ﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ
2) He didn't study the lesson. 2) Did he study the lesson?
. ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﺭ ﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ ﻫل ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ؟
: ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ 1) I am writing now.
am, is, are + not + + ing Am, Is, Are + ﻓﺎﻋل+ + ing … ?
.ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ
am, is, are + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ+ ing
2) He is reading a story. 1) I am not writing now 1) Are you writing now?
The Present
.ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ . ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ ﺍ ﻵﻥ ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ؟
Continuous
2) He is not reading a story. 2) Is he reading a story?
3) They are walking.
.ًﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻫل ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ؟
.ﻫ ﻡ ﻴﻤﺸﻭﻥ
3) They are not walking 3) Are they walking?
ﻫل ﻫ ﻡ ﻴﻤ ﺸﻭﻥ؟
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.ﻫﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﺸﻭﻥ
Formation Examples Negative Interrogative
Tense
: ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ 1) I was running. was, were + not + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل+ ing Was, Were + ﻓﺎﻋﻞ+ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر+ ing.. ?
.ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﺠﺭﻱ
was, were + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ+ ing 1) I was not running. 1) Were you running?
The Past 2) She was making tea.
Continuous□ .ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹸﻥ ﺃﺠﺭﻱ ﻫل ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶَ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ؟
.ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﹸﺘﻌِﺩ ﺸﺎﻴﺎﹰ
2) She was not making tea. 2) Was she making tea?
3) We were drinking milk.
.ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﹸﺘِﻌﺩ ﺸﺎﻴﺎﹰ ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﹸﺘِﻌﺩ ﺸﺎﻴﹰﺎ؟
.ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻨﺸﺭﺏ ﺤﻠﻴﺒﺎﹰ
3) We were not drinking milk. 3) Were they drinking milk?
ﻨﺤﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻨﻜﹸﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﺏ ﺤﻠﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺸﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺤﻠﻴﺒﺎﹰ؟
: ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ 1) I have done my work.
have ﺃﻭhas +not + P.P Have ﺃﻭHas + ﻓﺎﻋل+ P.P …..?
.ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﹸﻤﺕﹸ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻲ
The Present have ﺃﻭhas + P.P 1) I have not done my work. 1) Have you done your work?
2) He has written the letter.
Perfect .ﻟﻡ ﺃﻗﹸﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻫل ﻗﹸﻤﺕﹶ ﺒﻌﻤﻠِﻙ؟
. ﻟﻘﺩ ﹶﻜﺘﹶﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ
2) He has not written the letter. 2) Has he written the letter?
3) They have played basketball.
. ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺘﹸﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻫل ﻜﹶﺘﹶﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ؟
.ﻟﻘﺩ ﻟِﻌﺒﻭﺍ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ
3) They have not played basketball. 3) Have they played basketball?
. ﻟﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﺍ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﻫل ﻟِﻌﺒﻭﺍ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ؟
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: ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ 1) I had met Ali.
had + not + P.P Had + ﻓﺎﻋل+ P.P …..?
had + P.P . ﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﹰﺎ
ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠ ﹸ
1) I had not met Ali. 1) Had you met Ali?
The Past 2) She had cooked the food.
. ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﹰﺎ ؟
ﻫل ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠ ﹶ
Perfect . ﻁﻌﺎﻡ
ﺨﺕﹾ ﺍﻟ ﹼ ﻁﺒ ﹶ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﹶ
2) She had not cooked the food. 2) Had she cooked the food?
3) You had done the work.
.ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻁﺒﺨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ؟
ﻁﺒ ﺨﹶﺕﹾ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﹶ
.ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل
3) You had not done the work. 3) Had you done the work?
.ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻫل ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل؟
Formation Examples Negative Interrogative
Tense
: ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ 1) I shall visit you tomorrow. shall ﺃﻭwill + not + ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ Shall ﺃﻭWill + ﻓﺎﻋل+ … ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ.?
The Future . ﹰ
ﺍ ﻏﺩ ﻙ ﺭﻭﺴﺄﺯ
shall ﺃﻭwill +ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ 1) I shan't visit you tomorrow. 1) Will you visit me tomorrow?
Simple□ 2) He will arrive next Friday.
we ﻭI :ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ shall . ﻟﻥ ﺃﺯﻭﺭﻙ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ ﻫل ﺴﺘﺯﻭﻨﻲ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ؟
. ﺴﻴﺼل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ
:ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ will 2) He won't arrive next Friday. 2) Will he arrive next Friday?
He, She, It, They, You .ﻟﻥ ﻴﺼل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﻫل ﺴﻴﺼل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ؟
Nobody listens until you say something wrong.
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Key words of the Tenses
Tense The Present The Present The Past The Present The Past The Future
The Past Simple
Simple Cont inuous Cont inuous Perfect Perfect Simple
always ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ yesterday ﺃﻤــ ﺱ now ﺍﻵﻥ while ﺒﻴﻨـﻤﺎalready ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل/ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ after ﺒـﻌﺩ tomorrow ﻏـﺩﺍﹰ
often ً ﻏﺎﻟ ﺒﺎonce ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ at the present when ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ before ﻗـﺒل soon ﺤـﺎﻻﹰ
Key Words
just ﻤﻨﺫ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻗﻠﻴل/ ﺘﻭﹰﺍ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻀﺭ
usually ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰone day at this moment ever as soon as in the future
as ﻁـﺎﻟﻤﺎ/ ﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫِﻩِ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ (ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤـﺭﺓ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺤـﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒ ل
sometimes ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨـﹰﺎ just now ﻗـﺒل ﺍﻵﻥ Look! ﺃﻨ ﹸstill
!ﻅﺭ never ﻤ ﻁﻠﻘﹰﺎ/ ﺃﺒﺩﹰﺍ until ﺤـﺘﹼﻰ tonight ﺍﻟﻠﻴـﻠﺔ
ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل/ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯل till ﺤـﺘﹼﻰ
generally ﻋ ﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰago ﻤ ﻨـ ﹸ
ﺫ Listen! !ﺍﺴﻤﻊ yet ﺒﻌـﺩ/ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ by the time next ﺍﻟﹼﺘـﺎﻟﻲ
ﺤﻴـﻨﻤﺎ
every….. …. ﻜﹸـلin olden times Smell! !ﺃﺘﺸﹸﻡ since ﻤ ﻨـ ﹸ
ﺫ (next month, year,
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ
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frequently ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ in the past while ﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ recently ﺤﺩﻴـﺜﺎﹰ )…day
ﻤِـﺭﺍﺭﹰﺍ /ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﹼﺘـﺎﻟﻲ ،ﺍﻟـﺴﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ(.. ،
never last asﺴﺎﺒﻕﹸ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ /ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ lately ﺨـﺭﹰﺍ
ﻤﺅ ﹼ
) (last month, year, day….ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ/ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ
still ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل
rarely ﻨـﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ as long as for ﻟﻤـﺩﺓ
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)Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals
( / )
(if) ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ،ﻟﻭ ،ﺇﻥ.
ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ) (ifﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ.
ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ .
ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ) (ifﻟﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻓﻌل ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ ﺴﻨﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ.
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ :
1-The Zero Conditional ( )
1) Form:
if + Present Simple Present Simple
ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁ ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ
2) Usage:
. ( 100 ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ) :
:ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒـ ) (ifﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ ) ( ,ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠِﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ) (ifﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﻓﻼ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ.
ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ Examples
1. If water freezes, it turns into ice. ﻟﻭ ﻴﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻠﺞ) .ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ (
2. If we put sugar in water, it dissolves. ﻟﻭ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ) .ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ(
3. If we heat iron, it expands. ﻟﻭ ﹸﻨﺴﺨﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ،ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ) .ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ(
2.The First Conditional ( )
1) Form:
Future
if + Present Simple ﺒﺴﻴﻁ Simple
ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒل
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ shall / will +
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ mayﺃﻭ canﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ shallﺃﻭ .will
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2) Usage:
ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜـﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘـﻕ )ﺃﻱ ﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺩﻭﺙ( ).(Probable
.( 50 ) :
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1. If you eat too much, you'll be sick. ﻟﻭ ﺘﺄﻜﹸل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻓﺴﺘﻤﺭﺽ.
2. If he works hard, he will succeed. ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒِﺠﺩٍ ،ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
3. If he works hard, he can succeed. ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ،ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
4. If he works hard, he may succeed. ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ،ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
5. You'll fall if you are not careful. ﺴﺘﻘﻊ ،ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺤﺫﺭ.
6. If he does not work hard, he will not succeed. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ،ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
3.The Second Conditional ( )
1) Form:
if + Past Simple ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ should / would +
ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ mightﺃﻭ couldﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ shouldﺃﻭ .would
2) Usage:
ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﹸﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ -:
( ): ) .(Improbable ) (
.( 10
If he won the prize, he would buy a new car.
ﺇﺫﺍ /ﻟﻭ ﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎ ﺌﺯﺓ ،ﻓﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﹰﺓ ).ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺭﺠﺢ ﺃﹸﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ (.
. (
If they had some money, they would stay at a hotel.
1.
ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻭﺩ ،ﻟﻤﻜﺜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﻕِ) .ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﺜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺩﻕ(.
If I were rich, I wouldn't drive an old car. ﻤﺔ.
ﺕ ﻏﻨﻴﹰﺎ ،ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﹸﺩﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻗﺩﻴ ﹰ
ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨ ﹸ
2.
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ) (wasﻤﻊ ) ( Iﻟﹸﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﻤﻜﻥ) .ﺃﻱ :ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ(.
ﺃﹼﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ) (wereﺒﺩ ﹰ
3. If I were you, I would (I'd) tell the police. ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ ،ﻷﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻁﺔ.
:ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ) ( wereﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ) (wasﻤﻊ ) ،( I, He, She, Itﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ )ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ( ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ.
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Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1. If he studied hard, he would (could) succeed. .( ﻟﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ٍﺒﺠﺩ ﻟﻭ ﺩ ﺭ ﺱ
2. If I met a lion, I would climb a tree. . ﻓﺴﺄﺘﺴﻠﹼﻕﹸ ﺸﺠﺭﺓﹰ،ﻟﻭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺃﺴﺩﺍﹰ
3. If I were you, I'd take the money. . ﻷﺨﺫﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ،ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ
4. If I were a car, I would be Mercedes. . ﻟﺭﻏﺒﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉِ ﻤﺭﺴﻴﺩﺱ،ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ
5. If you found a snake in your room, you should run away. . ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺭﺏ،ﺕ ﺜﻌﺒﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓِﺘﻙ
ﻟﻭ ﻭﺠﺩ ﹶ
3.The Third Conditional ( )
1) Form:
if + Past Perfect should have / would have + P.P
ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀ ﻲ
.would have ﺃﻭshould have ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥcould have ﺃﻭmight have ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
2) Usage:
( ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲٍﺀ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤـﺩ ﺙ ﺃﻭImpossible) ﺸﺭﻁﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ
ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹸﺠﻤل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
.( 0 : ) .ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
If he had informed the police, he wouldn't have
1. . ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﹸﻗِﺘ َل،ﺸﺭﻁﺔ
ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﹶﺨﺒ ﺭ ﺍﻟ ﱡ
been killed.
If he had studied hard, he would (could) have ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗـﺩ،ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ
2.
succeeded. .( ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ
If I had listened to his advice, I wouldn't have lost ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗـﺩ،ٍﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﻌﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻪ
3.
the money. .() ﹸﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺩﻡ.ﻓﻘﺩﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﱡﻨﻘﻭﺩ
4. If my parents hadn't married, I wouldn't have been born. . ﻟﻤﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻟِﺩﺕﹸ،ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﹸﻜﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻱ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺯﻭﺠﺎ
5. If he had made a mistake, he would have apologized. . ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺫﺭ،ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋِﻤلَ ﺨﻁًﺄ
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If
ﺸﺭﻁ ) ،( ifﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺒﺩﻭﺀﹰﺓ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔﹰ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤ ﺫﻓﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ) (Should - Had - Wereﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل( )ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ،ﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
(1ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ) ( ifﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ) (shouldﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴﺔ.
If he studies hard, he will succeed.
1. = Should he studies hard, he will succeed. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل( ﻟﻭ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ،ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
If he succeeded, he would join the university.
2. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ( ﻟﻭ ﻨﺠﺢ ،ﻓﺴﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ.
= Should he succeeded, he would join the university.
ﺸﺭﻁﻴ ﺔ.
ﻻ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ) (wereﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
(2ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ) ( ifﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
If I were a bird, I would fly.
1. ﺕ ﻋ ﺼﻔﻭﺭﹰﺍ ،ﻟﻁِﺭﺕﹸ.
ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨ ﹸ
= Were I a bird, I would fly.
If he bought that car, it would cost him much. ﻟﻭ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻟﻜﻠﹼﻔﺘﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ.
2.
= Were he to buy that car, it would cost him much. ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ were…. toﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥ .if
ﺸﺭﻁﻴ ﺔ.
ﻻ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ) (Hadﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎ ﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻟﺙ ِﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
(3ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ) ( ifﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل hadﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﻫﺎ.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل hadﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل.
If I had enough money, I would buy a new house.
1. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ( ﺩﺍ .
ﻻ ﺠﺩﻴ ﹰ
ﺎﻻ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ،ﻻﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﻨﺯ ﹰ
ﻟﻭ ﺃﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﻤ ﹰ
= Had I enough money, I would buy a new house.
If he studied hard, he would have succeeded.
2. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ( ﺒﺠﺩٍ ،ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ. ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩ ﺭ ﺱ
= Had he studied hard, he would have succeeded.
If they had obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
3. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ( ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻁﺎﻋﻭﻨﻲ ،ﻟﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺒﺤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ .
= Had they obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
(4ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ .unless
unless = if…..not / /
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻴ ﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲٍﺀ ﺴﻠﺒﻲ .
ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻓﻌل ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁ.
ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ) (unlessﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩِﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒ ﻴﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴ ﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
If he does not succeed, he will not join the university.
1. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ ،ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ.
= Unless he succeeds, he will not join the university.
If he did not work hard, he would not succeed.
2. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ،ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
= Unless he worked hard, he would not succeed.
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If he had not paid money, he would not have received
the goods.
3. . ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ،ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ
= Unless he had paid money, he would not have
received the goods.
If he did not take this medicine, he would not be better.
4. . ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺀ
= Unless he took this medicine, he would not be better.
Exercise No. 14 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Choose the correct answer: :ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹ ﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺤﻴﺤﺔ
1. If she (had – has – have) time, she will visit us.
2. What (will – would – do) you do if you (has – had – have) a lot of money?
3. If he (came – come-comes), I (should – shall – would) forgive him.
4. (Was – Were – Am) I a car, I (will – would – shall) be Ford.
5. If she (stayed – stays – had stayed) at home, she would have received the telegram.
II) Correct the verbs between brackets: :ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ
1. If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
2. Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
3. If you (to eat) too much, you will be sick.
4. Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
5. If he played well, he (win) the match.
Books and friends should be few but good.
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If
Time
Form Examples
Probability Usage
percentage
The Zero
Conditional if + Present Simple Present Simple any time
ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺤﻘ ﺎﺋﻖ If water freezes, it turns into ice.
If %100 ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻣُﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ .ًاﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ .( ﻓﺈﻧّﮫ ﯾﺘﺤﻮّل إﻟﻰ ﺛﻠﺞٍ )ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ،ﻟﻮ ﯾﺘﺠﻤّﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء
( )
1) If you clean my bike, I'll give
The First
you a dollar.
Conditional ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ ﺷ ﻲءfuture .ً ﻓﺴﺄُﻋﻄﯿﻚ دوﻻﺭﺍ،ﻟﻮ ﺗُﻨﻈﻒ دﺭﺍﺟﺘﻲ
if + Present Simple Future Simple
If %50 ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﺤُﺪوث
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ 2) Should he studies hard, he will
ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ .()ﻣﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ
succeed.
( ) (will, shall + )ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ . ﻓﺴﯿﻨﺠﺢ،ٍﻟﻮ ﯾﺪرس ﺑﺠﺪ
1) If he won the prize, he would
The Second buy a car.
conditional if + Past Simple should, would + ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ future ﻓﺴﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﺳﯿﺎر،إذا ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰﺓ
ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء .ًً ة
If %10 ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ .ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﻮﻗُﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ
2) If I were a bird, I would fly.
. ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ،ًﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔُﻮﺭﺍ
( ) 3) Were I a bird, I would fly.
. ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ،ًﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔﻮﺭﺍ
1) If he had studied hard, he
would have succeeded.
The Third if + Past Perfect should (would) have + P.P * ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء . ﻟﻜﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺢ،ٍﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ درس ﺑِﺠﺪ
Conditional
ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ * .ﻣُﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮع past 2) If I had listened to his advice,
If %0 ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺪم أو
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ 3) I would not have lost my
اﻷﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ money.
( ) .ﺣﺪث
ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ،ِﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻤﻌﺖُ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﯿﺤﺘﮫ
.( ) ﻓﻘﺪتًُ ُﻧﻘﻮدﻱ
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Active Voice and Passive Voice
. 1ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ) (Active Voiceﹸﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔ ﺎﻋل ) (subjectﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل .
:
1. Ahmed rides a bicycle. ﻴﺭﻜﺏ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺠﺔﹰ.
2. Huda plays games. ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺒﺎﹰ.
. . 2ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ) (Passive Voiceﹸﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ) (Objectﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل .
:
Verb To Be by
* ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﹸﻨﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ،ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ،ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻨﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ،ﹸﻨﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل. ﺇﻟﻰ
1. A bicycle is ridden by Ahmed. ﺘﹸﺭ ﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭ ﺍﺠﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ.
2. Games are played by Huda. ﺘﹸﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻫ ﺩﻯ.
:
Active & Passive Voice
( )
)(Statement )(Order )(Question
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1. Statement
:Passive Active
ﻋﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل )ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ (.
. 1ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺎ ﹰ
. 2ﻨﻀﻊ ) ( Verb To B eﻤ ﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ(.
.3ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ) .( Verb To Be
. 4ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﹰﻗﺎ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ ،byﻭﻗﺩ ﻴ ﺸﻁﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭﹰﺍ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴ ﻀﻴﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ،
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﹼﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ .
Verb To Be by
:
: .1
ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل.
ﺏ( ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺯﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل.
ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ،ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل) .ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ (.
.2ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﹸﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﹰﺔ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ byﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ،ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﹸﻨﺠﻤـل
ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ activeﺇﻟﻰ -:passive
I he she it we they you
me him her it us them you
: To Be
Tenses Verb To Be
Present Simple ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ am, is, are
Past Simple ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ was, were
Present Continuous ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ am being, is being, are being
Past Continuous ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ was being, were being
Present Perfect ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎ ﻡ has been, have been
Past Perfect ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ had been
Future Simple ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ shall be, will be
56
:
:
be am, is, are was, were been being
ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻓـﻲ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺯﻤـﻥ ﺃﻭﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ
: ﻤﺜل،ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ .ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ .ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤـ ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ
will, would, shall, should can, . ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﹼﺘـ ﺎﻡ
could, must, had to, ought to
.ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
Active Voice Passive Voice
Shadi studies English. English is studied by Shadi.
1.
.ﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﻴ ﺩ ﺭ ﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ ﺔ .ﺘﹸﺩﺭ ﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺸﺎﺩﻱ
She bought many books. Many books were bought by her.
2.
.ِﻫﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘﹸﺏ .ﺏ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ
ِ ﺸﹸﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹸﻜﹸﺘ
They visited the farm. The farm was visited by them.
3.
.ﻫﻡ ﺯﺍﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ .ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺘ ﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ
Samia is studying the map. The map is being studied by Samia.
4.
.ﺘﹸﺩﺭ ﺱ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ .ﺘﹸﺩﺭ ﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ
5. She is cooking dinner. . ﻫﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﺦﹸ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀDinner is being cooked by her. .ﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ ﻴ ﻁﺒ ﹸ
She was arranging them. They were being arranged by her.
6.
.ﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﺭﺘﹼﺒﻬﻡ .ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺭﹼﺘﺒﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ
They were watching television. Television was being watched by them.
7.
. ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴ ﹶ .ﺸﺎﻫ ﺩ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ
ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ ﹶ
Huda is writing the letters. The letters are being written by Huda.
8.
. ﻫﺩﻯ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﺌل .ﺘﹸﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻫ ﺩﻯ
9. They congratulated us. .ﻫﻨــﺎﺅﻨﺎ ﹼ We were congratulated by them. .ﻫ ﻨﱢـِﺌﻨﺎ ﺒﻭﺍ ﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ
He has mended a chair. A chair has been mended by him.
10.
.ﻟﻘﺩ ﺼ ﹼﻠﺢ ﻜﹸﺭﺴﻴﺎﹰ .ﻟﻘﺩ ﺼ ﱢﻠﺢ ﹸﻜﺭﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ
They have built the road. The road has been built by them.
11.
.ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻨﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ .ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒ ِﻨﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
12. He drives a car. .ﻫﻭ ﻴ ﻘﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﹰﺓ A car is driven by him. .ِﺘﹸﻘﹸﺎﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﹰﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ
13. We met them. . ﻨﺤﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻨﺎﻫﻡThey were met by us. .ﻗﹸﺒِﻠﻭﺍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻨﺎ
She had prepared everything. Everything had been prepared.
14.
.ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩﺕ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ِ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ُﺃ
.ﻋﺩ
It was making much noise. Much noise was being made by it.
15.
. ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﹸﺘﺼِﺩﺭ ﻀﺠﹰﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓﹰ . ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﺼ ﺩَﺭ ﻀﺠﹰﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﹰﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﺭ ﺍِﺌﻬﺎ
16. I have remembered it. . ﻟﻘﺩ ﹶﺘﹶﺫﻜﹼـﺭﹶﺘﻪIt has been remembered by me. . ﺘﻡ ﻟﻲ ﺘﺫﹸﻜﺭ ﻩ
The government will build a bridge. A bridge will be built. .ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺠﺴﺭ
17. .ﺴﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺠﺴﺭﺍﹰ
.( ﻗﺩ ﺤ ﺫﻓﺕthe government ﻜﻠﻤﺔ: )
57
:
:
: ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘ ﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒ ﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ ﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴ ﻠﻲ (Defective Verb) ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺠ ﻤﻠِﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻌل ﻨﺎﻗﺹ.1
ُِ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل
The Defective Verb + be + P.P
+ be +
:
will – would – shall – should – can – could – may – might – must - ought to (had to).
Active Voice Passive Voice
He may bring them. They may be brought by him.
1.
.ﻀﺭ ﻫ ﻡ
ِ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻴ ﺤ .ِﻁﺘﻪ
ِ ﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤ ﻀ ﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴ
They will cross the lake. The lake will be crossed by them.
2.
. ﻫﻡ ﺴﻴﻌﺒﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﹶﺓ .ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﻋ ﺒﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘِﻬﻡ
She can not carry it. It can not be carried by her.
3.
.ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ َُ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺤﻤل
.ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘِﻬﺎ
-: ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ.2
have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) +
-: ( ﺘﹸﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲPassive) ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭل
have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) + be +
Active Voice Passive Voice
Everyone has to follow the orders. The orders have to be followed. .ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ
.ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻓﺭﺩٍ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﹼﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ
1. The ) ( ﻷhave) ( ﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟـﻰhas) ﺍﻟﻔﻌل:
.( ﺠﻤﻊorders
They are going to carry out the new The new project is going to be carried out.
2. project. .ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﹸﺫﻩ
.ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ
ِ ﺴﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ( ﻤ ﻔﺭﺩproject ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪis ﺘﺤﻭﻟﺕ ﺇﻟﻰare :
I am going to prepare the new lessons. The new lessons are going to be prepared.
3.
. ﺴﺄﺤﻀﺭ ﺍﻟ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ .ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭﻫﺎ
.(Passive) ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭلVerb To Be ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ.4
Active Voice Passive Voice
He does not make the mistake. The mistake is not made by him.
1.
. ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﹸﻘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻁﺄ .ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ
I did not write the lesson. The lesson was not written by me.
2.
. ﻟﻡ ﺃﹾﻜﹸﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭ ﺱ .ﺍﻟﺩﺭ ﺱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻲ
58
:
They have not met Ali. Ali has not been met by them.
3.
.ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﻘﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﹰﺎ .ﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﻘﺎﺒل ﻋﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ
She won't write the letter. The letter won't be written by her.
4.
. ﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔﹶ
َ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻥ ﺘﻜﺘ .ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﹶﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ ﹸﺘﻜﹾﹶﺘﺏ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ
( ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤلُ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨـﻲPassive) ( ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻴﻤﺘِﻠﻙ ﻜﻔﻌلٍ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺇﻟﻰVerb to Have) ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل.5
-:ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل
( ) possess own belong to + P.P +
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I have a car. . ﺃﻤﺘِﻠﻙ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰA car is had by me. XX ﺨﻁﺄ
A car is owned by me.
Or: A car is possessed by me.
.(ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻤ ﻤﺘﻠﻜﹰﺔ ﻟﻲ )ﻤﻥ ِﻗﺒﻠﻲ
Or: A car belongs to me.
2. I had a car. . ﺍﻤﺘﻠﻜﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰA car was owned by me.
Or: A car was possessed by me.
Or: A car was belonged to me.
.ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺍﻤﺘﹸﻠِﻜﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗِﺒﻠﻲ
ﻅﺭﻑ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﹼﺘـﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻟـ ﺙ
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟ ﹼ،( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡAdverb of Manner) ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻅﺭﻑ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ.6
.ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ
Active Voice Passive Voice
The teacher punished the lazy boy severely. The lazy boy was severely punished by the teacher.
1.
.ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻋﺎﹶﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻭل ﺒﻘﺴﻭٍﺓ .ﻋ ﻭِﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻭل ﺒﻘﺴﻭٍﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭ ﺱ
Mother cooks the food excellently. The food is excellently cooked by mother.
2.
.ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺒﺼﻭﺭٍﺓ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯٍﺓ ﺃﻤﻲ ﺘﻁﺒ ﹸ
ﺦ ﺍﻟ ﹼ .ﻁ ﻌﺎﻡ ﺒﺼﻭﺭٍﺓ ﺠﻴﺩٍﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺃﻤﻲ ﺦ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻴ ﻁﺒ ﹸ
He speaks English well. English is well spoken by him.
3.
.ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ .ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﹸﺘﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ
ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﻅل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌ ِل ﻋﻨﺩ،( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلPreposition) ﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ
ِ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭ.7
.ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل
Active Voice Passive Voice
They are looking for the map. The map is being looked for by them.
1.
.ِﻴﺒﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ
َ ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ .ﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﹶﺔ ﻴ ﺒﺤ ﹸ
She looks after her children. Her children are looked after by her.
2.
.ﻫﻲ ﺘﺭﻋﻰ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﺎ .ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﻫﺎ ﻴ ﺭﻋﻭ ﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ
I looked at the picture carefully. The picture was carefully looked at by me.
3.
.(ٍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻭﺭِﺓ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴٍﺔ )ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ
ﻨﻅﺭ ﹸ .ﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴٍﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻲ
ِ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﹸﻨ
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:
ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ٍﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل ُِ( ،ﻭﻤﻔﻌﻭل ٍّ ﺒﻪ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀـﻤﻴﺭ .8ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ٍّ ﺒﻪ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘ ٍﺔ
ﻏﻴﺭ
ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌ ِل(.
ٍ ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘ ٍﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻤﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻟﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻨﺎﺌ ﺏ
ﻓﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠ ﻬﻭل.
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ toﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻨﻲ }ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ
)ﺍﻟﹸﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ( ﻨﻀﻊ toﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ({.
The y gave me a pre sent. ﻫﻡ ﺃﻋﻁﻭﻨﻲ ﻫﺩﻴﺔﹰ.
ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )(1 ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )(2
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ﻴ ﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺍﻷﻭل( ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ.
Active Voice Passive Voice
They gave me a present. A present was given to me by them.
ﺃﻋﻁﻭﻨﻲ ﻫﺩﻴﺔﹰ. ﻁﻴﺕ ﻟﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ. ﻫﺩﻴﹰﺔ ُﺃﻋ ِ
1.
Or: I was given a present by them.
ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺕ ﻫﺩﻴﹰﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ.
He taught them many lessons. They were taught many lessons by him.
ﻋﻠﻤﻬ ﻡ ﺩ ﺭﻭﺴﹰﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ .
ﹼ ﻋ ﱢﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻭﺴﹰﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘِِﻪ.
2.
Or: Many lessons were taught to them by him.
ﺩ ﺭﻭﺴﺎﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺓ ﻋ ﱢﻠﻤ ﺕﹾ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ.
ﻼ ﻻ ﻴﺠـﻭﺯ
ﺒﻭﻕ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭٍ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ،ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻍ ﺠﻤﻠﹰﺔ ﻤﻔﻌﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﻤﺴ ٍ
.9ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺤﺎلٍُ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺼﻭ ﹶ
ﺃﻥ ﻨﺼﻭﻍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل:
Samy went to school. ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ.
ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ
. 10ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل )ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ،(to +ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻴﻅل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬـﻭل ،ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴـﺄﺘﻲ
)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ (to +ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻔﻌﻭﻟِﻬﺎ ،ﻤﺜل-:
tell ﻴ ﺨﺒﺭ advise sendﻴﻨﺼﺢ ﺴل
ﻴﺭ ِ
ask expectﻴﺴﺄل offerﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﻴﻌﺭﺽ
Active Voice Passive Voice
He advised me to give up smoking. I was advised to give up smoking.
ﻫﻭ ﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ُﺃﻗِﻠﻊ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺩﺨﻴﻥِ . ﻥ.
ﺕ ﺒﺄﻥ ُﺃﻗِﻠﻊ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺩﺨ ﻴ ِ ﺃﻨﺎ ﹸﻨ ِ
ﺼﺤ ﹸ
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ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴ ﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ- :
Active Voice Passive Voice
I never expected the police to arrest the thief. I never expected the thief to be arrested.
ﺹ.
ﻟﻡ ﺃﺘﻭﹼﻗﻊ ﺒﺄﻥ ﹸﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﹼﻟﻠ ِ ﻟﻡ ﺃﺘﻭﹼﻗﻊ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﹼﻟﻠﺹ ﺃﻟِﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ .
.11ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻴ ﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻴ ﻀﻴﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﺎﻋـل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﻤﺠﻬـﻭل
ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ( ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠِﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ) ، (Passiveﻤﺜل-:
ﺍﻟ ﹼ
people somebodyﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ nobodyﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ
someone the policeﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ the governmentﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ
Active Voice Passive Voice
The police arrested the thief. The thief was arrested.
1. ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺃﻭﻗﻔﺕ )ﺃﻟﻘﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ( ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ. ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ ﺃُﻭﻗِﻑ )ﺃﻟﻘِﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ(.
:ﻜﻠﻤﺔ The policeﻗﺩ ﺤ ِﺫﻓﺕ ﻷﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺔ ﻀﻤﻨﹰﺎ.
Someone stole her jewels yesterday. Her jewels were stolen yesterday.
ﺭﻕ ﺠﻭﺍ ﻫﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ.
ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺴ ﹶ ﺠﻭﺍﻫﺭﻫﺎ ﺴ ﺭِﻗﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ.
2.
:ﻜﻠﻤﺔ Someoneﻗﺩ ﺤ ﺫﻓﺕ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺔ ﻀﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﻭﻻ ﹸﺘـﻀﻴﻑ
ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ.
Nobody has attacked him yet. He has not attacked yet.
3. ﻟﻡ ﻴﻬﺎﺠﻤﻪ ﺃﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﻌﺩ )ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ(. ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻬﺎﺠ َﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ )ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ(.
:ﻜﻠﻤﺔ Nobodyﻗﺩ ﺤ ِﺫﻓﺕ .
.12ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ-:
People say ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ Scientists know ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ One newspaper reports ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻑ ﺘﻨﺸﺭ
Doctors believe ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ People think The police allegeﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ ﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺩﻋﻲ
ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﹸﺘﺤﻭل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎِﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ-:
Active Voice Passive Voice
People say…. It is said....ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﻴ ﻘﺎل ﺒﺄﻥ ....
People said …. It was said ….ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻟﻭﺍ ﻗﻴل ﺒﺄﻥ ....
Doctors believe.... It is believed ….ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴ ﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ ....
…People knew. ّIt was known ….ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻋﻠِﻤﻭﺍ /ﻋﺭِﻓﻭﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎ ....
The police allege…. ﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺩﻋ ﻲ
It is alleged….ﺍﻟ ﹼ ﺃﺩﻋﻲ ....
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
Active Voice Passive Voice
People say that he is mad. It is said that he is mad.
1. . ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥOr: He is said to be mad.
. ﻴ ﻘﺎل ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥ/ َﻗِﻴل
People say that peace will prevail soon. It is said that peace will prevail soon.
2. . ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺴﻴﻌﻡ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎOr: The peace is said to be prevailed soon.
. ﻴ ﻘﺎل ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺴﻴﻌﻡ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ
The police allege that the thief escaped. It is alleged that the thief escaped.
3. .ﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﹼﻟﻠﺹ ﻫﺭﺏ ﺍﻟ ﹼOr: The thief is said to be escaped.
.ﺇﻨﻪ ﻴ ﺩﻋﻰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﹼﻟﻠﺹ ﻫﺭﺏ
People think that the Earth is not exactly round. It is thought that the Earth is not exactly round.
4. . ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﹰﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎOr: The Earth is thought to be not exactly round.
. ﹼﺇﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ
( ﻴﻌﻭﺩReflexive Pronoun) ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤ ﻨﻌﻜﺱ،(ﻴ ﺠ ﻌ َّل / )ﻴ ﺩ ﻉLet ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻊ، ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ.13
ﻀﻤﻴﺭ
-:ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل
Active Voice Passive Voice
Don't let people hear you. Don't let yourself (or: yourselves) be heard.
1.
.ﻻ ﺘﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﺴﻤﻌﻭﻙ .ﻻ ﺘﺩﻉ ﻨﻔﺴﻙ )ﺼﻭﺘﻙ( ﻤﺴﻤﻭﻋﺔﹰ
He let people cheat him. He let himself be cheated.
2.
.ﻫﻭ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﻐ ﺸﻭﻩ .ﻫﻭ ﺠﻌل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺘﹸﻐﺵ
Smile . . . tom orrow m ay be worse.
. ...
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2.Order
ﺇﻥ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﻐﹸﻠﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ ﺔ .
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ-:
Let + object + be + P.P
/ + + be +
Active Voice Passive Voice
Open the window. Let the window be opened.
1.
ﺍﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻓـﺫﺓﹶ. ﺍﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻓﺫﺓﹶ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔﹰ.
Keep this medicine away from heat. Let this medicine be kept away from heat.
2.
ﺍﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ. ﺩ ﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ .
Clean the room. Let the room be cleaned.
3.
ﻨﻅﻑ ﺍﻟﹸﻐﺭﻓـﺔﹶ.ِ ﺍﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻐﹸﺭﻓﺔﹶ ﻨﻅﻴﻔﺔﹰ.
Give me your book. Let your book be given to me.ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻙ.
ﺩ ﻉ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻙ ﻴ ﻌﻁﻰ ﻟﻲ.
4.
Or: Let me be given your book.
ﺩ ﻋﻨﻲ ﺃﻋ ﻁﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻙ .
If you think education is expensive -- try ignorance.
. ...
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3. Question ( ) m
: ( )
( )
Question
begins with a question word begins with a helping verb
)(Yes, NO question )(Wh- question
: ( )(Yes, NO question )
.1ﻴ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤﻠ ٍﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ ٍﺔ ،ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ،ﻭﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟(.
.2ﹸﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ) (Passiveﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ.
.3ﹸﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔِ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ،ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل ،ﻭﺍﻥ
ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ.
( )(Wh- question )
:
.1ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ) ) (Whoﻤ ﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل ( ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ )) (By whomﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ ﻥ( ﻤﻊ ﺇﹼﺘﺒـﺎﻉ
(By whom ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔWho) .
.2ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔ ﻬﺎﻡ )) (Whomﻤ ﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻭل( ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ )) (Whoﻤ ـﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋـل( ﻤـﻊ ﺇﹼﺘﺒـﺎﻉ
(Who ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔWhom) .
Active Voice Passive Voice
?Did she help him 1. She helped him.
2. He was helped by her.ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ؟
1. ?3. Was he helped by her
ﻫل ﺴ ﻭﻋِﺩ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ؟
?Can anyone answer this question 1. Anyone can answer this question.
2. This question can be answered.ﻫل ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل؟
2. ?3. Can this question be answered
ﻫل ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥِ ﺤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل؟
?Does she break the plates 1. She breaks the plates.
2. The plates are broken by her.ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺘﹸﻜﹶﺴ ﺭ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﻕ؟
3. ?3. Are the plates broken by her
ﻫل ﹸﺘﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ؟
?Were they playing football 1. They were playing football.
2. Football was being played by them.ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ؟
4. ?3. Was football being played them by
ﻫل ﻟﹸﻌِﺒﺕ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ ؟
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Have they painted the walls? 1. They have painted the walls.
ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻫﻨﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ؟2. The walls have been painted by them.
5. 3. Have the walls been painted by them?
ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﺩ ِﻫ ﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ؟
Why are you making a fuss? 1. You are making a fuss.
ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﹸﺘﺤﺩﹸﺜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﹶﻠﺒﹰﺔ؟2. A fuss is being made by you.
6. 3. Why is a fuss being made by you?
ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﹸﺘﺤﺩﺙﹸ ﺠ ﹶﻠﺒﹰﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻜﻡ؟
Will Ali write the lesson? 1. Ali will write the lesson.
ﻫل ﺴﻴﻜﹸﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ؟2. The lesson will be written by Ali.
7. 3. Will the lesson be written by Ali?
ﻫل ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒ ًﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ؟
Where did she hide it? 1. She hid it.
ﺃﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺨﺒـﺄﺘﻪ؟2. It was hidden by her.
8. 3. Where was it hidden by her?
ﺨﺒﺊ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺘﻬﺎ؟ ﺃﻴﻥ ﹸ
Who killed the cat? 1. The cat was killed.
ﻤﻥ ﻗﹶﺘﹶ َل ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﹼﺔ؟2. Was the cat killed?
9. 3. By whom was the cat killed?
ﻁﺔ؟
ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﹸﻗِﺘﻠﺕ ﺍﻟِﻘ ﹼ
Who will carry out the project? 1. The project will be carried out.
ﻤﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﹼﻔﹸﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ؟2. Will the project be carried out?
10. 3. By whom will the project be carried out?
ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ ﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﻔﺫﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ؟
Whom did you meet? 1. I met someone.
ﺒﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺕَ؟2. Someone was met by me.
11. 3. Was someone met by me?
4. Who was met by you?
ﻭﺒلَّ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻙ؟ ِ ﻤ ﻥ ﹸﻗ
All great discoveries are m ade by mistake.
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Exercise No. 15 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
General Exercises on Active Voice and Passive Voice
Change Into Passive Voice: :ﺤﻭ ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺠﻬﻭل
1. Kamel wrote many letters. .ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭٍﺓ
ٍ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻜﹶﺘﹶﺏ
2. They may have to cancel the meeting. .ﻫﻡ ﺭ ﺒ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻁﺭﻭﻥ ﻷﻥ ﻴﻠﻐﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ
3. He was carrying two big bags . .ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﻤل ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺘﻴﻥ
4. I shall help him. . ﺴـﺄ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﻩ
5. She ate an apple. . ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻜﹶﻠﺕﹾ ﹸﺘﻔﹶﺎﺤﺔﹰ
6. Passing cars have crushed it. . ﻟﻘﺩ ﺩﻫﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ
7. The man is carrying a heavy box. .ﻼ
ﻴﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺭ ﺠ ل ﺼ ﻨﺩﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺜﻘﻴ ﹰ
8. Someone taught him French and gave him a dictionary. .ﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﺎ ﻋﹼﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻁﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﻤﻭﺴﹰﺎ
9. She was washing clothes. .ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ
10. You can keep these papers. .ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ )ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ( ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ
11. They could not open the door. .ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﺘﺤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ
12. She has written twenty letters to her friends. .ﻟﻘﺩ ﹶﻜﹶﺘﺒ ﺕﹾ ﻋ ﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﹰﺔ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ
13. He is looking for his bag. .ِﻫﻭ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘِﻪ
He gave them many useful lessons. .ﺃﻋﻁﺎﻫﻡ ﺩ ﺭﻭﺴﹰﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﹰﺓ
14. a) Begin with: They……..
b) Begin with: Many useful lessons…….
I showed him my new book. .ﺃﺭﻴﺘﹸﻪ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ
15. a) Begin with: He………
b) Begin with: My new book…….
He offered us a big house in Gaza. .ﻻ ﻀﺨﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ
ﻗﺩﻡ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻤﻨﺯ ﹰ
16. a) Begin with: We…….
b) Begin with: A big house in Gaza………..
17. People say that there is no water on the moon. .ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤِﺭ
18. I am having a car. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﺍﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ
19. Don't open the door. .ﻻ ﺘﹸﻐﻠﻕﹶ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ
20. Give this book to Emad. .ﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩ
ِ ﺃﻋ
21. I don't want any buildings here. .ﻥ ﻫ ﻨﺎ
ٍ ﻻ ﺃﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺒﺎ
22. You must leave everything as it is. .ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ
23. They have not cleaned the room. .ﻨﻅﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ
ِ ﻟﻡ ﻴ
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24. I have looked up this word. .ِﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺸﻔﺕﹸ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻤﻭﺱ
25. People say that she is innocent. .ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﹸﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺇﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﹰﺔ
26. People said that she is innocent. .ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺔﹰ
27. Bring all necessary things. .ﺃﺤﻀِﺭ ﻜل َُ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴ ﺔ
28. Where have you left my car? ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﺕﹶ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻲ؟
29. Do people speak English all over the world? ﻫل ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﹼﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ؟
30. Will they allow us five minutes break? ﻫل ﺴﻴﺴﻤﺤﻭﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﺨﻤﺴﺔِ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺤﺔِ؟
31. Did you buy any spare parts? ﺎﺭ؟
ِ ﻫل ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹶ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻁﻊ ٍ ﻟﻠﻐﻴ
32. Who asked both boys to leave? ﻤﻥ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﹶﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻐﺎﺩﺭﺍ؟
33. Who showed him the way? ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ(؟
ﻕ )ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ِ ﻁﺭﻴ
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺸﺩﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
34. Who has cooked the food? ﻁﻌﺎﻡ؟
ﻁﺒ ﺦﹶ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﹶ
35. Who told this story? ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ؟
36. When did they find the ring? ﻤﺘﻰ ﻭﺠﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻡ؟
37. Is Ali writing the letter now? ﻫل ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ؟
38. Has anybody answered your question? ﻫل ﺃﺠﺎﺏ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺅﺍﻟﻙ؟
39. Do they gain much money? ﻻ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ؟
ﻫل ﻴﺭﺒﺤﻭﻥ ﻤﺎ ﹰ
40. Why did not they tell me the truth? ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺒﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘِﺔ؟
For a "TRUE" proble m, there is no solution.
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Direct and Indirect Speech
( Re p orte d Sp ee ch )
( - :ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻘل ﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ،ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﹰﺓ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻡ ) D ir ec t Sp ee c h
ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ(.
( - :ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻘل ﻓﺤﻭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﻼﻡ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻡ ) In d ir ec t Sp ee c h
ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ.
ﻼﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸٍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡ ٍﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸٍﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ- :
ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜ ٍ
Sentences
)(Statement )(Question )(Command )(Request )(Exclamation
begin with begin with
a quest ion word a helping verb
(Yes / No -
( )questions )
ﻤﺜلWhat, Where, Who : ﻤﺜلAre, Do, Have, Will :
1. Statement
):(indirect )(direct
.1ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ )ﺃﻱ :ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
say say - declareﻴﻘﹸﻭل ﻴ ﻌﻠِﻥ /ﻴ ﺼﺭﺡ ﺒـ
says says - declaresﻴﻘﹸﻭل ﺒـ ﻴ ﻌﻠِﻥ /
say to tell - declareﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴ ﺼﺭﺡ ﻴ ﺨﺒِـﺭ/
ﻴ ﺼﺭﺡ ﺒـ
says to tells - declaresﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴ ﺨـِﺒﺭ /ﻴ ﺼﺭﺡ ﺒـ
said ﻗﺎل said - declared ﻗﺎل /ﺼﺭﺡ ﺒـ
said to told - declaredﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺒـﺭ /ﺼﺭﺡ ﺒـ
shall say shall say - shall declareﺴﻴﻘﻭل ﺴﻴﺨﺒﺭ /ﺴﻴﺼﺭﺡ ﺒـ
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.2ﹸﺘﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻨﺼﻴﺹ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ( ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) (thatﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺃﻥ( ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ.
.3ﹸﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻀﻤﺎﺌٍﺭ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ.
.4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ )ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟـﺯﻤﻥ
ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ.5 .
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ )ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻴﺘﻐﻴـﺭ
ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ- :
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present Simple Past Simpleﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ
Past Simple Past Perfectﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ
Present Perfect Past Perfectﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ
Present Continuous Past Continuousﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuousﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ
. had + been + + ing :ﺸﻜل )ﺼﻴﻐﺔ( ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻫﻲ:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
□shall shouldﺴﻭﻑ /ﺴـ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ
will wouldﺴﻭﻑ /ﺴـ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ
can couldﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ
□may mightﺭﺒﻤﺎ /ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ /ﺭ ﺒ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ
must ) had to (mustﻴﺠﺏ /ﻴ ﻠﺯِﻡ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ
ought to to oughtﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ
should + □ should have + P.Pﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴـ
would + □ would have + P.Pﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴـ
could + □ could have + P.Pﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ
might + □ might have + P.Pﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ
ﻼﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺨـﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗـﻭﺍﺱ )ﻓﻌـل
. 6ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ )ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ( ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜ ٍ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘـﻭل ﻤ ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤ ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤ ـﺴﺘﻤﺭ
ﺃﻭ ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ،ﻓﺈﹼﻨ ﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ- :
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Direct Speech Indirect Speech
this□ ﻫﺫﻩ/ ﻫﺫﺍthat ﺘﻠﻙ/ ﺫﻟﻙ
these ﻫﺅﻻﺀthose ﺃﻭﻟﺌـﻙ
here ﻫﻨـﺎthere ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ
thus ﻫﻜـﺫﺍso ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ/ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ
now ﺍﻵﻥthen / at once ﻓﻭﺭﺍﹰ/ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ/ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ
that day ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ
today ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ
the same day ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ
that night ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ
tonight ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ
the same night ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ
yesterday ﺃﻤﺱthe day before / the previous day ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒ ﻕ
the day before yesterday ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻷﻤﺱtwo days before ﻗﺒل ﻴﻭﻤﻴﻥ
yesterday afternoon ﻤﺴﺎﺀ ﺃﻤﺱthe previous afternoon ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ
tomorrow ﻏﺩﺍﹰthe following day / the next day ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ
tomorrow morning ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻐﺩthe following morning ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ
the day after tomorrow ٍ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﺩin two days' time ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻭﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﻥ/ ٍﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﺩ
the previous …..
last .... ﻤﺎﻀﻲ/ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ...ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ
the ..... before
the previous night
last night ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ
the night before
ago ﻤﻨـﺫbefore / previous ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـ ل
a year before ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺴﻨﺔ
a year ago ﻤﻨـﺫ ﺴﻨﺔ
the previous year ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ
come here ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻫ ﻨﺎgo there ﺍﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ
bring this ﺍﺤﻀﺭ ﻫﺫﺍtake that ﺨﹸـﺫ ﺫﻟﻙ
He said, "yes ". ." "ﻨﻌﻡ: ﻗﺎلHe agreed. .ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻓﻕ
He said," No". ." " ﻻ: ﻗﺎلHe refused. / He disagreed. . ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ/ ﻫﻭ ﺭﻓﺽ
He said, "Good morning". ." "ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭ: ﻗﺎلHe wished …. good morning. .ﻫﻭ ﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﺼﺒﺎﺤﺎﹰ ﻁﻴﺒﺎﹰ
He said, "thank you". ." " ﺃﺸﻜﺭﻙ: ﻗﺎلHe thanked me. .ﻫﻭ ﺸﻜﺭﻨﻲ
.ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ )ﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻋﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ :
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Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He said to me, "I shall see you tomorrow". He told me that he would see me the next day.
1.
ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ " :ﺴﺄﺭﺍﻙ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ". ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻲ.
They say, "We shall play basketball tomorrow". They say that they will play basketball tomorrow.
2. ﻫﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ" :ﺴﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﻏﺩﹰﺍ ". ﻫﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﺍ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻬﻡ ﺴﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﻏﺩﹰﺍ.
ﻫ ﻨﺎ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ(.
She says, "I am very happy today". She says that she is very happy today.
3. ﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻭل" :ﺃﻨﺎ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ". ﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﹲﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ.
ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ) (saysﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
We say, "We are playing football now". We say that we are playing football now.
4. ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻘﻭل" :ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ". ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ.
ﻫ ﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺘ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍ ﻟﻜﻠﻤ ﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻓ ﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ ﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻓ ﻌل ﺍﻟﻘ ﻭل ) (saysﻤ ﻀﺎﺭ ﻉ .
We told Ali that we were playing football at once.
We said to Ali, "We are playing football now".
5. ﻨﺤﻥ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻨﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﹼﺎ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ .
ﻨﺤﻥ ﻗﹸﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻲٍ" :ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ".
ﻫﻨﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل) (said toﻤﺎﻀﻲ.
He said to me, "I went to Rafah with my He told me that he had gone to Rafah with
6. father yesterday". his father the day before.
ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ" :ﺫﻫﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﺢ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ". ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﺢ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺒﻴِﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭِﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ.
Maged says to his sister, "I remember my Maged tells his sister that he remembers his
7. father's advice to me". father's advice to him.
ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻷﺨﺘِﻪِ" :ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺘﺫﻜﹼﺭ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻟﻲ". ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻴ ﺨﺒِﺭ ﺃﺨﺘﻪ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﺒﺎﻩ ﻟﻪ.
I said to the boy, "You have neglected your
I told the boy that he had neglected his duties.
8. duties".
ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻭﹶﻟﺩ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻫ ﻤ َل
ُ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘِﻪِ.
ﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎِﺘ ﻙ". ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻠﻭﹶﻟﺩِ" :ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻫﻤﻠ ﹶ
He said," I must go now". He said that he had to go at once.
9.
ﻗﺎل" :ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﹾﻫ ﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ". ﻗﺎل ﺇﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺫﹾﻫ ﺏ ﻓﻭﺭﹰﺍ .
He said, "I must not go there". He said that he had not to go there.
10.
ﻗﺎل " :ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻻﹼ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ". ﻗﺎل :ﺇﹼﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺫﹾﻫ ﺏ ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ.
:
.1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨِﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼِﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻓﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭلُِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼِﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ .
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
The boy said that he had written his lessons
"I wrote my lessons yesterday", the boy said.
1. the day before.
ﺕ ﺩﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ" ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ.
"ﻜﺘﺒ ﹸ
ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺩﺭﻭﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ.
"You have written a good letter", said my father. My father said that I had written a good letter.
2.
"ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹶ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺓﹰ" ﻗﺎل ﺃﺒﻲ. ﺃﺒﻲ ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺓﹰ.
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ﻼ ِﻤﺜل say) :ﺃﻭ saysﺃﻭ say toﺃﻭ says toﺃﻭ (shall sayﻓﺤﻴﻨﺌٍﺫ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴـﺭ
.2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻋﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﹰ
ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﹼﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He says, "I feel hungry". He says that he feels hungry.
1.
ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل" :ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭﻉ". ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭﻉِ.
I shall say to him, "There is no room for you I shall say to him that there is no room for
2. in the house". him in the house.
ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ ".
ﺴﺄﻗﻭل ﹶﻟﻪ " :ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﹶﻟﻙ ﹸ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ.
ﺴﺄﻗﻭل ﹶﻟﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﹶﻟﻪ ﹸ
Ahmed says to Ali, "I shall buy a new car Ahmed tells Ali that he will buy a new car
3. tomorrow". tomorrow.
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻟﻌﻠﻲٍ" :ﺴﺄﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ". ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﹰﺓ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ.
.3ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ) ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﻤﺜل-:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He said," The earth is round". He said that the earth is round.
1.
ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل" :ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ" ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ.
Our teacher said to us, "The earth moves Our teacher told us that the earth moves round
2. round the sun". the sun.
ﺸﻤﺱِ".
ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ ﻤ ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ" :ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟ ﹼ ﺸﻤﺱِ.
ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻤ ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
.4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻴ ﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
I said," I want to speak to you, Ali". I told Ali that I wanted to speak to him.
ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ" :ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻙ ﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ". ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﹼﻨ ﻨﻲ ﺃﺭﺩﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻪِ .
.5ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺇﺨﺒﺎﺭﻴٍﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤل ،ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺩﻤﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠـٍﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓٍ
ﺸﻭﻟﺔ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ thatﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﻭﺃﻥ (...ﻭﻨـﻀﻊ
ﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺸﻭﻟﺔ )ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ( ) (Commaﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟـ ﹼ
ﻭﻴﹾﻔ ِ
)… (… and thatﺃﻭ ) (and added thatﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
She said to him, "I cannot pay. I lost my bag. She told him that she could not pay, that she
I hung it to this chair. Now, I do not find it". had lost her bag, that she had hung it to that
chair and then she did not find it.
1. ﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻲ .ﺃﻨﺎ
ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ" :ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻓﻊ .ﺃﻨﺎ ﻓﹶﻘﹶﺩ ﹸ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﻪ ﺃﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ،ﻭﺃﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻗـﺩ
ﻋﻠﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﹸﻜﺭﺴﻲ .ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺠﺩﻫﺎ.
ﹼ ﻓﻘﺩﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻠﹼﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺭﺴﻲ ،ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ
ﺒﻌﺩﺌﺫٍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺠﺩﻫﺎ.
I prepared my passport yesterday", Mary said. Mary said that she had prepared her passport
"Tomorrow I shall travel abroad ". the day before and that (and added that) the
2. " next day she would travel abroad.ﺃﻨﺎ ﺠﻬﺯﺕﹸ ﺠﻭﺍﺯ ﺴﻔﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ" ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻤﺎﺭﻱ" .ﻏﺩﹰﺍ ﺴﺄﺴﺎﻓﺭ
ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺠﻬﺯﺕ ﺠﻭﺍﺯ ﺴﻔﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭِﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒ ِ
ﻕ
ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝِ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ".
ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﺘﹸﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝِ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩِ.
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Khalil said to Ahmed, "You have come very Khalil told Ahmed that he had come very late
late. I was about to leave when I saw you". and that he had been about to leave when he
3. ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺸﻙِ ﺃﻥ. "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻴﺕﹶ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ: ﻗﺎل ﺨﻠﻴل ﻷﺤﻤﺩhad seen him.
ﺨﻠﻴل ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻤ ﺘﺄﺨﺭﹰﺍ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ
."ﺃﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﺘﻙ
. ﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺁﻩ
ِ ﻭﺸ
.ِ( ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜل ﻓﺎﻋل ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺠ ﻤﻠِﺘﻪand) ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﹸﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁﺎﻥ ﺒـ، ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻋل.6
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Samy said, "I found this book". "It is my Samy said that he had found that book and Ahmed
book", said Ahmed. said that it was his book.
. "ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ" ﻗﺎل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ." "ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹸ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ:ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻗﺎل . ﻗﺎل ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﻭﻗﺎل ﺃﺤ ﻤﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ
Always has been * always will be
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Exercise No. 16 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
*) Put the following sentences into indirect speech (Reported Speech):-
:ﺃُ ﹸﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤل ﺍ ﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻶ ﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺒ ﺼﻴﻐﺔٍ ُﺃ ﺨﺭﻯ
''I'll bring you some tea when you have finished'', he ﺸﺎ ﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻨـﻭﺍ ﻗـﺩ
"ﺴﺄﺤﻀِﺭ ﻟﻜﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
1.
said to them. .ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻴﺘﻡ" ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﻡ
2. I said to her, ''I have something to show you''. ." "ﻤﻌﻲ ﺸﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻷﺭﻴ ﻪ ﻟﻙ:ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻬﺎ
3. She said to him, ''I lost my keys yesterday''. ."ِ "ﻓﻘﺩﺕﹸ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺤﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
4. He says, ''Adel has written me a long letter''. ." "ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﺩل ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔﹰ:ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل
5. She said, ''It is foggy today as it was yesterday''. ." ِ "ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭِ ﻀﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
Hassan says, ''When I get up, I find a cup of milk ﺃﺠﺩ ﻜﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻥ، "ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ:ﺤﺴﻥ ﻴﻘﻭل
6.
beside my bed". ."ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺴﺭﻴﺭﻱ
She said to him, ''I stayed with my brother in our house
7. ."ﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﻲ ﺒﻤﻨﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ
"ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﻜﺜ ﹸ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
this morning''.
8. He said to us, ''The sun shines every morning". ."ﺸﻤﺱ ﺘﹸﺸﺭﻕ ﻜ ّل ﺼﺒﺎﺡ
"ﺍﻟ ﹼ:ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ
9. He said," I must go again next week". ." "ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﺭﹰﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉِ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ:ﻗﺎل
10. He said, "I hope to go there''. ." "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺁﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫ ﻫﺏ ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ:ﻗﺎل
11. He says, "I am busy today"." I have bought a new book". ."ً "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹸ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ." "ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻐﻭ ٌل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ:ﻴﻘﻭل
12. She said, "Iron is heavier than gold". ." "ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺜﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻫﺏ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
He said to them, "Good morning. I have brought all ﺕ ﻜﹸـل
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺤـﻀﺭ ﹸ. "ﻁﺎﺏ ﺼﺒﺎﺤﻜﻡ:ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﻡ
13.
papers. I hope to reach an agreement". ."ٍ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺁﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻨﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ.ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ
14. She said to him," I want to come with you to see with myself'". ." "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﻌﻙ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﺭﻯ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻲ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
15. The man said, "Spring is the best season of the year". ." "ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﺼﻭلُِ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ:ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل
She said to him," No. I cannot sign this contract unless ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ. "ﻻ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
16.
you pay 300.000 dollars for me now". ." ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻵﻥ300.000 ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻲ
17. She said to him, "My bag was full of money". ."ِ " ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻲ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
She said to me, "I shall help you. I can lend you some ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋِﺭﻙ ﺒﻌـﺽ. "ﺴﺄ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
18.
books. I have many useful books on this subject". ." ﻋﻨﺩﻱ ﹸﻜﺘﺒﺎﹰ ﻤ ﻔﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ.ﺍﻟﹸﻜﺘﺏ
19. He said to me, "I have phoned you twice''. ." "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺘﱟﺼﻠﺕﹸ ﺒﻙ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ:ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ
He says, "We are living in a house near to my school. ﺏ ﻤـﻥٍ "ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﻴﺵ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻨـﺯلٍُ ﻗﺭﻴـ:ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘ ﻭل
I needn't to take the bus. I can reach my school in
20. 5 minutes". ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ. ﻻ ﺃﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻷﺘﻭﺒﻴﺱ.ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻲ
." ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ5 ﺃﻥ ﺃﺼل ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ
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2. Questions
begin with begin with
a quest ion word a helping verb
What, Where, Who :ﻤﺜل (Yes / No - questions)
( )
Are, Do, Have, Will :ﻤﺜل
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
He said to me, "Where did you go yesterday?". (Direct) ." "ﺃﻴﻥ ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹶ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟:ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ
1.
He asked me where I had gone the day before. (Indirect) .ِﻫﻭ ﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹸ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ
Salem said, "Are you staying long, Nabil?''. (Direct) ." "ﻫل ﺴﺘﻤﻜﺙ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺒﻴل؟:ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﻗﺎل
2.
Salem asked Nabil if he was staying long. (Indirect) .ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﺴﺄل ﻨﺒﻴل ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﺙ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ
:(Indirect) (Direct)
. ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ.1
-: ﻴ ﺤﻭل ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻜﺎﻷ ﺘﻲ.2
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
ask ﻴﺴﺄل
enquire ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ
say / say to□ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ/ ﻴﻘﻭل
want to know ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ
question ﻴﺴﺘﺠﻭﺏ/ ﻴﺴـﺄل
asks ﻴﺴـﺄل
says / says to□ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ/ ﻴﻘﻭلenquires ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ
wants to know ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ
asked ﺴﺄل
said / said to ﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ/ ﻗﺎلenquired (inquired) ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﻋﻥ
wanted to know ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ
shall say ﺴﻴﺴـﺄل
shall say ﺴﻴﻘﻭل
shall enquire ﺴﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ
.( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ )ﻋﻼﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺼﻴﺹ.3
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.4ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻔﻌلٍُ ﻤ ﺴﺎﻋٍﺩ )(Defective Verbs - Verb to Have - Verb to Do - Verb to Be
ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ifﺃﻭ whetherﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ (...ﻜﺄﺩﺍِﺓ ﺭﺒﻁٍ.
.5ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﺄﺩﺍِﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎٍﻡ ،ﻤﺜل :
When - Why - Who - Which - Whom - Whose - What - Where - How - How many - How much … etc
ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ،ﻭﺘﹸﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ )ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ(.
.6ﹸﻨﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ :ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴٍﺔ )ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل(.
.7ﹸﻨﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻀ ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺩ ﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻤﺎ ﺌٍﺭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ )ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺏ )ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ(.
.8ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )?( ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺅﺍل ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺠ ﻤﻠﹰﺔ ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻨﻘ ﻁﹰﺔ ).(.) (Full stop
.9ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ:
ﺃ( ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ )ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل.
ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ )ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﹸﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤ ﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ ﺔ.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Ameera said, "Did you watch the film Ameera asked Azza if she had watched the
1. yesterday, Azza?". film the day before.
ﺱ ﻴﺎ ﻋﺯﺓ؟".
ﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻤ ِ
ﺃﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ" :ﻫل ﺸﺎ ﻫﺩ ِ ﺃﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﻋﺯﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭِﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ.
She says to Ali, "Are you happy today?". She asks Ali if he is happy today.
2. ﻠﻲ ":ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟".
ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻌ ٍ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺄل ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ.
ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻷﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ.
"?I said to Mazen, "Have you met the teacher I asked Mazen if he had met the teacher.
3. ﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ؟".
ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻤﺎﺯﻥ" :ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠ َ ﺕ ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭ ﺱ .
ﺴﺄﻟ ﹸ
She said, " Have they departed?". She wanted to know whether they had departed.
4. ﺃﺭﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺤﻠﻭﺍ.
ﻗﺎﻟﺕ" :ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺤﻠﻭﺍ؟".
I said to the boys "Were you busy I asked the boys if they had been busy the
5. yesterday?". day before.
ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻸﻭﻻﺩ" :ﻫل ﻜﹸﻨﺘﹸﻡ ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟". ﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ.
ﺴﺄﻟ ﹸ
Beesan said to me, "Can you solve the Beesan wanted to know if I could solve the
6. problem?". problem.
ﺤلﱢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ؟".
ﺒﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ" :ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹶ ِ ﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤ ّل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ.
ﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌ ﹸ
ﺒﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺭﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹸﻜﻨ ﹸ
Nora said to her friend, ''Could you solve Nora asked her friend if she could have solved
"?7. the question the question.
ﻨﻭﺭﻩ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ" :ﻫل ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﺕﹶ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤل ُّ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل؟" ﻨﻭﺭﻩ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺤﻠﹼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل.
He said to his father, "Will you buy a car He asked his father if he would buy a car the
"?8. tomorrow next day.
ﻗﺎل ﻟﻭﺍﻟﺩﻩِ " :ﻫل ﺴﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ؟" ﺴﺄل ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻩ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ.
"?I said to Ali, "Don't you believe this story I asked Ali if he didn't believe that story.
9.
ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻌﻠﻲٍ" :ﺃﻻ ﹸﺘﺼﺩﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ؟" ﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ.ﺴﺄﻟ ﹸ
"What are you doing now?'' said John. John asked what I was doing at once.
10.
"ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﻥ؟" :ﻗﺎل ﺠﻭﻥ. ﺕ ﺃﻓﻌل ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ.
ﺠﻭﻥ ﺴﺄل ﻋﻤﺎ ﹸﻜﻨ ﹸ
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I said to him, "When will you travel to I wanted to know when he would travel to
"?11. London London.
ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻪ" :ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﺘﹸﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ؟" ﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﻴﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ. ﺃﺭﺩ ﹸ
"Who has finished his work?" said the man. The man asked who had finished his work.
12.
"ﻤ ﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ؟" ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل. ﺴﺄل ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ.
"?He said to Adel, "Where do you learn English He asked Adel where he learnt English.
13. ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻌﺎﺩل" :ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ ﺔ؟" ﻫﻭ ﺴﺄل ﻋﺎﺩل ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ.
:
.1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻭﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻨﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ،askedﻭﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ ـﺔ saidﺃﻭ ،toldﻭﻨﺤـﻭ ل
ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ،ﻭﻨﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘِﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He said to me, "It is too late. Where are you He told me that it was too late and asked
"?going now where I was going then.
ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ" :ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤ ﺘﺄﺨﺭ ﹲﺓ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ .ﺃﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﻫﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ؟" ﺩﺍ ﻭﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﹸﻜﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﻫﺒﹰﺎ ﺁﻨﺫﺍ ﻙ.
ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤ ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓ ﺠ ﹰ
.2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ ﻓﻨﺭﺒﻁﻬﻤﺎ ﺒـ .and asked
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
"Do you want to go to the sea?" "How will you go Ramy asked if I wanted to go to the sea
there?" said Ramy. and asked how I should go there.
ﺤﺭ؟" " ،ﻜﻴﻑ ﺴﺘﺫ ﻫﺏ ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ؟" :ﻗﺎل ﺭﺍﻤﻲ.
"ﻫل ﺘﹸﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫ ﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒ ِ ﺴﺄل ﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹸﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫ ﻫﺏ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺭِ
ﻭﺴﺄل ﻜﻴﻑ ﹸﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﺄﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ.
:
ﺼﻴ ﻎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
.1ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺒﻌﺽ ِ
Direct Ind irect
?What about.. suggestﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ...؟ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ
□?Why don't you .. ؟ adviseﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺼﺢ
? Could I have... ؟ askﻫل ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻴﻁﻠﹸﺏ
offered ﻋ ـﺭ ﺽ
?Would you like…. ؟ ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ offered to + ﻋ ـﺭﺽ ﺒﺄﻥ ......
؟( ) Would you…? /ﻫل ﺴـ ....؟( ) Will you...? /ﻫل ﺴـ...؟( ﻫـﺫﻩ ) Could you ...? .2ﻫل ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﺕ
ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﹸﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ.
) Would you mind….? .3ﻫل ﹸﺘﻤﺎﻨﻊ......؟ ،ﻫل ﺘﺴﻤﺢ....؟( ﺘﺤﻭ ل ﺇﻟﻰ ،asked …. toﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻭل ﻜـ ﺴﺅﺍل ٍُ ﻋـﺎﺩﻱٍ
ﻭﺘﻅل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺔ ﺒـ ) .(if
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
"What about flying?" he said. He suggested flying.
1. ." "ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ ؟:ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل .ﻫﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ
." "ﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ؟:ﺃﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل
"Why don't you ask him?" she said to me". She advised me to ask him.
2.
." "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﺘ ﺴﺄﹶﻟﻪ ؟:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ . ﻫﻲ ﻨﺼﺤﺘﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺃﺴـﺄﹶﻟﻪ
"Could I have a cup of tea?" she said to me. She asked me for a cup of tea.
3.
." "ﻫل ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺸﺎﻱ؟:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ .ﻫﻲ ﻁﻠﺒﺕ ﻤﻨﹼﻲ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺸﺎﻱ
"Could you sign the book, please?" he said. He asked me to sign the book.
4.
" ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ؟، "ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ:ﻗﺎل . ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﹼﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ
"Would you mind opening the door?" he He asked me to open the door.
said. .ﺴـﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﺒﻔﺘﺢِ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ
5. ." "ﻫل ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﻔﺘﺢِ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ؟: ﻗﺎلOr: He asked me if I would mind opening the
door.
.ﺴـﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺍﺭﻏﺏ ﺒﻔﺘﺢِ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ
''Would you like a drink?" he said. He offered me a drink.
6.
." "ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ ﺒﻤﺸﺭﻭﺏٍ؟:ﻗﺎل .ﻋ ﺭ ﺽ ﻟﻲ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﹰ
''Shall I wait you, I shall wait for you if you He offered to wait for me.
7. like?" he said. .ﻫﻭ ﻋ ﺭ ﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻅِﺭﻨﻲ
ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل:"ﺕ ﺘﺭﻏﺏ؟
ﺴﺄﻨﺘﻅﺭﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹸﻜﻨ ﹶ،"ﻫل ﺃﻨﺘﻅﺭﻙ
It is the end that counts .
.
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Exercise No. 17 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
Change Into Indirect Speech:- :ﺤﻭ ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ
Soha said, "What do you want to do on
1. ." "ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﺭﻏﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻌﻠِﻪ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤﻌﺔ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ؟:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺴ ﻬﺎ
Friday, Nadia?".
Mona said, "How are you going to travel to
2. ." "ﻜﻴﻑ ﺴﹸﺘﺴﺎﻓﺭﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ ﻴﺎ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ؟:ﻤ ﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
France, Samia?".
3. I said to my friend, "When did you arrive?". ." "ﻤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼﻠﺕﹶ؟:ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ
Mr. Hesham said, "Where was the voice
4. ." "ِﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ؟:ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ِﻫﺸﹶﺎﻡ ﻗﺎل
coming from?".
5. I said, "Did I make anything wrong?". ." "ﻫل ﺃﻨﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹸ ﺃﻱ ﺨﻁﺄ؟:ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ
6. "Would you mind waiting?" he said. ." "ﻫل ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ؟:ﻗﺎل
He said to her, "How did you come here?" "ﻜﻴﻑ ﺤﻀﺭﺕِ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ؟" "ﻫل ﺤﻀﺭﺕِ ﺇﻟﻰ:ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ
7.
"Did you come here on foot?". ."ﻫ ﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﺍِﻡ؟
8. She said, "Why do you blame me?". ." "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﻭﺒﺨﻨﻲ )ﺘﻠﻭﻤﻨﻲ(؟:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
9. Mohammed said, "Is the flat cheap?". ."ﺸﻘﹼﺔ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ؟
"ﻫل ﺍﻟ ﹼ:ﻗﺎل ﻤﺤﻤ ﺩ
10. "Could you wait a moment?" he said. ." "ﻫل ﺘﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ؟:ﻗﺎل
"Would you like a lift?" Tariq said, "Which ٍ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻁﺭﻴـ: ﻗﹸﻠـﺕﹸ." "ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ ﺒﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﺔٍ؟:ﻗﺎل ﻁﺎﺭﻕ
ﻕ
11.
way are you going?" I said. ."ﺴﺘﺫﻫﺏ؟
She said to me, "Can you do it before
12. ." "ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻏﺩٍ؟:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ
tomorrow?"
13. Her husband said, "What is a suitable dress?". ." "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺴﺘﺎﻥٍ ﺠﻤﻴل؟:ﻗﺎل ﺯﻭﺠﻬﺎ
"Why are you looking through the keyhole?"
14. said to him. ." "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﹸﺜﻘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ؟:ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻪ
"Where were you last night, Mr. Hazem?"
15. he said. ." "ﺃﻴﻥ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻴﺎ ﺴﻴﺩ ﺤﺎﺯﻡ؟:ﻗﺎل
She said, "Need we go to the shops in order to "ﻫل ﻨﺤﻥ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺕِ ﻟﻨﺭﻯ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
16. see suitable dresses and unsuitable prices?".
."ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ؟
"How long are you staying in Gaza, Khalil?"
17. Hassan said. ." "ﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﻤﻜﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻴﺎ ﺨﻠﻴل؟:ﻗﺎل ﺤﺴﺎﻥ
18. He says, "Is the weather good today?". ." "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟:ﻴﻘﻭل
19. He said, "Is the weather good today?". ." "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟:ﻗﺎل
He said to me, "Did you answer this
." "ﻫل ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹶ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﺭﻴﻥ؟:ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ
exercise?".
20. I replied, "Yes". ." "ﻨﻌﻡ:ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹸ
Or: I replied, "No". ." "ﻻ: ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹸ:ﺃﻭ
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:
)3. Co m m an d (Or d e r
4. Req u est
: (
ﻤﺜل-: .1
The teacher said to us, "Clean the floor". )(Direct ﻨﻅﻔﹸﻭﺍ ﺍ ﻷﺭﺽ".
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ " :ﹼ
The teacher ordered us to clean the floor. )(Indirect ﺃﻤﺭ ﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻨﻨﻅﹼﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .
ﻤﺜل-: .2
My father said to me, "Don't be late". )(Direct ﺃﺒﻲ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ" :ﻻ ﺘﺘﺄﺨﹼﺭ".
My father advised me not to be late. )(Indirect ﺃﺒﻲ ﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻻ ﺃﺘﺄﺨﹼﺭ.
ﻤﺜل-: (
1. "Give me your pen, please, Omar "said Mazen. ﻗﺎل ﻤﺎﺯﻥ" :ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ ،ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﻙ ﻴﺎ ﻋ ﻤﺭ".
2. Mazen asked Omar to give him his pen. ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻋ ﻤﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴ ﻌﻁﻴﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﻪ .
ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل )ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل(. :
:
ﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ:
.1ﹸﻨﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ِ
ﺹ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺴِﻨﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺭ ﺘﺒﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻤـﺎﹰ ﺇﻟـﻰ
ﺃ( said toﺘﹸﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ orderedﺃﻭ ) commandﺃﻤﺭ( ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨ ٍ
ﺴﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺭ ﺘﺒﹰﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎﹰ.
ﺹ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ِ
ﺸﺨ ٍ
ﺹ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺴِﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺭ ﺘﺒـﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ
) prayedﻴﺘﻭﺴل( ﺃﻭ ) beggedﻴﺭﺠﻭ( ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨ ٍ ﺏ( said toﺘﹸﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺴِﻨﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺭ ﺘﺒﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻤﹰﺎ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ Pleaseﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ.
ﺨﺹ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤ ﺘﺴﺎٍﻭ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺘﺒﺔ.
ٍ ﺨﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸ
ٍ ﺝ( said toﺘﹸﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ askedﺃﻭ ،toldﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺸ
ﺩ( said toﺘﹸﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ) advised ... toﹶﻨﺼﺢ( ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﹰﺔ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ.
ﻫـ( said toﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ advised ... not to ...ﻭ ordered ... not toﻭ ،begged ... not toﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ
ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻓﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ.
.2ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺃﻤﺭ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺹ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ( ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ (to +ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﺃﻥ(
(. ﺃﻤﺎﹼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻨﻲ )ﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺒﺩل Don'tﺒـ )ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ (not to +ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ) ﺃﻥ ﻻ
ﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺏ(. ﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ِ
ﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ( )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ِ .3ﹸﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴ ِ
ﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ(.
.4ﹸﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴ ِ
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:
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He said to the manager, "Let me have an other He begged the manager to give him an other
1. chance to improve my honesty and ability". chance to prove his honesty and ability.
." "ﺩﻋﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﹶل ﻓﹸﺭﺼﺔﹰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺘﻲ ﻭﻗﹸﺩﺭﺘﻲ:ﻗﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﺭ .ﺭ ﺠﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﻨﹶل ُْ ﻓﹸﺭﺼﺔﹰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴ ﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﹸﺩﺭﺘﻪ
The manager said to him, "Give her an other The manager ordered him to give her an
2. dress". other dress.
."ﻁﻬﺎ ﺜﻭﺒﺎﹰ ﺃﺨﺭ
ِ "ﺃﻋ:ﻗﺎل ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ .ﻁﻬﺎ ﺜﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﺨﺭ
ِ ﺃﻤﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﻌ
Ali said to his friend, "Give me your bicycle Ali asked his friend to give him his bicycle
3. for half an hour". for half an hour.
." "ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺠﺘﻙ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ:ِﻗﺎل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ .ﺴﺄل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴ ﻌﻁﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺠﺘﻪ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ
The pupil said to the teacher, "Please, explain The pupil begged the teacher to explain that
4. this point again". point again.
." ﺍﺸﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﱡﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺭﹰﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ، "ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ:ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺩﺭﺱ .ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﺭ ﺠﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭ ﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺭﺡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﱡﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺭﹰﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
The teacher said to the boys, "Write your The teacher advised the boys to write their
5. names clearly". names clearly.
."ﺡ
ٍ "ﺃﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺌَﻜﹸﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻭ:ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭ ﺱ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻸﻭﻻﺩ .ﺡ
ٍ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﹶﻨﺼ ﺢ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻭ
She said to her husband, "Don’t trouble She advised her husband not to trouble
6. troubles till troubles trouble you". troubles till troubles trouble him.
." ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ، "ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﺜﻴٍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﻬﺎ . ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ،ﻨﺼﺤﺕ ﺯ ﻭﺠﻬﺎ ﺃﻻ ﻴ ﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ
The mother said to the child," Don't be afraid. The mother told the child not to be afraid.
7.
." "ﻻ ﺘﹶﺨﻑﹾ:ﺍﻷﻡ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻠﻁﻔ ِل .ﻁِﻔل ﺒﺄﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﺌﻔﺎﹰ ِ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺕ ﺍﻟ
:
،that ﺃﻱ ﻴـﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ، ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ ﺔ ﹸﺘﺤﻭل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ ـﺔ،( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹶ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ )ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﺔ.1
.asked ﺃﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ، ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻴ ﺤﻭ ل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘِﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل،ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺭ )ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ ﺔ( ﺘﹸﺤﻭل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘِﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﺔ
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
The doctor said to me, "Stay in bed and take The doctor advised me to stay in bed and
this medicine. I shall visit you tomorrow". take that medicine and said that he would
1. ﺃﻨـﺎ.ﺵ ﻭﺨﹸﺫ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺍﺀ
ِ ﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍ
"ﺍﺒ ﹶ:ﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹼvisit me the next day.
."ﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺃﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵِ ﻭﺃﺨﹸﹸﺫ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﺴﺄﺯﻭﺭﻙ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
.ﻭﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﺯﻭﺭﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻲ
The poor man said to me, "Please, give me The poor man begged me to give him some
some food to eat, will you help me cross the food to eat and asked if I should help him to
road?" cross the road.
2.
ﻁﻌـﺎﻡ
ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟ ﹼ، "ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ:ﻁﻌـﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺄﻜﹼـل ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭ ﺘﻭ ﺴل ﺃﻟﻲ ﻷﻋﻁﻴﻪ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
"ﻁﺭﻴﻕ؟
ﻫل ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺃﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻟ ﹼ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻜﹸل .ﻁﺭﻴﻕ
ﺕ ﺴﺄﺴﺎﻋﺩﻩ ﻟﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻭﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﹸﻜﻨ ﹸ
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.( )ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡsuggest ﺡ ﻭﹰﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ
ٍ ( )ﺩﻋﻨﺎ( ﻋﺎﺩﹰﺓ ﻤﺎ ﹸﺘﻌِّﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻗِﺘﺭﺍLet us) Let's .2
+ suggested + that + + should +
Or: + suggested + gerund + .....
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
"Let's go to the cinema", Mary said. Mary suggested that they (we) should go to
." "ﺩﻋﻭﻨﺎ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ: ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻤﺎﺭ ﻱthe cinema.
1. .ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ )ﻨﺫ ﻫﺏ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ
Or: Mary suggested going to the cinema.
.ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ
He said, "Let's not say anything about this He suggested not saying anything about that
subject". subject.
." "ﺩﻋﻭﻨﺎ ﻻ ﹶﻨﻘﹸل ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ:ﻗﺎل .ﹾﺍﻗﹶﺘﺭ ﺡ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻗﻭل ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲٍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ
2. Or: He suggested saying nothing about that
subject.
.ﹾﺍﻗﹶﺘﺭ ﺡ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﻭل ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ
: .3
.asked ﺇﻟﻰsaid ﺃ( ﹸﻨﺤﻭل
.Please ﺏ( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
"Please, take a seat", he said to me. He asked me to take a seat.
." ﺍﺠﻠﺱ، "ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ:ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ .ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤِﻨﹼﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﺱ
A chip of the old block .
.
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Exercise No. 18 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
*) Change Into Indirect Speech:- :ﺤﻭ ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ
1. He said to his friend, "Lend me your camera". ." "ﺃﻋﺭﻨﻲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺘﻙ:ِﻗﺎل ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ
The officer said to the soldier, "Bring me
2. ." "ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﻟﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹶ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ:ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺒﻁ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺩﻱ
the bag of maps".
Heba said to Latefa, "Give me your English
3. ." "ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺘﻙ:ﻫِﺒﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ِﻟﻠﻁﻴﻔﺔ
book".
4. The father said to his son, "Don't go alone". ." "ﻻ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻭﺤﺩِﻙ:ِﺍﻷﺏ ﻗﺎل ﻻﺒﻨﻪ
5. She said, "Forgive me". ." ﺴﺎﻤﺤﻨﻲ/ " ﺍﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻨﹼﻲ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
6. "Go on, Nagi, hit him", she said. ." ﺍﻀﺭﺒﻪ، "ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺎﺠﻲ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
"Please, don't smoke", said the lady to the
7. . ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻠﺱ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺒﻬﺎ:" ﻻ ﹸﺘﺩﺨﹼﻥ،"ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ
man sitting beside her.
"Wait for me at the bridge, Can you bring ﻫـل ﺘـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ. "ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺠـﺴﺭ:ﻗﺎل ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ
8. this bag with you?" said my friend.
."ﺘﹸﺤﻀﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻙ؟
Nader said to me, "Go and tell my father "ﺍﺫ ﻫﺏ ﻭﹸﻗل ﻷﺒـﻲ ﺒـﺄﹼﻨﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺃﺴـﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ:ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ
9.
that I cannot come home tonight". ."ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯ ِل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ
He said to her, "Don't waste our money in
10. this foolish way". ."ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻘﺎﺀ
"ﻻ ﹸﺘﻀﻴﻌِﻲ ﺃﻤﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﻬﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟ ﹼ:ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ
Every cloud has a silver lining .
.
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5. Excla m atio n
( )
:ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ ﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﹸﺘﻭ ﻀ ﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﻫﺸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻨﻔـﺱ
ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺸﻲٍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ.
،ﻤﺜل how , what :ﻭﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﺠﺏ ﻓـﻲ
ﻭﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﺠﺏ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ،ﻤﺜل: ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ )!(،
ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﺸﻤﺌﺯﺍﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺏ !Ugh !Alas ! Ohﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻰ! ! Hurrahﺃﻭﻩ! ﻤﺭﺤﻰ!
: ( )
ﺒﻁ.
.1ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ thatﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓِ ﺭ ٍ
ﻻ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺘﹶﺩ لُ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻤﺜل-:
.2ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﱠﻌ ﺠﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
1. say, cry, exclaim with joy …. ﺡ ....
ﻗﺎل /ﺼﺎﺡ /ﺘﻌﺠ ﺏ ِﺒﻔﺭ ٍ
2. say, cry, exclaim with anger …. ﺏ ....
ﻗﺎل /ﺼﺎﺡ /ﺘﻌﺠ ﺏ ِﺒﻐﻀ ٍ
3. say, cry, exclaim with sorrow …. ﻑ ....
ﻗﺎل /ﺼﺎﺡ /ﺘﻌﺠ ﺏ ﺒﺄﺴ ٍ
4. say, cry, exclaim with admiration …. ﺏ ....
ﻗﺎل /ﺼﺎﺡ /ﺘﻌﺠ ﺏ ﺒﺈﻋﺠﺎ ٍ
5. say, cry, exclaim with sadness…. ﻥ ....
ﻗﺎل /ﺼﺎﺡ /ﺘﻌﺠ ﺏ ﺒِﺤﺯ ٍ
6. say, cry, exclaim with regret ….. ﻗﺎل /ﺼﺎﺡ /ﺘﻌﺠ ﺏ ِﺒﻨﹶﺩﻡٍ ....
7. say, cry, exclaim with horror ….. ﻉ ....
ﻗﺎل /ﺼﺎﺡ /ﺘﻌﺠ ﺏ ِﺒﻔﺯ ٍ
8. say, cry, exclaim with pleasure …. ﻗﺎل /ﺼﺎﺡ /ﺘﻌﺠ ﺏ ﺒِﺴﺭﻭﺭٍ ....
.3ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋلُِ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺏ(.
.4ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ) (Tenseﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺠ ﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸٍﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﹶﻜﹸﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻤ ﺘﻌﹼﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔٍ
ﺤﺎﻀﺭٍﺓ ﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔٍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ )ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ( ،ﻭﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ ﺔ .
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He said, "Alas! My shop is completely He said with sorrow that his shop was
1. damaged". completely damaged.
ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل" :ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻰ! ﻤﺤل ﺘِﺠﺎﺭﺘﻲ ﻤ ﺩﻤﺭ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ". ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﺴﻰ )ﺒﺤﺯﻥٍ( ﺇﻥ ﻤﺤل ﺘِﺠﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺩﻤﺭﹰﺍ ﺘ ﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ .
He said," Hurrah! I've won the first prize". He cried with joy that he had won the first
2. ﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ".
ﻗﺎل" :ﻤ ﺭﺤﻰ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﻓﹸﺯ ﹸ prize.
ﺡ ﻗﺎﺌﻼﹰ ﺇﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ.
ﺼﺎﺡ ﺒﻔﺭ ٍ
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He said, "How foolish I have been!". He said with regret that he had been foolish.
3. . ﺩﻡ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺒﻴﺎﹰ
ٍ ﻗﺎل ﺒﻨ
." "ﻜﻡ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﺒﻴﺎﹰ:ﻗﺎل
Fadi said, "What a great idea". Fadi said with admiration that the idea was
4. ."ٍ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓٍ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔ: ﻗﺎل ﻓﺎﺩﻱvery great.
. ﻗﺎل ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﺈﻋﺠﺎﺏٍ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ
5. He said, "Thank you". ." "ﺸﹸﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻙ:ﻗﺎل He thanked me. .ﺸﹶﻜﹶﺭ ﻨﻲ
6. He said, "Congratulation". ." "ﺘﻬﺎﻨﻲ:ﻗﺎل He congratulated me. .ﻫ ﹼﻨــﺄﻨﻲ
7. He said, "Liar". ." "ﻜﺫﺍﺏ:ﻗﺎل He called me a liar. .ﺩ ﻋ ﺎﻨِﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﹼﺫﺍﺏ
The absent party is not faulty.
.
Exercise No. 19 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
*) Change the following sentences into indirect ( Reported) speech:-
- :ﺤ ﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ
She said, "What a fool! You have spoilt
1. ."ﺕ ﻜ ّل ﺸﻲٍﺀ
ﻕ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻓﺴﺩ ﹶ
ٍ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﻤ: ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﹶﻪ
everything."
2. He said, "Happy Christmas." ." "ﻋﻴﺩ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ:ﻗﺎل
The poor man said, "Alas! I have lost my
3. ."ﻁﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ
ِ ﻌﺕ
ﻑ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻀ ﹸ
ِ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴ:ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭ ﻗﺎل
only child."
She said, "Hurry! My daughter has
4. succeeded." ." "ﻤﺭﺤﻯ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﻨﺠﺤﺕ ﺍﺒﻨﺘﻲ:ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
She said, "Oh! What a nice dress. Thanks
5. ." ﺃﺸﹸﻜﺭﻙ ﻴﺎ ﺃﺒﻰ. ٍُﻥ ﺠﻤﻴل
ٍ "ﺃﻭﻩ! ﻴﺎ ﹶﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﹸﻓﺴﺘﺎ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
daddy."
6. "What a lovely girl!", he said. ."! "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻨﺕٍ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ:ﻗﺎل
She said, "Oh! It's a snake. Don't get near it
7. ." ﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺒﻭﺍ ِﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺎ ﺃﻁﻔﺎل. "ﺃﻭﻩ! ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﹸﺜﻌﺒﺎﻥ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
children".
Khalil said, What a surprise! I have not seen
8. you since we were in Paris ". ." "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﺠﺄﺓ! ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻙ ﻤ ﻨﺫ ﺃﻥ ﹸﻜﻨﹼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ:ﻗﺎل ﺨﻠﻴل
He said, "Oh! My son has returned to me
9. safe and sound ". ." "ﻭﺃﻓﺭﺤﺘﺎﻩ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﺒ ﻨﻲ ﺇ ﻟﻲ ﺴ ﻠﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻤ ﻌﺎﻓﻰ:ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل
10. He said," Alas! I shan't recover my money". ." "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻑ! ﻟﻥ ﺃﺴﺘﺭﺩ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﻱ:ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل
Do as you would be done.
.
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Exercise No. 20 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
General Exercise on Direct and Indirect Speech
*) Change into Indirect Speech:- - :ٍﺤ ﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜ ﻼٍﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ
She said to him, "I didn't find anything here.
ﺃﻴـﻥ ﺨﺒﺄﺘﻬـﺎ ؟ ﺍﺫﻫـﺏ. "ﻟﻡ ﺃﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻫ ﻨﺎ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
Where did she hide the bag? Go and make
1. her think we've found it. She will come and . ﺴﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺄﻜﺩ.ﻭﺍﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﻫﺎ
try to make sure. What a surprise! I've !ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﺘﻬﺎ! ﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﺠﺄﺓ
found it!".
She said to me, "What a foolish deed you " ﻴﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻨﻴﻊٍ ﺃﺤﻤﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻪ! ﺍﺫ ﻫ ﺏ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ
have done! Go by your own means to the ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﻫﻡ ﺒﻜل ﺸـﻲٍﺀ ﻜﻤـﺎ.ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼ ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ
2. police. Tell them everything as it has
happened. Do not tell any lies. It is better to ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫ ﻫﺏ ﺃﻨﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ. ﻻ ﺘﹸﻘل ﻟﻬﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻜﺎﺫﻴﺏ.ﺤﺩﺙ
go to the police than to be arrested". ."ﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
Cut your coat according to your cloth.
. "
"
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Adjective s
:ﻫﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﹰﺓ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻻ ﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻜﺭﹰﺍ ..... ،ﺍﻟﺦ. .1
.2ﻗﺩ ﻴ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺄﻜﺜِﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺔ.
ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺔ ﺴﻭﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻤﻌﹰﺎ ،ﻤ ـﺫﻜﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻤ ﺅﻨﺜـﹰﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺼـﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩ .3ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩ ﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ
ﺅﻨﺙ(.
ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ )ﺃﻱ :ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻻ ﹸﺘﺠﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﹶﺫﹼﻜﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﹼ
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. He is clever. ﻫﻭ ﺫﻜﻲ.
2. She is clever. ﻫﻲ ﺫﻜﻴ ٌﺔ.
3. They are clever. ﻫﻡ ﺃﺫﻜﻴﺎﺀ.
:
.1ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ.
a clever boy an old womanﻭﻟﺩ ﺫﻜﻲ /ﻤﺎﻫﺭ. ﺍﻤﺭﺃﹲﺓ ﻋﺠﻭﺯ
a red book a new houseﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﺤﻤﺭ . ﺒﻴﺕﹲ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ
-
.2ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ،Verb to Beﻤﺜل-:
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. Fadi is polite. ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﻤﺅﺩ ﺏ.
2. She is tall. ﻫﻲ ﻁـﻭﻴﻠﺔﹲ.
3. I am happy. ﺃﻨﺎ ﺴـﻌﻴ ﺩ.
:
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ theﻭﻴﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻭﹸﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ،ﻤﺜل- :
. 1ﻗﺩ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
poor ﻓـﻘﻴﺭ the poor ﺍﻟﻔﹸـﻘﺭﺍﺀ
rich ﻏـﻨﻲ the rich ﺍﻷﻏـﻨﻴﺎﺀ
brave ﺸﹸﺠﺎﻉ the brave ﺸـﺠﻌﺎ ﻥ
ﺍﻟ ﱡ
.2ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﹸﺘﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ -:
?… What sort ? … Whichﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ...؟ ﺃﻱ ...؟
?…How many ?… How muchﻜﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ...؟ ﻜﻡ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ ...؟
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Numerous people buy these micros because they are such reliable machines.
ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻷﹼﻨﻬﺎ ِﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ ﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .
:
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ) (numerousﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل )?.(How many... .1
.2ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ) (theseﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل )?….(Which
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ) (reliableﹸﺘﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل )?….(What sort .3
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ Comparison of adjectives
/
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭ
ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ )ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ( ﻫﻲ-:
( :ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘ ِ
ﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤـﻊ ﻏﻴـﺭﻩ، )) (Positive Degree .1
ﻤﺜل-:
1. He is a tall man. ﹼﺇﻨﻪ ﺭﺠ ٌُل ﻁﻭﻴلٌ .
2. She is an old woman. ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓﹲ ﻋﺠﻭﺯ.
3. I saw a tall tree near a big shop. ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺸﺠﺭﹰﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔﹰ ﻗﹸﺭﺏ ﻤﺤلٍُ ﻜﺒﻴٍﺭ .
( :ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ )) (Comparative Degree .2
ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ.
( :ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ( ) ) (Superlative Degree ) .3
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ.
:
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ
ﻭﺕ ﺤـ ٍ
ﺭﻑ :ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜِﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁٍﻊ ﻭﺍ ٍ
ﺤﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﹼﻟﻠﻔﻅ )ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﺜِﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺼـ ِ .1
ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙٍ( ،ﻤﺜل-:
expensive dangerousﻏﺎﻟﻲ wonderfulﺨﻁﻴﺭ ﺭﺍﺌﻊ
beautiful importantﺠﻤﻴل /ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ valuableﻤ ِﻬﻡ ﻗﹶﻴﻡ /ﺜﻤﻴﻥ /ﺫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ
88
:
:ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁٍﻊ ﻭﺍ ٍ
ﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﹼﻟﻠﻔﻅ )ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﺕِ ﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙٍ ﻭﺍﺤٍﺩ ﻓﻘـﻁ(، .2
ﻤﺜل-:
short ﻗﺼﻴﺭ fat ﺴﻤﻴﻥ cold ﺒـﺎﺭﺩ
big ﻀﺨﻡ /ﻜﺒﻴﺭ old ﻗﺩﻴﻡ /ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻥ tall ﻁﻭﻴل
quick ﺴﺭﻴﻊ hot ﺤـﺎﺭ /ﺴﺎﺨﻥ thin ﻨـﺤﻴﻑ
: /
ﻁﻭﻴﻠ ﺔ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ thanﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ.
ﺃ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ moreﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
more + + t han
+ +
ﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ،ﻤﺜل-:
1. Nadia is more beautiful than Samira. ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﻴﺭﺓ.
ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺠﻤﺎ ﹰ
2. The lion is more dangerous than the dog. ﺍﻷﺴﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨﻁﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺏ .
ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ.
ﺏ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ( ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) the mostﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ( ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
t he most +
+
ﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻤﺜل-:
1. Water is the most important thing in our life ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ.
2. Beesan is the most beautiful girl in the class. ﺒﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺠﻤل ﺒﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل.
1. Arabic is more difficult than English. ﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻌﻭ ﹰ
2. Ibrahim is wearing the most expensive jacket. ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻴﺭﺘﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻜﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻏﻼﺀ .
3. Ahmed is more intelligent and more careful than Ibrahim. ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﺫﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ.
4. The earth quake is more dangerous than the volcano. ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﹰﺓ )ﺃﺨ ﻁﺭ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻜﺎﻥ .
: /
ﺃ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺸﻴﺌﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﻥ ( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ) (erﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ،ﺜﻡ ﹸﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ thanﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ.
89
:
+ er + than
+ er +
ﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ،ﻤﺜل-:
1. Fadi is older than Ahmed. ﺴﹼﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ.
ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ِ
2. Tagreed is taller than her brother. ﺘﻐﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﺘﻬﺎ.
ﺏ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃ ﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ( ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ theﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﹸﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ) (estﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ .
the + + est
1. Sameer is the tallest pupil in the class. ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﺃﻁﻭل ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِل.
2. Huda is the cleverest girl in the class. ﻫﺩﻯ ﺃﺫﻜﻰ ﺒﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِل.
1. He is the tallest of them all. ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻁﻭل ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ.
2. The lion is the strongest in the world. ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻜ ﺜﺭ ﻗﻭﹰﺓ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ .
3. This book is the cheapest one. ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺨﺹ.
:
ﻗﺩ ﻴ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﹰﻗﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤ ﺘﺤﺭﻙٍ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ )ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )(er .1
ﺃﻭ ) (estﻟﻠﺼﻔﺔ( ،ﻤﺜل-:
fat ﺒﺩﻴﻥ /ﺴﻤﻴﻥ fatter than the fatter
big ﻀﺨﻡ bigger than the bigger
hot ﺴﺎﺨﻥ hotter than the hotter
thin ﺭﻓﻴﻊ /ﻨﺤﻴﻑ thinner than the thinner
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ) (erﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨـﻴﻥ ﻓﻘـﻁ ،ﺃﻱ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ ) (eﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ ) (rﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺩ ﹰ .2
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ) (estﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺜﻨـﻴﻥ ،ﺃﻱ
( ،ﻭﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ ) (stﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺩ ﹰ )+ r + than
،(the +ﻤﺜل-: )+ st
90
:
large (ﻜﺒﻴﺭ )ﻭﺍﺴﻊ larger than the largest
nice ﻟﻁﻴﻑ nicer than the nicest
simple ﺒﺴﻴﻁ simpler than the simplest
fine ﺠﻤﻴل finer than the finest
(er) ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔi) ( ﻴ ﻘﻠﺏ ﺇﻟﻰy) ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ،( ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥy)ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ .3
-: ﻤﺜل،( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔest) ﺃﻭ
easy ﺴﻬل easier than the easiest
happy ﺴﻌﻴﺩ happier than the happiest
Funny ﺤﻙ
ِ ﻤﻀ funnier than the funniest
heavy ﺜـﻘﻴ ل heavier than the heaviest
noisy ﻋﺞ
ِ ﻤﺯ noisier than the noisiest
pretty ﺠﻤﻴل prettier than the prettiest
ﺸﺎﺫﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ )ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ( ﻋﻥ ﻜﹸـل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋـﺩ
ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
- : ﻤﺜل،ﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺎﻤﹰﺎ
ﺸﺫﻭﺫﹰﺍ ﻜﺎﻤ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘِﺔ ﺍﻟِﺫﻜﺭ ﹸ
good ﺠﻴﺩ/ ﺤﺴﻥ better than the best
bad ﺴﻴﺊ/ ﺭﺩﻱﺀ worse than the worst
ill ﻤﺭﻴﺽ worse than the worst
far ﺒﻌﻴﺩ further than the furthest
little ﻗﻠﻴل less than the least
less ﺃﻗل lesser than the least
many ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ more than the most
much ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ more than the most
old ﻋﺠﻭﺯ older than the eldest
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. Nabil is better than Usama. .ﺒﻨﻴل ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﻤﺔ
2. Ramzy is the best pupil in the class. .ﺭﻤﺯﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل
91
:
more + + than the most +
Huda is more beautiful than Nadia. Samira is the most beautiful in the class.
ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ. ﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺠﻤﺎ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼلُِ .
+ er (r) + than the + )+ est (st
1) Ahmed is taller than Ali. 1) Ahmed is the tallest of them all.
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ. ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻷﻁﻭل ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ .
2) This question is simpler than that. 2) This question the simplest of them all.
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺃﺴﻬل ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ. ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻷﺴﻬل ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ.
:
. 1ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﺒﻴ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ - :
as + + as
1. She is as tall as me. ﻫﻲ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﺜﻠﻲ.
2. Mosab is as clever as Abed Allah. ﻤ ﺼﻌﺏ ﺫﻜﻲ ﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﻤﺜل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ .
. 2ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ - :
not ( as / so) + + as
1. Mosab is not as clever as Abed Allah. ﻤ ﺼﻌﺏ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺫﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺜل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ .
2. She is not so tall as me. ﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔﹰ ﻤِﺜﻠﻲ.
.3ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻔﻅﻴﻴﻥ )ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭ ﻜﺔ( ﻴ ﻤﻜ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼـﻔﺔ
ﻥ
ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺜل:
ﺼﻔﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ polite ﻤﺅﺩﺏ politer than the politest
ﺼﻔﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ polite ﻤﺅﺩﺏ more politer the most politer
. 4ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﺴﻥ )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻔﻀﻴل ﺍﻟﹸﻘﺼﻭﻯ( )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ( ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ inﻟﻸﻤﺎﻜﻥ،
ﻭﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ ofﻟﻸﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻤﺜل:
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1. Samia is the most beautiful girl in the class. .ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒِﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺍﻷﺠﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِل
2. Khalil is the cleverest of them all. .ﺨﻠﻴل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺫﻜﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ
3. He is the tallest man in our house. .ﹼﺇﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل ﺍﻷﻁﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺘﻨﺎ
( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔest) ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻭer) ( ﻴ ﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻬﺎow) ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒـ.5
: ﻤﺜل،ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ
narrow ﻀﻴ ﻕ narrower than the narrowest
If an experiment works, something has gone wrong.
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Exercise No. 21 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Correct the words between brackets: :ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍ ﺱ
1. Hany is the (old) student in our classroom.
2. A train is (fast) than a car.
3. Huda is the (thin) girl in the class.
4. Football is the (popular) game in Gaza.
5. Ali is the (good) football player in our school.
6. Old men need (little) sleep than children.
7. This is the (difficult) lesson in the book.
8. Magda is the (clever) girl in the class.
9. My table is (high) than yours.
10. August is the (hot) month in the year.
II) Choose the right word:-
:ﺃﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺤﻴ ﺤﺔ
1. Ali is as (old – older – oldest) as his friend.
2. This is the (easy – easier – easiest) exercise.
3. Oxygen is the (useful – more useful – most useful) gas.
4. I have bought the (good – better – best) television.
5. This is the (interesting – more interesting – most interesting) book I have read.
Conciliation is the matter of the law.
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Answers
Exercise No. 1 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. It 5. We 9. my 13. ourselves 17. Those
2. He 6. You 10. it 14. myself 18. These
3. They / It 7. Your 11. them 15. themselves 19. This
4. I 8. mine 12. yourself 16. themselves
Exercise No. 2 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
I 1. is 2. am 3. are 4. is 5. are
II 1. was 2. were 3. were 4. were 5. was
Exercise No. 3 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. Did 2. does 3. do 4. do 5. Does
Exercise No. 4 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. have 2. have 3. has 4. have 5. hhas 6. has
Exercise No. 5 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. help 2. get 3. write 4. buy 5. study 6. help
Exercise No. 6 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
I 1. takes 2. speak 3. watches 4. meet 5. gives 6. drives
1. drinks 2. reaches 3. visits 4. answers 5. goes / catches
II
6. enjoys 7. studies 8. gets 9. shines 10. visits
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Exercise No. 7 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. bought 2. made 3. had 4. climbed 5. finished
Exercise No. 8 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. are shouting 6. are standing
Are you listening /
2. am saying 7. is building
I
3. is typing 8. am answering
4. is making 9. is doing / does
5. are welcoming 10. am not wearing
II 1. is waiting 2. is having 3. driving 4. is raining 5. hear 6. think / know
Exercise No. 9 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. met 6. was Samy telling
2. were playing / wrote 7. was shouting / was studying
I 3. found / was digging 8. was living / began
4. arrived / was still sleeping 9. was getting
5. was sitting / saw 10. was talking / began
1. rang / was leaving 6. was sleeping / came
2. had (was having) / was having 7. were you doing
II 3. was cooking 8. were coming / stopped
4. were working / knocked 9. jumped / was moving
5. were playing / rained 10. was watching / came
Exercise No. 10 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. have not seen 2. has already eaten 3. has never been 4. have not finished
5. has not met
Exercise No. 11 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. had drunk / finished 4. went / had taken
2. had cooked / came 5. thanked / had saved
3. had left / reached 6. arrested / had stolen
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E xercise N o. 12 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
I 1. are going 2. will study 3. shall start 4. shall swim 5. will build
1. will clean 6. will arrive
2. shall see 7. will study
II 3. will visit 8. shall meet
4. will be 9. will you meet / shall meet
5. shall take (am going to take) 10. will leave (is going to leave)
Exercise No. 13 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. visits 14. had left / reached
2. make / makes 15. haven't seen
3. has lived 16. saw / sat
4. shall finish 17. are learning
5. move 18. visited
6. will travel 19. was learning / had
I 7. will see 20. came / had eaten
8. examined / gave 21. are buying
9. had worked / heard 22. directs
10. shall wait 23. will fall
11. waited 24. was travelling / met
12. will come
25. had seen / went
13. became
1. borrowed 14. will visit
2. has lived 15. ever
3. is watching 16. never
4. had had 17. goes
5. was making / opened 18. was walking / saw
6. since 19. is jumping
II 7. see 20. rang / had finished
8. done 21. had finished / rang
9. hasn't finished 22. writes
10. think 23. were they doing
11. went / had left 24. have lived / was
12. slept / received
25. felt / had eaten
13. shall move
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Exercise No. 14 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. has 1. had won / bought
2. would / had 2. obeyed / would not stop
I 3. comes / shall II 3. eat
4. Were / would 4. told
5. had stayed 5. would win
Exercise No. 15 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. Many letters were written by Kamel.
2. The meeting may have to be canceled by them.
3. Two big bags were being carried by him.
4. He will be helped by me.
5. An apple was eaten by her.
6. It has been crushed by passing cars.
7. A heavy box is being carried by the man.
He was taught French and was given a dictionary.
8. Or: French was taught to him and a dictionary was given to him.
9. Clothes were being washed by her.
10. These papers can be kept by you.
11. The door couldn't be opened by them.
12. Twenty letters have been written to her.
13. His bag is being looked for by him.
a) They were given many useful lessons by him
14. b) Many useful lessons were given to them by him.
a) He was shown my new book by me.
15.
b) My new book was shown to him by me.
a) We were offered a big house in Gaza by him.
16. b) A big house in Gaza was offered to us by him.
17. It is said that there is no water on the moon.
A car is being possessed by me.
18. Or: A car is being owned by me.
Or: A car is being belonged to me.
19. Don't let the door be opened.
20. Let this book be given to Emad.
21. Any building are not wanted here.
22. Everything must be left as it is by me.
23. The room has not been cleaned by them.
24. This word has been looked up by me.
25. It is said that she is innocent.
26. It was said that she is innocent.
27. Let all necessary things be brought.
28. Where has my car been left?
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29. Is English spoken all over the world?
Shall we be allowed five minutes break?
30. Or: Will five minutes break be allowed to us by them?
31. Were any spare parts bought by you?
32. By whom were both boys asked to leave?
By whom was he shown the way?
33.
Or: By whom was the way shown to him?
34. By whom has the food been cooked?
35. By whom was this story told?
36. When was the ring found?
37. Is the letter being written by Ali now?
38. Has your question been answered?
39. Is much money gained by them?
Why was not I told the truth by them?
40.
Or: Why was not the truth told to me by them?
Exercise No. 16 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. He told them that he would bring them some tea when they had finished.
2. I her that I had something to show her.
3. She told him that she had lost her keys the day before (the previous day).
4. He says that Adel has written him a long letter.
5. She said that it had not been foggy that day as it had been the day before.
6. Hassan says that when he gets up, he finds a cup of milk beside his bed.
7. She told him that she had stayed with her brother in their house that morning.
8. He told us that the sun shines every morning.
9. He said (that) he would have to go again next week.
10. He hoped to go there.
11. He says that he is busy today and that he has bought a new book.
12. She said that iron is heavier than gold.
He greeted them that morning and told them that he had brought all papers and that he hoped
13. to reach an agreement.
14. She told him that she wanted to go with him to see by herself.
15. The man said that Spring is the best season of the year.
She did not agree telling him that she couldn’t sign that contract unless he paid 300,000
16.
dollars for her at once.
17. She told him that her bag had been full of money.
She told me that she would help me, that she could lend me some books and that she had
18.
many useful books on that subject.
19. He told me that he had phoned me twice.
He says that they are living in a house near to his school, that he needs not to take the bus
20.
and that he can reach his school in 5 minutes.
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Exercise No. 17 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. Soha asked Nadia what she wanted to do on Friday.
2. Mona asked Samia how she was going to travel to France.
3. I asked my friend when he had arrived.
4. Mr. Hesham asked where the voice had been coming from.
5. I asked whether I had made anything wrong.
6. He asked me to wait. Or: He asked me if I would mind waiting.
7. He asked her how she had gone there and inquired ( )ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭif she gone there on foot.
8. She asked why I blamed her.
9. Mohammed asked if the flat was cheap.
10. He asked me to wait a moment.
11. Tariq offered me a lift and I asked which way he was going.
12. She asked me if I could do it before the next day.
13. Her husband asked what a suitable dress is.
14. I asked him why he was looking through the keyhole.
15. He asked Mr. Hazem where he had been the previous night.
She asked whether they needed to go to the shops in order to see suitable dresses and
16.
unsuitable prices.
17. Hassan asked Khalil how long he was staying in Gaza.
18. He asks if the weather is good today.
19. He asked if the weather was good that day.
He asked me if I had answered that exercise.
20. I replied that I had answered it. Or: I replied that I had not answered it.
Exercise No. 18 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. He asked his friend to lend him his camera.
2. The officer ordered the soldier to bring him the bag of the maps.
3. Heba asked Latefa to give her her English book.
4. The father advised his son not to go alone.
5. She asked for forgiveness. ()ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ
6. She urged ( )ﺤﺜﹼﺕNagi to hit the other boy.
7. The lady asked the man sitting beside her not to smoke.
8. My friend asked me to wait for him at the bridge and asked if I could bring that bag with me.
9. Nader told me to go and tell his father that he could not go home that night.
10. He advised her not to waste their money in that foolish way.
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Exercise No. 19 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. He said with anger that he was a fool and that he had spoilt everything.
2. He wished me a happy Christmas.
3. The poor cried with sorrow that he had lost his only child.
4. She cried with joy that her daughter had succeeded.
5. She said with joy that it is a nice dress and thanked her daddy.
6. He said with admiration that she is a lovely girl.
7. She exclaimed with disgust ( )ﺍﺸﻤﺌﺯﺍﺯthat it was a snake and told the children not to get near it.
8. Khalil said with joy that he hadn’t seen me sine we had been in Paris.
9. He said with pleasure that his son had returned to him safe and sound.
10. He said with sorrow that he wouldn’t recover ( ) ﻴﺴﺘﺭﺩhis money.
Exercise No. 20 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
General Exercise on Direct and In direct Speech
She told him that she hadn’t found anything there. She asked where she had hidden the bag.
1. She ordered him to go and make her think they had found it. She told him that she would
come and try to make sure. Then she cried with joy that she had found it.
She said with anger that I had done a foolish deed. She ordered me to go by my own means
2. to the police. She asked me to tell them everything as it had happened. She advised me not
to tell any lies. She told me that it was better to go to the police than to be arrested.
Exercise No. 21 ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ
1. oldest or eldest 6. less
2. faster 7. most difficult
I 3. thinner 8. cleverest
4. most popular 9. higher
5. best 10. hottest
II 1. old 2. easiest 3. most useful 4. best 5. most interesting
After black clouds* clear weather.
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2006 /
ﺍﻟﻔﻬـــــﺭﺱ
Page No.
ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ Subject
1 Sentence, Phrase and Clause ﺍﻟﺠﻤـﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤـﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ .1
The difference between Sentence, Phrase and
1 ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ِ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺸ .2
Clause
2 Kinds of Sentences ﺃﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤـل .3
3 The Statement ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ .4
3 Kinds of Statement ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ .5
3 The Simple Sentence ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ .6
4 The Compound Sentence ﺭﻜﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ ﹼ .7
5 Kinds of Compound Sentence ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ .8
5 1. Coordinating Copulative ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺠﻴﺔ.1 .9
10 2. Negative Coordinating Copulative ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ.2 .10
11 3. Coordinating Adversative ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﺩﻴﺔ.3 .11
12 4.Coordinating Alternative ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ.4 .12
14 5. Coordinating Illative (ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ
ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ )ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﹼ.5 .13
19 The Complex Sentence ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ .14
20 Kinds of Complex Sentence ﺃﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ .15
How to change a complex sentence Intoa
simple sentence
21 ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ.16
Or: How to change from Clause Into Phrase□
22 1. Noun Clauses and Noun Phrases □ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ.1 .17
2. Adjectival (Relative) Clauses & Adjectival ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ )ﺍﹼﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ( ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل.2
28 (Relative) Phrases .18
(ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ
28 Kinds of Relative Clauses ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ.19
31 Relative Pronouns (ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻟﺔ )ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل( )ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ .20
How to change Adjectival Clause into ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ
41 Adjectival Phrase□ .21
(How to change from Complex to Phrase) ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ
How to change from Simple Sentence into
Complex Sentence ﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻴﻑ
ٍ ﻜﻴﻑ ﹸﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁٍﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘ
44 .22
Or: How to change from Phrase into Clause ﹸﺘﺤﻭل ﺸﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ
3. Adverbial Clause and Adverbial Phrases
46 ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ.3 .23
46 Kinds of Adverbial Clauses ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ.24
48 1. Adverbial Clauses of Place (ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﹼﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ.1 .25
How to change from Adverbial Clause to ٍﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒِﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ
48 Adverbial Phrase .26
ٍﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ
How to change from Adverbial Clause of ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ
ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
48 Place into Phrase .27
ﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ
ِ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸ
50 2. Adverbial Clauses of Time (ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ.2 .28
How to change from Adverbial Clause of ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﺎﻥ
ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
53 Time into Phrase .29
ﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍِﺔ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔٍ
)ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﺎﻥ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸ ِ
58 3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺏ(
.3 .30ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
How to change Adverbial Clause of Cause ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ
58 into Phrase .31
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ
62 4. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ )ﻟﻠﻬﺩﻑ(
.4 .32ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
How to change Adverbial Clause of Purpose ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸ ِ
ﺒﻪ
63 into Phrase .33
ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭ ِ
ﺽ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴ ٍ
68 )5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence
.5 .34ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ(
How to change Adverbial Clause of Result ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸ ِ
ﺒﻪ
70 into Phrase .35
ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ )ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ(
.6ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
74 )(Concession .36
)ﻟﻺﻗﺭﺍﺭ( )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻺﻗﺭﺍﺭ(
ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ
How to change Adverbial Clause of Contrast
76 into Phrase ﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨٍﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ
) .37ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸ ِ
)ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ(
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
.7ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
79 7. Adverbial Clauses of Manner .38
ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ(
How to change Adverbial Clause of Manner ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒِﻪ
80 .39
into Phrase ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ
ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴ ٍ
82 8. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ
.8 .40ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
How to change Adverbial Clause of ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸ ِ
ﺒﻪ
84 Comparison into Phrase .41
ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ
ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴ ٍ
9. Adverbial Clauses of Condition (The
86 ﺸﺭﻁ(
ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠ ﹼ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
.9 .42ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
)Conditional Clauses) ( If Clauses
)Conditional Sentences (If Rules
86 .43ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ )ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ /ﻟﻭ(
)(Conditionals
86 1-The Zero Conditional ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻴﺔ )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ(
.1 .44ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
87 2.The First Conditional .2 .45ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤل(
ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﹸﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻨﻲ )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺘﻤل(
.3ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
87 3.The Second Conditional .46
)ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل(
ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل(
.4ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
88 4.The Third Conditional .47
89 Omit of If .48ﺤـﺫﻑ ﻜﻠـﻤﺔ If
90 unless = if…..not .49ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ /ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ /ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ
91 Summery for If Rules .50ﻤ ﻠﺨﺹ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﻟﻘـﻭﺍﻋـﺩ If
How to change Adverbial Clause of ﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔٍ
ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸ ِ
ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﹶ
92 Condition into Phrase .51
ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔٍ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍﺔ ﹶ
94 10. Adverbial Clauses of Degree ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺠﺔ(
.10 .52ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
How to change Adverbial Clause of Degree ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒِﻪ
94 into Phrase .53
ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺠﺔِ
ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴ ٍ
95 11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ(
.11ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ .54
How to change Adverbial Clause of ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ
95 □Exception into Phrase .55
ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨٍﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎِﺀ
ِ
96 12. Adverbial Clauses of Preference ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻔﻀﻴل )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻔﻀﻴل(
.12 .56ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
How To Change Adverbial Clause Of ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻀﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ
96 □Preference Into Phrase .57
ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴٍﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻀﻴل ِّ )ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨٍﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻀﻴل ِّ(
13. Adverbial Clauses of Proportion
97 ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ(
.13 .58ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
How to change Adverbial Clause of ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ
97 Proportion into Phrase .59
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ
General Exercises on Adverbial Clauses and ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
98 Phrases .60
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
General Exercises on Clauses and Phrases
101 .61ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل
103 General exercise on Kind of Sentences
.62ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍ ِ
ﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل
104 Summery for Kinds of Sentences ﺨﺹ ﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل
.63ﻤ ﻠ ﹼ
Summery for Conjunctions of Adverbial ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
105 Clauses .64
ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ Clauseﺇﻟﻰ Phrase
111 Answers .65
:
Sentence, Phrase and Clause
-: The sentence .1
ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل )ﹸﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ( ،ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ() .ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ :finite verbﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ(.
ﺤﺭﻑ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ،Capital Letterﻭﺒﺄﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ) (.ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻼﻤـِﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟(
ٍ ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒ
ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻼﻤﺔِ ﺘﻌﺠﺏ )!(.
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. He sat. ﻫﻭ ﺠﻠــﺱ.
2. She plays football. ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ.
?3. Are they dancing ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻴﺭﻗﺼﻭﻥ؟
!4. Ah , they have come ﺁﻩ ،ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻭﺍ!
5. Read the lesson. ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ.
-: Clause .2
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ ،ﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ(.
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. ... because he was tired. ...ﻷﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ.
2. When he arrived ... ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼل ...
-: Phrase .3
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻻ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ.
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. ... in the corner ... ...ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ...
2. Reaching home, ... ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ... ،
Reachi ngﻓﻌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻟ ﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل ).(geru nd ) (verba l nou n )
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Complete sense Finite verb
ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ (ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺤﺪود )ﻟﮫ زﻣﻦ
Sentence ﺟﻤﻠـﺔ b b
Clause ﻋﺒـﺎرة × b
Phrase ﺷﺒﮫ ﺟﻤـﻠﺔ × ×
.ٍ ﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔClauses ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕPhrases ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل
Reaching home, he sat in the corner because he was tired. .ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺠﻠﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ
Phrase Main Sentence Phrase Clause
Exercise No. 1 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
Which of the following are sentences, clauses or phrases?
ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻵ ﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺠ ﻤل ﺃ ﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ ﻤل ؟
1. Open the window.
2. whom we saw.
3. at the grocer's.
4. across the street.
5. that he came.
6. through the window.
7. Come here.
8. as I was waiting.
9. from my father.
10. Where are my books?
11. Did you laugh?
12. Sit down.
13. near the new secondary school.
14. before he met you.
15. if I see him.
16. They watched T.V.
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Kinds of Sentences
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ-:
Order .3ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﺔ Statement .1ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ )ﺇﺨﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ(
Exclamation .4ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﺠﺒﻴﺔ Question .2ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل(
ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺴﹸﻨﻠﻘ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻭ ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ.
The Statement
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﹸﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﺎ ،ﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻤ ﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ.
1. He watches TV. ﻫﻭ ﻴ ﺸﺎ ﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺜﺒﺘﺔ(
2. He does not watch TV. ﻫﻭﻻ ﻴ ﺸﺎ ﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ(
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The Simple Sentence .1ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ
The Compound Sentence .2ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﹼﻜﺒﺔ
The Complex Sentence .3ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ
1. The Simple Sentence
ﹸﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭ ﺘﺤﺘﻭ ﻱ ﻋ ﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ.
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. The earth moves around the sun. ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ.
2. Samy has a car. ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ.
3. Come. ﺘﻌﺎل).ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻀﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﻭ ﻫﻭ "ﺃﻨﺕ"(
?4. Why did you come late ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺤﻀﺭﺕﹶ ﻤ ﺘﺄﺨﺭﹰﺍ؟
5. They didn't believe you. ﻫﻡ ﻻ ﻴ ﺼﺩﻗﻭﻨﻙ.
Going home, he stopped by the grocery shop to buy some tea and rice.
6.
ﺸﺎﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ.
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻫﺎﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ ،ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﹼﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ) non-finite verbsﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ(.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺜ ِ
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ﻁﺔ ،ﺒل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻥٍ
ﻤﻼ ﺒﺴﻴ ﹰ
:ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺠ ﹰ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍﺓ ،ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ.
2. The Compound Sentence
ﹸﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﹼﻜﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻜ ﺜِﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﻭ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ.
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ )ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ( ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴٍﻡ ﻤ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴٍﺔ ،ﻭ ﻴﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﺤـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁـﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻨـﺴﻴﻘﻴ ﺔ
،Coordinative Conjunctionsﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻗﻠﻴ ٍل ﺇﻥ ﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ.
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜل ٍُ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻤ ﺴﺘﻘل ﻤﺜل:
)a She invited him. ﻫﻲ ﺩﻋﺘﻪ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ(
b) She sent him her car. ﺃﺭﺴﹶﻠﺕﹾ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ(
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ) (bﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ).(a
c) Not only did she invite him but also she sent him her car. ﻟﻡ ﺘﺩﻋﻪ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ،ﺒل ﺃﺭﺴﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ.
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل .ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺫﹶ ﺤﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ(
The man woke up. He took a bath.
1.
= The man woke up and he took a bath. )ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﺭﹼﻜﺒﺔ( = ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل ﻭﺃﺨﺫﹶ ﺤﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ.
ﺩﺭﺱ ﺴﺎ ﻤﻲ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ .ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ(
Samy studied well. He didn't succeed.
2.
= Samy studied well but he didn't succeed. = ﺩﺭﺱ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﺭﹼﻜﺒﺔ(
You can go to the cinema. You can stay at
home.
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ .ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘـﻰ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺕ .
3.
= You can go to the cinema or you can stay )ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ(
at home. ﺭﻜﺒﺔ(
= ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﹼ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ .ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﺒﻴﻥ .ﻟـﻡ ﺘﺘـﺯﻭﺝ
She was very beautiful. She had many
admirers. She married none of them. ﺃﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ) .ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺠ ﻤل ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ(
4.
= She was very beautiful and she had many = ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﹼﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ
admirers but she married none of them.
ﺘﺘﺯﻭﺝ ﺃﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﺭﹼﻜﺒﺔ(
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Coordinative Conjunctions ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﹼﻜﺒﺔ )ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌ ﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ(
ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ
and ... neverthelessﻭ../ ..ﺜﻡ../..ﻑ.. ﻭ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ /ﻭ ﺒﺭﻏﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ /ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ
but in spite of thatﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ
both ... and ... despite thatﻜل ﻤﻥ ...ﻭ ... ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ
and also on the contraryﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ... ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ
as well as orﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ..ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ / ..ﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ /ﻭ ﺇﻻﹼ
not only ...but also otherwiseﻟﻴﺱ ..ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﺒل ..ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ.. ﻭ ﺒﺩﻴل ﺫﻟﻙ /...ﻭ ﺇﻻﹼ
besides ﻭ ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ or else ﻭ ﺇﻻﹼ
furthermore either ... or ...ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ /ﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻭ... ﺇﻤﺎ
moreover neither ... nor ...ﻭ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭ ﻻ.. ﻻ
likewise soﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ /ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ
again thusﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﺍﹰ /ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ
yet henceﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭ ِﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ
still thenﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﺇﺫﺍﹰ
however thereforeﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل ﻭ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ
accordingly consequentlyﻭ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ
ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨ ﻤﺴِﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉٍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻨ ﻭﺍﻉ ﺤ ﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌ ﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ:
1. Coordinating Copulative ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺠﻴﺔ .1
2. Negative Coordinating Copulative ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ .2
3. Coordinating Adversative ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﺩﻴﺔ .3
4. Coordinating Alternative ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ .4
5. Coordinating Illative ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ .5
1. Coordinating Copulative
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﻌﻁﻑ ﻋ ﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ " "andﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻲ:
and again further more
and also besides likewise
both...and moreover as well as
not only...but also
ﻟ ﻠﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ ﻤلٍُ ﺒﺴﻴﻁٍﺔ ﻤ ﺜﺒﺘٍﺔ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ( ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ . ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
5
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1. and ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻌ ﻁﻑ :ﻭ... ،ﺜﻡ ... ،...ﻓـ ...
ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ andﻟﻌﻁﻑِ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎل.
Ahmed went to school. Hany went to school. Nader went to school.
)= Ahmed, Hany and Nader went to school. (compound
)a
= ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻭﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ) .ﻋﻁﻑ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ(
andﹸﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ(
Samy went away. Samy bought a paper.
)b
= ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔﹰ ).ﻋﻁﻑ ﻓﻌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل()= Samy went away and bought a paper. (compound
The liquid was thick. The liquid was yellow.
)c
)= The liquid was thick and yellow. (compound = ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺴﻤﻴ ﻜﹰﺎ ﻭ ﺃﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ).ﻋﻁﻑ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ(
He was the bravest. He was the strongest.
)d
= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ).ﻋﻁﻑ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ( )= He was the bravest and the strongest. (compound
I hope to succeed. He hopes to succeed.
)e
)= I and he hope to succeed. (compound = ﺃﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻨﺄﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﺠﺢ).ﻋﻁﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ(
Slowly he arrived home. Safely he arrived home.
)f
= Slowly and safely he arrived home. = ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺒﺒﻁﺀٍ ﻭ ﺒﺄﻤﺎﻥٍ ).ﻋﻁﻑ ﺤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎل(
-:
(1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـ andﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ )ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ )ﺒﻌﺩ ،(andﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ . or
(2ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤ ﺨﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻜﺭِﻩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺎ )ﺒﻌﺩ ،( andﻭ ﺘﻅل andﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ.
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
The boy opened the door. The boy walked
into the room. ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ .ﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ.
= The boy opened the door and walked into = ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ.
)the room.(compound
andﻭﺤـﺫِﻑﹶ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل the ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ، the boyﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـ
boyﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ .and
Samy didn't go away. Samy didn't buy a paper. ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ .ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ.
) = Samy didn't go away or buy a paper.(compound
= ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ
ﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ orﻟﻠﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒ ﹰ
ﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ،andﻭﺤﺫِ ﹶ
ﺕ didn'tﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ .or
ﻤﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ،orﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ) ،(Sam yﻭ ﺤ ِﺫﻓﹶ ﹾ
Samy didn't go away. Magid didn't stay home. ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ .ﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻕﹶ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل.
= Samy didn't go away and Magid didn't stay home.
)(compound = ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻕﹶ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل.
6
:
ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﹰ ) (M agidﻭ ) (Samyﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻠـﺫﻟﻙ ﺭﺒﻁﻨـﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘـﻴﻥ
،andﻭﻟﻡ ﻨﺤﺫﻓﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ).(2 ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ andﻭ ﻭﻀِﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ
Samy went away. Samy bought a paper. ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ .ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ.
)= Did Samy go away or buy a paper? (Question =ﻫل ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ؟
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ) ،(Samyﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل( ﻨـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ or
ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ andﻭ ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ .or
Samy went away. Magid stayed at home.
ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ .ﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل.
? = Did Samy go away, and, did Magid stay at home
= ﻫل ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل؟
)(Question
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﻴﻥ ﻤ ﺨﺘﻠﻑ ) M agidﻭ ،(Samyﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟـ ﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ ﻨـﻀﻊ andﺒـﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ.
2. both .... and ..... ﻜل ﻤﻥ ....ﻭ ....
ﺃ( ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ.
a) Ali is clever.
1. b) Ahmed is clever too. ﺏ( ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ.
)= Both Ali and Ahmed are clever. (compound
= ﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﻥ.
a) Governments are interested in education. ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ.
b) Parents are interested in education.
2. ﺏ( ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻬﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ.
= Both governments and parents are interested in
)education.(compound = ﻜﹸﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻬﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ.
3. as well as .... ﻴﻀﺎ ....
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ...ﺃ ﹰ
ﻻ ﻗﺒـل
ﹸﺘﻀﻴﻑ as well asﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ِﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴـﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
as well asﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ.
a) He speaks English. ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠ ﻴﺯﻴﺔ .
b) He speaks French.
1. ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴ ﺔ .
= He speaks French as well as English.
)(compound = ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ ﺔ ً.
a) He is a doctor. ﺃ(ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ.
b) He is a musician.
2. ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ.
= He is a musician as well as a doctor.
)(compound = ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ.
a) I am interested in music. ﺃ( ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤ ﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ .
b) My brother is interested in music too.
3. ﺏ( ﺃﺨﻲ ﻤ ﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ.
= I, as well as my brother, am interested in
)music. (compound = ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺨﻲ ﻤ ﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ .
ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎ ﻋل ﺍﻷﻭل ) ( Iﻓﻲ ﻤﺜلُِ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل am
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
7
:
a) He is fond of swimming. ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻟﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔِ.
b) His cousins are fond of swimming too.
4. ﻤﻪ ﻤﻭﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ.
ﺏ( ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋ ِ
= He, as well as his cousins, is fond of swimming.
)(compound ﻤﻪ ﻤﻭﻟﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔِ.
= ﻫﻭ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋ ِ
a) His cousins are fond of swimming.
ﺃ( ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻪِ ﻤﻭﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔِ.
b) He is fond of swimming too.
5. = His cousins, as well as he, are fond of ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻟﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔِ.
)swimming. (compound
= ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤِﻪ ﻤﻭﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔِ ﻤﺜﻠﻪ.
4. not only .... but .... also ... ﻟﻴﺱ ...ﻓﻘﻁ ...ﺒل ...ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ....
Or: not only .... but also ... ﺃﻭ :ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ...ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ....
ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ.
ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺤﺩ ﺙ ﺇﺒﺩﺍل )ﺃﻱ ﻴـﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل
ﺏ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل )ﺃﻱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ﻤ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ didﺃﻭ doesﺃﻭ doﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴ ِ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﹸﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ not onlyﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )ﺃﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل(.
ﻭﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺫﻜﺭ not onlyﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ،ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺒﺩﺍل )ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل(..
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
a) She speaks English. ﺃ( ﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ ﺔ.
b) She speaks Spanish. ﺏ( ﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴ ﺔ.
= Not only does she speak English but she
1. = ﺇﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﺒل ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ.
)speaks Spanish also. (compound
Or = She not only speaks English but she ﺃﻭ = ﺇﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ،ﺒل ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
)speaks Spanish also. (compound ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ.
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ alsoﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻴﺯٍﺓ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ
ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ as wellﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﻟﺸﺨﺹٍ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤﺎ ،ﻤﺜل:
)Or: = Not only does she speak English but she speaks Spanish as well. (compound
ﺃﻭ = ﺇﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ،ﺒل ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ.
ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِل.
a) He listens carefully in class.
b) He works hard at home. ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ.
2.
= He, not only listens carefully in class, but = ﻫﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِل ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻫﻭ
)also, he works hard at home.(comp.
ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔِ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ as well asﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ . .... not only ..... but also
)Or = He listens carefully in class as well as he works hard at home. (compound
ﺃﻭ = ﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِل ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ.
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a) They sold their factory. .ﺃ( ﺒﺎﻋﻭﺍ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﻬﻡ
b) They migrated to America.
3. .ﺏ( ﻫﺎﺠﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ
= Not only did they sell their factory but
they migrated to America also. (comp.) . ﺒل ﻫﺎﺠﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ،= ﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻴﻌﻭﺍ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ
.ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ
a) Ahmed has passed his exam. .ٍﺏ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﺼل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ
b) Ahmed has obtained full mark.
= Not only has Ahmed passed his exam but ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺤـﺼل،= ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ
4.
also he has obtained full mark. (comp) .ٍﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ
Or = Ahmed, not only has passed his exam,
but also he has obtained full mark. (comp) ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺤـﺼل،ﺃﻭ = ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻘﻁ
.ٍﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ
a) He is innocent. .ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ
b) He is brave.
= Not only is he innocent but he is brave as .ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﺸﹸﺠﺎﻉ
5.
well. (compound) .ﺸﺠﺎﻉ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ
ﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻪ ﹸ،= ﺇﹼﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻓ ﺤﺴﺏ
Or =He, not only is innocent but he is
brave as well. (compound)
a) They send him letters. .ﺴﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪِ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ
ِ ﺃ( ﻫﻡ ﻴ ﺭ
b) They send him money and explosives.
= Not only do they send him letters but .ﺴﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻗﻌﺎﺕ
ِ ﺏ( ﻫﻡ ﻴ ﺭ
6.
they send him money and explosives also. ِﺴﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ
ِ ﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻬﻡ ﻴ ﺭ،ﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ
ٍ ﺴﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎ
ِ = ﺃﹼﻨﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴ ﺭ
Or = They, not only send him letters but
they send him money and explosives also. .ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ
a) She may refuse to pay money.
b) She may call the police. .ﺃ( ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻓﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ
= Not only may she refuse to pay money but
7. .ﺏ( ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻁﺔ
she may call the police also. (compound)
Or = She, not only may refuse to pay money . ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻁﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ،= ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻘﻁ
but also she may call the police.(compound)
5. besides ﻭ ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ
a) The pens are new. .ﺃ( ﺍﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ
b) The pens are cheap.
1. .ﺏ( ﺍﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ
= The pens are new, besides, they are
cheap. (compound) .= ﺍﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ
a) Students study Arabic at school .ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ
ﺃ( ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟ ﱡ
b) Students study Maths at school. .ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ
ﺏ( ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟ ﱡ
= Students study Arabic at school, besides,
they study Maths at school. (compound) ﻁﻼﺏ ﻴﺩﺭ ﺴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻭﻓـﻀ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻋـﻥ = ﺍﻟ ﱡ
2.
.ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫ ﻡ ﻴﺩﺭ ﺴﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ
ﻭﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴـﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ
. ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ
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6. moreover ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ
a) He lost his money. .ﺃ( ﻓﻘﺩ ﹸﻨﻘﻭﺩﻩ
b) He lost his shop.
.ﺏ( ﻓﻘﺩ ﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﻪ
= He lost his money, moreover, he lost his
shop. (compound) . ﻭ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﻪ،= ﻓﻘﺩ ﹸﻨﻘﻭﺩﻩ
2. Negative Coordinating Copulative
-: ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻲ،"nor" ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ
1. neither ....... nor ... .. ﻭﻻ..... ﻻ
2. nor …. .... ﻭﻻ
. ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ )ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ( ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒ ﻴﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ
.ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ
a) He can not read.
1. b) He can not write. .ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﹸﺏ
= He can neither read nor write. (compound)
= ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﹸﺏ
a) He didn't come. .ِﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺕ
He didn't apologize
2. .ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﺫﺭ
= He didn't come, nor did he apologize.
(compound) .= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺕِ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﺫﺭ
a) He will not gain the first prize. .ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
b) He will not gain the second prize.
3. .ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
= He will gain neither the first nor the second
prize. (compound) .= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ
-:
ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻜـﺱ ﻤﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻋﺩ،(Neither ... ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﹼﻨﻔﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺒـ
.( ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ( ) ﺃﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋلnor ﻭ ﺒﻌﺩNeither ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻌﺩ:)ﺃﻱ
= Neither the first nor the second prize will he gain. (compound)
. = ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭ ﻻ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯِﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
a) He didn't come early. .ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺕِ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ
b) He didn't stop talking either.
4. .ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ
= He neither came early nor stopped talking. (comp.)
Or: = Neither did he come early nor did he stop talking. (comp.) .ﺕ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﺍ ً ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ
ِ = ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄ
a) He didn't buy anything. .ﺃ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘﺭِ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ
b) He didn't sell anything.
5. .ﺏ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ
= He neither bought nor sold anything. (compound)
Or: = Neither did he buy nor did he sell anything. (comp.) .= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘِﺭ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ
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a) He does not understand the lesson. .ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ
b) He does not answer the question either. .ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ
= He neither understands the lesson nor answers the
6. .= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴ ﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل
question. (comp.)
Or: = Neither does he understand the lesson nor does he
answer the question.(comp.)
3. Coordinating Adversative
. ﻫﻲ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤ ﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺘﻴﻥ
: ﻤﺜل،" ﻟﻜﻥbut" ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻑ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ
but nevertheless
still in spite of that
yet despite that
however on the contrary
1. but ﻟﻜﻥ
ﻭﻴﺤـﺴﻥ، ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭل ﺠ ﻤﻠﹰﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻤﻊ ﺴﻴﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻫﻨِﻪ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻻ ﺘﻘـﺼﺩﻩbut ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
- : ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻵﺘﻲbut ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ
.ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﹰﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ
a) She was angry with him.
b) She gave him money. .ﺏ( ﺃﻋﻁﺘﻪ ﹸﻨﻘﻭﺩﹰﺍ
= She was angry with him but she gave him money. (compound)
. ﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﺘﻪ ﹸﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ،= ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﹰﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ
2. still ﻭﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل
a) They received the body. .ﺃ( ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺜﹼﺔ
b) His mother thinks he is alive.
= They received the body, his mother still thinks he is .ﺏ( ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻤﻪ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺤﻲ
alive. (compound) .= ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺜﹼﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺃﻤﻪ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﺤﻲ
3. yet ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ
a) He is forty years old. .ﺃ( ﻋ ﻤﺭﻩ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺎﹰ
1. b) He is a bachelor. .ﺏ( ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﺃﻋﺯﺏ
= He is forty years old, yet , he is a bachelor.(comp.)
.= ﻋ ﻤﺭﻩ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﺯﺏ
a) He worked hard. .ٍﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ
2. b) He was fired. .(ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﺤﻤﺴﹰﺎ )ﺜﺎﺌﺭﹰﺍ
= He worked hard, yet , he was fired. (comp.) .( = ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤل ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻤ ﺘﺤﻤﺴﹰﺎ )ﺜﺎﺌﺭﹰﺍ
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4. however ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل
a) He became rather mad. .ﺃ( ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩٍ ﻤﺎ
b) You can talk to him.
.ﺏ( ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ
= He became rather mad, however , he can talk
to him. (comp.) . ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎ ٍل،= ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩٍ ﻤﺎ
5. nevertheless ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ
a) He was innocent. .ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺎﹰ
b) He was hanged.
1. .ﺏ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﻌﺘﻘﻼﹰ
= He was innocent, nevertheless , he was
hanged.(comp.) .ﻼ
= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﻌﺘﻘ ﹰ
a) They are enemies. .ﺃ( ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺀ
b) They respect each other.
2. .ﺏ( ﻴﺤﺘﺭﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ
= They are enemies; nevertheless, they respect eachother.
(compound) .= ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺤﺘﺭﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ
a) Winter is cold. .ﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ
ﺃ ( ﺍﻟ ﹼ
b) Summer is hot.
1. .ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﺤﺎﺭ
= Winter is cold (but, yet, however) summer
is hot. (compound) . ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل( ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﺤﺎﺭ، ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ،ﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ )ﻭﻟﻜﻥ
= ﺍﻟ ﹼ
a) He was blind. .ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻰ
b)He could find his way. .ﺏ( ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ
2. = He was blind (however, but, nevertheless)
he could find his way. (compound) ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ( ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ،= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻰ )ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل
.ﻴﺠﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ
6. on the contrary ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ
a) She does not hate him. .ﺃ(ﺇﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻜﺭ ﻫﻪ
b) She is fond of him.
.ﺏ( ﺇﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻤ ﻐﺭﻤﺔ ﺒِﻪ
= She does not hate him, on the contrary , she is
fond of him. (compound) .ِ= ﺇﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻜﺭ ﻫﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻤ ﻐﺭﻤﺔ ﺒﻪ
4.Coordinating Alternative
. ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺨﺘ ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻸﺨﺭﻯ، ﻫﻲ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ
: ﻤﺜل،"or" "ﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠِﺔ " ﺃﻭ
ٍ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﻌﻁﻑ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑِ ﻋ ﻁ
or or else
either ...... or otherwise
. ﻭﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ ﻫﺫِﻩ ﺘﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘ ﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ
12
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1. or ﻭﺇﻻﹼ/ﺃﻭ
a) You can buy a Sony recorder. .ﺃ( ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻤ ﺴﺠل ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺴﻭﻨﻲ
b) You can buy a Philips recorder.
1. . ﺏ( ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻤ ﺴﺠل ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻴﻠﺒﺱ
= You can buy a Sony or a Philips recorder.
(compound) .= ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻤ ﺴﺠل ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺴﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻴﻠﺒﺱ
a) Pay them money. .ﺃ( ﺍﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ
b) Take the consequences. .ﺏ( ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
2.
= Pay them money or take the consequences.
(compound) .= ﺍﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻟﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
2. either ...... or .... ﺃﻭ...... ﺇﻤﺎ
a) He will gain the first prize. .ﺃ( ﺴﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
b) He will gain the second prize.
= He will gain either the first prize, or the second .ﺏ( ﺴﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ
1. prize. (compound)
.= ﺴﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ِﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ
Or = Either the first prize or the second prize will
he gain. (compound) . = ﺇﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﻬﺎ:ﺃﻭ
a) You can stay. . ﺃ( ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ
2. b) You can leave. .ﺏ( ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﻐﺎﺩﺭ
= You can either stay, or you can leave. (comp.)
. = ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﻐﺎﺩﺭ
a) I am to blame. . ﺴﺄﻭﺒﺦ/ ﺃ( ﺴﺄﻻﻡ
3. b) He is to blame. . ﺴﻴﻭﺒﺦ/ ﺏ( ﺴﻴﻼﻡ
= Either I or he is to blame. (compound)
.= ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺴﻴﻭﺒﺦ
3. or else ........................... ﻭﺇﻻ
a) I had to obey them. .ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴ ﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻁﻴﻌﻬﻡ
b) They would have killed me.
.ﺏ( ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺴﻴﻘﺘﻠﻭﻨﻲ
= I had to obey them, or else, they would have killed
me. (comp.) .= ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻁﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺴﻴﻘﺘﻠﻭﻨﻲ
4. otherwise .... .... ﻭﺇﻻ/... ﻭﺒﺩﻴل ﺫﻟﻙ
.ﺃ( ﺴﻴﺄﺨﺫﻭﻥ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩﻫﻡ
a) They will take their money.
b) They will take the car. .ﺏ( ﺴﻴﺄﺨﺫﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ
= They will take their money; otherwise, they will take the = ﺴــﻴﺄﺨﺫﻭﻥ ﹸﻨﻘــﻭﺩﻫﻡ ﻭﺇﻻ ﺴــﻴﺄﺨﺫﻭﻥ
car. (comp.)
.ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ
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General Example
a) You must study hard. ﺃ( ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭ ﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ.
b) You won’t get high marks. ﺏ( ﻟﻥ ﺘﺤﺼ ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴٍﺔ.
= You must study hard or (otherwise) you won’t
)get high marks. (compound = ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭ ﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﺃﻭ )ﻭﺇﻻ( ﻟﻥ ﺘﺤﺼل َُ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻼﻤـﺎﺕٍ
Or: = Either you must study hard or you won’t ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔٍ.
)get high marks. (compound
Or: = You must either study hard or you won’t ﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔٍ.
ﺃﻭ = :ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺎ ٍ
)get high marks. (compound ﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔٍ.ﺃﻭ = :ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺎ ٍ
5. Coordinating Illative
( )
ﻫﻲ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﺭﹼﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﹰﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﻟﻰ.
ﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠِﺔ " ﻟﺫﻟﻙ" " "soﻤﺜل :
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﻌﻁﻑ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻋ ﻁ ٍ
so therefore
thus accordingly
hence then
consequently
ﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل .
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﻗﻌﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ِ
ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤلُّ ﻤﺤل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.
a) He was very tired.
b) He couldn't walk.
ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ.
1. ﺏ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺸﻲ.
= He was very tired, so (thus, therefore), he
)couldn't walk. (compound ﺩﺍ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ )ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ،ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺸﻲ.
= ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﺠ ﹰ
a) She was sick.
b) She went to the doctor.
ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺔ.
2. ﺏ( ﻫﻲ ﺫﻫﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ.
= She was sick, consequently (hence) , she
)went to the doctor. (compound = ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺔ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﹰﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ )ﻭﻤﻥ ﹸﺜﻡ( ﺫﻫﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ.
1. so ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ
a) He is an officer.
b) He can use a gun well.
ﺃ( ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻀﺎﺒﻁ.
1. ﺏ( ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺩﺱ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ.
= He is an officer, so , he can use a gun
)well. (compound = ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻀﺎﺒﻁ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺩﺱ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ.
a) He didn't do his homework.
b) He was punished.
ﺃ( ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﹸﻘﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﻪِ.
2. ﺏ ( ﻋ ﻭﻗ ِ ﺏ .
= He didn't do his homework, so, he was
)punished. (comp. = ﻟﻡ ﻴﹸﻘﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒِﻪ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋ ﻭﻗِﺏ.
14
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2. thus ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ
a) She showed us her documents. .ﻁﻠﻌﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ
ﺃ( ﺃ ﹾ
b) We believe that she is the only owner.
.ﺏ( ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ
= She showed us her documents, thus , we
believe that she is the only owner.(comp.) .= ﺃﻁﻠﻌﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ
3. therefore ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ/ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ
.ﺃ( ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﹸﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻤﻬﺎ
a) She always obeys her mother.
b) You have to arrange it with your mother-in-law. .ﺏ( ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻤﺎِﺘﻙ
= She always obeys her mother, therefore , you have ﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﻤـﺭ ﻤـﻊ
= ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺌ ﹰ
to arrange it with your mother-in-law. (comp.)
. ﺤﻤﺎﺘِﻙ
4. accordingly ﻭﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ
a) They have signed the contract. .ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﻗﹼﻌﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ
b) They cannot ask for a higher price.
= They have signed the contract, accordingly, they .ﺏ( ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻁﻠﺒﻭﺍ ﺜﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ
cannot ask for a higher price. (comp.) .= ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﻗﹼﻌﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻭﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻁﻠﺒﻭﺍ ﺜﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ
5. hence ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ/ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ
a) She was robbed once. .ﺃ( ﺴ ِﺭﻗﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ
b) She always locks everything.
1. .ٍﺏ( ﻫﻲ ﺘﹸﻐﻠِﻕ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻜ ّل ﺸﻲﺀ
= She was robbed once, hence , she always
locks everything. (compound) .= ﻫﻲ ﺴ ِﺭﻗﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﹸﺘﻐِﻠﻕ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻜ ّل ﺸﻲﺀ
a) I have paid all the price. .ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺕﹸ ﻜ ّل ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻤﻥ
b) I have the right to earn its rent.
2.
= I have paid all the price, hence , I have .ﺏ( ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺼ ل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭﻩ
the right to earn its rent. (compound) .ﻌﺕ ﻜلُّ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﻤﻥ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺼل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭﻩ
= ﻟﻘﺩ ﺩﻓ ﹸ
6. then ﺇﺫﺍﹰ
a) I left back my glasses. .ﺃ( ﻨﺴﻴﺕﹸ ﻨﻅﺎﺭﺘﻲ
b) I can not read anything.
.ﺏ( ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ
= I left back my glasses, then , I can not read
anything. (compound) . ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ،ﺕ ﻨﻅﺎﺭﺘﻲ
= ﻨﺴ ﻴ ﹸ
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7. consequently ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ
a) He was tired. .ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻌﺒﹰﺎ
b) His answers were wrong.
1. .ﺏ( ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺨﻁﺄ
= He was tired, consequently , his answers were
wrong. (comp.) .= ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﹰﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺨﻁﺄ
a) I held him by the neck. .ِﺃ( ﺃﻤﺴﻜﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻗﺒﺘﻪ
b) He couldn't bite me.
2. .ﺏ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻀ ﻨﻲ
= I held him by the neck, consequently, he
couldn't bite me. (comp.) .= ﺃﻤﺴﻜﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻗﺒﺘِﻪ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﹰﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁ ﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻀﻨﻲ
Exercise No. 2 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
** Join each pair of the following: :ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴ ﻥ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ
( )
ﻷﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔٍ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﻫﺫﻩ، ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻴ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥand , but , or ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺭﺒﻁ ﺒـﻴﻥ، ﻭﺍﻟﺭ ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ.ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ
.ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ
: ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻴ ﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ
1. Hoda was blamed. Her mother was blamed. (both .... and ...)
2. Hoda was not blamed. Her mother was not blamed. (neither .... nor ... )
3. He is a farmer. He is a government employee. (as well as)
4. He works hard. He finds time to play. (not only ... but ... also )
5. He came to see me. He stayed for a month.
6. He has time to play tennis. He has money to play tennis.
7. I told him that she does not fit. He insisted on marrying her.
8. This is a very heavy loss. You should not stop at all.
9. I did not cause any harms. Why do you blame me?
10. She may send a telegram. She may come tomorrow.
11. I can not believe that such a child can buy a gun. I can not believe that he can use it.
When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital. It is impossible to
12.
be accused .()ﻤ ﹼﺘﻬﻡ
13. He did not buy a car. He did not buy a flat.
14. Her father died last month. She is the heiress ﻭﺭﻴﺙof forty feddans.
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Exercise No. 3 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
** Join the following sentences using a suitable coordinating conjunction and
make necessary changes:
:** ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺴﺘ ﺨﺩﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤ ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ
1. The wind was cold. I felt warm.
2. It was raining. We decided to stay indoors.
3. Hurry up! You'll be late for school.
4. The weather was windy and rainy. It was cold.
5. He told the truth. No one believed him.
6. Can you fix the lamp ? Is it too high?
7. She studied hard. She failed.
8. She studied hard. She succeeded.
9. She didn't study hard. She didn't succeed.
10. He is intelligent. He is hard-working.
Exercise No. 4 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
** Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets
and make necessary changes:
:ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷ ﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ
ِ ﻋﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍ ﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺩﹰﺌﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤ
ِ ** ﺃ
1. He neither cheated nor lied. (Neither ... )
2. He was not kind, but, he was also brave. (Not only....)
3. He either went home or went to the club. (Either ... )
4. He neither sold his car nor used it. (Neither ... )
5. She not only cleans the house, but she also cooks dinner. (Not only ... )
Exercise No. 5 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
** Complete with an appropriate coordinating conjunction:
:** ﺃﻜﻤل ﺒﺎﺴﺘ ﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤ ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ
1. He drinks ..... tea ... coffee, but never the tow at the same time.
2. Their actions were .... risky ...... positively suicidal.
3. I'm going out for a minute ..... two ...... you can get supper ready.
4. I don't agree with you, ...... does my brother.
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5. Those who are not studying hard should ..... change their ways ..... make room for those who will work.
6. The answer is not right ......is mine.
7. The car was quite old, ...... it was in excellent condition.
8. John could ..... see, hear ...... talk.
When I am right no one remembers, when I am wrong
no one forgets.
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3. The Complex Sentence
ﹸﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ.
ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل.
ﻟﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﹸﺴﻤﻰ Subordinative Conjunctionsﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎل ﻏﻴـﺭ
ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﺴﻤﻰ Coordinative Conjunctionsﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟـﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ
ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻹﺨﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ( ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ.
ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺃﻴﻥ ﻭﻫ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
Complex Sentence consists of two parts
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ Main (Principle) Clause ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ Subordinate Clause
Simple sentence - has a verb.
- has not a complete meaning.
- connect to the joining-word.
: M ain (Principle) Clauseﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻘل ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﹸﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻨـﻰ ﻜﺎﻤـل، ) ( (
ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ(.
:Subordinate Clauseﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟـﻴ ﺱ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻤﻌﻨـﻰ ﻜﺎﻤـل ،ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤـﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ) ( (
ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ(.
ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻻ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻘل ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل.
ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺅﺩﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ.
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ) (Subordinate Clauseﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ) ،(Phraseﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﹼﺘﺨﹸﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌـل ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ )ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ( ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒ ﺸﻲٍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻤﻁﻲ ﺍﹼﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻤ ﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺘﺤﻭ ل
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـ ) (Clauseﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ) ،(Phraseﻭﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤﻠـﺔ
ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ .ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟـ ) (Clauseﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟـ ) ،(Phraseﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻬـﻡ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴـﺏ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎ ﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺤﺎلٍُ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﻟﻤﻥ ﻴ ﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ ﺔ.
-: @
) :(Phraseﻫﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ(. (
ﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ.
ﺏ( ﻴﺨﺘﻑ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﹸﻜ ﹰ
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. I shall start cooking when you come home. .1ﺴﺄﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﺦﹶ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ.
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ
ﻻ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ(.
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺘﺕ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
2. If you succeed, I'll buy you a car. .2ﻟﻭ ﺘﻨﺠﺢ ،ﻓﺴﺄﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻟﻙ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ .
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ
ﻻ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ )(,
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ( ﺃﺘﺕ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ.
3. He was angry because they arrested him for a crime he did not commit.
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ )(1 ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ )(2
.3ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻷﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﻠﻭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺭﻴﻤﺔٍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺒﻬﺎ.
ﻻ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ( ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴـﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺘﺕ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ.
4. The man who arrived by taxi will be promoted because he is efficient.
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ )(1 ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ )(2
.4ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﺒﺎﻟ ﹼﺘﺎﻜﺴﻲ ﺴﻴ ﺭﹼﻗﻰ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ ﹸﻜﻔﺊ )ﻓﻌﺎل(.
ﻻ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ( ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ،ﺜﹲـﻡ ﺘﺒﻌـﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺘﺕ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﹲﺓ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﹲﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ.
The man will be promoted ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺴﻴﺭﻗﹼﻰ
who arrived by taxi ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺎﻜﺴﻲ
because he is efficient ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ﹸﻜﻔﺊ )ﻓﻌﺎل(
ﹼ
:
1. Noun Clause ( )
2. Adjectival (Relative) Clause ( )
3. Adverbial Clause (( ) )
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Subordinative Clause
Noun Clause Adjectival (Relative) Clause Adverbial Clause
□
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
ﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺼﻭلُِ ﺍﻟﹸﻜﹸﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻁﻠﺒﺘﻬﺎ When the manager returns, I will ask him
whether the books which you ordered have
arrived from the publishers ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺸﺭﻴﻥ.
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭٍﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴٍﺔ ﻭﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ )ﻓﺭﻋﻴ ﺔ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
I will ask him main Clause ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ
when the manager returns an adverbial Clause ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ
whether the books have
noun Clause ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ
arrived from the publishers
which you ordered an adjectival Clause ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ
How to change a complex sentence Into a simple sentence
Or: How to change from Clause Into Phrase
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ﻟﻤﻌﻘّـﺪة ﺗﺤﺘـﻮي ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﺒـﺎرةٍ رﺋﯿـﺴﯿﺔ Main (Principle) Clause ﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ا ُ
ﻟّﻤـﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ اﻟ ُ
ن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘّﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ phraseوﻋﺒﺎرة )أو ﻋﺒﺎرات( ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ) ،Subordinative Clause(sﻓﺈ ّ
إﻟﻰ clauseﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺒـﺎراتِ اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌـﺔِ ،وذﻟـﻚ ﺑـﺎﻟﺘّﺨﻠُﺺ ﻣـﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﮫـﺎ اﻟﻤﺤـﺪود
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً.
ﻓﻨﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻ ﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴٍﻡ ﺃ ﻭ ﺸﺒِﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴ ٍﺔ .
ﹸ
Noun Clause Noun or Noun Phrase
ﻭﻨ ﺤﻭ ل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭ ﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻔﺔٍ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔٍ .
ﹸ
Adjectival Clause Adjective or Adjectival Phrase
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻅﺭﻑٍ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ ٍﺔ .
ﻭﻨ ﺤﻭ ل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﹸ
Adverbial Clause Adverb or Adverbial Phrase
إن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات Clausesإﻟﻰ أﺷﺒﺎه ﺟُﻤﻞ Phrasesوﺑـﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺗُﻌﺘﺒـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿـﺔ ّ
ﺿﺮورﻳّﺔ ﻟﻔﮫﻢ ﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺐ وأﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ اﻟﺘّﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﻤُﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﻳّـﺔ ،وھـﻲ ﻟﯿـﺴﺖ
ف
ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿّـﺔ ،وﻟﻜﻨّﮫـﺎ ﺗﺤﺘـﺎج إﻟـﻰ ﻓﮫـﻢ وﺗﻌـﺪﻳﻞ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺎتِ ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔِ و اﻟﺤـﺬ ِ
ﻟﺘُﻌﻄﻲ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗُﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮھﺎ.
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ﺔ اﻟﺘّ ﺤﻮﻳـﻞ ﻣـﻦ (Co mplex) Clau seإﻟـﻰ :ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻧﺒـﺪأ ﻓـﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿـ ِ
ُ
(Simple) Phraseأرﻳﺪُ أن اﺳﺘﻄﺮق إﻟﻰ أﻧﻮاعِ اﻟﻌﺒﺎراتِ وأﻧﻮاع ِ أﺷﺒﺎ ِه اﻟﺠُﻤﻞِ.
Clauses Phrases
Noun Adjectival Adverbial Noun Adjectival Adverbial
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ
ﻼ ﻣـﻦ Nou n Clauseو Noun Ph raseﻣﻌـًﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻛـ ً
ﺳﻨﻘ ﻮم ﺑﺪراﺳـﺔ ُ
ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘّﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ Clauseإﻟﻰ Phraseوھﻜﺬا ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻘﯿّﺔ.
1. Noun Clauses and Noun Phrases
ﻻ ﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺭﻭﻑِ ﺃﻥ
ﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻔﻌﻭ ﹰ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ،ﻜﺄﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺎﻋ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻴﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ.
وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌﺔ دور اﻻﺳﻢ ،ﻓﺈ ّ
ن اﻟﺠُﻤﻠﺔ ﻛُﻠّﮫﺎ ﺗُﺴﻤّﻰ ﺟُﻤﻠﺔ اﺳـﻤﯿّﺔ
.Noun Clause
-: @
):(Phraseﻫﻲ ﻤﺠ ﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒ ﻬﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ)ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ( ،ﻤﺜل: (1
……in the corner. ....ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ.
Reaching home….. ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ......
) :(Clauseﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤ ﹰ
ﻼ ،ﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ() ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ (2
ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ( ،ﻤﺜل:
….if I see him. .....ﻟﻭ ﺃﺭﺍﻩ.
Where he lives…. ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ....
Simpleﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ Clauseﺇﻟﻰ ،Phraseﻓﺈﹼﻨﻨﺎ ﹸﻨﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌـﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ Complexﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﺔ.
Noun Clause Noun or Noun Phrase
@ ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﻤﯿّﺔ ﻋﺎ ً
دة ﺑـ -:
ﺃ( ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ) ـ questions words (Whﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ
ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺒﺂﺨِﺭِﻫﺎ( ،ﻤﺜل:
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:
what whom how long how far
when who how much how often
where which how many whose
why how how wide
ﺏ( ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
whether / if thatﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ = ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴ ﺔ
-: @
.1ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ ) (Noun Clausesﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﺠﻤل ﺍﻹﺨﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل
ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ.
ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ) (Verbs of thinkingﻤﺜل-:
understand ﻴﻔﻬﻡ suppose ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ
mean ﻴﻌﻨﻲ believe ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ
know ﻴﻌﺭﻑ feel ﻴﺸﻌﺭ
think ﻴ ﻔﻜﹼﺭ remember ﻴﺘﺫﻜﺭ
trust ﻴﺜﻕ recall ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ
.2إذاً ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ّ
أن اﻟﺮّواﺑﻂ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺠُﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻻﺳـﻤﯿّﺔ ﺑﺠُﻤﻠـﺔ
ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﯿّﺔ ھﻲ-:
that ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴ ﺔ
)question words (wh. ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒـ wh
if / whether ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ /ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. That the earth moves around the sun is a fact. )(Complex / Clause
)Subordinate clause (Noun clause Main Clause
ﺸﻤﺱ ﹸﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ .
.1ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁٍﺔ ،ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ ) (Noun Clauseﺇﻟﻰ ﺸـﺒِﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠـﺔٍ
ﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩ ﺙ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺃﻱ
ﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴ ﹸ
ﺍﺴﻤﻴٍﺔ ) ،(Noun Phraseﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺨﹸﻠ ِ
ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ،ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
= The movement of the earth around the sun is a fact. )(Simple / Phrase
= ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀ ِ
ﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ The movement of the earth around the sunﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ، isﻭﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﹼﻀﺢ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺇﻨﹼﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ ﺔ.
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2. He explained how nature breaks rocks. (Complex / Clause)
Main Clause Subordinate clause (Noun clause)
. ﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻭﺭ
ﻁﺒﻴ ﹸ
ﻫﻭ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻜﻴﻑ ﹸﺘﺤﻁﹼﻡ ﺍﻟ ﹼ.2
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ ﻟـﻴﺱ ﻓـﻲ، ﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻫ ﻨﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ، ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔhow ﻴ ﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﺩﺩ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺍﺴﻤﻴٍﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌـﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ
ِ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺒﺼ، ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل،ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ
.ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ
= He explained the way of breaking rocks by the nature. (Simple / Phrase)
.ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
= ﻫﻭ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻁﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁِﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
. ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭِ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ، ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎﻥphrase ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـclause ﹸﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ
Noun Clauses ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﺔ Noun Phrases ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤل ﺍﺴﻤﻴ ﺔ
I told him that he is innocent. I told him about his innocence.
1.
. ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ .ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﺀﺘِﻪ
That the earth moves around the sun became The movement of the earth around the
2. a fact. sun became a fact.
.ﺸ ﻤﺱ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟ ﹼ .ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ
3. What he said annoyed me. . ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﺃﺯﻋﺠﻨﻲHis words annoyed me. . ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺃﺯﻋﺠﺘﻨﻲ
He showed that he is a clever doctor. He showed his cleverness as a doctor.
4.
. ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ .ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﻜﻁﺒﻴﺏ
That he is innocent became a fact. His innocence became a fact.
5.
. ﹼﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ . ﺒﺭﺍﺀﺘﻪ ﺃﺼ ﺒﺤﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﹰﺔ
6.I know where she lives. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﺭﻑﹸ ﺃﻴﻥ ﹸﺘﻘﻴﻡ I know her address. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﺭﻑﹸ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ
He knows when she will arrive. He knows the time of her arrival.
7.
.ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﺘﺼل .ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺼﻭﻟِﻬﺎ
I don't know whether she can buy it or she I don’t know her ability or inability to buy
8. cannot. it.
.ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻴﻪ ﺃﻡ ﻻ .ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻗﹸﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﹸﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻴﻪ
He brought what is necessary for us. He brought our necessary things.
9.
. ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻨﺎ . ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ
I don't know whether he has succeeded or I don’t know anything about his success
10. failed. or failure.
.ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑﹸ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺴﺏ .ِﺭﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺠﺎﺤِِﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺭ ﺴﻭﺒِﻪﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻋ ﹸ
They discovered how deep it was. They discovered its depth.
11.
.ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﻭﺍ ﻜﻡ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎﹰ .ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﻭﺍ ﻋ ﻤﻘﹶﻪ
She asked how much sugar I had bought. She asked about the quantity of sugar
12. .ﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﻜﻡ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴ ﹸ bought by me.
. ﻫﻲ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﺍﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻲ
The teacher asked how many books we had. The teacher asked about the number of
13.
.ﺴﺄل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭ ﺱ ﻜﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﹸﻜﺘﹸﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﺎ our books. .ﻋﺩﺩ ﹸﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ
ِ ﺴﺄل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭ ﺱ ﻋﻥ
24
:
He didn’t tell us why he had committed his He didn’t tell us the reason of his crime.
14.
crime. .ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺏ ﺠﺭﻴﻤﺘﻪ .ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺠﺭﻴﻤﺘﻪ
15. What he said is true. .ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ His speech is true. .ﻜﻼﻤﻪ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ
16. That he will succeed is certain. .ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﺃﻜﻴﺩ His success is certain. .ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻪ ﺃﻜﻴﺩ
That he is generous was known to everyone. His generosity was known to everyone.
17. . ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﻟﻜﹸلُِ ﻭﺍﺤٍﺩ .ﻟﻜلُِ ﻭﺍﺤٍﺩ
ﻜﺭﻤﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﹸ
What he studies gave him great pleasure. His studies gave him great pleasure.
18. .ﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻪ ﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﺴ ﺭﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﹰﺎ .ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﻤﻨﺤﺘﻪ ﺴ ﺭ ﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﹰﺎ
That he failed was unexpected. His failure was unexpected.
19. .ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻭﻗﻌﹰﺎ
ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺭﺴﺏ ﻟﻡ ﹸ .ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻭﻗﻌﹰﺎ
ﺭ ﺴﻭﺒﻪ ﻟﻡ ﹸ
Tell me where you live. .ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺴﻜﹸﻥ Tell me your address.
20. Or: Tell me where your address is. .ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻙ
.ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻙ
Can you tell me where your birthplace is? Can you tell me your birthplace?
.ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻴﻼﺩﻙ .ﻥ ﻤﻴﻼﺩﻙ
ِ ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﻤﻜﺎ
21. Or: Can you tell me where you were born.
.ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﺩﺕﹶ
I saw who built that house. I saw the builder of that house.
22.
.ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ .ﺕ ﺒﹼﻨﺎﺀ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ
ﺭﺃﻴ ﹸ
I met who wrote this book. I met the writer of this book.
23.
.ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ .ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ
She spoke of what she feels. She spoke of her feelings.
24. Or: She spoke of what she felt. .ﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺒﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻫﺎ
.(ﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻌﺭ )ﺸﻌﺭﺕ
No one knows why he was absent. No one knows the reason of his absence.
25. .ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ .ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺒِِﻪ
The doctor discovered why he was ill. The doctor discovered the cause of his
26. .ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﹰًﺎﻑ ﹼ ﺍﻜﺘﺸ ﹶ illness. .ﻀِﻪِ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻑ ﹼﺍﻜﺘﺸ ﹶ
He told me when he arrived. He told me the time of his arrival.
27.
ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼ َل
.ُ .ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻪ
Tell me how far the house from the airport. Tell me the distance between the house and
28. . ﺃﺨﺒِﺭﻨﻲ ﻜﻡ ﻴﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺭ the airport.
.ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺭ
29. We hope that he succeeds. .ﻨﺄﻤلُ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ We hope for his success. .ِﻨﺄﻤل ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺤِﻪ
She knows how she makes cakes. She knows the way of making cakes.
.ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﻙ .ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺼﻨِﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﻙ
ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﹼ
30. Or: She knows how to make cakes.
. ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﻙ:ﺃﻭ
He knew how he can solve the problem. He knew the way of solving the problem.
.ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻑ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻫﻭ ﻋِﺭ ﹶ
31. .ﻑ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻫﻭ ﻋﺭِ ﹶ
Or: He knew how to solve the problem.
.ﻑ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻫﻭ ﻋِﺭ ﹶ:ﺃﻭ
25
:
The teacher does not know how many pupils The teacher does not know the number of
32. there are in the class. pupils in the class.
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭ ﺱ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل . ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭ ﺱ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﻔﺼل .
They didn’t know how many brothers I have They didn’t know the number of my
33.
got. ﻫ ﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻜﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﻱ. brothers. ﻫ ﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺇﺨﻭﺘﻲ.
I wanted to know how old you are. I wanted to know your age.
34.
ﺭﻑ ﻜﻡ ﺘﺒﹸﻠﻎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ .ﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃ ﻋ ﹶﺃﺭﺩ ﹸ ﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﻑﹶ ﻋ ﻤﺭﻙ. ﺃﺭﺩ ﹸ
?Do you know how much this book costs ?Do you know the cost of this book
35.
ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭِﻑ ﻜﻡ ﻴ ﻜﻠﹼﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ؟ ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭِﻑ ﺜﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ؟
?Do you know how wide the street is ?Do you know the width of the street
36.
ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭِﻑ ﻜﻡ ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ ؟ ﺸﺎﺭﻉ ؟
ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭِﻑ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
?Can you tell me how deep the river is ?Can you tell me the depth of the river
37.
ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭ ﻨﻲ ﻜﻡ ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﻋ ﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻬﺭ؟ ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻋ ﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻬﺭ؟
She asked whether she could go home. She asked a permission to go home.
38.
ﻫﻲ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫ ﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ. ﻫﻲ ﻁﻠﺒﺕ ﺇﺫﻨﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺫﻫﺎﺏِ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ.
He said that he was lonely. He told us about his loneliness.
39.
ﻗﺎل ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍﹰ . ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺘِﻪِ.
How the prisoner escaped is a mystery. The prisoner’s (method of) escape is a
40. ﻜﻴﻑ ﻫﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻴ ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺭﺓ. mystery.
)ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ( ﻫﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻴ ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺭﺓ .
He told me where he works. He told me the place (the address, the
41. whereabouts) of his work.ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل.
ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ )ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ( ﻋﻤﻠﻪ.
She laughed at what he said. She laughed at his jokes (story, tales).
42.
ﻫﻲ ﻀﺤﻜﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﹶﻪ . ﻫﻲ ﻀﺤﻜﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﹸﻜﺘِﻪِ )ﻗﺼﺼِﻪِ ،ﺤﻜﺎﻴﺎﺘِﻪِ(.
This is how he sings. ﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴ ﻐﻨﻲ. This is his way (manner, method) of
43.
singing. ﻫﺫﻩ ﻁﺭﻗﺘﹶﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺀ.
The story of why he committed suicide was The reason of his suicide was well known.
44.
well known. ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺒﺏِ ﺍﻨﺘﺤﺎﺭﻩِ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ. ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﺤﺎﺭِﻩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﹰﻓﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ .
:
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ) (infinitiveﻻ ﻴ ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻻ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻴ ﺤﺩﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ .1
ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ.
ﻼ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ) (to goﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ) (Phraseﻻ ﻴ ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟـ .(38 ،31 ،30، 8
ﺃﻱ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻟﻸﻤﺜﻠِﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘِﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﺩ ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ ،clauseﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺼـﻴﻐﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ phrase
ِ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭ .2
ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤ ﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ ﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺘﻴﻥ.
ﻼ ﻭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ clauseﻭﻴـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤ ﻨـﺸﺊ
ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ phraseﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ .3
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴﺏ ﺫﻭﻗﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ.
إذاً ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺄﻧّﻪُ ﻻﺑـﺪ ﻣـﻦ دراﺳـﺔ اﻷﻧﻤـﺎط اﻟﻤُﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿـﺮ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻨـﻰ اﻟﻮاﺣـﺪ ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻧﻔﮫـﻢ اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ
اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﻳّﺔ.
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Exercise No. 6 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
** Change the following clauses into phrases (Change the following complex
sentences into simple sentences):-
- :(ﻁﺔ
ٍ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل )ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﺒﺴﻴ
1. Remember that we are friends. .ﺘﺫﻜﹼﺭ ﺒﺄﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ
2. We don’t know why he broke it. .ﻨﺤﻥ ﻻ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺴﺭﻫﺎ
3. I know why she failed. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﻔﻘﺕ
4. I expect that they will arrive here. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺴﻴﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ
5. She did not tell us how old she is. .ِﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ
6. None knows who owns it. .ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ
7. They can guess how we got money. .ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺨﻤﻨﻭﺍ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻭﺩ
8. We discovered that she was clever. .ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﻨﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺓ
9. You should know how high the hill is. .ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻡ ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺒل
10. I do not know how deep this canal is. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻜﻡ ﻴﺒﹸﻠﻎ ﻋ ﻤﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ
11. Tell me why you were absent. .ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ
12. I don’t know when the flood occurs (happens). .ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ
13. It is essential that man thinks before he acts. .ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭ ﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﻜﹼﺭ ﺍﻹ ﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل
14. Most of the members repeated what he said. . ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻜﺭﺭﻭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ
15. He seems that he is glad. .ﻫﻭ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ
16. The policeman knew where the crime had happened. .ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻲ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ
17. Do you know how much this house costs? ﻫل ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻜﻡ ﻴﻜﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل؟
18. That he will arrive tomorrow is certain. .ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺴﻴﺼل ﻏﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﺅﻜﺩ
19. Bring what you need with you. .ﺍﺤﻀِﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻌﻙ
20. We know who designed the house. .ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺼﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل
21. We must hope that he will recover. .ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺄﻤل ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﺸﻔﻰ
22. Don’t forget where you will examine. .ﻻ ﺘﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺴﺘﹸﻤﺘﺤﻥ
23. He spoke along time what he suffers. .ﺕ ﻁﻭﻴلٍُ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻴ ﻌﺎﻨﻴﻪ
ٍ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﻟﻭﻗ
24. We agreed to what he suggested. . ﻨﺤﻥ ﻭﺍﻓﻘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﻪ
25. Tell me how tall you are. .ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻜﻡ ﺘﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭ ِل
26. I am sure of that the book is not useful (is useless). .ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤ ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ
27. The patient hoped that he recovers quickly. .ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻴﺄﻤل ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴ ﺸﻔﻰ ﺒﺴﺭﻋٍﺔ
28. That he is young was evident to all. .ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ
29. That he is intelligent was clear to every one. .ﺃﻨﹸﻪ ﺫﻜﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﻟﻜلُِ ﻭﺍﺤٍﺩ
30. Tell me how many boys there are in this class. .ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻜﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫِ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِل
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2. Adjectival (Relative) Clauses & Adjectival (Relative) Phrases
) ( ) ( □
:Adjectiveﺘﻘوم ﺒوﺼفِ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻘوم (Relative) Clause
ﺒﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ .
ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴِﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤـﺎ ﻴ ﻌـﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟـﻀﻤﺎﺌِﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻭﻟﺔ
ﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠ ِ
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁِ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﻭﺼ ٍ
ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﻤﺤﺫﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤ ـﺴﺘﺘﺭﺍﹰ ﻴ ﻤﻜـﻥ
(Relative Pronounsﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ ِ
ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻩ.
ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻫﻲ:
)who, which, that, whom, whose, what (= the thing that ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ
ﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻪ) ،ﺃﻱ :ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻻ ﺴـﻡ
ﺘﹾﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻔﻪ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺼ ﹰ
)ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻔﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻻﹼ ﻓﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ(،ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ:
1. He sent his son who is ill to the doctor. ﺃﺭﺴل ﺍﺒﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ.
2. He sent his son to the doctor who is ill. ﺃﺭﺴل ﺍﺒﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺎﹰ.
Main clause Adjectival clause
ﻻﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ) (2ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻻﺒﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ).(1
: Kinds of Relative Clausesﻫﻨﺎك ﻨوﻋﺎن:
defining clausesﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴـﺒﻘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺒﻐﻴـﺭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫـﺎ ﺃ(
ﻼ( .ﺏ(
ﻴ ﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎﹰ) .ﺃﻱ ﻫﻲ :ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﹸﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺘﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺤ ﺫﻓﺕ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤ ﹰ
ﺕ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔٍ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻻﺴـﻡ ،ﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻬـﺎ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ
non-defining clau sesﻭ ﻫﻲ ﹸﺘﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎ ٍ
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﹸﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤ ﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴ ﺔ ﻓﹸﺘﻔﺼل ﻋـﻥ ﺒـﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﺒﻔﺎﺼـﻠٍﺔ )(,
) (commaﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ.
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
1. The student who was absent yesterday will be punished.
ﺱ ﺴﻴﻌﺎﻗﺏ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤ ِ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ ) ،(definingﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ who was absent yesterday
ﻭﻨﻘﻭل ﻓﺠﺄﺓﹰ:
The student will be punished. ﺴﻴﻌﺎﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ.
ﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﺴﺄل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺭ:
?What student ﺃﻱ ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ؟
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2. Nabil, who was absent yesterday, will be punished. .ﻨﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ ﺴﻴﻌﺎﻗﺏ
ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ،(non-defining) ﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺤِﺩﺩﺓ who was absent yesterday
:ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﹰ
Nabil will be punished. .ﻨﺒﻴل ﺴﻴﻌﺎﻗﺏ
3. The professor who teaches us chemistry is a good teacher. (defining)
4. The professor, who teaches us chemistry, is a good teacher. (non-defining)
: ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ
1. The boys, who wanted to swim, jumped into the water.
2. The boys who wanted to swim jumped into the water while the others played on the beach.
ﻷﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ،( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺤِﺩﺩﺓ )ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎwho wanted to swim) ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻤ ﺤِﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻌﻨﻲ، ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻗﻔﺯﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ: ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴ ﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ،(ﺍﻋﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ
.ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﺭﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻗﻔﺯﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ
:
: ﻤﺜل، ﻟﻺ ﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠٍﺔwhich ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل
I did not bring my book again, which made the teacher very angry.
. ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭ ﺱ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﹰﺎ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ،ﻟﻡ ﺃﺤ ﻀﺭ ﻜﺘﺎ ﺒﻲ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
:( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ )ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻓﻌل( ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﺒﻌﺩinfinitive) ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ.1
the first, the second, the next, the last, the only, and the superlatives (ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﺴﻥ
(e.g. the most, the least, the fewest ..etc.).
Mr. Ahmed was the first person that (who) arrived at the reception.
.ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل
= Mr. Ahmed was the first person to arrive at the reception.
.ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺼﻼﹰ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل
verb in active ) ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻓﻌـل ﻤﺒﻨـﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠـﻭﻡ
( ﺒﺩ ﹰthe present participle) (-ing form) ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل.2
:(voice
Students who want to success should study harder.
.ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺤﻭﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
= Students wanting to success should study harder.
.ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻏﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺤﻭﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
verb in passive ) ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻓﻌل ﻤﺒﻨـﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬـﻭل
( ﺒﺩ ﹰthe past participle) (-ed form) ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل.3
:(voice
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:
Jewellery that was bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.
= Jewellery bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ) (Present Participleﻜﺼﻔٍِﺔ ،ﻓﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻗﻠﺔ ،ﻤﺜل:
1. He saw an exciting film. ﻫﻭ ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﻤ ﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ.
2. It was an interesting book. ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﹰﺎ ﻤ ﺴﹼﻠﻴﺎﹰ.
3. Many men were inside the burning house. ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺎلُِ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘِﺭﻕ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ) (Past Participleﻜﺼﻔٍﺔ ،ﻓﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل )ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ( ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻤﺜل:
1. He was excited when he saw the film. ﺃﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ.
2. He was interested in the book. ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺴﹶﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ.
3. The burnt men were rushed to the hospital. ﺴﻠﻭﺍ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ .
ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻭﻗﻭﻥ ﺃﺭ ِ
: Adjectival Phraseﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻭﻅﻴﻔِﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ) (Adjectiveﺃﻱ ﹸﺘﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ
ﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔِ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴِﺔ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺼﻔﹰﺔ ﺘﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ( ،ﻤﺜل:
ﺍﻻﺴﻡ )ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ
1. He likes a corner seat. )(Adjective ﻫﻭ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ.
2. He likes a seat in the corner. )(Adjectival Phrase ﻫﻭ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ.
:Forms of Adjective
) (Simple Adjectiveﻤﺜل:
clever boy ﻭﻟﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ intelligent girl ﺒﻨﺕ ﺫﻜﻴﺔ wise man ﺭﺠل ﺤﻜﻴﻡ
ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ) ،(Present Participleﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻜﺼﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ )ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل ،(ing +ﻤﺜـل:
exciting film ﻓﻴﻠﻡ ﻤ ﺜﻴﺭ interesting book ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤ ﺴﻠﹼﻲ terrifying place ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺨﻴ ﻑ
( ) :(Past Participleﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻜﺼﻔﺔ ،ﻤﺜل: )
educated man ﺭﺠل ﻤ ﺘﻌﹼﻠ ﻡ broken bottle ﺯ ﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﻤﻜﺴﻭﺭﺓ sunken ship ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﺎﺭﻗﺔ
written exercise ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭﻱ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ،ﻤﺜل:
An air-conditioned house ﻤﻨﺯل ﻤ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ
a narrow-minded man ﺭﺠل ﻀﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﹸﻓﻕ
a talented composer ﻤ ﻠﺤﻥ ﻤﻭﻫﻭﺏ
ﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼ ل )ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﻴﺔ(
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹸﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ) (Adjective Clauseﻏ ﹰ
) ،(Relative Pronounsﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻗﺒل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ clauseﺇﻟﻰ phrase
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Relative Pronouns ( () )
:ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻜـﻭﻴﻥ
ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(.
:
(1ﻜﻀﻤﻴﺭٍ ﻴﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ.
(2ﻜﺤﺭﻑِ ﺠﺭٍ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻠﻤﺔِ ﻋﻁﻑٍ .conjunction
:
Subject Object Possessive
ﻟﻸﺸﺨﺎﺹ who - that whom - that whose
ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ that that whose
ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻘﻁ which which of which
ﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ ﺔ) :ﺍﹼﻟﺫﻱ ـ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﻲ ـ ﺍﹼﻟﻠﺫﺍﻥ ـ ﺍﹼﻟﻠﺘـﺎﻥ ـ ﺍﻟﹼـﺫﻴﻥ ـ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻴ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩٍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭٍ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠ ِ
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔٍ ﻟﻴﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ ﺼﻔﹰﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻩ ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﻼﺌﻲ( ،ﺃﻱ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﻏﻴﺭﻩ .ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ.
:
(1ﺴ ﻤﻴﺕ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺒﻀﻤﺎﺌِﺭ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨ ِ
ﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴِﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺘﻰ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ.
ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل ﻟﻠﺘﻭ.
a) The man has just arrived.
b) He was lost. ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺄﻫﺎﹰ.
= The man who (that) was lost has just arrived.
= ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺄ ﻫﹰﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼل ﻟﻠﺘﻭ.
whoﻗﺩ ﺤﻠﹼﺕ ﻤﺤل ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ،Heﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ).(a
(2ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ Adjectival Clauseﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل.
1. who ﺍﻟﺫﻱ /ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗل
ﻴ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ whoﻜﻀﻤﻴِﺭ ﻭﺼلٍُ ﺒﺩﹰﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﺎﻋل ٍّ ﻋﺎﻗل ٍّ ،ﻤﺜل:
ﺃ( ﹸﻗﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل.
a) The man was arrested.
1. b) The man had robbed the bank. ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ.
= The man who (that) had robbed the bank was arrested.
= ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ ﹸﻗﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﻏﺎﺌﺏ.
a) The boy is absent.
2. b) He broke the window. ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺒﺎﻙ.
= The boy who (that) broke the window is absent. ﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﻏﺎﺌﺏٌ.
= ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜ ﺴﺭ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
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ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺒـ ) whoﺃﻭ ) (thatﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺨﻁ( 2 1
ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻔﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ،ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠـﺩ
ﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﺨﻁ( ،ﺃﻱ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ.
ﻻﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ) (2ﺃﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ )ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﹸﺫﻜِﺭ ﻤـﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﺎﻻﺴـﻡ ﻭﻤـﺭﹰﺓ ﺒﺎﻟـﻀﻤﻴﺭ
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻲ ) ،(Heﻫﻜﺫﺍ:
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ) (Heﻭﻟﻠﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﻀﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ) (The boyﺒﺩ ﹰ
a) The boy is absent.
b) The boy broke the window.
= The boy who (that) broke the window is absent.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﹸﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﻥ ) (The boyﺒﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل ) whoﺃﻭ (thatﻭﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘـﻪ )ﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺫﻭﻑ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ.
= The boy who (that) broke the window is absent.
= The boy who (that) is absent broke the window.
ﻁﺒﻊ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤ ﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺒﻁ.
ﻭﺒﺎﻟ ﹼ
2. which ﺍﻟﺫﻱ /ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل
ﻴ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ whichﻜﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل ﺒﺩﹰﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺃﻭ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻗل ،ﻤﺜل:
a) The cup is useless. ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ.
1. b) The cup is broken. ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻤﻜﺴﻭﺭ.
= The cup which (that) is broken is useless. = ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻭﺭ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ) .ﻫﻨﺎ the cupﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل(
a) The blackboard became well.
b) He painted the blackboard.
ﺃ( ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒ ﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔٍ ﺠﻴﺩﺓٍ.
2. ﺏ( ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒ ﻭﺭﺓ.
= The blackboard which (that) he painted
became well. ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻁﻼﺌِﻬﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔٍ ﺠﻴﺩﺓٍ.
a) I hired a car. ﺃ( ﺍﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ.
b) It broke down after two kilometers.
3. ﺏ( ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻁﻠﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔِ 2ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ.
= I hired a car which (that) broke down
after two kilometers. = ﺍﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻠﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ 2ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ.
،a car = itﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ itﻓﻲ ﻤﺤل ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ.
a) I gave the house a new coat of paint.
b) It looks very lovely now.
ﺃ( ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﻭﺠﻬﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻼﺀ.
4.
= The house to which I gave a new coat of ﺏ( ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻵﻥ.
paint looks very lovely now. ﻴﻼ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺍﻵﻥ.
ﻁﻼﺀ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺠﻤ ﹰ
ﻬﺎ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
= ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺠ ﹰ
ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ the house = itﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤل ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ،ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻨﻀﻊ + whichﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ.
:
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻗل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤل ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ.
(1ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ whichﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﻻ ﻤﻨﻪ + whichﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ.
(2ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤل ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺩ ﹸ
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3. whom ﺍﻟﺫﻱ /ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗل
ﻴ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ whomﻜﻀﻤﻴِﺭ ﻭﺼلٍُ ﺒﺩﹰﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻋﺎﻗل.
:
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ﻴ ﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻭل( ،ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ.
They gave me a present.
ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )(1 ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )(2
ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻔﻌل ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ،whomﻤﺜل:
a) The man wept. ﺃ( ﺒﻜﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺠ لُ.
b) The manger dismissed the man.
1. ﺏ( ﻓﺼلَ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺠ َُل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤلُِ .
= The man whom (that) the manger
dismissed wept. = ﺍﻟﺭﺠلُ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤلُِ ﺒﻜﻰ.
a) I saw the director . ﺃ( ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ.
b) He told me to come back tomorrow.
2. ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺃﺭﺠﻊ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ.
= The director whom (that) I saw, told me
to come back tomorrow. = ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺭﺃﻴﺘﹸﻪ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺃﺭﺠﻊ ﻏﺩﹰﺍ.
ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤلُّ ) + whomﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ ،(Prepositionﻤﺜل:
a) That is the boy. ﺃ( ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻲ.
1. b) I gave him a book. ﺏ( ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺘﹸﻪ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﹰﺎ.
= That is the boy to whom I gave a book.
ﺕ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ.
= ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﻴ ﹸ
a) I am going to visit Ahmed. ﺃ( ﺴﺄﻗﻭﻡ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺭِﺓ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ.
b) I bought him a present.
2. ﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻫﺩﻴﺔﹰ.
ﺏ( ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴ ﹸ
= I am going to visit Ahmed for whom
I bought a present. ﺕ ﻫﺩﻴﺔً.
= ﺴﺄﻗﻭﻡ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴ ﹸ
ﺠﺭ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤ ُل ،whomﻤﺜل:
ﺝ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑِ ٍ
ﺃ( ﺫﻫﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ.
a) Ali went to hospital.
1. b) A stone fell on him. ﺏ( ﺴﻘﻁﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺼﺨﺭﺓ.
= Ali, on whom a stone fell, went to hospital.
= ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻘﻁﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ ﺼﺨﺭﺓ ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ.
ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭٍ( ،ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل .whom
ِ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠٍﺭ )ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﺒ
ِ ﹸﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ) (bﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ himﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒ
a) Ahmed married Tagreed. ﺃ( ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺘﺯﻭﺝ ﺒﺘﻐﺭﻴﺩ.
b) He was in love with her.
2. = Ahmed married Tagreed with whom he was in love. ﺏ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ ﺤﺒﻬﺎ.
= ﺘﺯﻭﺝ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﺘﻐﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ ﺤﺒﻬﺎ.
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4. whose ﺍﻟﺫﻱ /ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴ ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻠﻜﻪ /ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ(
ﻴ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ whoseﻜﻀﻤﻴِﺭ ﻭﺼلٍُ ﺒﺩﹰﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴٍﻡ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺸﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻌﹼﻠﻕ ﺒِﻪ ﺸﻲﺀ.
ﺕ )ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻗل( ﻭ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻤﺜل:
ﺹ )ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗلُِ ( ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎ ِ
ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل whoseﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟِﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔِ ﻟﻸﺸﺨﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ.
ﺃ( ﺃﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﺒﻠ ﹸ
a) I met Ali.
1. b) Ali’s father is a doctor. ﺏ( ﻭﺍﻟﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ.
= I met Ali whose father is a doctor.
= ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻩ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ.
ﺃ( ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ ﺤﺯﻴﻥ.
a) My friend is sad.
2. b) His dog has been killed. ﺏ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﹸﻗِﺘ َل ﻜﻠﺒ ﻪ.
= My friend whose dog has been killed is sad.
= ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﻠﺒﻪ ﻗﺩ ﹸﻗِﺘل َُ ﺤﺯﻴﻥ.
a) The horse’s leg has been broken. ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﹸﺴِﺭﺕ ﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻥ.
b) It had to be shot.
3. ﺏ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ.
= The horse whose leg was broken had to be shot.
= ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﹸﺴِﺭﺕ ﺴﺎﻗﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﻫﺎ.
5. that ﺍﻟﺫﻱ /ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗل ﻭﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل
ﻴ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ thatﻜﻀﻤﻴِﺭ ﻭﺼلٍُ ﺒﺩﹰﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌِﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﹼﻠﻬـﺎ ) (who - which - whomﻤﺎﻋـﺩﺍ ﺍﻟـﻀﻤﻴﺭ
.whose
ﻱ ،ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴ ﺔ ـ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻨﺔ ـ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﻤﺔ ـ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﺓ .....ﺍﻟﺦ.
ﻴ ﹾﻐﻠﹸﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ thatﺒﺩﹸﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍِﺭ ﺍﺴٍﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﻭ ٍ
ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ.
a) The story is true.
1. b) He told us the story. ﺏ( ﺤﻜﻰ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻴﺔ.
= The story that (which) he told us is true.
= ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﻜﺎﻫﺎ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ.
ﺃ( ﻗﺎﺘﻠﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠلُِ ﺤ ﺭﻴﺘﻨﺎ.
a) We fought for our freedom.
2. b) We love our freedom . ﺏ( ﻨﺤﻥ ﹸﻨﺤِﺏ ﺤ ﺭﻴﺘﻨﺎ.
= We fought for our freedom that (which) we love.
= ﻗﺎﺘﻠﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠلُِ ﺤ ﺭﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﻨﺤﺒﻬﺎ.
ﺃ( ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ.
a) Ahmed is clever.
3. b) Ahmed is a student. ﺏ( ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ.
= Ahmed that (who) is a student is clever.
= ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻴ ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ.
:that
ﻴﻁ ﻤـﻥ
ﻻ ﻤﻥ whoﺃﻭ whichﺃﻭ ،whomﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل thatﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﻠﹼﺕ ﻤﺤـل ﺨﻠـ ٍ
(1ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل thatﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻤﺜل:
It is the man behind the camera, not the camera, that is important.
ﹼﺇﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ،ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤ ﻬِﻡ.
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thatﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺃﻥ( ﻫﻲ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ ) (Noun Clauseﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻌـل ،ﻭﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ (2
)ﺤﺘﻰ( ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ ).(Adverbial Clause of Purpose
He said that he would like to be present. )(Noun Clause
1.
)ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﺔ( ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﺭﻏﺏ )ﻴﻭﺩ( ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﻀﺭﹰﺍ.
2. I think that he is innocent. )(Noun Clause )ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﺔ( ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺩ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ.
)He stopped smoking that he might live longer . (Adverbial Clause of Purpose
3.
ﻫﻭ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺩﺨﻴﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﺭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺃﻁﻭل) .ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ(.
(3ﻭﻟﻜﻥ thatﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ( ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل Relative Pronounﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠـﻪِ
ﻟﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ).(Adjectival Clause
The boy that broke the window is waiting outside. )(Adj. Clause
1.
ﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﻴﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ) .ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟ ﱡ
The man that I met in the train is a doctor. )(Adj. Clause
2.
)ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ( ﺎﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﺒﹰﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻁ ِ
(4ﺘﻜﻭﻥ thatﺼﻔﺔ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ( ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ.
That man is foolish. )(demonstrative adjective )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ( ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﻏﺒﻲ.
(5ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ thatﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ( ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﺴﻡ.
That is my book. )(demonstrative pronoun )ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ( ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ.
: Relative Pronouns
whom (1ﻴﻤﻴل ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ) whoﺍﻟﺫﻱ/ﺍﻟﺘﻲ( ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻤﻴﺭ
)ﺍﻟﺫﻱ/ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ(.
That is the man who (whom / that) I met yesterday. ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ.
ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل
ﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ .(the thing that
(2ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل whatﻜﻀﻤﻴِﺭ ﻭﺼلٍُ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺍﻟ ﹼ
1. What he saw astonished him. ﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺭﺁﻩ ﺃﺩﻫﺸﻪ.
ﺍﻟ ﹼ
2. He didn’t tell us what he did. ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ.
(3ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ) (Adj. Clauseﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل )ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ( ﻭﻫﻲ :
why, where, when ….etc.
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1. why = for which ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺴﺒﺒﻪ
The reason why he refused to stay was not known. ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺴﺒﺒِﻪ ﺭ ﹶﻓﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﹰ.
2. where = in / at which )ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ( ﺤﻴﺙﹸ /ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ
1. The hotel where he was staying caught fire. ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﹸﻴﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺸﺘﻌﻠﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ.
2. The villa where I spent my boyhood is still standing. ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺕﹸ ﻁﻔﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ.
3. when = in / on / at / during which )ﻟﻠﻭﻗﺕ( ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ /ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ
1. ? Do you remember the day when we first met ﺃﺘﺫﹸﻜﺭ ﺃﻭل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ؟
2. The day when he arrived, his wife had a baby. ﻼ.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﺃﻨﺠﺒﺕ ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺘﹸﻪ ﻁﻔ ﹰ
(4ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ) (Relative Adverbﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ whereﻻﺒـﺩ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ ،ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﹸﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
1. The reason he refused to stay was not known. ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺴﺒﺒِﻪ ﺭﻓﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒ ﻘﻰ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﹰﻓﺎ .
2. The hotel he was staying in caught fire. ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﹸﻴﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺸﺘﻌﻠﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ.
3. The villa I spent my boyhood in is still standing. ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺕﹸ ﻁﻔﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ.
4. ? Do you remember the day we first met ﺃﺘﺫﹸﻜﺭ ﺃﻭل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ؟
5. The day he arrived, his wife had a baby. ﻼ.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﺃﻨﺠﺒﺕ ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺘﹸﻪ ﻁﻔ ﹰ
: (5
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ ،ﻭﹸﺘﺴﻤ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻔﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ) ،(contact clauseﻭﻻ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻔﻴﺔ ﻏﻴـﺭ
ﺤﺩﺩﺓ:
ﺍﻟﻤ ِ
The man whom you saw yesterday is a doctor. )(defining clause
= The man you saw yesterday is a doctor. )(contact clause
The family whom I visited invited me to stay. )(defining clause
2.
= The family I visited invited me to stay. )(contact clause
(6ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل whoﺃﻭ whomﻟﻠﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ.
The dog, who was chasing rabbits in his sleep, suddenly kicked the table.
ﻤﻪ ،ﺭﻜل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﺠﺄﹰﺓ.
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ ﻁﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻨﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭ ِ
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ِ( ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل )ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﹸﻨﻁﻘﻬﺎ( ﺒﻴﻥ ﻀـﻤﺎﺌِﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـل ِّ ﻭﺼـﻔﺎﺕ7
:ِﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡِ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭِ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ
Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative Adjectives
Relative Pronouns □
□ ﻻ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ
ﻨﺴﺄل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻨﺴﺄل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ
who ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ )ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋلwho ( ﻤ ﻥ ؟ )ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل ------------
whom ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ )ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻭلwhom (ﻤ ﻥ ؟ )ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻭل ------------
whose ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ )ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔwhose ( ﻟِﻤﻥ ؟ )ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔwhose + noun ﻤ ﻥ+ ()ﺍﺴﻡ
which ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ )ﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥwhich ﺃﻴﻬﻤﺎ ؟which + noun ( )ﺍﺴﻡ+ ﺃﻱ
that ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ------------ ------------
what ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ what ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ؟/ ﻤﺎ ؟what + noun ( ﺍﺴﻡ+ )ﺃﻱ
:
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻼ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ )ﻷﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ،( ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ )ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ
.(ﺘﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ
. ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻼﹼ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ
Exercise No. 7 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence. (Use a relative
pronoun). (( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ )ﺍﺴﺘ ﺨﺩﻡ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻤﻭ ﺼﻭل1
1. The minerals are in great quantities. The minerals are found in Egypt.
2. The boat has no sails()ﺃﺸﺭﻋﺔ. The boat is on the river.
3. The policeman warned ( )ﺤﺫﹼﺭthe boy. The boy was driving quickly.
4. Those boys must have good food. You made them work hard.
5. The man helped the girl. He had met her in Gaza.
6. Samy was weeping. I had found Samy’s book.
7. The boy was very clever. His answers were correct answers.
8. I took all these things. I need all these things.
9. This is the man. I met him in London.
10. The man was killed. He was driving a car.
11. I bought this stereo last week. It doesn’t work properly.
12. He’s the person. He’s going to be fired ()ﻴﻁﺭﺩ.
13. That is the journalist. His article made quite a stir ( ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ/ )ﺘﻌﻜﻴﺭyesterday.
14. I’m the man. You stole my wallet.
15. They sent a new teacher. She looks nice.
16. We didn’t like the housemaid. The agency sent her.
17. Nadia looked angry. She has been listening to our conversation.
18. I climbed up the stairs. They were newly-painted.
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II) Put a suitable relative pronoun: :( ﻀﻊ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭ ﺼل ﻤ ﻨﺎﺴﺏ2
1. The cat …… had been very quiet, suddenly started mewing.
2. I didn’t find the wallet …… you said you’d left under the pillow ()ﻭﺴﺎﺩﺓ.
3. Mr. Galal, …… had been very sick, died yesterday.
4. I’m the one …… car was stolen last night.
5. That’s the general manager …… is retiring ( )ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻋﺩnext month.
6. I love cities, …… are big and noisy.
7. He was extremely rude, …… made me very angry.
8. I’ve never met the actor …… lives next door to us.
9. That is one neighbour with …… I’ll never be on good terms ()ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ.
10. The car, …… four wheels were punctured, had to be abandoned ()ﻤﻬﺠﻭﺭ
11. Students …… names begin with “A” always get examined first …… is unfair ( ﻅﺎﻟﻡ/ )ﺠﺎﺌﺭ.
12. I did …… I could …… wasn’t much.
13. He was very rude to the police officer ……, of course, made things worse.
14. Youssef, ……. wallet was missing, found it under the table.
III) Add the missing word: :( ﺃﻀﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺫﻭﻓﺔ3
1. I don’t know ……. to do.
2. I asked him ……. to put it.
3. I can’t remember ……. to start this machine.
4. We don’t know ……. to give it to.
5. I don’t know ……. is your house.
6. I can’t imagine ……. you are angry with me.
7. I can’t remember ……. I am supposed to meet him at the station.
8. You must do ........... he tells you.
9. Do you know ……. did it?
10. She hasn’t written to me ……. she is coming.
IV) Remove the relative pronoun and make the necessary changes:
:( ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ4
1. The captain was the last man that left the sinking ship.
2. Tourists who travel abroad a lot should make prior reservations ( )ﺤﺠ ﺯ ﻤ ﺴ ﺒﻕat hotels.
3. The man who was sick was brought to the doctor.
4. Students, who were punished yesterday, are to report to the headmaster’s office.
5. He was the only student who understood the lesson.
6. Guns that have been fired recently are easy to detect.
7. Mona was the first person who saw the flying saucer ()ﺼﺤﻥ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ.
8. The car that was stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.
9. Plants that are watered by salty water seldom survive.
10. People who want to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters ()ﻤﻼﺠﺊ
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V) Join the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets:
:( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﺘﺩﺀﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ5
1. Romeo and Juliet were deeply in love. Their families hated each other. (Romeo and Juliet ….)
2. I was waiting for a friend. He didn’t come. (The friend ….)
“Swiss Family Robison”, is a story about family. Their ship sank near a desert island. (“Swiss
3.
Family Robison” ……)
4. I saw several apartments. Few of them were suitable. (I saw …..)
5. I was given this address by my friend. I met her at the airport. (I was given …..)
6. A man answered the phone. He said that it was the wrong number. (The man …..)
7. The bed had no springs. I slept on that bed. (The bed ….. )
Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges. Many of them were hungry.
8.
(Before the Gulf War …..)
9. Rashid’s leg is still in a plaster cast. He’ll have to watch the match on T.V. (Rashid ….)
10. He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. This didn’t suit me at all. (He wanted …..)_
VI) Pick out the adjective clause in each of the following sentences:
:( ﺍﺴﺘ ﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭ ﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ6
1. This is the dress that my aunt gave me.
2. The cakes which I bought are on the table.
3. The thief who robbed the old lady was arrested.
4. A car that won’t start is of no value to anybody.
5. The police gave the old man who has been robbed his stolen wallet.
VII) Get rid of the relative pronoun (make contact clauses or use the infinitive,
the present participle or the past participle):
( ﺍ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭ ﺼل )ﻜﻭ ﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌـﻭل7
:(()ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل
1. The house which they built fell down after two months.
2. The bus that arrived late was full.
3. The money which he borrowed from his friend was lost.
4. She was the most beautiful girl that attended the party.
5. The street was lead to the university is very wide.
6. Buildings which were built fifty years ago are more robust ﻗﻭﻱthan those are built these days.
7. The man whom I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss.
8. Books that bored him were usually thrown into the waste basket.
9. Being the last person that arrived that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.
10. He said that bonds ﻜﻔﺎﻻﺕ/ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕthat were purchased ﺸﺭﺍﺀlast month made a large profit ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ/ ﻋﺎﺌﺩ.
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VIII) Add the missing relative, but where possible, make a contact clause
(without a relative pronoun):
:( ﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ )ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل،( ﺃﻀﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ8
1. The doctor …… you want has just left.
2. The paper …… you showed me yesterday was very interesting.
3. The flowers …… I cut this morning are still fresh.
4. The barber …… shaved your beard did it very badly.
5. The eggs …… I ate yesterday were delicious.
6. The man about …… you are talking died last week.
7. The knife with …… we cut the bread is very sharp.
8. The knife, …… we use to cut the bread with, is very sharp.
9. The man …… money you stole went to the police.
10. Where is the shop …… sells picture post-cards?
IX) Punctuate the following sentences to show which are defining and which are
non-defining clauses:
:( ﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﻡ ﻟﻠ ﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ ﻭﺃﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ9
Many people were injured in the capital Zaire where 10.000 students took part ina
1.
demonstration ( )ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ.
2. The river that flows through Cairo is the Nile.
3. The Nile which flows through Cairo is the longest river in the world.
4. I went to see their home which I liked very much.
5. Professor Ali who teaches chemistry is a good teacher.
X) Express differently by means of a relative pronoun:
:( ﻋﺒﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻤ ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔٍ ﻤ ﺴﺘ ﺨﺩﻤﹰﺎ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل10
1. The reason for his anger is not known.
2. This is a book on astronomy; there is non better.
3. We are living in profoundly disturbing times.
4. I ended up by making a speech, and I hadn't wanted to.
Time is money.
.
40
:
How to change Adjectival Clause into Adjectival Phrase
)(How to change from Complex to Phrase
Adjectival Clause Adjective or Adjectival Phrase
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ ﺔ ﺘﹸﺤﻭل ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ ﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ complexﺇﻟﻰ simpleﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ clauseﺇﻟﻰ ،phraseﻴُﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻭل verb To Be +
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻟﻠﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل.
ﺼﻔ ﻪ .
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ )ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ( ،ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘ ِ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻤ ﺭﻜﺒﺔ )ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ( ،ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻔﻪ. ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
The man who is intelligent can overcome his problems. )(Complex / Clause
ﻤﻜﻨﹶﻪ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻐﻠﹸﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤ ﺸﺎِﻜِﻠﻪِ .
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺭﺠلُ( ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ ِ
1.
The intelligent man can overcome his problems. )(Simple / Phrase
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺭﺠلُ( ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻲ ﻴ ﻤﻜِﻨﹶﻪ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻐﻠﹸﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤ ﺸﺎِﻜﻠِِﻪ.
ﹸﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ intelligentﺼﻔﺔ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁﺔ )ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ( ،ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﻤـﻥ
) (Complex /Clauseﺇﻟﻰ ) (Si mple /Phraseﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ )ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺘـﺼﻔﻪ(،
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺤﺫﻑ ) who isﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﻭ .(verb to be
I bought a suit which is made of wool. )(Complex / Clause
ﺕ ﺒﺩﻟﹰﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﻑ.
ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴ ﹸ
2.
I bought a suit made of wool. )(Simple / Phrase
ﺕ ﺒﺩﻟﹰﺔ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﹰﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻭﻑ.
ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴ ﹸ
ﹸﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎل ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼ ﻔﺔ made of woolﺼـﻔﺔ ﻤﺭﹼﻜﺒـﺔ )ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ( ،ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﻤـﻥ
) (Complex /Clauseﺇﻟﻰ ) (Simple /Phraseﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ) ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻔﻪ( )،(a suit
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺤﺫﻑ ) which isﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﻭ .(verb to be
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
Adjectival Clauses Adjectival Phrase
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩ ﺠ ﻤل ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ
People who are learned behave wisely. Learned People behave wisely.
1.
ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻫﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜ ٍل ﺤﻜﻴﻡ. ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜ ٍل ﺤﻜﻴﻡ.
The man who was wounded could regain his The wounded man could regain his health.
2. health.
ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺼﺎﺒﹰﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺎﻓﻴﺘﻪ. ﺍﻟﺭﺠ ل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺎﻓﻴﺘﻪ.
Students who are careless are always punished. Careless students are always punished.
3.
ﻬﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴ ﻌﺎﻗﺒﻭﻥ.
ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﻤ ِ
ﺍﻟ ﱡ ﻤﻬﻤ ﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻴ ﻌﺎﻗﺒﻭﻥ. ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟ ﻠِ
ﺍﻟ ﱡ
41
:
The man called Hany, did the work.
The man who is called Hany did the work.
4. ﺍﻟﺭﺠلُ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻋﻭ ﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل.
ﺍﻟﺭﺠلُ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ ﺩﻋﻰ ﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل.
Or: Hany did the work. ﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل.
Mr. Mazen, whom you visited yesterday, is
dead.
Mr. Mazen, your host of yesterday is dead.ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺯ ﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ ﻤﺎﺕ.
5. ﻴ ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ visited :ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻌ ﹰ
ﻼ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ ﻤ ـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻴﻔﻙ ﻟﻸﻤﺱ ﻤﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ،ﺼ ﹸ
ﻜﺼﻔٍﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ Mr. Mazenﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ
ﻫﻭ .is
Nadia, the owner of the blue car, is
Nadia, who owns the blue car, is downstairs.
6. downstairs.
ﻕ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل.
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒ ِ
ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﹼ
ﻕ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل.
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒ ِ
ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤِﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﹼ
The book which you recommended me to The book recommended by you was
7. read was excellent. excellent.
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻭﺼﻴﺘﻨﻲ ﺒﻘﺭﺃﺘﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺍﹰ. ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻰ ﻤﻨﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﹰﺍ.
The advice you gave caused me much Your advice caused me much trouble.
trouble. ﻨﺼﻴﺤﹸﺘﻙ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل.
8. ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺴﺩﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل. Or: The advice given by you caused me
ﻴ ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ :ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ whichﻤﺤﺫﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺎﻋـل much trouble.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ youﻭ.the advice ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺴﺩﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل.
The girl who was deaf couldn't hear the noise. The deaf girl couldn't hear the noise.
9.
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺼﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ. ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ.
I met the man who is blind in the street. I met the blind man in the street.
10.
ﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻤﻰ )ﻤﻜﻔﻭﻑ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ.
ﻗﺎﺒﻠ ﹸ ﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻷﻋﻤﻰ )ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻔﻭﻑ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ. ﻗﺎﺒﻠ ﹸ
The man who had robbed the bank was arrested. The robber of the bank was arrested.
11. ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ ﹸﻗِﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ. ﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ ﹸﻗِﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
ﺴﺎﺭ ﹸ
The people whom you invited are wanted. The people invited by you are wanted.
ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺩ ﻋﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﻭﻥ. ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻋﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻙ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﻭﻥ.
12.
ﻼ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﺘـ ﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ
ﻴ ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ invited :ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻓﻌ ﹰ
ﺱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ .are
ﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﺼﻔٍﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎ ِ
The man whom the manager dismissed wept. The dismissed man wept.
13. ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻁﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﻜﻰ. ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﻜﻰ.
Birds which migrate have strong wings. Migrating birds have strong wings.
14.
ﻁﻴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺠﻨﺤﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟ ﱡ ﻁﻴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤُﻬﺎﺠﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺠﻨﺤﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟ ﱡ
A cup which is broken is useless. A broken cup is useless.
15.
ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻜﺴﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ. ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻭﺭ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ.
Farmers who possess burnt land will get money. Farmers possessing burnt land will get money.
16. ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺭﺍﺽٍ ﻤﺤﺭﻭﻗﺔ ﺴﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻭﺩ. ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﻷﺭﺍﺽٍ ﻤﺤﺭﻭﻗﺔٍ ﺴﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻭﺩ.
The car she bought is very expensive. The car bought by her is very expensive.
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﻤﻥ. ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭ ﺍﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻤﻥ.
17. ﻼ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ bought :ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻓﻌ ﹰ
the ﻴ ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ :ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل whichﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌـﺩ car
ﻤﺤﺫﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ sheﻭ . the car ﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ .is
42
:
The government gave money to the people The government gave money to the owner
18. whose houses were burnt. of the burnt houses.
.ﺃﻋﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹِ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﻗﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺯﻟﻬﻡ .ﺩﺍ ﻷﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘِﺭﻗﺔ
ﺃﻋﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻨﻘﻭ ﹰ
The battle that they lost was a great one. The lost battle was a great one.
19.
.ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺨﺴﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔﹰ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔﹰ .ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺴﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔﹰ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔﹰ
The illustrations which are valuable are kept The valuable illustrations are kept in
20. in museums. museums.
.ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﹸﺤﻔﻅ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ .ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﹸﺤﻔﻅ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ
Exercise No. 8 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
Change adjectival clauses into phrases:
:ﺣﻮل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟّﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺃﺷﺒﺎه ِِ ﺟُﻤﻞ وﺻﻔﯿّﺔ
ّ
1. The road which they destroyed joined two cities. .ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩﻤﺭﻭﻩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ
The man who wrote these papers died many years ago.
2.
.ٍﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ
ٍ ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺴﻨﻭﺍ
The man who invited this rocket made more advanced rockets.
3.
.ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺭﻭﺥ ﺼﻨﹶﻊ ﺼﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﹰﺎ
4. The people whom they employed are very clever. .ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻅﻔﻭﻫﻡ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﻭﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ
5. The stories that he writes are tragedies. .ﺍﻟﻘِﺼﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺄﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ
6. The man whose car was damaged is still alive. .ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩ ﻤﺭﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
The manuscripts that they found in the desert clear many things
7.
.ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩﻭ ﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ
The papers which were very old are written in a strange language.
8.
.(ٍﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻠﹸﻐﺔٍ ﻏﺭﻴﺒﺔٍ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ
Deeds, not words.
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How to change from Simple Sentence into Complex Sentence
Or: How to change from Phrase into Clause
.phrase ﺇﻟﻰclause ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺒﻌﻜﺱ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥclause ﺇﻟﻰphrase ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ -
Adjective or Adjectival phrase Adjectival clause
ﹸﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺼﻔ ﺔ ﺸﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﺔ
( ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﻐﺔadjectival clause) ﺃﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ
:ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ
+ verb to Be +
Adjectival Phrase (Simple ) Adjectival Clause ( Complex )
ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩ ﺠﻤل ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ ﺔ
The clever boy succeeds every year. The boy who is clever succeeds every year.
1.
.ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﻜل ﺴﻨﺔ .ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﹰ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﻜل ﺴﻨﺔ
The wise man can solve his problems. The man who is wise can solve his problems.
2.
. ﺍﻟﺭﺠلُ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤل ﻤ ﺸﺎﻜﻠﻪ . ﺍﻟﺭﺠلُ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﻜﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻴﺤل ﻤ ﺸﺎﻜﻠﻪ
People living in Gaza enjoy the sea. People who are living in Gaza enjoy the sea.
ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ )ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ( ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻁﻨﻴﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﻏـﺯﺓ ﻴـﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﻥOr: People who live in Gaza enjoy the sea.
3.
.ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ )ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ( ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﻜﻨﻭﻥ )ﻴﻘﻁﻨﻭﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻴـﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ
.ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ
The pupils in the third year must work hard. The pupils who are in the third year must
4. . ٍﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭ ﺴﻭﺍ ﺒﺠﺩ work hard.
.ٍﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺒﺠﺩ
I have read an interesting story. I have read a story which was interesting.
5.
.ﺕ ﻗﺼﹰﺔ ﻤﺴﻠﻴﺔﹰ ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺭﺃ ﹸ .ﺕ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺴﻠﻴﹰﺔ ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺭﺃ ﹸ
I saw a wonderful film. I saw a film which was wonderful.
6.
.ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕﹸ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺭﺍﺌﻌﺎﹰ .ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕﹸ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺌﻌﺎﹰ
Khalil lives in an air-conditioned house. Khalil lives in a house which is air-
7. .ﺨﻠﻴل ﻴﺴﻜﻥ )ﻴﻘﻁﹸﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺕٍ ﻤﻜﻴﻑِ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ
conditioned.
.ﻘﻁﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺕٍ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭﺍﺌﻪ ﻤﻜﻴﻑ ﺨﻠﻴل ﻴﺴﻜﻥ )ﻴ ﹸ
We live in a house containing many rooms. We live in a house which is containing
.ﺕ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻑ
ٍ ﻘﻁﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴ
ﻨﺴﹸﻜﻥ )ﻨ ﹸmany rooms.
8. Or: We live in a house which contains many
rooms.
.ﻨﺴﹸﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺕٍ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻑ
44
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Exercise No. 9 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
Change the following sentences from Simple to Complex and vice versa:
:ﺱ
ِ ﻁﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤلٍُ ﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩٍﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜ
ٍ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤلٍُ ﺒﺴﻴ
.ﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭ ﹰ:
ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ ﹼ
1. Violent wind pull out trees. .ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺼﻔﺔ ﺘﻘﺘﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ
2. The students answered the questions which are difficult.
3. The government decided to educate the illiterate people ()ﺃُﻨﺎﺱ ﺃُﻤﻴﻴﻥ.
4. The man playing piano is my friend.
5. The girl who has golden hair, answers well.
6. My friend bought a car which was old.
7. Our brave soldiers have freed our land.
8. His broad minded thought has helped us.
9. Books which are written by hand are put in museums.
10. Minerals found in Egypt will help in developing the country.
11. Hard working students always attain ( ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ/ )ﻴﺤﻘﻕtheir ends.
12. The passengers on this train escaped death.
13. The people like faithful friends.
14. The carpenter repaired the broken chair.
15. Clouds which were heavy caused rain today.
16. Narrow minded people always face troubles.
17. We admire their unconquerable spirit. .ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﹸﻌﺠﺏ ﺒﺭﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﹸﻘﻬﺭ
18. Homeless children should be housed in healthy homes.
19. The goods which were in the shop window were damaged by fire.
20. A useful book gives knowledge.
He laughs best who laughs last.
.
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3. Adverbial Clause and Adverbial Phrases
):(Adverbial Clauses
ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ،Adverbﻓﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ... ،ﺍﻟﺦ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻓِﻌ ﻤﺎ.
ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﹰﺓ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ) ،(Subordinating Conjunctionsﻤﺜل:
while, where, because, if, as, although , ...etc.
ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ) (Subordinating Conjunctionsﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘـﺩﺓ
،Complex Sentenceﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ Subordinate Clauseﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘـﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺒـﻊ
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ :main (principle) clause
He went home because he was tired. )(complex ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ ﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
:
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ .because .1
.2ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ because he was tired
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ he went home .3
Because he was tired, he went home. )(complex ﻷﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﺫ ﻫﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
ﹼ
:ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒ ﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺒـﺩﺃﺕ
ﻌﻘﺩﺓ.
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ ﹼ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. He went home because he was tired. ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ ﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ.
2. Because he was tired, he went home. ﻷﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﺫ ﻫﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ .
ﹼ
3. He went for a walk although it was raining. ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﺸﹼﻰ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﻤﻁﺭ.
4. Although it was raining, he went for a walk. ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﻤﻁﺭ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﺸﹼﻰ.
ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ ) (comma) (,ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓِ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ.
( -: )
Adverbial Clause of Place .1
Adverbial Clause of Time .2
)Adverbial Clause of Cause (Reason .3
Adverbial Clause of Purpose .4
)Adverbial Clause of Result (Consequence .5
Adverbial Clause of Contrast .6
46
:
Adverbial Clause of Manner ( ) .7
Adverbial Clause of Comparison .8
Adverbial Clause of Condition .9
Adverbial Clause of Degree .10
Adverbial Clause of Exception .11
Adverbial Clause of Preference .12
Adverbial Clause of Proportion .13
:Adverbial Phrase
ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺃﺷ ﺒﺎه ﺍﻟﺠُﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻈّﺮﻓﯿّ ﺔ ﺑﺘﻌ ﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻌﻨ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﻞ )ﺃو ﺍﻟ ﺼّﻔﺔ ...ﺍﻟ ﺦ( ،ﺃو ﯾُﺤ ﺪِد ﻣﻜ ﺎن ﺃو زﻣ ﺎن وﻗﻮﻋ ﮫ ،ﺃو ﯾُﺒ ﯿّﻦ ﺳ ﺒﺐ ﺃو
ﻏﺮض ﺃو ﺷﺮط وﻗﻮﻋﮫ ...ﺍﻟﺦ.
ﻅﺭﻓﻴ ـﺔ ﻋـ ﺎﺩﹰﺓ ﺒﺤ ـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠ ـﺭ Prepositionﺃﻭ ﺒﺤ ـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁ ـﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒ ـﺔ ﻭﺘﺒـ ﺩﺃ ﺃﺸ ـﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤ ـل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
،Compound Conjunctionsﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ) (Present Participle) (ing –formﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌـﻭل
)) (Past Participleﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل(.
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
)He smiled wickedly. (adv. Phrase of manner
1.
ﺍﺒﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻜﺭﺍ ﻫﻪٍ) .ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ( )ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ(
)He smiled in a wickedly way. (adv. Phrase of manner
2.
ﺍﺒﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻜﺭﻴﻬﺔٍ).ﺸﺭﻴﺭﺓ() .ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ(
)He arrived at four o’clock. (adv. Phrase of time
3.
ﻫﻭ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ) .ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﺎﻥ(
)She went into the garden. (adv. Phrase of place
4.
ﻫﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ) .ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ(
)Being ill, he was absent yesterday. (adv. Phrase of reason
5.
ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ) .ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺏ(
)Going home, he ran into his friend. (adv. Phrase of time
6.
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﺍﻫﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ ،ﺍﺼﻁﺩﻡ )ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻰ( ﺒﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪِ) .ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ(
)He studied hard, in order to succeed. (adv. Phrase of purpose
7.
ﻫﻭ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ) .ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ(
)But for his illness, he would succeeded. (adv. Phrase of condition
8.
ﺸﺭﻁ(ﻟﻭﻻ )ﺒﺩﻭﻥ( ﻤﺭﻀﻪ ،ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ) .ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠ ﹼ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﹸﺘﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ
ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﹸﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻅﺭﻑ.
He went on foot to the station at four o’clock. ﻫﻭ ﺫﻫﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ.
Adverbial clause of manner place time
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. phrase Clause
1. Adverbial Clauses of Place ( )
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ":"where
where ﺤﻴﺙﹸ whence ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ /ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ
wherever ﺤﻴﺜﹸﻤﺎ any where ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ /ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ(.
)ﺃﻱ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. I don’t know where he went. ﻻ ﺍﻋﻠﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ )ﺃﻴﻥ( ﺫﻫﺏ.
2. I found your pen where you dropped it. ﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺃﻀﻌﺘﻪ.
ﺕ ﻗﻠﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺭ ﺤ ﹸ
ﻭﺠﺩ ﹸ
3. Bad luck follows him wherever he goes. ﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫ ﻫﺏ.
ﻅ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻴ ﻼﺤﻘﻪ" ﺤ ﹸ
ﺍﻟﺤ ﱡ
4. I don’t know whence he came. ﻻ ﺃﻋﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺃﺘﻰ.
How to change from Adverbial Clause to Adverbial Phrase
ﹸﺘﺤﻭ ل ﺇ ﻟﻰ
Adverbial Clause Adverb or Adverbial Phrase
ﹸﺘﺤﻭ ل ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻅﺭﻑ )ﺤﺎل(
ﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ،ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﺴﻡ ﻴ ﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ )ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ( ﺇﻟـﻰ
ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﱡﻠ ِ
ﻅ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔٍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺄﺘﻲ ،ﺜﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻘﻠﻙ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤ ﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ٍ
How to change from Adverbial Clause of Place into Phrase
( )
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ Clauseﺇﻟﻰ ،Phraseﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺘﹸﺤﻭ ل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
Clause Phrase
where ﺤﻴﺙﹸ
wherever ﺤﻴﺜﹸﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ in, at, on, .. etc, every where
whence ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ /ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ
any where ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ /ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ no where ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ /ﺇﻟﻰ ﻻ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
Clause Phrase
She goes with him where he goes. She goes with him every where .
1.
.ﻫﻲ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ
You can go whence you came. You can go back.
2.
.ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﺃﺘﻴﺕ .ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ
The sun was where the sea meets the sky. The sun was at the horizon .
3.
.ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻴﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ .ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﹸﻕ
He made friends wherever he went. He made friends every where .
4.
.ﺍﺘﺨﺫ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﺤﻴﺜﹸﻤﺎ ﺫﻫﺏ .ﺍﺘﺨﺫ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ
Do you know where he hides the map? Do you know the place of the hidden map ?
5.
ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻴ ﺨﺒﺊ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ؟ ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺒﺔ؟
She showed them where she had hidden
She showed them the place of the hidden bag .
6. the bag.
.ﺃﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺒﻭﺀﺓ
. ﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺨﺒﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﺃﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﺤﻴ ﹸ
New building are standing where old New building are standing in the place of the
7. cottages once stood. old cottages.
.ﻤﺒﺎﻥٍ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﻑ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻜﻭﺍﺥ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ .ﻤﺒﺎﻥٍ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﻑ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﺍﺥ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ
Like father, like son.
.( )
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2. Adverbial Clauses of Time ( )
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) ،(whenﻭﻫﻲ- :
when ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ while ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ as ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ
wherever ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ /ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺕ every time ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ before ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ
as long as ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ /ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ until ﺤﺘﻰ after ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ
since ﻤﻨﺫﹸ till ﺤﺘﻰ the moment ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ /
immediately ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ once ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ /ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ as soon as
ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ
the first time ﺃﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ the last time ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ the next time ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻤﺔ
where upon ﻭﺤﻴﻨﺫﺍﻙ …hardly … when ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ...ﺤﺘﻰ … scarcely … when ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ...ﺤﺘﻰ
… no sooner … than ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ...ﺤﺘﻰ
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. I saw my friend, when I arrived. ﺭﺃﻴﺕ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻠﺕﹸ.
2. As I was walking, I met an old friend. ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ،ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺼﺩﻴﻕ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ.
3. While I was shaving, the telephone rang. ﻕ ﺫﻗﻨﻲ ،ﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺘﻑ .
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﺤﻠِ ﹸ
4. Before he went out, he had given me a prize. ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋ ﻁﺎﻨﻲ ﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓﹰ .
5. After he had written the letter, he posted it. ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ،ﺃﺭﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟ ﺒﺭﻴﺩ .
6. He waited outside the gate, till we arrived. ﺃﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ،ﺤﹼﺘﻰ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ .
7. I haven’t seen him, since he got married. ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻩ ﻤﻨﹸﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺯﻭﺝ .
8. Hardly had he arrived when he started work. ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺼلَ ﺤﹼﺘﻰ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل.
9. No sooner had he arrived than he started work. ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺼل َُ ﺤﹼﺘﻰ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل.
:
ﻤﺔ perfect tensesﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل sinceﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ.
ﻻ ﺘﺎ ﹰ
.1ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﺎﺩﹰﺓ ﺃﻓﻌﺎ ﹰ
.2ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﻤ ﺤﺩﺩﺓ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ :
ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ whenﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ hardly ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ whenﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ scarcely
ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ thanﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ no sooner
ﻻ ﻤﻥ whenﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻴﺔ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻔﺎﺠﺌﺔ( extra-ordinary cases
ﻭﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﻭﻜﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ) ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ...ﺤﺘﻰ ،(....ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤ ﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻤﺜـل:
.when
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ﺎﻤﺎ ،Present Perfectﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ) (hadﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل )ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩ ﺙ ﻓـﻲ
ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﺎﻀﻴﹰﺎ ﺘ ﹰ
ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ( ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻤﺜل:
Hardly had he opened the envelop when an explosion was heard.
ﺠﺎﺭ.
ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺴ ﻤِﻊ ﺼﻭﺕﹶ ﺍﻨﻔ ٍ
: .3
after, when, as soon as, before, till, until, the moment
ﺃ( ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺤـﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل ﺍﻷﺨـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻘﺒل
)ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل (.
+after, when, as soon as, before, till, until, the moment + □
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
After I finish (or have finished) my work, I’ll go to the
1. ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ،ﺴﺄﺫ ﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ .
cinema.
2. I will visit him as soon as I phone (or have phoned) him. ﺴﺄﺯﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﺼل ﺒِﻪ.
She will prepare the dinner before she goes (or has
3. gone) out. ﺴﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﺭ ﺝ.
ﹸ
4. We will wait until he arrives (or has arrived). ﺴﻨﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﻴﺼل.
5. When I get (or have got) my visa, I’ll travel to Paris. ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺃﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺯﺘﻲ )ﺘﺄﺸﻴﺭﺘﻲ ،ﺴﺄﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ.
I’ll send him a letter the moment I know (or have
6. known) of his success. ﺴﺄﺭﺴلُ ﻟﻪ ﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﹰﺔ ﻟﺤﻅﺔَ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺠﺎﺤِﻪِ .
:
ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ . after, when, as soon as, till, until, the moment
ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ . before
ﺽ ﺘﺎﻡ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ
ﺏ( ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ after, when, as soon as, till, untilﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺎ ٍ
ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ(.
ﺝ( ﻭﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ beforeﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ(.
( ) + after, when, as soon as + ( □)
( ) + before + ( □)
( ) +till, until + ( □)
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
7. After he had eaten dinner, he went for a walk. ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ ،ﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ.
8. Before he went for a walk, he had eaten dinner. ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ.
9. He didn’t go for a walk until (till) he had eaten dinner. ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ.
:
ﻻ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘـﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻴﻭﻀـﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺩﺜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ.
ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ tillﻭ ،untilﻭﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ.
I commit my affair to Allah.
.
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How to change from Adverbial Clause of Time into Phrase
( )
ﺘﹸﺤﻭ ل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
: ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ،Phrase ﺇﻟﻰClause ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ
Clause Phrase
when in / at / on
after, before
as, while
after / before
during / while
till, until till / until
since since + poss. adj. ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ noun ﺍﺴﻡ
the moment just on or
as soon as, gerund ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل
no sooner … than …, immediately on / after / just on /
scarcely … when …, on / as soon as + poss. adj. ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ
hardly … when …
when in, at, on + noun or gerund
Clause Phrase
When he saw his mother, he ran towards her. On seeing his mother, he ran towards her.
1.
. ﺠﺭﻯ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻫﺎ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﻤﻪ . ﺠﺭﻯ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻫﺎ،ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﻤﻪ
When he arrived, she was angry. On his arrival, she was angry.
2.
.ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺔﹰ .ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺔﹰ
When he came, I was sleeping. On his coming, I was sleeping.
3.
. ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻨﺎﺌﻤﺎﹰ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺤﻀﺭ . ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻨﺎﺌﻤﺎﹰ،ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﻀﻭﺭﻩ
When she heard the news, she fainted. On hearing the news, she fainted .
4.
.ﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻏﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺴ ِﻤﻌ ﹸ .ﻋﻨﺩِ ﺴﻤﺎﻉِ ﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻏﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
after 1) after + noun or gerund
Or 2) having + p.p
before before + noun or gerund
Clauses Phrases
After he had eaten dinner, he went for a walk. After eating dinner, he went for a walk .
1.
. ﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ، ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀOr: Having eaten dinner, he went for a walk.
. ﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ
They came after they had received the After receiving the telegram, they came.
2. telegram. Or: Having received the telegram, they came.
.ﺠﺎﺀﻭﺍ )ﺤﻀﺭﻭﺍ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴﺔ .(ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﺀﻭﺍ )ﺤﻀﺭﻭﺍ
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After they had finished the work, they went After finishing the work, they went home.
home. Or: Having finished the work, they went
3. home.
. ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ )ﻋﺎﺩﻭﺍ( ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل
. ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ )ﻋﺎﺩﻭﺍ( ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل
They had studied the plans before they They had studied the plans before starting
4. started the project. the project.
.ﺨﻁﻁ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﺩﺀﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ِ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺴﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ . ﻗﺒل ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ،ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺨِﻁﻁ
He had sent a telegram before she arrived. He had sent a telegram before her arrival.
5.
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺭﺴل َُ ﺒﺭﻗﻴﹰﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ .ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺭﺴل َُ ﺒﺭﻗﻴﹰﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺼﻭِﻟﻬﺎ
َ
.ُﺼلِ ﺘ
while / as 1) while + noun or gerund
Or 2) during + noun or gerund
:( ﺴﻨﻭﻀﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻵﺘﻲsimple / phrase) ( ﺇﻟﻰcomplex / clause) ﻤﻥAs ﺃﻭWhile ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل
While (As) I was studying my lessons, my friends came. (clause / complex)
. ﺤﻀﺭ ﺃﺼ ﺩﻗﺎ ﺌﻲ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﺩﺭﺱ ﺩﺭﻭﺴﻲ
1. While studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple)
2. During studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple)
3. Studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple)
. ﺤﻀﺭ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻲ،ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺩﺭﻭﺴﻲ
Clauses Phrases
He met her while he was walking in the Walking in the street, he met her.
1. street. .ﻉ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ
ِ ﺸﻴﺘِﻪِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭ
ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ِﻤ ﹾ
.ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﺸﹼﻰ )ﻴﻤﺸﻲ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ
While (As) his friends fought with the During his friends fight with the enemy, he hid
2. enemy, he hid himself. himself.
.ﺨﺒﺄ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ
ﹶ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺘل ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻪ ﻤ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭ .ﺨﺒﺄ ﻨﻔﺴ ﻪ
ﹶ،ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺘﺎل ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭ
While (As) I was singing, I coughed. While singing, I coughed.
3.
.ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻏﻨﹼﻲ ﹶﻜﺤﻴ ﺕﹸ .ﺕ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﹶﻜﺤﻴ ﹸ
While he was climbing the tree, he slipped. Climbing the tree, he slipped.
4. .ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﺴﻠﹼﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺠﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﺤﻠﻕ .ﻋﻨﺩ ﹶﺘﺴﱡﻠِﻘﻪِ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺠﺭﹶﺓ ﺘﺯﺤﻠﻕ
until until
+ noun or gerund
till till
Clauses Phrases
She will not leave until he comes. She will not leave until (his) coming.
1.
.ﻫﻲ ﻟﻥ ﺘﹸﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﻴﺤﻀﺭ .(ﻫﻲ ﻟﻥ ﺘﹸﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺤﻀﻭﺭﻩ )ﺍﻟﺤﻀﻭﺭ
They waited until (till) the work began. They waited until (till) the beginning of work.
2.
.ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭﻭﺍ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل .ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭﻭﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل
He waited till it appeared again. He waited till its second appearance.
3.
. ﺃﻨﺘﻅﹶﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﻤﺭﹰﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ .(ﺃﻨﺘﻅﹶﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﻤﺭﹰﺓ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺔ )ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
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since since + poss. adj. + noun or gerund
since ( ووﻀـﻊmy, his, her, it, their, your, our) :( ﻤﺜلposs. adj.) ﯿﻤﻜن ﺤذف ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ:
.ﻟﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ
Clauses Phrases
I haven’t seen him since he returned from I haven’t seen him since his return from the
1. the U.S.A. U.S.A.
.ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻩ ﻤ ﹾﻨﹸﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴ ﺔ .ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻩ ﻤ ﹾﻨﹸﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻭﺩﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴ ﺔ
He hasn’t sent letters since (his) departing
He hasn’t sent letters since he departed.
2. (departure).
. َُ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﺭﺴل ﺭ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤ ﹾﻨﹸﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺭ ﺤل
. ِﺤِﻴﻠِﻪ
ِ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﺭﺴل ﺭ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤ ﹾﻨﹸﺫ ﺭ
Since (his) death, no one has visited his
Since he died, no one has visited his family.
3. family.
. ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯﺭ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺘﻪ ﺃﺤﺩ،ﻤ ﹾﻨﹸﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﺕ
. ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯﺭ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺘﻪ ﺃﺤﺩ،ﻤ ﹾﻨﹸﺫ ﻭﻓﺎﺘﻪ
He has left his home since they arrived. He has left his home since their arrival.
4.
. ﻟﻘﺩ ﺭﺤل َُ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﺯﻟِﻪ ﻤ ﹾﻨﺫﹸ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺼﻠﻭﺍ .ﻟﻘﺩ ﺭﺤ َل ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﺯﻟِﻪ ﻤ ﹾﻨﹸﺫ ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻬﻡ
She neglected every thing since her child She neglected every thing since the death of
5. died. her child.
.ﺕ ﹸﻜلُّ ﺸﻲٍﺀ ﻤ ﹾﻨﹸﺫ ﻤﺎﺕ ﻁﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻠﹶ ﹾ .ﺕ ﹸﻜلُّ ﺸﻲٍﺀ ﻤ ﹾﻨﹸﺫ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻁﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻠﹶ ﹾ
the moment just on + noun or gerund
Clauses Phrases
The moment he rang the bell, two men
Just on ringing the bell, two men came.
1. came.
. ﺠﺎﺀ ﺭﺠﻼﻥ،ﻋﻪِ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺱ ِ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺒﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺭ
. ﺠﺎﺀ ﺭﺠﻼﻥ،ﻟﺤﻅﹶﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﹶﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺱ
ﹶ
The moment he read that letter, he left (Just on) Reading that letter, he left our village.
2. our village. . ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺭﻴﺘﻨﺎ،ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ
. ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺭﻴﺘﻨﺎ،ﻟﺤﻅﹶﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺭﺃ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ
ﹶ .Just on ﯿﻤﻜن ﺤذف:
I shall send him a letter the moment I I shall send him a letter just on knowing of his
3. know of his success. success.
.ِﺤﻅﹶﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺤِﻪ
ﺴﺄﺭﺴِلُ ﻟﻪ ﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﹰﺔ ﻟ ﹶ .ﺴﺄﺭﺴِلُ ﻟﻪ ﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺤِِﻪ
hardly ….when ….
no sooner …. than ….
immediatelty on أوimmediately after
scarcely …. when …
as soon as …..
Clauses Phrases
As soon as he arrived, he started talking. Immediately on arrival (arriving), he started talking.
1. . ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ، َُﺃﻥ ﻭﺼل
ْ ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ . ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ،ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل
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:
As soon as I received the telegram, I hurried to Immediately on receiving the telegram, I hurried to the
2. the airport. airport.
.ﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺭ
ﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴ ﺔ ﺃﺴﺭﻋ ﹸ
ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤ ﹸ .ﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺭ
ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺭﻋ ﹸ
As soon as he had arrived, he demanded
Immediately after his arrival, he demanded a meal.
3. a meal. . ﻁﻠﹶﺏ ﻭﺠﺒﺔﹰ،ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻭﺼِﻠِﻪ
. ﻁﻠﹶﺏ ﻭﺠﺒﺔﹰ،ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼل
No sooner had she taken the papers
Immediately on taking the papers, she tore them.
4. than she tore them.
.ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺯﻗﺘﻬﺎ
.ﻕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﺯﻗﺘﻬﺎ
ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺨﹸﹶﺫ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍ ﹶ
No sooner had she swallowed two pills
Immediately on swallowing two pills, she slept.
5. than she slept.
.ﻭﺏ ﻨﺎﻤﺕ
ِ ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺒ
ِ ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﺒﺘﻼﻉ ﹸﻗﺭﺼﻴ
.ﻭﺏ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺎﻤﺕ ِ ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺒ
ِ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺘﻠﻊ ﻗﹸﺭﺼﻴ
No sooner had I reached the station
Immediately on reaching the station, the train left.
6. than the train left.
.ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭلُِ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻁﺔِ ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ
.ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻁِﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ
No sooner had she seen the lion than
Immediately after seeing the lion, she cried.
7. she cried.
.ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺩ ﺼ ﺭﺨﹶﺕ
.ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺼ ﺭﺨﹶﺕ
Hardly had he reached the station when
Reaching the station, he was called back.
8. he was called back.
. ﺍﺴﹸﺘﺩﻋِﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺩﺓ،ﻟﺩﻯ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ
.ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺴﹸﺘﺩﻋِﻲ
Hardly had she opened the envelop
Opening the envelop, an explosion was heard.
9. when an explosion was heard.
.ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺴ ِﻤﻊ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ
.ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺴ ﻤِﻊ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ
Hardly had he left the house when we Just after his leaving the house, we missed the
10. missed the jewels. jewels.
.ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﻴ ﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻭﻫﺭﺍﺕ .ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻭﻫﺭﺍﺕ
Scarcely had the plan touched the Just on touching the ground, the plan burst into
11. ground when it burst into flames. flames.
.ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﻠﻤﺱ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺭﺕ ﻤﺤﺘﺭﻗﺔﹰ .ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﻟﻤﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺘﺭﻗﺔﹰ
Scarcely had the bus stopped when it
Stopping, the bus burst into flames.
12. burst into flames.
.ﻋﻨﺩ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺘﻭﺒﻴﺱ ﻤﺸﺘﻌﻼﹰ
.ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﺍﻷﺘﻭﺒﻴﺱ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺭ ﻤﺸﺘﻌﻼﹰ
So long as he neglects his duties, he should be
Neglecting his duties, he should be blamed.
13. blamed. . ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﻼﻡ،ﻼ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻪ
ﻤ ﻬِﻤ ﹰ
. ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﻼﻡ،ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻴ ﻬﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻪ
So long as he disobeys me, I shall stop sending
Disobeying me, I shall stop sending him money.
14. him money.
. ﺴﺄﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ،ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭِﻩِ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻨﻲ
. ﺴﺄﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ،ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻴ ﻌﺼﻴﻨﻲ
Once he stands firm, she will respect him. Standing firm, she will respect him.
15. .ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ )ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ( ﻴﻘﻑ ﺒﺤﺯٍﻡ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺴﺘﺤﺘﺭﻤﻪ .ﺒﻭﻗﻭﻓِﻪِ ﺒﺤﺯﻡٍ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓﹰ ﺴﺘﺤﺘﺭﻤﻪ
Once you sign these papers, I shall send you the
goods. Signing these papers, I shall send you the goods.
16. ( ﺴﺄ ﺭﺴل ﻟﻙ )ﻟﻜـﻡ،ﺍﻨﺘﻡ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ/ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﹼﻗﻊ )ﺃﻨﺕ . ﺴﺄﺭﺴل ﻟﻙ )ﻟﻜﻡ( ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ،ﺒﺘﻭﻗﻴِﻊِ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ
.ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ
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Exercise No. 10 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:
: ( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒ ﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ1
1. I waited for a long time. At least he appeared.
2. We arrived at the football field. Then the game started.
3. He arrived at a certain time. Immediately I went home.
4. My father finished his work. He soon went home.
5. I studied my lessons. I went to bed afterwards.
6. He went away yesterday. We have done no work since that time.
7. They crossed the canal. Then they attacked the enemy.
8. The Egyptian soldiers had appeared. Immediately the Israeli soldiers disappeared.
9. I was washing my hands. The telephone rang.
10. She was sitting at the table. Then the children came.
II) Complete the following: :( ﺃﻜﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ2
1. He had lived abroad since …………
2. No sooner had he left the house …………
3. He apologized to his father after …………
4. The boys sat silent when …………
5. Hardly had he packed his luggage to travel …………
6. Scarcely had they gone out of school …………
7. I shall wait for him till …………
8. He had studied his lessons well before …………
III) Change the black typed clauses into phrases and vice versa:
:ﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌٍﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ
ٍ ﻕ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭ
ٍ ﺨﻁ ﻏﺎﻤ
ٍ ( ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒ3
.( ﺃﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل
ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﹰ:
1. I didn’t know him until he spoke to me.
2. No one could believe him after he had told lies.
3. The sick pupil forgot every thing when he sat for the exam.
4. He had not prepared himself before entering the exam.
5. Having prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic.
6. No sooner had he met him than he informed him of his success.
7. In doing your duty, you should not be shamed.
8. Hardly had we attacked them when they escaped.
9. Immediately after his reaching school, the bell rang.
10. When I spoke to him, he was angry.
11. Don’t write till I give you an order.
12. The world has changed since the atomic power was discovered.
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( )3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause (Reason )
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )-:(because
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
for ﻷﻥ because ﻷﻥ /ﺒﺴﺒﺏ
so long as ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ since ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ
now that ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ as ﻟﻤﺎ /ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. She didn’t come to school today because she was ill. ﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻷﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﹰﺔ.
ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﹶﺘﺤ ِ
2. As she was late, she was walking quickly. ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤ ﺘﺄﺨﺭﹰﺓ ،ﻤ ﺸﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ.
3. He walked carefully since he was in pain. ﻤﺸﻰ ﺒﺤﺫٍﺭ ،ﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻡ .
4. She was thirsty for she had drunk nothing all morning. ﻁﻭﺍل َُ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺒﺎﺡ.
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻁﺸﻰ ،ﻷﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺸﺭﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ِ
As long as he refuses our advice he should shoulder
5. the results. ﺭﻓﺽ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻨﺎ ،ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﹼﻨﹶﺘﺎِﺌﺞ .
ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻴ ﹸ
6. Now that you have taken money, sign this contract. ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﺕ )ﺃﻨﺕ( ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ ،ﻭﱢﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ.
:ﻨﹸﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ sinceﺃﻭ asﺃﻭ ،forﹸﻜﹼﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ) becauseﻷﻥ( ،ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺃﻱ
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ.
How to change Adverbial Clause of Cause into Phrase
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ clauseﺇﻟﻰ phraseﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺘﹸﺤﻭ ل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
Clause Phrase
because ﻷﻥ /ﺒﺴﺒﺏ because of ﺒﺴﺒﺏ
for ﻷﻥ /ﺒﺴﺒﺏ for ﺒﺴﺒﺏ /ﻟﹻ
since ﺙ ﺃﻥ /ﺒﺴﺒﺏ
ﺤﻴ ﹸ owing to ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟ ﹻ
as ﻟﻤﺎ /ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ /ﺒﺴﺒﺏ due to ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﹻ /ﺒﺴﺒﺏ
so long as on account to ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻜﺫﺍ
+ poss. adj. +
ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ as a result of ﻨﺘﻴﺠﹰﺔ ﻟـ ُِ noun or gerund
now that ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ thanks to ﺒﻔﻀل
so long as ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﺻﻔﺔ Being + ﻜﹶﻭﻥ /ﻟﻜﹶﻭﻥ
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟـﺭﺒﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ
:ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ clauseﺇﻟﻰ phraseﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ) (verb + ingﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ ﺔ.
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
Clauses Phrases
He could not speak because of his illness.
He could not speak because he was ill.
1. Or: Being ill, he could not speak.
. ﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺎﹰ،ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ
. ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ،ﻟﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺎﹰ
He got angry since she was late. He got angry on account of her lateness.
2.
. ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺕ،ﺼﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺎﹰ . ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺄﺨﹸِﺭﻫﺎ،ﺼﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﹰﺎ
She drove fast as she was late. She drove fast owing to her being late.
3.
. ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓ،ٍﻗﺎﺩﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ . ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓ،ٍﻗﺎﺩﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ
He studied hard because he wanted to
He studied hard due to his need to succeed.
4. succeed.
. ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﺤﺎﺠﺘِﻪ ﻷﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ﺩ ﺭ ﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ
. ﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ﺩ ﺭ ﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ
Because he was careless, he was Because of his carelessness, he was punished.
punished. . ﻋ ﻭﻗِﺏ،ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻜﺴﻠﻪ
5. . ﻋ ﻭﻗِﺏ،ﻼ
ﻷﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﻬﻤ ﹰ ﹼOr: Being careless, he was punished.
. ﻋ ﻭﻗِﺏ،ﻻ ﻟﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﻜ ﺴﻭ ﹰ:ﺃﻭ
As it was dark, we lost our way. Owing to darkness, we lost our way.
6.
. ﻀﻠﻠﻨﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻨﺎ،ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻅﻠﻤﺔﹰ . ﻀﻠﻠﻨﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻨﺎ،ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻅﻠﻤﺔ
She stayed in bed as a result of her illness.
She stayed in bed as she was ill.
. ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﻤﺭﻀِﻬﺎ،ﻫﻲ ﻤﻜﺜﹶﺕﹾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵ
7. . ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺔﹰ،ﻫﻲ ﻤﻜﺜﹶﺕﹾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵ
Or: Being ill, she stayed in bed
. ﻤﻜﺜﹶﺕﹾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵ،ﻟِﻜﻭِﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﹰﺔ
She danced because she was happy. Being happy, she danced.
8.
. ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ،ﺭﻗﺼﺕ . ﺭﻗﺼﺕ،ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ
They admired his for he is brave. They admired his for his bravery.
9.
. ﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﺸﹸﺠﺎﻉ،ﺠﺒﻭﺍ ﺒِﻪ
ِ ﺃﻋ .ِ ﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋِﺘﻪ،ﺠﺒﻭﺍ ﺒِﻪ ِ ﺃﻋ
As we have a wise leader, we avoided Owing to the wisdom of our leader, we avoided
10. many troubles. many troubles.
. ﺘﺠﻨﺒﻨﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ،ﻷﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﺌﺩﹰﺍ ﺤﻜﻴﻤﹰﺎ . ﺘﺠﻨﺒﻨﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ،ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﺩﻨﺎ
He will succeed since he works hard. Working hard, he will succeed.
11.
.ٍﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ .ٍ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ﻟﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ
They work in this way as you have They work in this way according to your
12. directed them. directions.
.(ﻫﻡ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﻬﺘﻬﻡ )ﺃﺭﺸﺩﺘﻬﻡ .(ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩﺍﺘﻙ )ﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﺎﺘﻙ
Now that you have taken money, sign
Having taken your money, sign this contract.
13. this contract.
. ﻭ ﱢﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ،ﺒﺎﺴِﺘﻼِﻡ ﹸﻨﻘﻭِﺩﻙ
. ﻭﱢﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ
Now that he is innocent, they must set Being innocent, they must set him free.
14. him free.
. ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﻁِﻠﻘﻭﺍ ﺴﺭﺍﺤﻪ،ﻟﻜﻭﻨِِﻪ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﹰﺎ
.ﻁﻠﻘﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﺍﺤﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ِ ﺴﻴ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ
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As long as he refuses our advice, he Refusing our advice, he should shoulder the
15. should shoulder the results. results.
. ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ،ﺭﻓﺽ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻨﺎ ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﻴ ﹸ . ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ،ﺭﻓﺽ( ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻨﺎ ﺭﺍﻓﺽ )ﻤﻥ ﻴ ﹸ ﹾ
As you had been here before, you had Having been here before, you had better lead the
16. better lead the way. way.
. ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﺩﻨﺎ،ﺕ ﻫ ﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﹶﻗﺒل
ﻷﻨﻙ ﹸﻜﻨ ﹶ
ﹼ . ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﺩﻨﺎ،ﻟﻜﻭِﻨﻙ ﻫ ﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﹶﻗﺒل
Due to his accidents, he refuses to drive his car.
He refuses to drive his car since he has .ِﺭﻓﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭِﺘﻪ ﻴ ﹸ،ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺜِِﻪ
17. faced many accidents. Or: Due to facing many accidents , he refuses to
.ﺙ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ
ﻴﺭﻓﹸﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘ ﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺤﻭﺍﺩ ﹶ drive his car.
.ِﺭﻓﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘِﻪ ﻴ ﹸ،ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘِِﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ
You cannot blame him for he is innocent. You cannot blame him for his innocence.
18.
. ﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ،ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻠﻭﻤﻪ .ِ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺒﺭﺍﺀﺘﻪ،ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴ ﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻠﻭﻤﻪ
He succeeded owing to (due to) (on account of)
He succeeded because he is clever.
19. (according to) h is cleverness.
. ﻷﹼﻨﻪ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ،ﻨﺠﺢ
.ِ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺘِﻪ،ﻨﺠﺢ
Necessity has no law.
Exercise No. 11 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:
:( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﹸﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ1
1. He could not see. He was blind.
2. He was angry. He lost his watch.
3. He could not play well. He was not trained well.
4. He could not walk. His leg was broken.
5. He suffers from cough. He smokes much.
II) Complete the following: :( ﺃﻜﻤل ﺍﻵﺘـﻲ2
1. He closed his shop as ……….
2. He left sad because ……….
3. She wept bitterly ﺒﻜﺕ ﺒﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓsince ……….
4. He could not buy new shoes for ……….
5. As he refused to return the stolen good ……….
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III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:ﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌٍﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ
ٍ ﻕ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭ
ٍ ﺨﻁ ﻏﺎﻤ
ٍ ( ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒ3
.( ﺃﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل
ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﹰ:
1. He failed because of his laziness.
2. Owing to his bravery, he defeated his rival .()ﻫﺯﻡ ﻤ ﻨِﺎﻓﺴﻪ
3. Being tired, he went to bed.
4. We couldn’t study, because there was much noise.
5. As the day was hot, they decided to spend it on the beach.
6. The boy was punished because he was careless.
7. He was put in prison as a result of bad behavior.
8. Thanks to intelligence, he could overcome his difficulties.
9. The travelers suffered a great deal as they did not have enough water.
10. Egypt, being full of monuments, tourists visit it all the year round.
Charity begins at home.
( )
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4. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose ( )
ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ purposeﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ) ،cause (reasonﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻴ ﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﺅﺍل :ﻟﻤـﺎﺫﺍ .......؟
)? .(Why ........
?Why do you go to school ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ؟
)I go to school because I want to learn. (cause ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻷﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻌﻠﻡ) .ﺴﺒﺏ(
)Or: I go to school to learn. (purpose ﺃﻭ :ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻷﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ )ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ( )ﻏﺭﺽ(
ﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ of reasonﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻀﻴﺔ :of purpose
ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ) ﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ(.
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﹼﺔ )ﻏﺭﺽ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل(.
) :(causeﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﹼﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻋﺩﻤﹰﺎ.
( ) :(purposeﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻭﻗﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ. )
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) ،(so thatﻭ ﻫﻲ:
@ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
so that
in order that
1. that
in the hope that ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻌ ّل
aiming that ﺒﻬﺩﻑ
ﺤﺩ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ.
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﹸﻜﹼﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻌلّ ،ﻭﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ٍ
ﻼ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ .may +
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ( ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻋﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﹰ
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ( ﻤﺎﻀﻴ ﹰﺎ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ . might +
ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻏﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺩﻑ.
+ + +
so that, in order, that, in the
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلmay + +ﻓﺎﻋل + + ﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل
hope that, aiming that
so that, in order, that, in the
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلmight + +ﻓﺎﻋل + + ﻤﺎﻀﻲ
hope that, aiming that
. )(might may
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lest
2. ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ/ ﺨﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ/ ﺨﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ/ ﻟﺌﻼ
for fear that
.for fear that ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻤﻊ، ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭlest ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻊshould ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل
lest
+ ﻓﺎﻋل+ should + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
for fear that
for fear that + ﻓﺎﻋل+ may or might + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
ﻤﺨﺎﻓﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ/ ﺨﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ + ﻓﺎﻋل+ should + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. He worked hard so that he might succeed. .ﻋ ِﻤلَ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ
2. She studies hard that she may / can succeed. .(ﻫﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻨﺠﺢ )ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺠﺢ
3. He ran fast in order that he might catch the train. .ﺎﺭ
ِ ﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻁ
ﻫﻭ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺒﺴﺭﻋٍﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻠﺤ ﹶ
4. He traveled abroad in the hope that he might find work. .ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻟﻌﹼﻠﻪ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻋﻤﻼﹰ
5. He stopped smoking lest he should die young. .ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻭﺕﹶ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ
ْ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺩﺨﻴﻥ ﺨﺸﻴﺔ
6. I opened the door quickly lest I should disturb him. . ﻓﺘﺤﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺒ ﺴﺭﻋٍﺔ ﺨﺸﻴﹶﺔ ﺃﻥ )ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ( ﺃﺯﻋِﺠ ﻪ
She didn’t sleep all night for fear that she might
7. .ﻟﻡ ﺘﻨﻡ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻠﻴل ﺨﺸﻴﹶﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ )ﻴﻔﻭﺘﻬﺎ( ﻗﻁﹶﺎﺭﻫﺎ
miss her train.
He got up early for fear that he should miss the
8. .ﻨﻬﺽ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﹰﺍ ﺨﺸﻴﹶﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ
train.
How to change Adverbial Clause of Purpose into Phrase
: (simple) phrase (complex) clause so that
:ﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ
ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒ ﹰ،m ight ﺃﻭm ay ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ )ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ
Clause Phrase
to ﻟﻜﻲ, in order to ﻟﻜﻲ, ﻟﻜﻲ
so that, in order that, ﻟﻜﻲ so as to ﻟﻜﻲ, not to ﺃﻻﹼ,
that, in the hope that + infinitive
in order not to ﻜﻲ ﻻ
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
aiming that ﺒﻬﺩﻑ/ ﻟﻜﻲ aiming to ﺒﻬﺩﻑ
Or:
for ﻟﻜ ﻲ, with the intention of ﺑﮭ ﺪف, + noun or gerund
with the aim of ﺑﮭﺪف
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: (simple) phrase (complex) clause for fear that lest
:ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ
ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩ ﹰ،should ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ )ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ
so as not to ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﻻ/ ﻜﻲ ﻻ + infinitive ()ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
Or: fo r fear of ﻓﺎ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻭ ﹰ/ ﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﺨﺸ ﹶ
ِ + noun or gerund ()ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ
Clause Phrase
so as not to + infinitive ()ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
lest / for fear that
Or: for fear of + noun or gerund () ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
Clauses Phrases
We went to the theater in order that we
We went to the theater in order to see the play.
1. might see the play.
.ﺫﻫﺒﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﺡ ﻟﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﺤﻴ ﺔ
.ﺫﻫﺒﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﺡ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﺤﻴﺔ
He ran everyday that he might win the race. He ran everyday to win the race.
2. .ﻫﻭ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺭﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻕ .ﻫﻭ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻴﺭﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻕ
He works hard so that he may get high
He works hard to (so as to / in order to) get high
marks.
marks.
3. .ٍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ٍ ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻴﺤﺼ ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎ
.ٍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ٍ ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎ
Or: He works hard for getting high marks.
.ٍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔٍ ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻴﺤﺼل َُ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎ:ﺃﻭ
We go to school so that (in order that / We go to school to (so as to / in order to / aiming
4. that / aiming that) we may learn. to) learn.
.ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ .ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻟﻨﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ
They went to Gaza to (so as to / in order to)
They went to Gaza in order that they enjoy the sea.
might enjoy the sea. .ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ
5. . ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻟ ﺒﺤﺭOr: They went to Gaza with the intention of
(with the aim of) enjoying the sea.
. ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺯﺓ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ:ﺃﻭ
Mother entered the kitchen that she might Mother entered the kitchen to cook.
cook. .ﺃﻤﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﺦ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﺦ
. ﺃﻤﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﺦ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﺦOr: Mother entered the kitchen for (with the aim
6.
of / with the intention of) cooking.
. ﺃﻤﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﺦ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﺦ:ﺃﻭ
Yesterday, Ahmed returned home early Yesterday, Ahmed returned home early for fear
7. lest he should be late. of being late.
. ﻋﺎﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﹰﺍ ﺨﺸﻴﹶﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﺨﺭ،ﺱ
ِ ﺒﺎﻷﻤ . ﻋﺎﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﹰﺍ ﺨﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺨﻴﺭ،ﺱ
ِ ﺒﺎﻷﻤ
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I am in a hurry lest I shouldn’t attend the I am in a hurry for fear of not attending the first
8. first lesson. lesson.
.ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﺠل ﺨﺸﻴﹶﺔ ﺃﻻ ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭل .ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﺠل ﺨﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺤﻀﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭل
He worked hard lest he should fail. He worked hard so as not to fail.
.ﻋ ِﻤلَ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﺨﺸﻴﹶﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺴ ﺏ .ﻋ ِﻤلَ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺭﺴ ﺏ
9.
Or: He worked hard for fear of failing (failure).
. ﻋ ِﻤل َُ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﺨﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﺏ:ﺃﻭ
He got up early for fear that he should He got up early so as not to miss the train.
miss the train. . ﻨﻬﺽ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﹰﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ )ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ( ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ
10. . ﻨﻬﺽ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﹰﺍ ﺨﺸﻴﹶﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭOr: He got up early for fear of missing the train.
. ﻨﻬﺽ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﹰﺍ ﺨﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ
Exercise No. 12 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:
:( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟِﺘﹸﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﹰﺔ ﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓﹰ1
1. He went home. He wanted to take a rest.
2. They spent the day on the mountain. They hoped to enjoy the fresh air.
3. The students worked hard. They were afraid to fail.
4. She went to the doctor. She wished the doctor to examine her.
5. They kept the child in a warm room. They feared he would take cold.
6. They traveled to Egypt. They aimed at spending the holiday.
7. The doctor cleaned the instruments. He was afraid the wound would fester .()ﻴﺘﻠﻭﺙ
8. My uncle left for Europe. He wished to find a new job.
9. He told me a funny story. He wanted me to forget my sadness.
10. She answered perfectly. She wished to get the top prize.
II) Complete the following to make a complex sentence:
:ﻌﻘﺩﺓﹰ
( ﺃﻜﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻟِﺘُﻜﻮّ ﺠ ﻤﻠﹰﺔ ﻤ ﹼ2
ن
1. Boys go to the library so that ………..
2. Children play with toys in order that ………..
3. Youth travel abroad in the hope that ………..
4. Pupils get up early lest ………..
5. The policeman locked the thief up lest ………..
6. The teacher explained the lesson twice in order that ………..
7. They took a boat so that ………..
8. People read books in order that ………..
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III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:ﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌٍﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ
ٍ ﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭ
ٍ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻏﺎﻤ
.( ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﹰﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل:
1. He went home so as to study his lessons.
2. They got up early so that they might enjoy the fresh air.
3. He disguised ﺘﻨﻜﺭhimself so as not to be recognized.
4. The policeman hurried in order that he could catch the thief.
5. The army marched quickly to surprise the enemy.
6. He saved his money lest he should fall in trouble.
7. The pupils listened carefully to understand the lesson.
8. He hurried to the station for fear of missing the train.
9. My uncle traveled to Europe with the intention of taking a degree.
10. I study in order that I may succeed.
11. Many of our soldiers sacrificed their lives so as to free our land.
12. We waged ﺸﻥthe war so that we might restore our land.
13. We decided to conquer ﻴﻘﻬﺭIsrael to break the myth ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺭﺓof her army.
14. The boys escaped for fear of being punished.
15. They met to discuss the new plan.
A bird in the hand is worth ten on the brush.
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General Exercise No. 13 ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ
) Change the following Clauses into Phrases:
:ﺟ ﻤﻞ
ُ ًِ ًّﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺘّﺎﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺷﺒﺎه
1. Do you know where he lives?
2. I shall find him wherever he hides.
3. Ice will melt when the sun shines.
4. He ran away as soon as he heard their steps.
5. When he was working for them, he earned much money.
6. She went home after she had finished her lectures.
7. While we were having supper, all lights went out.
8. We cannot do anything till he arrives.
9. No sooner had she smelt it than she fainted. ()ﺃُﻏﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
10. Hardly had he left their house when they cried for help.
11. Scarcely had she opened the door when two men rushed in. ()ﺍﻨﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺨل
12. While he was going to school, she met him.
13. Once you have frightened her, she will not return home.
14. She is quite unconscious so long as the doctor operates.
15. While he was abroad, she ran all his shops.
16. They dismissed him because he was careless.
17. Remember these facts for they are very important.
18. He was very angry as she insulted him( ﺸﺘﻤﻪ/ )ﺃﻫﺎﻨﻪ.
19. They killed him for he refused to obey them.
20. He has not been allowed to smoke since he became seriously ill.
21. Cover our food lest flies should spoil it.
22. We arranged everything well in order that his wedding party might be a lovely party.
23. He went to the market so that he might buy a camel.
24. She pays him regularly so that he may let her sell her goods.
25. I shall do everything that I may help you.
Actions speak louder than works.
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)5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence
( )
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠٍﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻤﻴٍﺫ ﻤﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻓﻨﻘﻭل-:
) He is so clever that he answers all questions. ( complex
ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ ﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜلُِ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠِﺔ ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ (
) 1. Or: He is clever enough to answer. ( simple
ﺃﻭ :ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻫﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠٍﺔ ﺘﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺠﻴﺏ ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ (
ﺃﻭ :ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫٍ ﻟ ﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﹼﻟﺎ ﻴ ﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻓﻨﻘﻭل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴ ﻠﻲ:
) He is so stupid that he cannot answer any question. ( complex
.2ﻫﻭ ﻏﺒﻲ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﹼﻟﺎ ﻴ ﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺴﺅﺍل ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ (
2.
) Or: He is too stupid to answer. ( simple
ﺙ ﻻ ﻴ ﺠﻴﺏ ) .ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ (أو :ﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎِﺀ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺤﻴ ﹸ
ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠِﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﹸﻓِﺭ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ،ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) ( so - - - thatﻭﻫﻲ- :
ﻓﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل + that +ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل 1. so + ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ
ﻓﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل + that +ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ 2. such + ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘ ﻴﺠﺔ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.
ﺃﻱ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
such = veryﺃ ﻭ so ﺠﺩﺍﹰ
ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ = that
ﺒﻌﺩ soﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل ) ﻅﺭﻑ ( ﻭﺒﻌﺩ thatﺘﺄ ﺘﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ) ﻓﺎﻋل +ﻓﻌل ( ﻨﺘ ﻴﺠﹰﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ .so
ﺒﻌﺩ suchﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ thatﺘﺄ ﺘﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ) ﻓﺎﻋل +ﻓﻌل ( ﻨﺘ ﻴﺠﹰﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺒﻌﺩ .such
:ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ.
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
He is very strong. He can defeat his rival. ﻫﻭ ﻗﻭﻱ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ .ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺯﻡ ﻤ ﻨﺎﻓﺴﻪ.
) 1. He is so strong that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause
ﻫﻭ ﻗﻭﻱ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺯﻡ ﻤ ﻨﺎﻓﺴ ﻪ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
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He was very clever. He passed the examination. ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ .ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ.
) 2. He was so clever that he passed the examination. ( complex / clause
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻫﺭﹰﺍ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺍﺠ ﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
She was very polite. She respected every one. ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺅﺩﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ .ﺍﺤﺘﺭﻤﺕ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ.
) 3. She was so polite that she respected every one. ( complex / clause
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺅﺩﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﻤﺕ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
He spoke very slowly that I could not hear him. ﺙ ﻟﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻌﻪ. ﻫﻭ ﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺒﺒﻁٍﺀ ﺸﺩﻴٍﺩ ﺤﻴ ﹸ
) 4. He spoke so slowly that I could not hear him. ( complex / clause
ﻫﻭ ﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺒﺒﻁٍﺀ ﺸﺩﻴﺩٍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻌ ﻪ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
:
.1ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻥ ) (1ﻭ ) (2ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ soﻭ ،thatﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (3ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻅﺭﻑ )ﺤﺎل( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ thatﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ )ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎل(.
.2ﺒﻌﺩ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـ ،so .... thatﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﹸﺘﺼﺒﺤﺎﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺓ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ ).(complex / clause
.3ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤـل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ + thatﺼـﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤـﺎل ،so +ﻭﻟـ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨـﺭﻯ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل
ﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل.
) + thatﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ،(such +ﻤﻊ ﻨﻔ ِ
+ thatﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ Verb to Be + such +
+ thatﺍﺴﻡ Verb to Have + such +
) He is such a strong man that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause
ﻫﻭ ﺭﺠ ٌُل ﻗﻭﻱ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺯﻡ ﻤ ﻨﺎﻓﺴﻪ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
1.
) Or: He has such strength that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause
ﺃﻭ :ﻫﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺯﻡ ﻤ ﻨﺎﻓﺴﻪ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
) They were such clever boys that they passed the examination. ( complex / clause
ﻫﻡ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﻭﻟﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻬﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﹼﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯﻭﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
2.
) Or: They have such cleverness that they passed the examination. ( complex / clause
ﺃﻭ :ﻫﻡ ﻟﺩﻴ ﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﹼﻨﻬ ﻡ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯﻭﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
) She was such a polite girl that she respected every one. ( complex / clause
ﹼﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﺕ ﻤﺅﺩﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﹼﻨ ﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﻤﺕ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
3.
) Or: She has such politeness that she respected every one. ( complex / clause
ﺃﻭ :ﻫﻲ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﻤﺕ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ) .ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ(
:
.1ﻻ ﺤﻅ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﻜﻴﺭ ) (aﺒﻌﺩ ،suchﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤ ﻔﺭﺩﹰﺍ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (1ﻭ ) (3ﻭﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل
ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺭ ) (aﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﺠﻤﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺜﻨﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ ).(2
.2ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل Verb To Beﺇﻟﻰ ، Verb To Haveﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ suchﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ.
69
:
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ، ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔsuch o so ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ،(Emphasis) ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ )ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤ ﻌﻴ ﻥ
: ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ،( ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺩﻻﻟﺔﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ،َﻋل
ِ ﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلُ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎ
ﻴ ﺴ ﺒِ ﹸ:ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )ﺃﻱ
So + ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل+ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ+ that + ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
Such + ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ+ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ+ that + ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
She was such a polite girl that she respected everyone. ( complex / clause )
1.
Or: Such a polite girl was she, that she respected everyone. ( complex / clause )
He had (has) such cleverness that he passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
2.
Or: Such cleverness had (has) he, that he passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
He spoke so slowly that I couldn't hear him. ( complex / clause )
3. Or: So slowly did he speak, that I couldn't hear him. ( complex / clause )
She sings so beautifully that I admire her. ( complex / clause )
4. Or: So beautifully does she sing, that I admire her. ( complex / clause )
He is so strong that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )
5.
Or: So strong is he, that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )
How to change Adverbial Clause of Result into Phrase
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ،simple (phrase) ﺇﻟﻰcomplex (clause) ﻤﻥsuch …. that ﺃﻭso ….. that ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ
: ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ، ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل+ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ
Clause Phrase
so + ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ+ that + ﻓﺎﻋل+ ﻓﻌل ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ+ enough to + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
such + ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ+ that + ﻓﺎﻋﻞ+ ﻓﻌل ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ too + ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ+ to + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
:
: ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ، ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎthat ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ.1
ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ+ enough to + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
: ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ، ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎthat ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ.2
ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ+ enough for + ﺿﻤﯿﺮ أو اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ+ to + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰsuch …. that ﺃﻭso ….. that ﻤﺤلenough to (for) ﺘﺤل.3
(ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ
70
:
.4ﻭﺘﺤل too …. toﻤﺤل so ….. thatﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻔﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎ ﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ
ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ( )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ thatﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ(.
ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ thatﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + to +ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ too +
ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ thatﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + to +ﺿﻤﯿﺮ أو اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ + for +ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ too +
.5ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ so …. thatﻤﻥ comp le xﺇﻟﻰ ،simpleﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﻨ ﻔﻲ ﻴ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ .too … to
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
Clauses Phrases
The atom is so small that you cannot see it. The atom is too small to see.
1. ﺍﻟﹼﺫﺭﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓﹲ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﹼﻨﻙ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺍﻫﺎ. ﻻ ﺘﹸﺭﻯ.ﺍﻟﹼﺫﺭﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓﹲ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃ ﹼ
He is so rich that he can buy governments. He is rich enough to buy governments.
2.
ﻫﻭ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕٍ. ﺕ.
ﻫﻭ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎ ٍ
She is so clever that she answers any question. She is clever enough to answer.
3. ﻫﻲ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﹲﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺴﺅﺍل. ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓِ ﺤﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ.
The bag is so heavy that I cannot carry it. The bag is too heavy to carry.
4.
ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹸ ﺜﻘﻴﻠ ﹲﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ. ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹸ ﺜﻘﻴﻠ ﹲﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻻﹼ ﺘﹸﺤﻤل.
She is so clever that she can guess the truth. She is clever enough to guess.
5. ﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﻋﺔﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ. ﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﻋﹲﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﻤﻥ.
The car is so cheap that I can buy it. The car is cheap enough to buy.
6.
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﹸﺓ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﹲﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺸﺘﺭﻴﻬﺎ. ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﹸﺓ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔﹲ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺸﺘﺭﻯ.
The food is so hot that we can't eat it. The food is too hot to eat.
ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺄﹸﻜﹶﻠﻪ . ﺍﻟ ﹼ ﻻ ﻴ ﺅ ﻜل.
ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃ ﹼ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
7. Or: The food is too hot for us to eat.
ﻻ ﻨﺄﻜﹸل.
ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﺔِ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃ ﹼ
ﺃﻭ :ﺍﻟ ﹼ
The train moved so quickly that it reached The train moved quickly enough to reach in
8. London in an hour. an hour.
ﻋﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻭﺼ َُل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ.
ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟِﻘﻁﺎﺭ ﺒﺴﺭ ٍ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟِﻘﻁﺎﺭ ﺒ ﺴﺭﻋٍﺔ ﺘﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼل ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻭﻥِ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ.
He spoke so quickly that I could not write. He spoke too quickly to write.
9.
ﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺒﺴﺭﻋٍﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ. ﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﺒﺴﺭﻋٍﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﹼﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ.
He was so perfectly disguised that she He was too perfectly disguised for her to
10. could not recognize him. recognize.
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻨﻜﺭﹰﺍ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ. ﻜﺎﻥ ﹶﺘﻨﹸﻜﺭ ﻩ ﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ.
71
:
Khalil is such a clever doctor that he got Khalil is a clever doctor enough to got a prize.
a prize. ﺨﻠﻴل ﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺼ َل
.ٍُ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ
11. Or: Such a clever doctor is Khalil that he
got a prize.
.ﺨﻠﻴل ﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺤﺼلَ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﺌﺯٍﺓ
He was so lazy that he could not succeed. He was too lazy to succeed.
12.
.ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜ ﺴﻭﻻﹰ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ .ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺴﻭﻻﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ
The ceiling is so high that he can't touch it.
The ceiling is too high (for him) to touch.
Or: So high is the ceiling that he can't
touch it. .ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻑ ﻋﺎلٍُ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ )ﺒﺎﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ( ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴ ﻠﻤﺱ
ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻑ ﻋﺎلٍُ ﺠ ﹰOr: The ceiling is not low enough (for him)
.ﺩﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﻤﺴﻪ
13. Or: It is such a high ceiling that he can't to touch.
touch it. .ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻑ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﻠﻤﺱ
Or: Such a high ceiling is it that he can't
touch it.
.ﹼﺇﻨﻪ ﺴﻘﻑﹲ ﻋﺎل ٍُ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﻤﺴﻪ
: ﻤﺜل، ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ،too …. to ﻤﺤلenough …. to ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ:
Clauses Phrases
The exam was too difficult to answer.
The exam was so difficult that we couldn't
.ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻌﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ
answer any question.
1. Or: The exam was not easy enough to answer.
ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﹸﻨﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻼ ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒـﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﹸﻜﻥ ﺴﻬ ﹰ:ﺃﻭ
.ﺃﻱ ﺴﺅﺍل
.()ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺠﺎﺏ
The baby was so young that he couldn't pick The baby was too young to pick up anything.
up anything. .ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻔل ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ
2. ﺍﻟ ﹼOr: The baby was not old enough to pick up
ﻁﻔلُ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﻘﻁ ﺃﻱ
anything.
.ﺸﻲﺀ .ﻁﻔلُ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰً ﻟﺩﺭﺠِﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﻘﻁ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
Exercise No. 14 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:
:( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟِﺘﹸﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﹰﺔ ﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓﹰ1
1. The aero-plane flew very fast. No one could see it.
2. The mountain is very high. No one could climb it.
3. The journey was very tiring. I fell asleep.
4. The flowers are very beautiful. It is a shame to pick them.
5. It was a very boring book. I couldn’t finish it.
6. It was a very long flight. We had three meals on board.
7. It was a very pretty dress. I couldn’t resist it.
8. They were very large boxes. We couldn’t send them by air.
9. He was very fat. He couldn’t get through the door.
10. I was very busy. I couldn’t answer the telephone.
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II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:ﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌٍﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ
ٍ ﻕ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭ
ٍ ﺨﻁ ﻏﺎﻤ
ٍ ( ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒ2
.( ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﹰﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل:
1. The child became so ill that he could not leave his bed.
2. He was honest enough for everyone to trust him.
3. He was so frightened that he could not move.
4. The enemy soldiers were so cowardly ﺠﺒﺎﻥthat they could not resist.
5. Our soldiers were so brave that they destroyed the enemy.
6. They walked too slowly to catch the train.
7. He was so annoyed that he could not speak.
8. The building is too high for us to reach it.
9. He spoke so foolishly that people left him.
10. Some people are so short-slighted that they cannot appreciate matters.
11. The pyramids are so strong that they will remain for centuries.
12. The moon is bright enough to read a book.
13. We were so impatient that we could not wait any longer.
14. The fruit is ripe enough to be picked.
15. The flat is wide enough for them to live in.
III) Combine each of the following pairs to make one complex sentence using too
/ enough with infinitives :
: ﻤﻊ ﻤ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎ لenough / too ( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻌ ﻤل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺘ ﺨﺩﻤﹰﺎ3
1. It is very cold. We can’t go out.
2. You are quite clever. You understand perfectly.
3. It is very dark. I can’t see anything.
4. I am very old. I can’t wear this kind of hat.
5. I am very rich. I could buy your whole hotel.
6. He is very ill. He can’t eat anything.
7. You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars.
8. He was furious. He couldn’t speak.
9. Our car is very wide. I won’t get through those gates.
10. The ice is quite thick. We can walk on it. (it )ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ
11. He was very drunk ﺴﻜﺭﺍﻥ. He couldn’t answer any question.
12. It is very cold. We can’t have breakfast in the garden.
Love me little, love me long.
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6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast (Concession )
( () () )
ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ )ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ( ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ):(although
1. … although / though ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ /ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ /ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ
2. … even though / even if ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ /ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤ ﻥ
3. however / whatever ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ /ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ /ﺃﻴﺎﹰ ﻜﺎﻥ
4. … whether …. or not ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ...ﺃﻭ ﻟﻡ...
whereas , while, on the
5. ﺙ ﺃﻥ /ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ /ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ /ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴٍﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
ﺤﻴ ﹸ
… other hand
6. as …….. ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ /ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ /ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ ***
*** ﺘﺄﺘﻲ " "asﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ " "althoughﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ .
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ،ﻤﺜل ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ andﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻟﻨﺎ:
He came and I didn't see him ﺠﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻩ.
ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻜﺘﻔﻴﻨﺎ ﺒﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ.
1. ﻓﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل although, though, even though, even if +
He was poor. He was happy ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﺍﹰ .ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ.
Although (Though / Even though / Even if) he was poor, he was happy. ﻤﻊ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﹼﻟﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ.
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒل thoughﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ.
Poor though he was, he was happy.
Though poor was he, he was happy.
althoughﻭ thoughﻭ even thoughﻭ even ifﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ.
Although (Though / Even though / Even if) she was wealthy, she felt miserable.
1.
ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹸﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺜﺭﻴﺔﹰ ،ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺸﻌﺭﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻴﺄﺱ.
2. Although he was clever, he always failed ﻤﻊ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﹰﺍ ،ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻴﻔﺸل )ﻴﺭﺴ ﺏ(.
Although he was strong, he couldn't work hard. ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻭﻴﹰﺎ ،ﺇﹼﻟﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ.
3.
Or: Though strong he was, he couldn't work hard.
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2. ﻓﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل +ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل )ﻅﺭﻑ( however +
ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ howeverﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل )ﻅﺭﻑ(.
1. However clean the house was, we didn't stay in it. ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﻨﻅﻴﻔﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻨﺒﻘﻰ ﺒﻪِ.
2. However badly he w rote, he got hig h marks. ﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔٍ.
ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﺴﻴﺌٍﺔ ،ﺇﹼﻟﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎ ٍ
ﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻨﻲ ) (badlyﺒﻌﺩ ،howeverﻭﻟﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ.
ﻻﺤﻅ ﻭﺠ ﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻷﻭل ) (cleanﻭﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ،althoughﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل )ﻅﺭﻑ(.
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل howeverﺒﺩ ﹰ
Although he was poor, he was happy. ﻤﻊ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﹰﺍ ،ﺇﹼﻟﺎ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ.
3. However poor he was, he was happy. ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﹰﺍ ،ﺇﹼﻟﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﹰﺍ.
He was happy, however poor he was. ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻊ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﺍﹰ.
Though the tree is high, he can climb it. ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺠﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺴﹼﻠﻘﻬﺎ.
4. However high the tree is, he can climb it. ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺠﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﹼﻠﻘﻬﺎ.
He can climb the tree however high it is. ﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺴﻠﱡﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
3. ﻓﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل +ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ whatever +
ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ whateverﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ.
1. Whatever mistakes she made, he forgave her. ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻤِﻠﹶﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀٍ ،ﺴﺎﻤﺤﻬﺎ.
2. Whatever you say, I never mind. ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﻘل ،ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﺒﺩﹰﺍ )ﻻ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ(.
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل whateverﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ،althoughﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ (althoughﺍﺴﻡ ،ﻤﺜل:
Although he tells lies, he is believed. ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﻜﻲ ﺃﻜﺎﺫﻴﺏ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤ ﺼﺩﻕ.
3. Whatever lies he tells, he is believed. ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺎﺫﻴﺏ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤ ﺼﺩﻕ.
He is believed whatever lies he tells. ﻫﻭ ﻤ ﺼﺩﻕ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺎﺫﻴﺏ.
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ،whateverﻤﺜل:
Whatever he said, we all laughed. ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻀﺤﻜﻨﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ.
4.
We all laughed whatever he said. ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻀﺤﻜﻨﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ.
4. ﻓﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل + as +ﺼﻔﺔ
ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ asﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ) althoughﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ( ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﹸﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ.
ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﹰﺍ ،ﺇﹼﻟﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍلClever as he was, he couldn't answer the question. .
1.
Or: Although he was clever, he couldn't answer the question.
Educated as he was, he behaved badly. ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﺘﻌﹼﻠﻤﹰﺎ ،ﺇﹼﻟﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘٍﺔ ﺴﻴﺌﺔٍ.
2.
Or: Although he was educated, he behaved badly.
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How to change Adverbial Clause of Contrast into Phrase
( ) ( )
ﺃﻭwhatever ﺃﻭhowever ﺃﻭeven though ﺃﻭeven if ﺃﻭthough ﺃﻭalthough ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﺠ ﻤﻠـﺔ ﺒﻬـﺎ
:ﻻ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ
ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﺩ ﹰ، ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺎ+ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل+ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ،( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻔﺔas)
Clause Phrase
in spite of ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ/ despite ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ
although / though ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ
/ for all ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ/ with all ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ/
regardless of ﺒـﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤـﻥ/not with + poss. adj.
however / whatever ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ
standing ﺑﻐﺾِ اﻟﻨّﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ/ﺑﺼﺮف +
even though / even if ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤ ﻥ/ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ noun or
gerund
whether …. or not … ... ﺃﻭ ﻟﻡ... ﺴﻭﺍﺀ with or without + ( اﺳﻢnoun)
ﻻ ﻣــﻦ
ً ( ﺑ ـﺪgerund) (verb + ing) ﻳُﻤﻜـ ﻦ اﺳـ ﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﺳـ ﻢ اﻟﻔﻌـ ﻞ:
أو اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام، وذﻟـﻚ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻋـﺪم ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ اﺷـﺘﻘﺎق اﻻﺳـﻢ ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﺼّﻔﺔ،اﻻﺳـﻢ
.( ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﻢ أو اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻞbeing + اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ) ﺻﻔﺔ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
Clause Phrase
He was unhappy though he is wealthy. He was unhappy in spite of his wealth.
1.
.ﻫﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﺜﺭﻱ .ِﻫﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺜﺭﺍﺌِﻪ
Although he was strong, he couldn't work hard. In spite of his strength, he couldn't work hard.
.ٍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ،ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻭﻴﹰﺎ .ٍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁ ﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ،ﺭﻏﻡ ﻗﻭِﺘِﻪ
2. Or: In spite of being strong, he couldn't work
hard.
.ٍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ، ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﻗﻭﻴﺎﹰ:ﺃﻭ
However badly he wrote, he got high marks. Despite his bad writing, he got high marks.
3.
.ٍ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ،ٍﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ .ٍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ٍ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎ،ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘِِﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌٍﺔ
Although he is wealthy, he doesn't spend much. Despite his wealth, he doesn't spend much.
4.
. ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﻨﻔﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ،ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺜﺭﻱ . ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﻨﻔﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ،ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺜﺭﺍﺌِﻪ
However wealthy he is, he doesn't spend much. Despite being wealthy, he doesn't spend much.
5.
. ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﻨﻔﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ،ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﹸﻜﻥ ﺜﺭﻴﹰﺎ . ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﻨﻔﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ،ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻨِِﻪ ﺜﺭﻴﹰﺎ
She refused to stay with them though she was She refused to stay with them in spite of her
6. happy. happiness.
. ﻤﻊ ﺃﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓﹰ،ﺭﻓﻀﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻬﻡ . ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻌﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ،ﺭﻓﻀﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻬﻡ
In spite of being my only friend, he never
Although he is my only friend, he never visits me.
7. visits me.
. ﻓﻬﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺯﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ،ﻤﻊ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ
. ﻓﻬﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺯﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ،ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻨِِﻪ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ
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She remembers me although I was absent for She remembers me despite my absence for
8. many years. many years.
ٍﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﺫﻜﺭﻨﻲ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ .ٍﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﺫﻜﺭﻨﻲ ﺭﻏﻡ ﻏﻴﺎﺒﻲ ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕٍ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ
.ٍﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ
I shall find him even if he hides into a cave. I shall find him in spite of hiding into a cave.
9.
.ٍﺴﺄﻋﺜﹸﺭ ﻋﻠﻴِﻪِ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻬﻑ .ٍﺴﺄﻋﺜﹸﺭ ﻋﻠﻴِﻪِ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺌِﻪِ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻬﻑ
I shall find a way even if there were many I shall find a way despite all difficulties.
10. difficulties. .(ﺴﺄﺠﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﹰﺔ ﺭﻏﻡ ﻜﹸل ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺎﺏ
.ٍﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ٍ ﺴﺄﺠﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﹰﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎ
However careful he was, he made mistakes. Despite his carefulness, he made mistakes.
. ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺏ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ، ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺫﺭﹰﺍ. ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺏ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ،ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺫﺭِﻩ
11. Or: Despite being careful, he made
mistakes.
. ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺏ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ، ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭِﻨِﻪ ﺤﺫﺭﹰﺍ:ﺃﻭ
However strong is his right hand, you can Regardless of his strong right hand, you
12. defeat him. can defeat him.
. ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺯﻤﻪ،ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﻜﻥ ﻴﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ﻗﻭﻴﹰﺔ
. ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺯﻤﻪ،ﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻴﺩِﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ
ِ ﺒﺼﺭ
However slowly we are marching, we shall Not with standing our slow steps, we shall
13. reach our goal. reach our goal.
. ﺴﻨﺼل ﻫﺩﻓﻨﺎ،ٍﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻤﺸﻲ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ . ﺴﻨﺼلُ ﻫﺩﻓﻨﺎ،ﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺒ ﻁﺀ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺘﻨﺎ ِ ﺒﺼﺭ
Whatever money he pays, he can't escape With all his money, he can't escape being
14. being tried. tried.
. ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺭ ﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺤﺎﻜﻡ،ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﹰﺍ . ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺭ ﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺤﺎﻜﻡ،ﺒﻜلّ ﺃﻤﻭِﺍﻟِﻪ
ﹸ
Whatever difficulties he faced, he could For all his difficulties, he could succeed.
15. succeed. . ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺘِِﻪ
. ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ٍﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ
Whether he pays money or not, he cannot
With or without money, he cannot succeed.
16. succeed.
. ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎ ِل ﺃﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻨﻪِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
. ﻓﻬﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﻓﻊ
She will encourage him whether he succeed or She will encourage him regardless of (his)
17. fails. success or (his) failure.
. ﻫﻲ ﺴﺘﹸﺸﺠ ﻌﻪ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻨﺠﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺸل.(ِﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺠﺎﺡ )ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻪ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل )ﻓﺸﻠﻪ
ِ ﺴﺘﺸﺠﻌﻪ ﺒﺼﹸ
History repeats itself.
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Exercise No. 15 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:
:( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟِﺘﹸﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﹰﺔ ﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓﹰ1
1. The battle was fierce ()ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ. We could win the battle.
2. The distance was too far. We could cover it in a short time.
3. The road was bad. They crossed it easily.
4. He was very hungry. He refused to eat.
5. We shall stay a little longer. It is late.
6. He behaved unwisely. He was highly educated.
7. He made the same mistakes. I warned him much.
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:ﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌٍﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ
ٍ ﻕ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭ
ٍ ﺨﻁ ﻏﺎﻤ
ٍ ( ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒ2
.( ﺃﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل
ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﹰ:
1. Though he has a car, he often uses a bus.
2. However strong he may be, he cannot bend ( )ﻴﺜﻨﻲthis bar.
3. Intelligent as he was, he behaved wrongly.
4. Whatever books he reads, his knowledge is limited.
5. I shall buy a car, whatever money it costs.
6. In spite of his strength, he could not fight two men.
7. For all his wealthy, he does not help the poor people.
8. Despite his courage, he escaped.
9. However violent the resistance was, we could conquer ( )ﻴﻘﻬﺭthem.
10. Whatever mistakes he made, I forgave him.
11. Regardless of his serious illness, he went on working.
12. However cautious he was, he fell into troubles.
13. For all his great efforts, he failed to attain his ends.
14. Although he has a good name, he faced troubles.
15. Though clever he was, he failed to answer well.
It is no use crying over silt milk.
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7. Adverbial Clauses of Manner
( )
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ )ﻟﻠﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ( ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ):(as
ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
1. as …. ﻜﻤﺎ
2. as if …. ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﹶﻭ
3. as though …. ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﹶﻭ
أﻣﺜــﻠﺔ Examples
1. He works as I order him. ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻤﺭﻩ.
2. He did his duty as a brave soldier should (do it). ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒِﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺠﻨﺩﻱ ﺸﹸﺠﺎﻉ.
3. Mona did her job as it should be done. ﻤ ﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﻤِﻠﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﻌﻤ ل.
4. He laughed as if (as though) he was mad. ﺤﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨﺎﹰ.
ﻀ ِ
5. He speaks as if he were a king. ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻠِﻜﺎﹰ.
6. He seemed as though he had lost his wealth. ﺒﺩﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﹸﻜ ّل ﺜﺭﻭﺘﻪ.
:
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (5ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ) (as ifﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـﻲ )ﻓـﻲ .1
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ( ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ) (heﻤﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﺴﹶﻨﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻌل ) (wereﺠﻤﻊ ،ﻭﻜـل ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴـﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ .ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤِﻠﻜﹰﺎ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤِﻠﻜﹰﺎ ،…..as if he were a kingﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ
ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻐﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺒَّ ﺭ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻐﺎﻴﺭ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺒﺭ( )ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ (.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (6ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ) (seemedﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻁ ،ﻭﻓﻌـل ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌـﺔ .2
،…. as though he had lost his money.ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻡ ،ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻤ ﻐﺎﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ.
ﺇﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺜﺭﻭﺘﻪ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﹰﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﺒﺩﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻫﺎ.
He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
.
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How to change Adverbial Clause of Manner into Phrase
: ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲas – as if – as though ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ
Clause Phrase
as ﻜﻤﺎ according to ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﹻ/ as / in accordance with ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﹻ
in the manner (way) of . ... ٍ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ
in a ( )ﺼﻔﺔway (manner) … ... ٍ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ +
as if / as though ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ noun or
with …. ﺒﹻ
gerund
like …. ﻜﺄﻥ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
Clause Phrase
He made the door as I told him. He made the door according to my orders.
1.
.ﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﹶﻪ .(ﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭﻱ )ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺘﻲ
They worked as she had ordered them.
They worked according to her orders.
2. Or: They worked in accordance with her orders.
.ﻋ ِﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﻬﻡ
.ﻋ ِﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻫﺎ
They are acting as he taught them. They are acting according to his teachings.
3.
.ﻫﻡ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﹼﻤﻬﻡ .ﻫﻡ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻤﻪ
He speaks as if he were a king. He speaks like a king.
4.
.ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻠِﻜﺎﹰ .ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻜﻤﻠِﻙ
He smiled as though he was pleased. He smiled with pleasure (fake).
5.
.ﺍﺒﺘﺴﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ .( ﺒﺩﺠ ٍل/ ٍﺍﺒﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓٍ )ﺒﺯﻴﻑ
He speaks as if he were the owner of the
He speaks like the owner of the factory.
6. factory.
.ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﻜﺄﹼﻨﻪ ﻤﺎِﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻨﻊ
.ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﻟِﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻨﻊ
She talked as if she were singing. She talked in a singing way (manner) (fashion) .
7.
.ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﻐﻨﹼﻲ .ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻏﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ
He seemed as though he lost his money. He seemed losing his money.
8.
.ِﺒﺩﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻨﻘﻭﺩِﻩ .ِﺒﺩﺍ ﻜﺸﺨﺹٍ ﻓﺎﻗﺩ ﻷﻤﻭﺍﻟِﻪ
He ran as if the devils were pursing him.
He ran like a haunted person.
.ﺸﻴﺎﻁﻴﻥ ﹸﺘﻁﺎﺭﺩﻩ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
9. . ﺹ ﻤ ﻁﺎﺭﺩ ٍ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻜﺸﺨ
Or: He ran in great fear. . ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﺨﻭﻑٍ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ:ﺃﻭ
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She did her work as it should be done. She did her work correctly (properly / well).
10.
.ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﻤِﻠﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﻌﻤل .(ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﻤﻠِﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜ ٍل ﺼﺤﻴﺢ )ﺤﺴﻥ
Answer the questions as I have taught you. Answer the questions according to my teachings.
11.
.ﺃﺠﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻠﹼﻤﺘﻙ .ﺃﺠﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺘﻲ
She walks and talks as if she were She walks and talks in the way (manner) of
12. a queen. a queen.
.ﺘﻤﺸﻲ ﻭﺘﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻠِﻜﺔﹰ .ﺘﻤﺸﻲ ﻭﺘﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻠِﻜﺔ
He walks proudly as if he were a king.
.ﻴﻤﺸﻲ ﺒﻔﺨﺭٍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻠِﻜﺎﹰ He walks proudly like a king. .ﻴﻤﺸﻲ ﺒﻔﺨﺭٍ ﻜﻤﻠِﻙ
13. Or: He walks proudly in a kingly way.
.ﺨﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘٍﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ
ٍ ﻴﻤﺸﻲ ﺒﻔ:ﺃﻭ
He swam as though he had been He swam like a champion. . ٍُﺴ ﺒﺢ ﻜﺒﻁل
14.
a champion. .ﻼ
ﺴ ﺒﺢ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻁ ﹰ
She spoke as if she had known the truth.
.ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻤﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ .clause
15.
Exercise No. 16 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Complete the following: :( أﻛﻤ ﻞ اﻵﺗ ﻲ1
1. The house will be built as ……….
2. Everything happened as ……….
3. He jumped as if ……….
4. The car ran very quickly as though ……….
5. She walked proudly as if ……….
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:ﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌٍﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ
ٍ ﻕ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭ
ٍ ﺨﻁ ﻏﺎﻤ
ٍ ( ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒ2
.( ﺃﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل
ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﹰ:
1. He lives as his salary allows him.
2. He fought as a brave man should fight.
3. They carried out the project as he planned.
4. The child was like his grandfather in behavior.
5. According to this book, Salah Eddin was a good warrior ( ﻤ ﻘﺎﺘل/)ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺏ.
6. In accordance with the police orders, smoking is forbidden.
7. The student worked as if he were a scientist.
8. Use the plain brush according to my words.
9. The student of medicine was like a skilful (skillful) doctor in an operation.
10. He spoke foolishly like a mad man.
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8. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison
ﻻ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻟﹸﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡِ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ.
ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﺃﺨﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ ،phraseﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺼـﻴﻐﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺍﻟـ .clause
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) ،( thanﻤﺜل:
ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
(adj.) + asﺼﻔﺔ 1. as + ﻜـ ﻜـ + asﺼﻔﺔ 4. not so (as) + ﻜـ ﻟﻴﺱ
2. Comparative adj. + than ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ +ﻋﻤﺎ /ﻋﻥ 5. the more ….. the more …. ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ.. ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ
3. Comparative adj. + than that ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ +ﻋﻥ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ 6. the more …. the less …. ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ.. ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ
more :ﻭ lessﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤ ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ).(comparative adj.
(adj.) + asﺼﻔﺔ 1. as + ﻜـ ﻜـ
ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ.
1. You are as foolish as he (is). ﹼﺃﻨﻙ ﻏﺒﻲ ﻤﺜﻠﻪ.
2. Mazen is as clever as his brother (is). ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺨﻴﻪ.
3. He fought bravely as the lion did. ﺤﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻷﺴﺩ.
4. Hany is as tall as I (am). ﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻤﺜﻠﻲ.
5. The work is as easy as you can make it. ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺴﻬل ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﹶﻪ )ﻓﻌﻠﹶﻪ(.
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ،asﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ
:ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (1ﻭ ) (2ﻭ ) ،(4ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻘﻁ .ﺃﻱ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ) (isﻭ ) (isﻭ )(amﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ .
ﹼ
(adj.) + asﺼﻔﺔ 2. not as (so) + ﻜـ ﻟﻴﺱ
ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ.
1. The work is not as easy as you think. ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻟﻴﺱ ﺴﻬﻼﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ.
2. He is not so clever as I (am). ﻫﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺜﻠﻲ.
3. She is not so tall as I (am). ﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜﻠﻲ.
4. Huda is not so beautiful as Samia (is). ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻜﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﻤﺜل ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ(.
)3. Comparative adj. + than (than that ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ +ﻋﻤﺎ /ﻋﻥ
ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻔﻀﻴل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ( ﻗﺒل .than
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1. The work is easier than you think. .ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺃﺴﻬل ﻋﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ
2. The work is easier than that you did last week. .ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺃﺴﻬل ﻋﻥ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﹸﻤﺕﹶ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ
3. Samir is stronger than Salem (is). .ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻟﻡ
4. Our fighters are more experienced than their fighters. .ﻤ ﻘﺎﺘﻠﻭﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨﺒﺭﺓﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻤ ﻘﺎِﺘﻠﻴﻬﻡ
4. the more + ﻓﺎﻋل+ …… ﻓﻌل.., the more + ﻓﺎﻋل+ …… ﻓﻌل.. ..... ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ
. ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﺩﻴﺔthe more ….., the more …… ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
The more you work, the more you gain. .ﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
ﹸﻜﹼﻠﻤﺎ ﺭﺒﺤ ﹶ،ﻜﹸﹼﻠﻤﺎ ﻋ ِﻤﻠﺕﹶ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
.the…….., the…… ( ﺒﻌﺩcomparative adj.) ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ:
the + comparative adj. …….., the + comparative adj. …………
5. the more + ﻓﺎﻋل+ ﻓﻌل, the less + ﻓﺎﻋل+ ﻓﻌل
.ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ
The more we yield to the demands of our children, the less we encourage their own abilities.
1.
. ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻠﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﻡ،ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺴﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺃﻁﻔﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
The less mistakes you make, the more marks you get.
2.
. ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ،ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺒﺕ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻗل
I commit my affair to Allah.
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How to change Adverbial Clause of Comparison into Phrase
: ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ
Clause Phrase
equal in + ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡof the same + ﺍﺴﻡ+ as
as + ﺼﻔﺔ+ as ﻜـ ﻜـ
equally + ﺼﻔﺔ
not so (as) + ﺼﻔﺔ+ as ﻜـ... ﻟﻴﺱ not equal in + ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡnot of the same + ﺍﺴﻡ
comparative adj. + than ... not equal in + ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡnot of the same + ﺍﺴﻡ
ﻤﻥ+ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ
(e.g. more than) or: not equally + ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔdifferent + ﺍﺴﻡ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
Clause Phrase
He is as tall as I (am). .ﻫﻭ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻤﺜﻠﻲ We are equal in tallness. .ﻨﺤﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل
1.
Or: We are equally tall. . ﻨﺤﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻁﻭﻻﹰ:ﺃﻭ
She is as beautiful as Samia. They are equal in beauty..ﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل
2. . ﻫﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔOr: They are equally beautiful.
. ﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ:ﺃﻭ
Huda is (not) as (so) beautiful as Samia. They are not equal in beauty .
.ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ .ﻫﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل
Or: Huda is beautiful than Samia. Or: They are not equally beautiful .
.ﻫ ﺩﻯ ﺃﺠﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ . ﻫﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ:ﺃﻭ
3. Or: They are different in beauty .
. ﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل:ﺃﻭ
Or: They are not of the same beauty .
. ﻫﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺎ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل:ﺃﻭ
I am stronger than he is. We are not equal in strength .
.ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﻤﻨﻪ .ﻨﺤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ
4. Or: We are not equally strong .
. ﻨﺤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﻭﺓﹰ:ﺃﻭ
He fought bravely as the lion did. He fought bravely like the lion.
5. .ﺤﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻷﺴﺩ .ﺤﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔٍ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﺴﺩ
A T.V camera costs more than a T.V set does. A T.V camera is costlier than a T.V set does.
6. .ﺘﹸﻜﻠﹼﻑ ﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ .ﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ
They bought more food than they needed. They bought more food than their need.
7.
.ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻭﺍ ﻁﻌﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺎﺠﻭﺍ .ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻭﺍ ﻁﻌﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﺠﺘﻬﻡ
The vegetables costs as much as they did last week. The vegetables are not of the same price as last week.
8. .ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﹸﻜﻠﹼﻑ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ .ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺭ ﻜﺎﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ
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Exercise No. 17 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Complete the following: :( أﻛﻤﻞ اﻵﺗﻲ1
1. He received less money than ……….
2. I am not so old ……….
3. He does not work so well ……….
4. The more attention a pupil pays ……….
5. The more quickly we run ……….
6. The thinner the man is ……….
7. The easier the question is ……….
8. He can write as clearly ……….
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:ﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌٍﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ
ٍ ﻕ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭ
ٍ ﺨﻁ ﻏﺎﻤ
ٍ ( ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒ2
.( ﺃﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل
ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﹰ: @
1. Ali is not so intelligent as his brother is.
2. He wrote well as his brother did.
3. He is as tall as his father is.
4. He and his brother are equal in generosity.()ﻜﺭﻡ
5. He and his brother are equally short.
6. He was not so stupid as his brother was.
7. The first film and the second film were not equally interesting.
8. The son and his daughter are equal in cleanliness.
Content is better than riches.
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)9. Adverbial Clauses of Condition (The Conditional Clauses) ( If Clauses
( )
ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) ،( ifﻤﺜل:
1. if ….. ﺇﺫﺍ /ﻟﻭ /ﺇﻥ 5. on condition that …. ﺒﺸﺭﻁ /ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻥ
2. … unless = if …. not ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ /ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ /ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ 6. … provided ﺒﻔﺭ ﺽ
3. … provided that ﺒﻔﺭ ﺽ ﺃ ﻥ 7. suppose …. ﺍﻓﺘﺭِﺽ
4. supposing that …. ﺍﻓﺘِﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ
.
)Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals
( / )
(if) ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ،ﻟﻭ ،ﺇﻥ .
ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ) (ifﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ.
ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ) (ifﻟﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ .
ﺴﻨﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ. ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻓﻌل ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋ ﻡ
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴ ﻠﻲ:
1-The Zero Conditional ( )
1- Form: ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜﻭﻴﻥ
if + Present Simple Present Simple
ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ
2- Usage: ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺸﻲﺀ .(%100
ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ )ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
:ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒـ ) (ifﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ ) ( ,ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ) (ifﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﻓﻼ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ.
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ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ Examples
1. If water freezes, it turns into ice. ﻟﻭ ﻴﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ) .ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ(
2. If we put sugar in water, it dissolves. ﻟﻭ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ) .ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ(
3. If we heat iron, it expands. ﻟﻭ ﻨﹸﺴﺨﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ) .ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ(
2.The First Conditional ( )
1- Form: ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜـﻭﻴ ﻥ
Future
if + Present Simple ﺒﺴﻴﻁ Simple
ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ shall / will +
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ mayﺃﻭ canﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ shallﺃﻭ .will
2- Usage: ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜـﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘـﻕ )ﺃﻱ ﻤ ﺤﺘﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺩﻭﺙ( ).(Probable
ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
)ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ .(%50
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1. If you eat too much, you'll be sick. ﻟﻭ ﺘﺄﻜﹸل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻓﺴﺘﻤﺭﺽ.
2. If he works hard, he will succeed. ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒِﺠﺩٍ ،ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
3. If he works hard, he can succeed. ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ،ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
4. If he works hard, he may succeed. ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ،ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
5. You'll fall if you are not careful. ﺴﺘﻘﻊ ،ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺤﺫﺭ.
6. If he does not work hard, he will not succeed. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ،ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
3.The Second Conditional
( () )
1- Form: ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜـﻭﻴ ﻥ
if + Past Simple ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ should / would +
ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ mightﺃﻭ couldﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ shouldﺃﻭ .would
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2- Usage: ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺸﺭﻁﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ -:
ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺃ( ﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺭﺠﺢ ﺤ ﺩﻭﺜﻪ )ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻤﺤﺘ ﻤـل( ): ) .(Impro bable
.( 10
If he won the prize, he would buy a new car.
ﺇﺫﺍ /ﻟﻭ ﻜ ﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ،ﻓﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﹰﺓ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ).ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ ﺭﺠﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ (.
. (
If they had some money, they would stay at a hotel.
1.
ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ ،ﻟﻤﻜﺜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﻕ) .ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﺜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺩﻕ(.
If I were rich, I wouldn't drive an old car. ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﻨﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﹸﺩﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔﹰ.
2.
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ) ( wasﻤﻊ ) ( Iﻟﹸﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ) .ﺃﻱ :ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ(.
ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ) (wereﺒﺩ ﹰ
3. If I were you, I would (I'd) tell the police. ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ ،ﻷﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ.
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ) (wasﻤﻊ ) ،(I, He, She, Itﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ.
:ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ) (wereﺒﺩ ﹰ
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1. If he studied hard, he would (could) succeed. ﻟﻭ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ،ﻟﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ(.
2. If I met a lion, I would climb a tree. ﻟﻭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺃﺴﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻓﺴﺄﺘﺴﻠﹼﻕﹸ ﺸﺠﺭﺓﹰ.
3. If I were you, I'd take the money. ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ ،ﻷﺨﺫﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩ.
4. If I were a car, I would be Mercedes. ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ،ﻟﺭﻏﺒﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉِ ﻤﺭﺴﻴﺩﺱ.
5. If you found a snake in your room, you should run away. ﺕ ﺜﻌﺒﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓِﺘﻙ ،ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺭﺏ.
ﻟﻭ ﻭﺠﺩ ﹶ
4.The Third Conditional ( )
1- Form: ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜﻭﻴﻥ
if + Past Perfect should have / would have + P.P
ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ might haveﺃﻭ could haveﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥ should haveﺃﻭ .would have
2- Usage: ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﹸﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ ) (Impossibleﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲٍﺀ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤـﺩ ﺙ ﺃﻭ
.( 0 ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ: ) .
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Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
If he had informed the police, he wouldn't have
1. ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﺔ ،ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﹸﻗِﺘ َل.
been killed.
If he had studied hard, he would (could) have ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ،ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗـﺩ
2.
succeeded. ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ (.
ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﻌﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻪٍ ،ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗـﺩ If I listened to his advice, I wouldn't have lost the
3.
money. ﻓﻘﺩﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ ).ﹸﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺩﻡ(.
4. If my parents hadn't married, I wouldn't have been born. ﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻟِﺩﺕﹸ.
ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﹸﻜﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻱ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺯﻭﺠﺎ ،ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﻨ ﹸ
5. If he had made a mistake, he would have apologized. ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋِﻤ َل ﺨﻁًﺄ ،ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺫﺭ.
:
If
ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺸﺭﻁﻴﹰﺔ ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺤ ﺫﻓﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ) ،( ifﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺒﺩﻭﺀﹰﺓ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ) (Should - Had -Wereﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل( )ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ،ﻭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
(1ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ) ( ifﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ) (shouldﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴﺔ.
If he studies hard, he will succeed.
1. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل( ﻟﻭ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ،ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ.
= Should he studies hard, he will succeed.
If he succeeded, he would join the university.
2. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ( ﻟﻭ ﻨﺠﺢ ،ﻓﺴﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ.
= Should he succeeded, he would join the university.
ﻻ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ) (wereﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ ﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴﺔ.
(2ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ) ( ifﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
If I were a bird, I would fly.
1. ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻋﺼﻔﻭﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻟﻁِﺭﺕﹸ.
= Were I a bird, I would fly.
If he bought that car, it would cost him much. ﻟﻭ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻟﻜﹼﻠﻔﺘﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ.
2.
= Were he to buy that car, it would cost him much. ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ were…. toﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥ .if
ﺸﺭﻁﻴ ﺔ .
ﻻ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ) (Hadﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎ ﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻟﺙ ِﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
(3ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ) ( ifﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل hadﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﻫﺎ.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل hadﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل.
If I had enough money, I would buy a new house.
1. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ( ﺩﺍ.
ﻻ ﺠﺩﻴ ﹰ
ﺎﻻ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ،ﻻﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﻨﺯ ﹰ
ﻟﻭ ﺃﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﻤ ﹰ
= Had I enough money, I would buy a new house.
If he studied hard, he would have succeeded.
2. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ( ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ،ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ.
= Had he studied hard, he would have succeeded.
If they had obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
3. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ( ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻁﺎﻋﻭﻨﻲ ،ﻟﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺒﺤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ .
= Had they obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
(4ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ .unless
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unless = if…..not / /
. ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻴ ﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲٍﺀ ﺴﻠﺒﻲ
.ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻓﻌل ﺠﻭﺍ ﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁ
( ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤِﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒ ﻴﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴ ﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟ ﹼunless) ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ
If he does not succeed, he will not join the university.
1. . ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ
= Unless he succeeds, he will not join the university.
If he did not work hard, he would not succeed.
2. . ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ٍﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ
= Unless he worked hard, he would not succeed.
If he had not paid money, he would not have received
the goods.
3. . ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ،ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ
= Unless he had paid money, he would not have
received the goods.
If he did not take this medicine, he would not be better.
4. . ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺀ
= Unless he took this medicine, he would not be better.
Exercise No. 18 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I) Choose the correct answer: :( ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ1
1. If she (had-has-have) time, she will visit us.
2. What (will-would-do) you do if you (has-had- have) a lot of money?
3. If he (came-come-comes), I (should-shall-would) forgive him.
4. (Was-Were-Am) I a car, I (will-would-shall) be Ford.
5. If she (stayed-stays-had stayed) at home, she would have received the telegram.
II) Correct the verbs between brackets: :( ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ2
1. If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
2. Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
3. If you (ate) too much, you will be sick.
4. Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
5. If he played well, he (win) the match.
Kill two birds with one stone.
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If
Time
Form Examples
Probability Usage
percentage
The Zero Conditional
any time
If if + Present Simple present simple ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ If water freezes, it turns into ice.
%100 ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ .ًاﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ .( ﻓﺈﻧّﮫ ﯾﺘﺤﻮّل إﻟﻰ ﺛﻠﺞٍ )ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ،ﻟﻮ ﯾﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء
( )
If you clean my bike, I'll give you
The First Conditional ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ ﺷ ﻲ a dollar.
If if + Present Simple Future Simple ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﺤُﺪوث future .ً ﻓﺴﺄُﻋﻄﯿﻚ دوﻻﺭﺍ،ﻟﻮ ﺗُﻨﻈﻒ دﺭﺍﺟﺘﻲ
%50 ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ will, shall + ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻦ أن )ﻣﻤﻜ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ Should he studies hard, he will
( / ) .(ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ succeed.
. ﻓﺴﯿﻨﺠﺢ،ٍﻟﻮ ﯾﺪرس ﺑﺠﺪ
If he won the prize, he would buy
a car.
The Second conditional .ً ﻓﺴﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﺳﯿﺎرة،إذا ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰﺓ
if + Past Simple should, would + ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء future
If %10 ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ .ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﻮﻗُﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ If I were a bird, I would fly.
. ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ،ًﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔُﻮﺭﺍ
( ) Were I a bird, I would fly.
. ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ،ًﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔﻮﺭﺍ
If he had studied hard, he would
have succeeded.
The Third Conditional * ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء
if + Past Perfect should (would) have + P.P past . ﻟﻜﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺢ،ٍﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ درس ﺑِﺠﺪ
.ﻣُﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮع
If %0 ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم * ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻨ ﺪم If I had listened to his advice, I
أو اﻷﺳ ﻒ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ would not have lost my money.
( .ﺣﺪث ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ،ِﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻤﻌﺖُ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﯿﺤﺘﮫ
.( ) ﻓﻘﺪتًُ ُﻧﻘﻮدﻱ
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How to change Adverbial Clause of Condition into Phrase
ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻬـﺎ،unless ﺃﻭwere (not) ﺃﻭhad (not) ﺃﻭshould (not) ﺃﻭif …. not ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ
+ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﹸﺘﺤﺫﻑ،simple / phrase ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ،(complex / clause) ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ
: ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕٍ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ، ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ+ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل
Clause Phrase
if, should, had, were …. (ﺇﺫﺍ )ﻟﻭ in case of …. .... ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ
suppose …. ﺍﻓﺘﺭِﺽ in the event of ... ... ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ
supposing that …. ﺍﻓﺘِﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ with …. ﺒﹻ
provided (that ) …. (ﺒﻔﺭﺽ )ﺃﻥ by ….. ﺒﹻ
+ poss. adj.
on condition that …. (ﺒﺸﺭﻁ )ﺃﻥ + noun or
if …. not / unless / but for ﻟﻭﻻ gerund
should …. not / ﺇﺫﺍ )ﻟﻭ( ﻟﻡ
were …. not / had …. not without ﺒﺩﻭﻥ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
Clause Phrase
If he works hard, he will succeed. In case of working hard, he will succeed.
1.
.ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ .ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ
If he does not work hard (Unless he works Without (But for) working hard, he will
2. hard), he will not succeed. not succeed.
.ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ .ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ
If he worked hard, he would succeed. (By) Working hard, he would succeed.
. ﻟﻨﺠﺢ،ﻟﻭ ﻋ ﻤِل َُ ﺒﺠٍﺩ . ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ٍﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ
3.
Or: Were he to work hard, he would succeed. Or: In case of working hard, he would
succeed. . ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ٍﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ
If she had come early, she would have met Ali. (By) Coming early, she would have met Ali.
4.
. ﻟﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ،ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﹰﺓ . ﻟﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ،ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻀﻭﺭ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ
He would not succeed unless he worked hard. Without work (working) hard, he would
not succeed.
Or: He would not succeed if he didn't work hard.
5. .ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩِ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ
.ﻟﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ
، ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻌلwork ﻜﻠﻤﺔ:
. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
If he had paid money, he would have received Having paid money, he would have
6. the goods. received the goods.
. ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ،ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ . ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ،ﺒﺩﻓﻊ )ﺒﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﻓﻊ( ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ
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Unless he had paid money (If he hadn't paid Without (But for) paying all the money, he
7. money), he would not have received the goods. would not have received the goods.
. ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ،ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹼ
. ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ،ﺒﺩﻭﻥ )ﻟﻭ ﻻ( ﺩ ﻓﹶﻊ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ
If he buys that car, it will cost him much. In case of buying that car, it will cost him
8. much.
. ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻠﻔﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ،ﻟﻭ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ
. ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻠﻔﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺸﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ
Had he not followed the orders, he would Without following the orders, he would
9. have been punished. have been punished.
. ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻭﻗﺏ،ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺘﹼﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ . ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻭﻗﺏ،ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ
If he sent a telegraph, they could come and In case of sending a telegraph, they could
10. help him. come and help him.
. ﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻭﺍ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﻭﻩ،ﻟﻭ ﺃﺭﺴل ﺒﺭﻗﻴﹰﺔ . ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻭﺍ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﻭﻩ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺭﺴﺎل ﺭﻗﻴﺔ
If you needs anything, ask your father. In case of your needing anything, ask your
11. . ﻓﺄﺴل ﻭِﺍﻟﺩﻙ، ﻟﻭ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀfather.
. ﻓﺎﺴل ﻭِﺍﻟﺩﻙ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﻙ )ﺤﺎﺠﺘﻙ( ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ
In case of your not returning early, I'll
Unless you return early, I'll have to tell the boss.
12. have to tell the boss.
. ﻓﺴﺄﻀﻁﺭ ﻹﺨ ﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﹰﺍ
. ﻓﺴﺄﻀﻁﺭ ﻹﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻋﻭﺩﺘﻙ ﻤ ﺒﻜﺭﹰﺍ
Exercise No. 19 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
**) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:ﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ
ٍ ﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺘﺎﺒ
ٍ ﺨﻁ ﻏﺎﻤ
ٍ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒ
.(ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ ﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل
ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭ ﹰ:
1. Had he not shown me the way, I should have missed the way.
2. They would have done it if they had known how.
3. In case of being very rich, he would buy a new car.
4. With his confidence in himself, he can overcome his problems.
5. Had he the strong determination, he would stop smoking.
6. Unless he had been cautious, he would have lost his money.
7. But for his intelligence, he would suffer much.
8. With your permission ()ﺇﺫﻥ, I shall go.
9. With his helped, I should have lost my life.
10. If the servant stole the money, the police would arrest him.
11. Should he be wise, he would overcome his difficulties.
12. Without money, we shouldn't buy our needs.
13. If he had come yesterday, he would have enjoyed the party.
14. If she practiced harder, she would become a good musician.
15. In case of taking away these toys, the children will cry.
16. If you take my advice, you will not go.
17. If you touch the wire, you will get a nasty shock ()ﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺫﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ.
18. Unless you go to the doctor, you will not get better.
19. By looking out of the window, you will see a wonderful scene.
20. But for the terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.
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10. Adverbial Clauses of Degree ( )
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻟـﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻜﺜﻴـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﻭﻴﻴﻥ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻭﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍﹰ.
ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) ،(as …..asﻭﻫﻲ:
+ asﺼﻔﺔ as (so) + ﻜـ ﻜـ
1.
2. + asﺼﻔﺔ not so (as) + ﻟﻴﺱ ...ﻜـ
3. two (three) times as ﺒﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ( ﻜـ
ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ Examples
ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻻ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ.
1. You don't study as hard as you should.
2. You are not as foolish as I thought. ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻟﺴﺕﹶ ﻏﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺩﺕﹸ.
How to change Adverbial Clause of Degree into Phrase
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
Clause Phrase
+ asﺼﻔﺔ as (so) + ﻜـ ﻜـ of the same degree as ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜـ ...
+ asﺼﻔﺔ not so (as) + ﻟﻴﺱ ...ﻜـ not of the same degree as ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜـ
ﺒﻤــﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺒــﺜﻼﺙ two (three) times + comparative ﺒﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ( ﻜــ +
two (three) times as
ﻤﺭﺍﺕ( ﻜـ … adj. + than ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
He studies as hard as one does for the finals. His studies were of the same degree as those
1. ﺸﺨﺹ ﻟﻼﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ.
ﹼﺇﻨﻪ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟ ﹼ for the finals.
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺘﹸﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺴ ﻭﻥ ﻟﻼﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ.
He worked three times as hard as an ordinary He worked three times harder than
2. man does. an ordinary man.
ﻋ ِﻤل َُ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ. ﻋ ِﻤلَ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﺜﻼﺜِﺔ ﻤﺭﺍﺕٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ.
Mazen is not as clever as Ahmed. They are not of the same cleverness.
ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺫﻜﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ. ﻫﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ ﺒﻨﻔﺱِ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻜﺎﺀِ.
3. Or: They are different in cleverness.
ﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻜﺎﺀِ.
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11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception ( )
: ﻤﺜل،(except that) ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
1. except that
ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ
2. but that
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
He succeeded in all subjects except that he failed in Algebra.
1.
.ﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﺭ ﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺒﺭ
He welcomes his friend to the party except that he gave them nothing to eat.
2.
.ﺭﺤﺏ ﺒﺄﺼ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻟﻴﺄﻜﻠﻭﻩ
How to change Adverbial Clause of Exception into Phrase
: ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ
Clause Phrase
except (for) ﻟﻭ ﻻ
except that, but that ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ + poss. adj. + noun or
but (for) ﻟﻭ ﻻ gerund
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
Clause Phrase
We have a happy time except that the weather We have a happy time except for the freezing
1. was freezing. weather.
.ﻁﻘﺱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻗﻀﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟ ﹼ .ﻁﻘﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﺩ
ﻗﻀﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻭﻻ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
He would have enjoyed his company but that He would have enjoyed his company but for
2. he talked too much. his talking too much.
.ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺭﻓﻘﺘﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﺘﻜﹼﻠﻡ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ . ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺭﻓﻘﺘﻪ ﻟﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻼﻤﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ
Content is better than riches.
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12. Adverbial Clauses of Preference ( )
: ﻤﺜل،(rather than ) ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ )ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ( ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
1. rather than
ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ
2. sooner than (that)
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
1.
I would stay with him rather than that I be alone. .ﺴﺄﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍﹰ
2. I would walk on fire rather than I stay with him. .ﺃﻥ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻪ
3. She would become a spinster sooner than be his wife. .ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺎﻨﺴﹰﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ
How To Change Adverbial Clause Of Preference Into Phrase
( )
: ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ
Clause Phrase
prefer + (noun or gerund) + to (noun or gerund)
rather than, sooner than (that) ( )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل+ ﻋﻥ+ ( )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل+ ﻴُّﻔﻀل
ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥlike + noun + more than + noun ﺍﺴﻡ+ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ+ ﺍﺴﻡ+ ﻴ ﺤﺏ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
Clause Phrase
I would walk on fire rather than I stay with her. I prefer walking on fire to staying with her.
.ﺃﻥ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ .ﺃُﻓﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ
1. Or: I like walking on fire more than staying
with her.
. ﺃُﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ:ﺃﻭ
She would sooner become a spinster than that She prefers becoming a spinster to marriage him.
she marries him. .ﺘﹸﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ
2. .ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺯﻭﺠﻪ Or: She likes becoming a spinster more than
marriage him.
.ﺘﹸﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ
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13. Adverbial Clauses of Proportion
( )
: ﻤﺜل،( the … the ) ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ )ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ( ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
1. the + comparative adj. + the + comparative adj. ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ+ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ+ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ+ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ
2. as + adj. + as + ……… + so ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
The harder (The more) you study, the better marks you will get.
1.
. ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﺃﻓﻀل،ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
2. The older you get, the more responsibility you'll have to carry. . ﹸﻜﹼﻠﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ،ﹸﻜﹼﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺒﺭ
3. As hard as you work so you will get paid. .ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻙ
The less mistakes you make, the more marks you get.
4.
. ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ،ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺕ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻗل
5. The more quickly we go, the earlier we shall get. . ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺼل ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻴﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ، ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
How to change Adverbial Clause of Proportion into Phrase
: ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ
Clause Phrase
as …..as ….. so ... ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ... ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ in proportion to + poss. adj. + noun or gerund
the …… the ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل+ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ+ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺒﹰﺎ )ﺒﺎﻟﹼﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ( ﻤﻊ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ
Clause Phrase
The older you get, the more responsibility You will have to carry responsibility in
1. you'll have to carry. proportion to your age.
. ﹸﻜﹼﻠﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ،ﻜﹸﹼﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺒﺭ .ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﹼﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ )ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎﹰ( ﻤﻊ ﻋ ﻤﺭﻙ
As hard as you work so you will get paid. You will get paid in proportion to your
2.
.ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺠٍﺩ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻙ work. .ﺸﻐﻠﻙ ﺴﻴﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴﺏ ﹸ
The less mistakes you make, the more marks You get marks in proportion to making
3. you get. mistakes.
. ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ،ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺕ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻗل .ﺃﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﺒﺎﻟﹼﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ
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Exercise No. 20 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
General Exercises on Adverbial Clauses and Phrases
I) Change the following Clauses into Phrases:
:( ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﹼﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ ﻤل1
1. Although they are partners, they are not on good terms.()ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ
2. She refuses his proposal ( )ﻋﺭﺽeven if he were a king.
3. Although he was very clever, the police arrested him.
4. Roshdy is such a clever doctor that many people go to his clinic.
5. The teacher spoke so quickly that I could not write.
6. The box was so wide that two babies slept inside it.
7. The box was so narrow that the woman could not sleep inside it.
8. So silly was that fellow ( )ﺯﻤﻴلthat I left the room.
9. If he comes, I shall forgive him.
10. If she had stayed at home, she would have received the telegram.
11. If the Nile did not run in Egypt, it would be a desert.
12. Unless he obeyed me, the work would stop.
13. If you had forgotten your identity card ()ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ, you could have shown them your driving license.
II) Do as shown in brackets: :( ﺍﻓﻌل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ2
1. The work (begin) before they (come). {Correct the verbs}
2. All lights went out while they were having supper. {Begin with: Having ….}
3. The cups are very precious. My sister Huda brought them. {Join}
4. Although he committed many crimes, they set him free. {Begin with: In spite of ……}
5. He was very afraid. He could not move. {Join}
6. Salem is such a good fellow that he will be easily elected. {Begin with: Such……}
7. The driver had stopped the car. Another car ran into it. {Join}
8. Without the Nile, Egypt ……………… {Complete}
9. I shall buy a car whatever ……………. {Complete}
10. He was so kind that …………………… {Complete}
III) Express the meaning of each of the following sentences in other words
changing Clauses into Phrases:
: ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻩ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ،Phrases ﺇﻟﻰClauses (ﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺠ ﻤﻠٍﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻭﹰﻻ ﺍﻟـ3
1. Remember that we are friends. (Remember our friendship) :ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻭ ﻗﹸﻠﻨﺎ
I know why she fainted ()ﺃُﻏﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ.
2.
(Use: I know the reason ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ:)ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
3. I am sure that he is innocent.
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4. How old she is is her secret.
5. None knows who owns it.
6. I can guess how he got money.
7. Birds which migrate have strong wings.
8. A cup which is broken is useless.
9. A house which is divided cannot stand. .ﺴِﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻤﻭﺩ ِ ﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹶﻨﻔﹾِ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘ
10. Illustrations which are valuable are kept in museums.
11. New buildings stand where old cottages once stood.
12. He made friends wherever he went.
13. I know where she lives.
14. I know why she is absent.
15. When he was working with them, he made much money.
16. When she arrived, she bought flowers.
17. She returned home after she had bought that car.
18. Hardly had she opened the door when he shot her.
19. No sooner had it appeared than they fired.
20. While he was traveling in France, he met Nabil.
21. They dismissed him because he was careless. .ﻼ
ﻓﺼﻠﻭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻷﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ ﻬﻤ ﹰ
22. Remember these facts for they are important.
23. They killed him because he refused to obey.
24. He has stopped smoking since he suffered from cancer.
25. He had removed his fingerprints so that he might mislead the police. . ﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﺃﺯﺍل ﺒﺼﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴ ﻀﻠل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
26. He went to the market so that he might buy a camel.
27. He pays him two pounds everyday in order that he may let her sell her goods.
28. She is so clever that she can guess the truth.
29. She refuses to stay with him although he loves her.
30. Though he has much money, he cannot buy health.
31. I shall find a way although there are many difficulties.
32. She refuses his proposals even if he were a king.
33. Ahmed is such a clever doctor that many people go to his clinic.
34. The teacher spoke so quickly that I could not write.
35. The box is so wide that she can put her baby inside it.
36. The box was so small that the woman could not get inside it.
37. If he went to the lawyer, he would find a way.
38. If he had obeyed me, he would have gained much money.
39. Unless he obeys her, she will not give him money.
IV) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:ﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌٍﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ
ٍ ﻕ ﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭ
ٍ ﺨﻁ ﻏﺎﻤ
ٍ ( ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒ4
.( ﺃﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎِﻩ ﺠ ﻤل
(ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﹰ1 : @
.noun clause ( ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال ﻋﻠﻰ2
1. Tell me why you were absent.
2. I do not know the time of the flood.()ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ
3. It is essential to think before acting.
4. Most of the members repeated what he said.
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5. He seems that he is glad.
6. The policeman knew the place of the crime.
7. Do you know the cost of this house.
8. His arrival tomorrow is certain.
9. Bring what you need with you.
10. We know the designer of the house.
11. We must hope for his recovery.
12. Don’t forget where you will examine.
13. He spoke a long time of his sufferings.
14. We agreed to his suggestion.
15. Tell me how tall you are.
16. I am sure of the usefulness of this book.
17. The patient hoped that he recovers quickly.
18. His young age was evident ﻭﺍﻀﺢto all.
19. That he was intelligent was clear to everyone.
20. Tell me the number of boys in this class.
Easy come, easy go.
.( )
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Exercise No. 21 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
General Exercises on Clauses and Phrases
I) Choose the right answer between brackets:
:( ﺍ ﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴ ﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ1
1. If you knocked at the door, they (will – would – would have) let you in.
2. If you tell the truth, I (will give – would give – would have given) you a prize.
3. Were he to listen more carefully, he (wouldn’t make – won’t make – wouldn’t have made) mistakes.
4. I shan’t play tennis today if it (rains – rained – will rain).
5. We shall eat (whichever – whatever – wherever) is left over from lunch.
6. Give it to (whichever – whoever – whatever) asks for it.
7. Put it (whichever – whatever – wherever) you like.
8. Choose (whichever – whatever – wherever) of the colors suits you.
9. Without the Nile, Egypt (will be – would be – would have been) a desert.
10. He would not have behaved like that if he (had – have had – had had) a good education.
11. They would have done it if they (knew – have known – had known).
12. Unless the window (had been – was – is) opened, the thief wouldn’t have entered the house.
13. Had they more money they (will build – would build – would have built) a bigger house.
14. They could never understand quickly unless they (listen – listened – had listened) carefully.
15. We shall never arrive in time unless we (hurry – hurried – had hurried).
16. Were he to write in ink, it (will be – would be – would have been) easier to read.
17. Take care or else you (fall – will fall – fell).
18. Put on your coat or lese you (catch – will catch – caught) cold.
19. Should the train be late, I (shall take – take – should taken) the bus.
20. The pupils were (so – enough – too) eager ﺘﻭﺍﻕ/ ﻤﺘﻠﻑthat they asked to extra work.
21. So clever (is he – he was – was he) that he could speak six foreign languages.
22. (Whatever – However - As) tires he was, he went on working.
23. The harder you work, the (most – more – less) knowledge you gain.
24. The weather was (hot enough – enough hot – too hot) for us to swim in the sea.
25. Our neighbor walks as if he (is – was – were) a turkey. ()ﺩﻴﻙ ﺭﻭﻤﻲ
26. Blind (however – as – whatever) he was, he could know his way.
27. The room is (very large – enough large – large enough) for you.
28. Such (determined – determination – determine) had our soldiers that they destroyed the enemy camps.
29. (Owing to – Because – As) his bravery, he could storm the enemy camp.
30. (In spite of – Without – With) his stupidity, he behaved sensibly ﺤﺴﺎﺱ.
31. He was humble ( ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻀﻊfor all – although – however), wealthy he was.
32. (Regardless of – Whatever – Though) money he has, he feels miserable.
33. Those two boys are (equal – equally – equal in) in tallness.
34. This is all (what – which – that) I wish.
35. (According to – Owing to - As) his words, Mazen is the best.
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36. (On account of – For all – In accordance with) his wishes, we must return tomorrow.
37. (According to – Owing to – Because) his illness, he could not be present.
38. (By – Without – As a result) working harder, he would earn more.
39. He was (too – very – so) fat to get through the door.
40. They are (such – so – too) big cars that they use a lot of petrol.
41. (No sooner – As soon as – While) he returned home, rain began.
42. Scarcely had he touched the wire (than – when – till) he got a shock.
43. He ran (very – so – too) quickly for me to catch him.
44. I waited for a long time (when – then – till) he appeared.
45. No sooner (did he win – he won – had he won) the prize (when – till – than) he bought a car.
46. So skilful (was the doctor – the doctor was – had the doctor) that he could save the patient.
47. He didn’t dare ﻻ ﻴﺠﺭﺅto leave his hiding place (so that – lest – in case of) he should be caught.
48. We camped there (because – although – lest) it was too dark to go on.
49. They have moved house three times (when – till – since) they got married.
50. (However – Even if – in spite of ) you don’t like him, you still be polite.
II) Change the following complex sentences into simple ones:
:ٍ( ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﺍ ﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ ﻤل ٍّ ﺒﺴﻴ ﻁﺔ2
1. The man who is driving the car is my brother.
2. A man whose coat is black will meet you at the bus stop.
3. Do you know where our hotel is?
4. We asked him why he sold his car.
5. I’m sorry I couldn’t come in time.
6. He flew to London so that he might visit his uncle.
7. The questions were so difficult that he couldn’t answer them.
8. When the astronauts reached the moon, they raised the flag.
9. He kept money in the bank in order that he might not spend it.
10. The ground was wet because it was raining.
11. He has taken his punishment, as a man should.
12. If he walked faster, he wouldn’t miss his train.
13. He admitted that he had stolen the money.
14. That was the reason why he got angry with me.
15. Speak slowly to him so that he may understand you.
16. He sat down after he had taken off his hat and overcoat.
17. They lost the game because they played badly.
18. He acted as though he were a judge.
19. Nothing will please me more than that I should see you again.
20. He jumped from the second floor window lest he should be caught by the police.
The end doesn't justify the mean. □
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Exercise No. 22 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
General exercise on Kind of Sentences
I) What kind of sentence is each of the following (Simple, Compound or Complex):
:( ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ،( ﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍ ﻵﺘﻴﺔ )ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ1
1. Open the door.
2. Go or stay.
3. George doesn’t play football.
4. The windows were dirty and I told the maid ﺨﺎﺩﻤﺔto clean them
5. He’s an honest man whom I can trust.
6. He worked hard, but he was fired.
7. Going home, I met an extraordinary man wearing the clothes of a clown ()ﻤ ﻬﺭﺝ.
8. Where have you been all the time?
9. He was guilty ()ﻤﺫﻨﺏ, nevertheless he was acquitted ()ﺒﺭﻱﺀ.
10. The man I saw was Mr. Ahmed.
II) Extract the subordinate clauses from the following complex sentences and tell
its kind:
:( ﺍﺴﺘ ﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﺍ ﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺫﻜﹸﺭ ﻨﻭ ﻋﻬﺎ2
1. The boy admitted that he broke the window.
2. He read a book which was of great interest.
3. He arrived after I had left.
4. As he was ill, he couldn’t come.
5. He extricated ﺤﺭِﺭhimself with great difficulty from his burning car which was about to explode.
6. The news that the king was ailing ﻤﺘﻭﻋﻙsoon spread all over the country.
7. Although he was poor, he was honest.
8. She is taller than I am.
9. The boys helped the man who had gone blind.
10. He took a sleeping pill lest he should be awake all night.
11. He took a sleeping pill, however he lay awake all night
12. So long as you don’t exceed your income, you’ll never be in debt ()ﺩ ﻴﻥ.
13. Provided you revise your lessons, you don’t have to worry about the exam.
14. Hardly he had arrived when he excused ﻋﻔﻰ/ ﺒﺭِﺭhimself.
Live and learn.
.
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Kinds of Sentences
Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ، ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘـﻴﻥ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺒـﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ،ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺔ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ
ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ: ﺏ ،ﻭﺘ ﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ:
ﻁﻑ ﻤ ﻨﺎﺴ ٍ
ﻑﻋ ٍ
ﺒﺤﺭ ِ ﻤ ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ:
(1ﻓﻌل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ( ﻓﻘﻁ. (1ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﻥ. (1ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﻥ.
(2ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻤل. (2ﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ. (2ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ.
ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ: 1) Yesterday, I went to the cinema and After I had breakfast, I went to work.
ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ +ﻓﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل watched a film. ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕﹸ ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻓﻁﺎﺭِ ،ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹸ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل.
ﺕ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﹰﺎ.
ﺕ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﹸ
ﺱ ﺫﻫﺒ ﹸ
(1ﺒﺎﻷﻤ ِ
)(1) (2 )(3
Complex Sentence
1) He is writing a letter. 2) He went to the cinema yesterday, but
he didn't watch any film.
(1ﻫﻭ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ.
ﺎﻷﻤﺱ ،ﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴ ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻴﻠﻡ.
ِ (2ﺫ ﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒ
2) They have met Ahmed. Main Clause Subordinate Clause
(2ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ.
Simple sentence - It is connected to the joining word.
ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ - It has a verb.
- It gives no complete meaning.
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Phrase Clause
1. Adverbial Clauses of Place ( )
: ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ،Phrase ﺇﻟﻰClause ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ
ﺘﹸﺤﻭ ل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
Clause Phrase
where ﺤﻴﺙﹸ
wherever ﺤﻴﺜﹸﻤﺎ in, at, on, .. etc, every where ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ
whence ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ/ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ
any where ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ/ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ no where ﺇﻟﻰ ﻻ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ/ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ
2. Adverbial Clauses of Time
ﺘﹸﺤﻭ ل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
: ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ،Phrase ﺇﻟﻰClause ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ
Clause Phrase
when in / at / on
after, before
as, while
after / before
during / while
till, until till / until
since since + poss. adj. ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ noun ﺍﺴﻡ
the moment just on or
as soon as, gerund ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل
no sooner … than …, immediately on / after / just on /
scarcely … when …, on / as soon as + poss. adj. ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ
hardly … when …
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3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause (Reason) ( )
: ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲphrase ﺇﻟﻰclause ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ
ﺘﹸﺤﻭ ل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
Clause Phrase
because ﺒﺴﺒﺏ/ ﻷﻥ because of ﺒﺴﺒﺏ
for ﺒﺴﺒﺏ/ ﻷﻥ for ﻟﹻ/ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ
since ﺒﺴﺒﺏ/ ﺙ ﺃﻥ
ﺤﻴ ﹸ owing to ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟ ﹻ
as ﺒﺴﺒﺏ/ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ/ ﻟﻤﺎ due to ﺒﺴﺒﺏ/ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﹻ
so long as on account to ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻜﺫﺍ
+ poss. adj. +
ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ as a result of ُِ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﹰﺔ ﻟـ noun or gerund
now that ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ thanks to ﺒﻔﻀل
so long as ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ Being + ﺻﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﹶﻭﻥ/ ﻜﹶﻭﻥ
4. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose ( )
: (simple) phrase (complex) clause so that
:ﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ
ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒ ﹰ،m ight ﺃﻭm ay ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ )ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ
Clause Phrase
to ﻟﻜﻲ, in order to ﻟﻜﻲ, ﻟﻜﻲ
so that, in order that, ﻟﻜﻲ so as to ﻟﻜﻲ, not to ﺃﻻﹼ,
that, in the hope that
+ infinitive
in order not to ﻜﻲ ﻻ
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
aiming that ﺒﻬﺩﻑ/ ﻟﻜﻲ aiming to ﺒﻬﺩﻑ
Or:
for ﻟﻜ ﻲ, with the intention of ﺑﮭ ﺪف, + noun or gerund
with the aim of ﺑﮭﺪف
: (simple) phrase (complex) clause for fear that lest
:ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ
ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩ ﹰ،should ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ )ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ
so as not to ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﻻ/ ﻜﻲ ﻻ + infinitive ()ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
Or: for fear of ﻓﺎ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻭ ﹰ/ ﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﺨِﺸ ﹶ + noun or gerund ()ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ
Clause Phrase
so as not to + infinitive ()ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
lest / for fear that
Or: for fear of + noun or gerund () ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل
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)5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence
ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ so ….. thatﺃﻭ such …. thatﻤﻥ ) complex (clauseﺇﻟﻰ ) ،simple (phraseﻓﺈﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ +ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ،ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
Clause Phrase
ﻓﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل + that +ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ so + ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + enough to +ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ
ﻓﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋﻞ + that +ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ such + ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + to +ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ too +
:
.1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ thatﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + enough to +ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ
.2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ thatﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + to +ﺿﻤﯿﺮ أو اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ + enough for +ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ
.3ﺘﺤل ) enough to (forﻤﺤل so ….. thatﺃﻭ such …. thatﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ(
.4ﻭﺘﺤل too …. toﻤﺤل so ….. thatﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻔﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎ ﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ
ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ( )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ thatﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ(.
ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ thatﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + to +ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ too +
ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ thatﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + to +ﺿﻤﯿﺮ أو اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ + for +ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ too +
.5ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ so …. thatﻤﻥ comp le xﺇﻟﻰ ،simpleﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﻨ ﻔﻲ ﻴ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ .too … to
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) ﺍﻹﻗﺭﺍﺭ 6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast (Concession
( () () )
althoughﺃﻭ thoughﺃﻭ even ifﺃﻭ even thoughﺃﻭ howeverﺃﻭ whateverﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﺠ ﻤﻠـﺔ ﺒﻬـﺎ
ﻻ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
) asﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻔﺔ( ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ +ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل +ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
Clause Phrase
ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ / despiteﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ in spite of
although / though ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ
/ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ / with allﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ / for all
ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ /not withﺒـﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤـﻥ regardless of + poss. adj.
however / whatever
ﺑﺼﺮف /ﺑﻐﺾِ اﻟﻨّﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ standing +
even though / even if ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ /ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤ ﻥ noun or
gerund
… whether …. or not ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ...ﺃﻭ ﻟﻡ... ) (nounاﺳﻢ with or without +
7. Adverbial Clauses of Manner
( )
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ as – as if – as thoughﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
Clause Phrase
as ﻜﻤﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﹻ / as / in accordance withﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﹻ according to
in the manner (way) of . ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ٍ ...
… )) way (mannerﺼﻔﺔ( in a ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ٍ ... +
as if / as though ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ noun or
with …. ﺒﹻ
gerund
like …. ﻜﺄﻥ
8. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison
ﻻ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻟﹸﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡِ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ.
ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﺃﺨﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ ،phraseﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺼـﻴﻐﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺍﻟـ .clause
ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) .( than
ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ :
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Clause Phrase
equal in + ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡof the same + ﺍﺴﻡ+ as
as + ﺼﻔﺔ+ as ﻜـ ﻜـ
equally + ﺼﻔﺔ
not so (as) + ﺼﻔﺔ+ as ﻜـ... ﻟﻴﺱ not equal in + ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡnot of the same + ﺍﺴﻡ
comparative adj. + than ... not equal in + ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡnot of the same + ﺍﺴﻡ
ﻤﻥ+ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ
(e.g. more than) or: not equally + ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔdifferent + ﺍﺴﻡ
9. Adverbial Clauses of Condition
ﻓﺈﹼﻨﻬـﺎ،unless ﺃﻭwere (not) ﺃﻭhad (not) ﺃﻭshould (not) ﺃﻭif …. not ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ
+ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﹸﺘﺤﺫﻑ،simple / phrase ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ،(complex / clause) ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﹼﻘﺩﺓ
: ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕٍ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ، ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ+ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل
Clause Phrase
if, should, had, were …. (ﺇﺫﺍ )ﻟﻭ in case of …. .... ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ
suppose …. ﺍﻓﺘﺭِﺽ in the event of ... ... ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ
supposing that …. ﺍﻓﺘِﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ with …. ﺒﹻ
provided (that ) …. (ﺒﻔﺭﺽ )ﺃﻥ by ….. ﺒﹻ
+ poss. adj.
on condition that …. ( ﺒﺸﺭﻁ )ﺃﻥ + noun or
if …. not / unless / but for ﻟﻭﻻ gerund
should …. not / ﺇﺫﺍ )ﻟﻭ( ﻟﻡ
were …. not / had …. not without ﺒﺩﻭﻥ
10. Adverbial Clauses of Degree ( )
:ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ
Clause Phrase
as (so) + ﺼﻔﺔ+ as ﻜـ ﻜـ of the same degree as ... ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜـ
not so (as) + ﺼﻔﺔ+ as ﻜـ... ﻟﻴﺱ not of the same degree as ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜـ
ﺒﻤــﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺒــﺜﻼﺙ two (three) times + comparative + ﺒﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ( ﻜــ
two (three) times as
… ﻤﺭﺍﺕ( ﻜـ adj. + than ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ
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11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception ( )
: ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ
Clause Phrase
except (for) ﻟﻭ ﻻ
except that, but that ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ + poss. adj. + noun or
but (for) ﻟﻭ ﻻ gerund
12. Adverbial Clauses of Preference ( )
: ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ
Clause Phrase
prefer + (noun or gerund) + to (noun or gerund)
rather than, sooner than (that) ( )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل+ ﻋﻥ+ ( )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل+ ﻴُّﻔﻀل
ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ
like + noun + more than + noun ﺍﺴﻡ+ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ+ ﺍﺴﻡ+ ﻴ ﺤﺏ
13. Adverbial Clauses of Proportion
( )
: ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ
Clause Phrase
as …..as ….. so ... ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ... ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ in proportion to + poss. adj. + noun or gerund
the …… the ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل+ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ+ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺒﹰﺎ )ﺒﺎﻟﹼﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ( ﻤﻊ
Cleanliness is next to godliness.
.( )
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Answers
Exercise No. 1 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
1. sentence 5. clause 9. phrase 13. phrase
2. clause 6. phrase 10. sentence 14. clause
3. phrase 7. sentence 11. sentence 15. clause
4. phrase 8. clause 12. sentence 16. sentence
Exercise No. 2 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
1. Both Hoda and her mother were blamed.
2. Neither Hoda nor her mother was blamed.
3. He is a government employee as well as a farmer..
4. Not only does he work hard but he finds time to play also.
5. He came to see me, so , he stayed for a month.
6. He has both time and money to play tennis.
7. I told him that she does not fit, nevertheless , he insisted on marrying her.
8. This is a very heavy loss, yet , you should not stop at all.
9. I did not cause any harms, then , why do you blame me?.
10. She may send a telegram, or else , she may come tomorrow.
11. Neither can I believe that such a child can buy a gun nor can I believe that he can use it.
When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital, so , it is
12.
impossible to be accused.
13. He bought neither a car nor a flat. Or: Neither did he buy a car nor a flat.
14. Her father died last month, and therefore , she is the heiress ﻭﺭﻴﺙof forty feddans.
Exercise No. 3 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
1. The wind was cold, but , I felt warm.
2. It was raining, so , we decided to stay indoors.
3. Hurry up, or , you'll be late for school.
4. The weather was windy, rainy and cold.
5. He told the truth, but , no one believed him.
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6. Can you fix the lamp? or is it too high?
7. She studied hard, but , she failed.
8. She studied hard, so , she succeeded
9. She neither studied hard nor succeeded. Or: Neither did she study hard nor she succeed
He's not only intelligent, but he's also hard-working.
10. Or: Not only is he intelligent; he is hard-working as well.
Exercise No. 4 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
1. Neither did he cheat nor did he lie.
2. Not only was he kind, but he was also brave.
3. Either he went home or to the club.
4. Neither did he sell his car, nor did use it.
5. Not only does she clean the house, but she also cooks dinner.
Exercise No. 5 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
1. Either, or 5. either, or
2. not only, but also 6. nor
3. or, so 7. but
4. nor (neither) 8. neither, nor
Exercise No. 6 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
1. Remember our friendship.
2. We do not know his reasons for breaking it.
3. I know the causes of her failure.
4. I expect their arrival here.
5. She didn’t tell us her age.
6. None knows its owner.
7. They can guess our ways of getting money.
8. We discovered her cleverness.
9. You should know the height of the hill.
10. I do not know the depth of this canal.
11. Tell me the reason of your absence.
12. I don’t know the time of the flood.
13. It is essential to think before acting.
14. Most of the members repeated his speech.
15. He seems to be glad.
16. The policeman knew the place of the crime.
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17. Do you know the cost of this house?
18. His arrival tomorrow is certain.
19. Bring the necessary things with you.
20. We know the designer of the house.
21. We must hope for his recovery.
22. Don’t forget the place of the examination (exam).
23. He spoke along time of his sufferings.
24. We agreed to his suggestion.
25. Tell me your length.
26. I am sure of the usefulness of this book.
27. The patient hoped to recover quickly.
28. His young was evident to all.
29. His intelligence was clear to every one.
30. Tell me the number of the boys in this class.
Exercise No. 7 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I)
1. The minerals which are found in Egypt are in great quantities.
2. The boat which is on the river has no sails( )ﺃﺸﺭﻋﺔ.
3. The policeman warned ( )ﺤﺫﹼﺭthe boy who was driving quickly.
4. Those boys whom you made work hard must have good food..
5. The man helped the girl whom he had met in Gaza.
6. Samy whose book I had found was weeping.
7. The boy whose answers were correct answers was very clever.
8. I took all these things that I need.
9. This is the man whom (that) I met in London.
10. The man who (that) was driving a car was killed.
11. I bought this stereo which (that) doesn’t work properly, last week.
12. He’s the person who (that) is going to be fired ()ﻴﻁﺭﺩ.
13. That is the journalist whose article made quite a stir ( ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ/ )ﺘﻌﻜﻴﺭyesterday.
14. I’m the man whose wallet you stole.
15. They sent a new teacher who (that) looks nice.
We didn’t like the housemaid whom the agency sent.
16.
Or: We didn’t like the housemaid who was sent by the agency.
17. Nadia, who has been listening to our conversation, looked angry.
18. I climbed up the stairs which were newly-painted.
II)
1. which (who, that) 6. that (which) 11. whose , which
2. which (that) 7. which 12. what, which
3. who 8. who 13. which
4. whose 9. whom 14. whose
5. who 10. whose
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III)
1. what 6. why
2. where 7. when
3. how 8. what
4. whom 9. who
5. where 10. when
IV)
1. The captain was the last man to leave the sinking ship.
2. Tourists traveling abroad a lot should make prior reservations ( )ﺤﺠﺯ ﻤ ﺴﺒﻕat hotels.
3. The man being sick was brought to the doctor.
4. Students punished yesterday are to report the headmaster’s office.
5. He was the only student to understand the lesson.
6. Guns fired recently are easy to detect.
7. Mona was the first person to see the flying saucer ()ﺼﺤﻥ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ.
8. The car stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.
9. Plants watered by salty water seldom survive.
10. People wanting to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters ()ﻤﻼﺠﺊ
V)
1. Romeo and Juliet, whose families hated each other, were deeply in love.
2. The friend for whom I was waiting didn’t come. Or: The friend that I was waiting for didn’t come.
3. “Swiss Family Robison”, is a story about family whose ship sank near a desert island.
4. I saw several apartments ( )ﺸﹸﻘﻕ ﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔof which few were suitable.
5. I was given this address by my friend whom (that) I met at the airport.
6. The man who (that) answered the phone said that it was the wrong number.
7. The bed on which I slept on had no springs. Or: The bed which (that) I slept on had no springs.
8. Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges of whom many were hungry.
9. Rashid whose leg is still in a plaster cast, will have to watch the match on T.V.
10. He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. which didn’t suit me at all.
VI)
1. that my aunt gave me
2. which I bought
3. who robbed the old lady
4. that won’t start
5. who has been robbed
VII)
1. The house they built fell down after two months.
2. The bus, arrived late was full.
3. The money he borrowed from his friend was lost.
4. She was the most beautiful girl to attend the party.
5. The street leading to the university is very wide.
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6. Buildings built fifty years ago are more robust ﻗﻭﻱthan those are built these days.
7. The man I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss.
8. Books boring him were usually thrown into the waste basket.
9. Being the last person to arrive that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.
10. He said that bonds ﻜﻔﺎﻻﺕ/ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ, purchased ﺸﺭﺍﺀlast month, made a large profit ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ/ ﻋﺎﺌﺩ.
VIII)
1. (whom, that) 6. whom
2. (which, that) 7. which
3. (which, that) 8. (which, that)
4. who 9. whose
5. (which, that) 10. which
.( ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل8 ،5 ،3 ،2 ،1 ﺃﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ، ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ:
IX)
non-defining: Many people were injured in the capital Zaire, where 10.000 students took
1.
part in a demonstration ()ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ.
2. defining: The river that flows through Cairo is the Nile.
3. non-defining: The Nile, which flows through Cairo, is the longest river in the world.
4. non-defining: I went to see their home, which I liked very much.
5. non-defining: Professor Ali, who teaches chemistry, is a good teacher.
X)
1. The reason why he is angry is not known.
2. This is a book on astronomy which is the best.
3. We are living in times that are profoundly disturbing.
4. I ended up by making a speech, which and I hadn't wanted to.
Exercise No. 8 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
1. The destroyed road joined two cities. .ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻤﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟ ﹼ
2. The writer of these papers died many years ago. .ٍﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕٍ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ
The inventor of this rocket made more advanced rockets.
3.
.ﻤ ﺨﺘﺭﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺭﻭﺥ ﺼ ﻨﹶﻊ ﺼﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﺎﹰ
4. Their employees are very clever. .ﻅﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻫﺭﻭﻥ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ
ﻤﻭ ﹸ
5. The stories written by him are tragedies. .ﺍﻟﻘِﺼﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪِ ﻤﺄﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ
6. The owner of the damaged car is still alive. .ﻤﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻤﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
7. The manuscripts found in the desert clear many things. .ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺓ
8. The very old papers are written in a strange language. .(ٍﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﺒﺔﹰ ﺒﻠﹸﻐﺔٍ ﻏﺭﻴﺒﺔٍ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ
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Exercise No. 9 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
1. Winds which are violent pull out trees.
2. The students answered the difficult questions.
3. People who are illiterate will be educated.
4. The man who is playing the piano is my friend.
5. The girl with the golden hair answers well.
6. My friend bought an old car.
7. Our soldiers who are brave have freed our land.
8. He thought by his broad mind that he has helped us.
9. Written books by hand are put in museums.
10. Minerals which are found in Egypt will help in developing the country.
11. By working hard, students always attain (ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ/ )ﻴﺤﻘﻕtheir ends.
12. The passengers who are on this train escaped death.
13. People like friends who are faithful.
14. The carpenter repaired the chair which was broken.
15. Heavy clouds caused rain today.
16. People who have narrow minds always face troubles.
17. We admire people whose spirit is unconquerable.
18. Children who have no homes should be housed in healthy homes.
19. The goods in the shop window were damaged by fire.
20. A book which gives knowledge is useful.
Exercise No. 10 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I)
1. I waited for a long time till (until) he appeared.
The game started after we had arrived at the football field.
2. Or: The moment we arrived at the football field, the game started.
3. As soon as he arrived at a certain time, I went home.
4. After my father had finished his work, he went home.
5. Immediately I had studied my lessons, I went to bed afterwards.
6. We have done no work since he went a way yesterday.
7. After they had crossed the canal, they attacked the enemy.
8. No sooner had the Egyptian soldiers appeared than the Israeli soldiers disappeared.
9. While I was washing my hands, the telephone rang.
10. The children came while (as) she was sitting at the table.
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II)
1. I was in the university or since 1995.
2. than we missed the jewels.
3. after he had made a mistake.
4. when the teacher entered the class.
5. when he lost his visa (passport) (money).
6. when they met their friend.
7. he came.
8. he entered the exams.
III)
1. I didn’t know him until his speaking (speech).
2. No one could believe him after lying ()ﻜﺫﺏ.
3. The sick pupil forgot every thing on sitting for the exam.
4. He had not prepared himself before he entered the exam.
5. After they had prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic.
6. Immediately on meeting him than he informed him of his success.
7. When you do your duty, you should not be shamed.
8. Immediately after attack ھﺠﻮم, they escaped.
9. No sooner had he reached school than the bell rang.
10. On speaking to him, he was angry.
11. Don’t write till giving you order. Or: till giving an order to you.
12. The world has changed since the discovery of the atomic power.
Exercise No. 11 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I)
1. He could not see because he was blind.
2. He was angry as he lost his watch.
3. He could not play well since he was not trained well.
4. He could not walk because his leg was broken.
5. He suffers from cough as he smokes much.
II)
1. as he was tried.
2. because he failed in the exams.
3. since her parents were died.
4. for he has not got any money. Or: for he is poor)
5. the police arrested him (I called the police).
III)
1. He failed because he was lazy.
2. As (Because) he is brave, he defeated his rival .() ﻫﺯﻡ ﻤ ﻨِﺎﻓﺴﻪ
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3. Because he was tired, he went to bed.
4. We couldn’t study owing to being (presence of) much noise.
5. Due to the hotness (of the day), they decided to spend it on the beach.
The boy was punished because of his carelessness.
6. Or: Being careless, the boy was punished.
7. He was put in prison as he behaved badly.
8. As he is intelligent, he could overcome his difficulties.
9. The travelers suffered a great deal as a result of not having enough water.
10. As Egypt is full of monuments, tourists visit it all the year round.
Exercise No. 12 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I)
1. He went home that he might take a rest.
2. They spent the day on the mountain in the hope that they might enjoy the fresh air.
3. The students worked hard in order that they might be afraid to fail.
4. She went to the doctor in order that the doctor might examine her.
5. They kept the child in a warm room for fear that he might (should) take cold.
6. They travelled to Egypt aiming that (in order that) they might spend the holiday.
The doctor cleaned the instruments for fear that he might be afraid the wound would fester .()ﻴﺘﻠﻭﺙ
7.
Or: The doctor cleaned the instruments lest the wound should be festered.
8. My uncle left for Europe in the hope that he might find a new job.
He told me a funny story in order that I might forget my sadness.
9. Or: He told me a funny story in order that he might forget me my sadness.
10. She answered perfectly aiming that (in the hope that) she might get the top prize.
II)
1. they may find good books.
2. they may be happy.
3. they find good jobs (Or: may learn).
4. they should not attend the first lesson.
5. he should escape.
6. the students might understand.
7. they might fish.
8. they may get a lot of knowledge.
III)
1. He went home in order that he might study his lessons.
2. They got up early in order to enjoy the fresh air.
He disguised ﺘﻨﻜﺭhimself lest he should be recognized.
3.
Or: He disguised ﺘﻨﻜﺭhimself for fear that he might be recognized.
4. The policeman hurried in order to catch the thief.
5. The army marched quickly that they might surprise the enemy.
He saved his money so as not to fall in trouble.
6.
Or: He saved his money for fearing of falling in trouble.
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7. The pupils listened carefully so that they might understand the lesson.
He hurried to the station for fear that he might miss the train.
8. Or: He hurried to the station for fear that (lest) he should miss the train.
9. My uncle traveled to Europe in order to (aiming to) take a degree.
10. I study aiming to (to) succeed.
11. Many of our soldiers sacrificed their lives so that they might free our land.
12. We waged ﺸﻥthe war so as to ( to / in order to) restore our land.
13. We decided to conquer ﻴﻘﻬﺭIsrael in order that we might break the myth ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺭﺓof her army.
14. The boys escaped for fear that they might be punished.
15. They met in order that they might discuss the new plan.
General Exercise No. 13 ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ
1. Do you know her address.
2. I shall find him anywhere.
3. In the sunshine, ice will melt.
4. Just on hearing their steps, he ran away.
5. Working for them, he earned much money.
6. Having finished her lectures, she went home.
7. Having supper, all lights went out.
8. We cannot do anything till his arrival.
9. Just on smelling it, she fainted.
10. Immediately on leaving their house, they cried for help.
11. Just on opening the door, two men rushed.
12. On his way to school, she met him.
13. Frightening her, she will not return home.
14. She is quite unconscious during the operation.
15. Being abroad, she ran all his shops.
16. They dismissed him because of his carelessness.
17. Remember these facts for their importance.
18. He was very angry because of her insults.
19. They killed him for refusing to obey them.
20. Becoming seriously ill, he has not been allowed to smoke
21. Cover our food for fear of flies.
22. We arranged everything well in order to make his wedding party a lovely one.
23. He went to the market to buy a camel.
24. She pays him regularly so as to let her sell her goods.
25. I shall do everything to help you.
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Exercise No. 14 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I)
1. The aero-plane flew so fast that no one could see it.
2. The mountain is so high that no one could climb it.
The journey was so tiring that I fell asleep.
Or: It was such a tiring journey that I fell asleep.
3.
Or: Such a tiring journey was it that I fell asleep.
Or: So tiring was the journey that I fell asleep.
4. The flowers are so beautiful that it is a shame to pick them.
It was such a boring book that I couldn't finish it.
5.
Or: The book was so boring that I couldn't finish it.
It was such a long flight that we had three meals on board.
6.
Or: The flight was so long that we had three meals on board.
7. It was such pretty dress that I couldn't resist it.
Such large boxes were they that we couldn't send them by air.
8. Or: They were such large boxes that we couldn't send them by air.
Or: The boxes were so large that we couldn't send them by air.
He was so fat that he couldn't get through the door.
9. Or: So fat was he that he couldn't get through the door.
I was so busy that I couldn't answer the telephone.
10. Or: Such a busy man was I that I couldn't answer the telephone.
Or: I was such a busy man that I couldn't answer the telephone.
II)
1. The child became too ill to leave his bed.
2. He was so honest that every one trust him.
He was too frightened to move.
3.
Or: He was frightened enough to move. Or: He was frightened enough for moving.
4. The enemy soldiers were too cowardly to resist.
5. Our soldiers were brave enough to destroy the enemy.
6. They walked so slowly that they couldn't catch the train.
7. He was too annoyed to speak.
The building is so high that we can't reach it.
8.
Or: So high is the building that we can't reach it.
9. He spoke too foolishly to leave.
10. Some people are too short-slighted to appreciate matters.
11. The pyramids are strong enough to remain for centuries.
12. The moon is so bright that you can read a book
13. We were too impatient to wait.
14. The fruit is so ripe that we can pick.
The flat is so wide that they can live in.
Or: It is such a wide flat that they can live in.
15.
Or: Such a wide flat is it that they can live in.
Or: So wide is the flat that they can live in.
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III)
It is too cold (for us) to go out.
1. Or: It is not hot enough (for us) to go out.
2. You are clever enough to understand perfectly.
3. It is too dark to see. Or: It is not light enough (for me) to see.
I am too old to wear this kind of hat.
4. Or: I am not young enough to wear this kind of hat.
5. I am rich enough to buy your whole hotel.
6. He is too ill to eat.
7. You are thin enough to slip between the bars.
8. He was too furious ﻏﺎﻀﺏ/ ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻏﻴﻅﺎﹰto speak.
9. Our car is not too narrow to get through those gates.
10. The ice is thick enough (for us) to walk on.
11. He was too drunk to answer.
It is too cold to have breakfast in the garden.
12.
Or: It is not hot enough to have breakfast in the garden.
Exercise No. 15 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I)
Although the battle was fierce, we could win it.
1. Or: However fierce the battle was, we could win it.
2. Though the distance was too far, we could cover it in a short time.
3. Even though (Although, Though) the road was bad, they crossed easily.
Even if he was very hungry, he refused to eat.
4. Or: However very hungry he was, he refused to eat.
Although it is late, we shall stay a little longer.
5. Or: However late it is, we shall stay a little longer.
6. Though he was highly educated, he behaved unwisely.
7. Although (Though, Even though) I warned him much, he made the same mistakes.
II)
1. In spite of having a car, he often uses a bus.
Despite being strong, he cannot bend this bar.
2.
Or: Despite his strength, he cannot bend this bar.
In spite of being intelligent, he behaved wrongly.
3. Or: In spite of his intelligence, he behaved wrongly.
4. In spite of reading books, his knowledge is limited.
5. I shall buy a car regardless of cost.
6. Although he was strong, he could not fight two men.
7. Though (Although) he is wealthy, he does not help the poor people.
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However courage he was, he escaped.
8. Or: Although he was courage, he escaped
9. Regardless of (Not with standing) the violent resistance, we could conquer them.
10. Regardless of mistakes, I forgave him.
11. Although he was serious ill, he went on working.
In spite of caution, he fell into troubles.
12. Or: In spite of being cautious, he fell into troubles.
13. Whatever great efforts he did, he failed to attain his ends.
Despite of his good name, he faced troubles
14.
Or: Despite of having a good name, he faced troubles.
In spite of being clever, he failed to answer well.
15. Or: In spite of (his) cleverness, he failed to answer well.
Exercise No. 16 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I)
1. The house will be built as I want.
2. Everything happened as it was planed.
3. He jumped as if he had been a champion.
4. The car ran very quickly as though it were a plane.
5. She walked proudly as if she were a queen.
II)
1. He lives according to his salary.
2. He fought bravely.
3. They carried out the project according to his planning (in accordance with (his) planning).
4. The child was behaving as if he had been his grandfather.
5. Salah Eddin was a good warrior ( ﻤ ﻘﺎﺘل/ )ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺏas this book says (tells).
Smoking is forbidden as the police ordered.
6. Or: As the police ordered, smoking is forbidden.
The student worked in the way (manner) of scientist.
7.
Or: The student worked in a scientific way (manner) .
8. Use the plain brush as I told (taught) you.
9. The student of medicine was skilful (skillful) as if he were a doctor in an operation.
10. He spoke foolishly as if (as though) he was mad.
Exercise No. 17 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
I)
1. He received less money than I did (he wanted).
2. I am not so old as my father.
3. He does not work so well as Adel.
4. The more attention a pupil pays, the more marks they may (will) get.
5. The more quickly we run, the earlier we may (shall) get there.
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6. The thinner the man is the smaller cloths he will wear.
7. The easier the question is the faster I can answer (solve).
8. He can write as clearly as I do (as Ahmed does) (as I told him) (as I taught him).
II)
Ali and his brother are not equal in intelligence.
1.
Or: Ali and his brother are not equally intelligent .
He and his brother are equally good at writing .
2. Or: He and his brother are equal in good writing .
3. He and his father are equal in tallness.
4. He is as generous as his brother (is).
5. He is as short as his brother (is).
He and his brother were not equal in stupidity .
Or: He and his brother were not equally stupid .
6.
Or: He and his brother were different in stupidity .
Or: He and his brother were not of the same stupidity .
7. The first film was not so interest as the second one was.
8. The son is as clean as his daughter.
Exercise No. 18 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
1. has 1. had won / bought
2. would / had 2. obeyed / would not stop
I 3. comes / shall II 3. eat
4. were / would 4. told
5. had stayed 5. would win
Exercise No. 19 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
Without showing me the way, I should have missed the way.
1. Or: Without showing the way to me, I should have missed the way.
2. They would have done it in case of knowing how.
3. If he was very rich, he would buy a new car.
4. If he confides ( )ﻴﺜﺘﻕ ﺒـin himself, he can overcome his problems.
5. By (With) (In case of having) strong determination, he would stop smoking.
Without being cautious ()ﺤ ِﺫﺭ, he would have lost his money.
6.
Or: Without caution ()ﺤ ﺫﹶﺭ, he would have lost his money.
If he was not intelligent, he would suffer much.
7.
Or: Unless he was intelligent, he would suffer much.
8. If you permit ( )ﻴﺄﺫﻥto me, I shall go.
Unless he had helped me, I should have lost my life.
9.
Or: If he had not helped me, I should have lost my life.
10. In case of stealing (stealth) the money by the servant, the police would arrest him.
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11. In case of being wise, he would overcome his difficulties.
If we hadn't money, we shouldn't buy our needs.
12. Or: Providing that we had no money, we shouldn't buy our needs.
13. Having come yesterday, he would have enjoyed the party.
14. With (By) (Incase of) participating (participation) harder, she would become a good musician.
15. If you take these toys away, the children will cry.
16. With taking my advice, you will not go.
17. In case of (By) touching the wire, you will get a nasty shock ()ﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺫﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ.
18. Without going to the doctor, you will not get better.
19. If you look out of the window, you will see a wonderful scene.
If they had not had a terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.
20.
Or: Unless they had had a terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.
Health is better than wealth.
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Exercise No. 20 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
General exercises on Adverbial Clauses and Phrases
I)
1. In spite of being partners, they are not on good terms.()ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ
2. She refuses his proposal ( )ﻋﺭﺽdespite of being a king.
3. In spite of his cleverness, the police arrested him.
4. Roshdy is a clever doctor enough to make many people go to his clinic.
5. The teacher spoke too quickly to write.
6. The box was wide enough for the two babies to sleep inside it.
7. The box was too narrow for the woman to sleep inside it.
8. That fellow was silly enough to make me leave the room.
9. Coming to me, I shall forgive him.
10. Having stayed at home, she would have received the telegram.
11. Without (But for) the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
12. Without obeying me, the work would stop.
13. Having forgotten identity card ()ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ, you could have shown them your driving license.
II)
1. The work had begun before they came.
2. Having supper, the lights went out.
3. The cups which (that) my sister Huda brought are very precious.
4. In spite of all his crimes, they set him free.
5. He was so afraid that he could not move.
6. Such a good fellow is Salem that he will be easily elected.
7. No sooner had the driver stopped the car than another car ran into it.
8. Without the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
9. I shall buy a car whatever it costs me.
10. He was so kind that he gave her enough money.
III)
1. Remember our friendship
2. I know the reason for her faint.
3. His innocence is surely.
4. Her age is her secret.
5. None knows the owner (of it)
His money source can be guessed (by me). Or: I can guess his money source.
6. Or: I can guess the way by which he got money.
7. Migrating birds have strong wings.
8. Broken cup is useless.
9. Divided house cannot stand.
10. Valuable illustrations are kept in museums.
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11. New buildings stand in the place of the old cottages.
12. He made friends everywhere.
13. I know her address.
14. I know the reason of her absence.
15. On working with them, he made much money.
16. On arriving (arrival), she bought flowers.
17. Before return (returning) home, she had bought that car.
18. Opening the door, he shot her.
19. Immediately after appearance (appearing), they fired.
20. During traveling (travel) in France, he met Nabil.
21. Because of his carelessness, they dismissed him. Or: Being careless, they dismissed him.
22. Remember these facts for their importance.
23. Because of his disobedience ()ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ, they killed him
24. Owing to suffer (suffering) from cancer, he has stopped smoking
25. He had removed his fingerprints to (so as to / in order to) mislead the police.
26. He went to the market to (in order to) buy a camel.
27. He pays him two pounds everyday to let her sell her goods.
28. She is clever enough to guess (the truth).
29. She refuses to stay with him in spite of his love.
30. Despite having much money, he cannot buy health. Or: Despite his money, he cannot buy health.
31. I shall find a way despite all difficulties.
32. She refuses his proposals in spite of being a king.
33. Ahmed is a clever doctor enough to many people to go to his clinic.
34. The teacher spoke too quick to write.
35. The box is wide enough to put her baby inside it.
The box was too small for the woman to get inside it.
36. Or: The box was not wide enough for the women to get inside it.
37. In case of (By) going to the lawyer, he would find a way.
In case of (By With) obeying me, he would have gained much money.
38. Or: Obeying me, he would have gained much money.
39. With obeying her, she will not give him money.
IV)
1. Tell me the reason of your absence.
2. I do not know when the flood ( )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥoccurs (happens).
3. It is essential that man thinks (should think) before he acts.
4. Most of the members repeated his speech (words)..
5. He seems glad.
6. The policeman knew where the crime had happened.
7. Do you know how much this book costs.
8. That he will arrive tomorrow is certain.
9. Bring the necessary things with you.
10. We know who designed the house.
11. We must hope that he recovers quickly.
12. Don’t forget the place of the examination.
13. He spoke a long time what he suffers.
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14. We agreed to what he suggested.
15. Tell me your length.
16. I am sure of that the book is not useful (is useless).
17. The patient hoped to recover quickly.
18. That he is young was evident ﻭﺍﻀﺢto all.
19. That he was intelligent was clear to everyone.
20. Tell me how many boys are there in this class.
A bad workman always blames his tools.
.( )
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Exercise No. 21 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
General exercises on Clauses and Phrases
I)
1. would 26. whatever
2. will give 27. large enough
3. wouldn’t make 28. determination
4. rains 29. Owing to
5. whatever 30. In spite of
6. whoever 31. however
7. wherever 32. Whatever
8. whichever 33. equal
9. would be 34. what
10. had had 35. According to
11. had known 36. In accordance with
12. had been 37. Owing to
13. would build 38. By
14. listened 39. too
15. hurry 40. such
16. would be 41. As soon as
17. will fall 42. when
18. will catch 43. too
19. shall take 44. till
20. so 45. had he won
21. was he 46. was the doctor
22. However 47. lest
23. more 48. because
24. hot enough 49. since
25. were 50. Even if
II)
1. The man driving the car is my brother. Or: My brother is driving the car.
2. A man in a black coat will meet you at the bus stop.
3. Do you know the address (whereabouts) of our hotel?
4. We asked him the reason for selling his car.
5. I’m sorry for not coming in time.
6. He flew to London to visit his uncle.
7. The questions were too difficult to answer.
8. On reaching the moon, the astronauts raised the flag.
9. He kept his money in the bank in order not to spend it.
10. Because of the rain, the ground was wet.
11. He has taken his punishment in a manly way. (as a man, with manliness …..etc).
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12. By walking faster, he wouldn’t miss his train.
13. He admitted having stolen the money.
14. That was the reason for his angry (getting angry) with me.
15. Speak slowly to him in order to make him understand you.
16. Having taken off his hat and overcoat, he sat down.
17. They lost the game because of (due to) playing badly.
18. He acted like a judge. Or: He acted in a judicial manner (way).
19. Nothing will please me more than seeing you again.
20. He jumped from the second floor window to escape (avoid being caught by) the police.
Necessity is the mother of invention.
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Exercise No. 22 ﺘﻤﺭﻴـ ﻥ
General exercise on Kind of Sentences
I)
1. simple 6. compound
2. compound 7. simple
3. simple 8. simple
4. compound 9. compound
5. complex 10. complex
II)
No. The subordinate clause Its kind
1. that he broke the window noun clause
2. which was of great interest adjective (relative) clause
3. after I had left adverb clause of time
4. As he was ill adverb clause of reason
5. which was about to explode adjective clause
6. that the king was ailing ﻤﺘﻭﻋﻙ noun in apposition to subject “news”
7. Although he was poor adverb clause of contrast or concession
8. than I am adverb clause of comparison
9. who had gone blind adjective clause
10. lest he should be awake all night adverb clause of purpose
11. however he lay awake all night adverb clause of contrast
12. So long as you don’t exceed your income adverb clause of condition
13. Provided you revise your lessons adverb clause of condition
14. Hardly he had arrived when adverb clause of time
No bees, no honey, no work, no m oney.
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References
ﺭﺠﻌﻙ ﺍﻟﺩ ﺍﺌﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ) (English Grammarـ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ ـ ﻟﻠﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ /ﻋﺯ ﺍﻟـﺩﻴﻥ
.1ﻤ ِ
ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻨﺠﻴﺏ ـ 2000ﻡ.
ُ .2ﺃﺴ ﺱ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ) (Basic Grammarـ ﻟﻠﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ /ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ .
ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ. .3ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺩﺌﻴﻥ ) (Beginner's Grammarـ ﻟﻠﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ /
.4ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ـ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ /ﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل.
.5ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ) (Keys to English Languageـ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ /ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻏﺯﺍﻟﻲ.
6. The Top series Grammer for secondary students – by / Edwar Nagi Sedra.
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132
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2006 /
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Subject m
1 Letters Writing .1
17 Composit ion .2
26 Dialogue .3
32 How to deal with an examination paper .4
A
:
LETTERS WRITING ) ( m
?How to write a letter ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﹶﻜﹾﺘﹸﺏ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ؟
:
ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﹶﹾﻜﹸﺘﺏ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﹰﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺓ ﹶﺘﹼﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻲ-:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌِل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ-: .1
( ) Personal Letters (Friendly Lettersﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴـﺎﺌِل ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ )m ( m
ﺸﻜﺭ ،ﻭﺭﺴـﺎﺌل
ﻤﺜل ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻬﻨﺌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟـ ﱡ ﻨﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻷﻗﺎﺭﺒﻨﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻨﺎ
ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌِل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹶﺘﺫﹾﹸﻜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﹶﺘﻁﻠﹸﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻁﻤﺌﻨﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﹸﺭﺍﺴﻠﻪ ….ﺍﻟﺦ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ
ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻭِﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ.
( ) Official Letters (Business Lettersﻭﻫﻲ ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﺭﺴـﻤﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ )m m
ﻬﺔ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻬﺔٍ ﺭﺴﻤﻴٍﺔ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ ،ﻤﺜـل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺴـﻼﺕ
ﻬﺔ ﺭﺴﻤﻴٍﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺠ ٍ
ﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ ٍ
ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨ ٍ
ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺍﻟﺭ ِ
ﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﹼﺘﻬﻨﺌـﺔ
ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑِ ﻭﺍﻟﹸﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩ ،ﻭﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ،ﻭﺭﺴـﺎﺌل ﺍﻟـ ﱡ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﺍﺀ …ﺍﻟﺦ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﹶﻌ ﻜِﺱ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﹼﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ. .2
ﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ-:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻱ ﺭﺴ ٍ .3
The address ﺴل ﻭﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ(
.1ﺍﻟﻌﻨـــﻭﺍﻥ )ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺭ ِ
The date .2ﺍﻟﺘــّﺎﺭﻴﺦ
Salutation .3ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤـﻴﺔ
)Starting (Opening formula .4ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺤﻴﺔ(
)The body (Subject) (Purpose .5ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻉ )ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ(
)Closing formula (Valediction .6ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺩﺍﻉ(
Signature .7ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻤﻀﺎﺀ
Postscript .8ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ
:
ﺱ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻜل ُِ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻟﻲ-:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟِﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻨﻔ ِ
1
:
. (1
. (1
(2
(3
(4
( ) (5
(6
(7
:
ﺢ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺸﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻙ ﻜﻴﻑ ﹶﺘﻜﹾﹸﺘﺏ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀٍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺍ-:
ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺸﻜلٍُ ﺼﺤﻴ ٍ
):(The address (1
):(Sender's Address (
ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ.
ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺭﺴِل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﺌل.
ﺴل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻔﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻁﻭﺭ
ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺭﺴِل )ﻤ ﺭ ِ
ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁِﺭ ﺍﻷﻭل ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭِ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﺤـﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤـﺯ
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩﻱ ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁِﺭ ﺍﻟﹼﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭِ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩ ﻭﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤ ﺭﺴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨـﺎﺭﺝِ
ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ.
2
:
:
ﻕ ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻉٍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻟﻥ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔِ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺭﺴِل.
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟِﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺭ ٍ
ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ).(Capital Letter
ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻜل ﺴﻁﺭ ﺒﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ) (Comma) (,ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﻨﻘﻁٍﺔ ).(Full stop) (.
21, EL Wehda Street,
El - Daraj,
Gaza,
Palestine.
P.O. BOX 5328,
El-Daraj,
Gaza,
Palestine.
:
.1ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ streetﻫﻜﺫﺍ .St.
.2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﻨﻀ ﻊ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ( )ﻤﺜل :ﻤﻥ ﻏﺯﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ(.
.3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﻓﻼ ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﻭﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔِ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ.
The address : .
ﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴ ﺔ.
ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺴﻼ ِ
ﺴ ل ﺇﻟ ـ ﻰ
ﺴل ﻭﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴ ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭ ِ
ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌل )ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ :ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭ ِ
ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻔﺤﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻤﻌـﻪ
ﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻔﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﺴ ِ
ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺦ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻷﺘﻲ:
Mr. Fadi Azam, 21, AL- Wehda St.,
17, Omar St., El - Daraj,
Cairo, Gaza,
Egypt. Palestine.
21st October, 2002
:
ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺭﺴل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﺭﻑِ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ.
ﻤﺔ .Mr. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴ ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻟﻘﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺜل Sir :ﺃﻭ ،Dr.ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀلُِ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠ ِ
ﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺩﺭﻱ ﻫـل
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴ ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺁﻨﺴﺔ ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ ،Missﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨ ﺕ ﻤ ﺘﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ Mrs.ﻤﺘﺒﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﺴِﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﹸﻜﻨﹾ ﹶ
ﻫﻲ ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﻓﺎﻜﺘﺏ Ms.ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل.
3
:
(The date ) : (2
ﺴل ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ.
ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺭ ِ
ﻻ ) ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻴـﻭﻡ
ﺸﻬﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ،ﻭﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻁﹸﺭﻕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻲ ،ﻓﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ(.
March 21st, 2002 ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ(
)ﺍ ﻟ ﹼ
21st March, 2002 ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ(
)ﺍ ﻟ ﹼ
ﻻ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺦ.
ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒـ ) (thﻤﺜل 20th , 15th , 5th , 4th :ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ-:
1st , 2nd , 3rd , 21st , 22nd , 23rd , 31st .
ﻭﻴﺴِﻘﻁ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﺒﻭﻥ:
October 1, 1998
5 November,2001
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺨﹾﺘﹶﺼﺭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﻬﻭﺭ ،ﻤﺜل:
Sept. 13th , 2002 15 Nov.1998.
Jan. January ﻴﻨﺎﻴﺭ Jul. July ﻴﻭﻟﻴﻭ
Feb. February ﻓﺒﺭﺍﻴﺭ Aug. August ﺃﻏﺴﻁﺱ
Mar. March ﻤﺎﺭﺱ Sep. September ﺴﺒﺘﻤﺒﺭ
Apr. April ﺇﺒـﺭﻴل Oct. October ﺃﻜﺘﻭﺒﺭ
May May ﻤـﺎﻴﻭ Nov. November ﻨﻭﻓﻤﺒﺭ
Jun. June ﻴﻭﻨـﻴﻭ Dec. December ﺩﻴﺴﻤﺒﺭ
ﺸﻬﺭ .
ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ،ﻓﻴ ﻜﹸﺘﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ 6.4.98 :ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻭﻥ ،ﻓﻴﻜﹸﺘﺒﻭﻨﻪ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ 4.6.98 :ﺍﻟ ﹼ
(Salutation (Starting) (Opening formula) : () ) (3
ﹸﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴ ﺴﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ،ﺘﺤﺕ ﺃﺴﻡ ﻭﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ.
:
ﻕ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ )ﺃﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻴﻕ (Dearﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ .
ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻤ ﺭﺴﻼﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﺩﻴ ٍ
Dear Ahmed, ﻋﺯﻴﺯﻱ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ
Dear Samia, ﻋﺯﻴﺯﺘﻲ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ
ﺼﻠﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺒﺔ ،ﻤﺜ ل :ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ Dea r fathe r,ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ .
ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻤ ﺭﺴﻼﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ِ
4
:
Dear sister, ﺃﺨﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯﺓ
Dear brother, ﺃﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ
Dear grandmother, ﺠﺩﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯﺓ
ﺸﺨﺹ (Dear M r.ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ .
ﻼ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻪ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺝ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻤ ﺭﺴ ﹰ
Dear Mr. Yousef, ﻋﺯﻴﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ
Dear Dr. Ali, ﻋﺯﻴﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ
Dear Mrs. Nader, ﻋﺯﻴﺯﺘﻲ ﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻨﺎﺩﺭ
ﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ )ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻴﻨﻙ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ( ،ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺯﻴـﺯﻱ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺩ ، Dear Sir,
( ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹸﻜﻨﹾ ﹶ
ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺯﻴﺯﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩﺓ . Dear Madam,
ﻫـ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻤﻭﺠﻬﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺅﺴ ﺴٍﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻬﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺩ ﻭﻟﺔ ،ﻓﻼ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ Dearﻭﺇﻨﹼﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ:
Gentlemen, ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻓﺎﺀ /ﺍﻟﱡﻨﺒﻼﺀ
ﻭ( ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻟﺭﺅﺴﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺭ ﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻑ ،ﺘﻜﺘﺏ:
Sir, ﺍﻟﹼﺴﻴﺩ
)The body (Subject) (Purpose (4
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺭﺓٍ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻜل ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﹸﺘﻌﺎِﻟﺞ ﻓﻜﺭﹰﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ.
ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ 1ﺴﻡ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ .
ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﺏ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﹸﻟﹶﻐﺘﹶﻪ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻬﻠﺔ.
ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺘﺨﻴل ﺃﹼﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﻭﺃﹼﻨﻙ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘـﺼﺎﺭﺍ ﺕ
ﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ.
ﻐﺔ ﺇﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴٍﺔ ﺭ ﺴـﻤﻴﺔٍ
ﺎﺭ ﻭﺒﻠﹸ ٍ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ،ﻓﺎﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺍﺫﻜﹸﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡٍ ﻭﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼ ٍ
ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌـﻭ ﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺒﺸﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺘِﻪِ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ.
( )Closing formula (Valediction ) (5
ﻭﹸﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻭﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ.
ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺤ ﺴﺏ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ:
Yours affectionately, ﻤﻊ ﻤﻭﺩﺘﻲ
: .1
Your loving cousin, ﺤﺒﺔ(
ﻤﻥ ﺍﺒﻥ /ﺒﻨﺕ ﻋﻤﻙ )ﺨﺎﻟﻙ( ﺍﻟﻤﺤِﺏ )ﺍﻟﻤ ِ
With all my love, ﺹ ﺤ ﺒﻲ
ﻤﻊ ﺨﺎﻟ ِ
: .2
Yours ever, ﻤﻌﻙ ِﻟﻸﺒﺩ
5
:
Yours, ﺍﻟﻤﺨِﻠﺹ ﻟﻙ
Your sincere friend, ﻤﻊ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺨِﻠﺹ : .3
Cordially yours, ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻡ
Yours sincerely, ﺍﻟﻤ ﺨِﻠﺹ ﻟﻙ
Yours faithfully, ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻲ ﻟﻙ )ﺍﻟﻤﺨِﻠﺹ ﻟﻙ( : .4
)Yours very truly, (Very truly yours ﻕ ﺘﺤﻴ ﺔ
ﻤﻊ ﺃﺼﺩ ِ
Yours sincerely,ﺃﻭ Sincerely yours,ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻭﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻴ ﺔ ﺸـﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ.
(Signature) : (6
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟـﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻤﻴﺔ.
.Ahmed or Salem ﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻤﺜل:
ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ( ﻓﺎﻜﺘ ِ
(1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻪ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺢ ﺘﺤﺕ
ﻁ ﻭﺍﻀ ٍ
ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺒﺨ ٍ (2ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎ ﺱ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻤﻌﺭﻓﹰﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻌﻤل( ،ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻤ ِ
ﺭﺴل ﻓﻀ ﹰ
ﺍﻹﻤﻀﺎﺀ ،ﻭﹸﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺭﺴِل ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﺴﻤﻪ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
Eman Salem ﺴل
ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺭ ِ
Em a n Salem ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻭﻗﻴﻊ
Sales Manager ﻤ ﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ
ﺤﻥ ﻭ ﻟ ﻴﺱ ﺍﺴﻤﻙ ﺃﻨﺕ!!!
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤ ﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴِل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺩ ﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘ ِ
(Postscript) : (7
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟِﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻜﹼﺭﺕ ﺸﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺀﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ،ﻴ ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺃﺴﻔلُِ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ُِ ﺤﺎﺸﻴٍﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺤﺭﻓـﻲ PSﻭﻫﻤـﺎ
ﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﻁ.
ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ Postscriptﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ "ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ" .ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﹰﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻭ ِ
ﻤﺜﻼﹰ:
PS: Please, confirm the arrival on telephone.
)E. S. (Eman Salem
ﺸﺤﻥ… ﺍﻟﺦ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺸﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻭﺍﻟﺹ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﹸﺘﺭﻓﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟِﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺘﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤ ﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ ) (Enclosedﺃﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻫﺎ Encl.ﻭﹸﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ.
ﻤﺜﻼﹰ:
Encl. - Bills of Lading. ﻓﻭﺍﺘﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺤﻥ
- Insurance policy. ﺒﻭﻟﻴﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﻤﻴﻥ
6
:
1. I am pleased to inform you that .... … ﻴﺴﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺃﻓﻴﺩﻜﻡ ﺒﺄﻥ
2. I have the honor to inform you that .... … ﺃﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺃﺨﻁﺭﻜﻡ ﺒﺄﻥ
Allow me to congratulate you from the bottom of my heart on ..... ﺍﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻲ )ﺍﺴﻤﺤﻭﺍ ﻟـﻲ( ﺒـﺄﻥ ﺃﻫﹼﻨﺌـﻙ
3.
…… )ﺃﻫﻨﹼﺌﻜﻡ( ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕِ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ
I can't express about my feelings when I heard that...... ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤـﺸﺎﻋﺭﻱ
4.
…… ﻤﻌﺕ ﺒﺄﻥ
ﹸ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺴ
I write this letter hopping that you are well and enjoying yourself. ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻤِـﻼﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ
5.
.ﺒﺨﻴﺭٍ ﻭﺒﺼﺤﺔٍ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ
It gives me pleasure to write this letter to you, I hope everybodyat ﺇﻨﻪ ﻟﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺴﺭ ﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ
home is hale and hearty.
6. ﺃﻤِﻼﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴـﻊ،ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻜﻡ
.ﻤﻌﺎﻓﻰ ﻭﺒﺼﺤﺔٍ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ
7. How sweet of you to write .... … ﻜﻡ ﻟﻁﻴﻔﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ
8. I was glad to hear from you. .ﺴ ﺭﺭﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭﻜﻡ
9. I hope everyone is all right at home. .ﺃﻤل ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺒﺨﻴﺭ
10. Congratulations! How nice to hear that .... …… ﺘﻬﺎﻨﻲ! ﻜﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻊ ﺒﺄﻥ
11. I was delighted to hear that... …… ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺒﺘﻬﺠﺕﹸ ﻟﺴﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ
12. I was greatly shocked on hearing the news. .ﻟﻘﺩ ﺼ ﻌﻘﺕﹸ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺴﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ
13. I regret to have to inform you that .... … ﻴﺅﺴﹸﻔﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻀﻁﺭ ﺇﺒﻼﻏﹸﻜﻡ ﺃﻥ
14. I am very sorry to inform you that ..... …… ﺇﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﺒﻠﻐﻜﻡ ﺒﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﺒﺄﻥ
15. It is a pity to hear ..... …… ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭﺕﹸ ﻟﺴﻤﺎﻋﻲ
Thank you very much for your kind (letter – invitation – ﺩﻋﻭﺘﻙ- ﺸﻜﺭﺍﹸ ﺠﺯﻴﻼﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺘﻙ
16.
present ........ ect). . ﺍﻟﺦ ( ﺍﻟﻠﻁﻴﻔﺔ... – ﻫﺩﻴﺘﻙ ـ
I would like to thank you for the nice ( letter – present) you ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻴﺔ- ﺃﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺸﻜﹸﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ
17. sent me on the occasion of (passing the examinations – my ( ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺭﺴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔِ )ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ
success – my marriage ect). .(… ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻲ – ﺯﻭﺍﺠﻲ- ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎﺕ
I write this letter to thank you most hearty for .... ُّﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﺸﻜﺭﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻜـل
18.
…… ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ
Word alone can not express my thanks to you for ... ﺘﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴـﺭِ ﻋـﻥ
19.
…… ﺸﻜﺭﻱ ﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ
I have great pleasure in inviting you to spend a month in our ﻟﻲ ﻋﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻋﻭﻙ ﻟﺘﻘﻀﻲ
20.
(country ....... ) .(…… ﺸﻬﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ )ﺒﻠﺩﻨﺎ
21. It pleases me to invite you to visit our country. .ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻋﻭﻙ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻠﺩﻨﺎ
7
:
I would like to invite you to spend the summer holiday with us ﺃﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻋـ ﻭﻙ ﻟﻘـ ﻀﺎِﺀ ﺍﻹﺠـ ﺎﺯﺓ
22.
this year. .ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ
Do come and spend a few days with me at......? ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﻀﻭِﺭ ﻭﻗـﻀﺎﺀ
23.
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ……؟
24. We draw your attention to .... .... ﻨﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻫﻜﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ
I take the liberty to bringing to your notice that .... (to ...) …… ﺃﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﺘﺭﻋﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻜﻡ ﺒـﺄﻥ
25.
(…… ) ﺇﻟﻰ
Reply on a letter m
1. In reply to your letter of .... …… ﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ
2. Your letter has just come to hand. .ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻜﻡ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ
3. Your letter informs us that ..... …… ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻜﻡ ﻴﻔﻴﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ
4. I was glad to hear from you. .ﺴ ﺭﺭﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭﻜﻡ
5. I am sorry it has take me so long to write. .ﻴﺅﺴﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﺨﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔﹼ
It's very kind of you to think of me and send me sucha ﻔﻜـﺭ ﺒـﻲ
ﹼﺇﻨﻪ ﻟﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻁﻴـﻑ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘ ﹼ
6. wonderful letter ... … ﻭﺘﺭﺴل ﻟﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﻌﺔﹸ
7. Forgive me for not writing earlier. .ﺴﺎﻤﺤﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻵﻥ
8. Your letter has reached us .... ... ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻜﻡ/… ﺘﺴﻠﹼﻤﻨﺎ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻜﻡ
1. Yours affectionately, (Affectionately yours,) ﻤﻊ ﻤﻭﺩﺘﻲ
2. Yours sincerely, (Sincerely yours,) ﺍﻟﻤﺨِﻠﺹ ﻟﻜﻡ
3. Yours respectfully, (Respectfully yours,) ﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻡ
4. Yours devotedly, (Devotedly yours,) ﻤﻊ ﻭﻻﺌﻲ
5. Gratefully yours, (Yours cordially,) ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻡ
6. Yours very truly, (Very truly yours,) ﻕ ﺘﺤﻴ ﺔ
ِ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺼﺩ
7. Yours with love; As ever yours, ﻤﻊ ﻤﺤﺒﺘﻲ ـ ﻟﻜﻡ ﻟﻸﺒﺩ
8. Your loving son, ( daughter .... ) ﻤﻊ ﺍﺒﻨﻜﻡ )ﺍﺒﻨﺘﻜﻡ( ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺏ
8
:
:
1. Looking forward to seeing you soon. .ًﻨﺘﻁﻠﹼﻊ ﺒﺸﻭﻕٍ ﻟﺭﺅﻴﺘﻜﻡ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎ
2. With kindest regards, (With my kind regards,) ﻤﻊ ﺃﻁﻴﺏِ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﻨﻴﺎﺕ
3. Remember me to all, ﺃﺒﻠﻎ ﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ
4. I hope to hear from you soon. .ﺃﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﻠﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﻜﻡ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ
5. With best wishes, ﻤﻊ ﺃﻁﻴﺏِ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﻨﻴﺎﺕ
6. We trust you will kindly inform us ... … ﻨﺜﻕ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﺘﻜﺭ ﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺈﻓﺎﺩﺘﻨﺎ
7. Trusting to be favored with ... … ﻭﺍﺜﻘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻭﻨﻨﺎ ﺒـ
8. I hope to reply soon, ﺃﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺩ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ
9. Trusting you will excuse us .... … ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻘٍﺔ ﻤِﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﻠﺘﻤﺴﻭﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺭ
10. Always at your disposal, we beg to remain .... … ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺼﺭﻓﻜﻡ ﻭﻨﺭﺠﻭ
11. We thank you for your prompt attention ... … ﻨﺸﻜﺭﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﻥ ِﻋﻨﺎﻴﺘﻜﻡ
12. Awaiting your favorable reply, we are .... … ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭِ ﺭﺩﻜﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘِﺔ
13. Always ready to reciprocate .... … ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩٍ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩ ِل ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ
14. Your information will be appreciated ... … ﺴﺘﺤﻅﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻜﻡ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻨﺎ
15. Regretting the trouble we are causing .... … ٍﻨﺄﺴﻑ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻨﹸﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ
m
***Per son al Lett er s (Friendly Lett er s ): ( m) m ***
1) Write a letter to your friend John who lives in Germany inviting him to spend a month in
Gaza Strip. Your name is Ahmed and you live at 25, El-Nasser Street, Gaza.
25, El-Nasser St.,
Gaza,
Palestine.
3rd August, 2002
Dear John,
I have the pleasure in inviting you to spend a month in Gaza Strip. When you come, you
will see many interesting places. You can visit the ancient mosques and churches, which reflect the
civilization of our forefathers ()ﺃﺴﻼﻓﻨﺎ.
You can enjoy our beach and you will never forget this visit. Write at once and say you are
coming.
I wish you a happy stay with us.
Yours sincerely,
Ahmed
9
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2) Write a letter to your friend Suzan inviting him to your wedding party. Your name is
Mona and you live at 12, El-Mahatta Street, Al-Daraj, Gaza.
.
12, El-Mahatta Street,
Al-Daraj,
Gaza.
23rd June, 2001
Dear Suzan,
It gives me the pleasure to write this letter to you, I hope everybody at home in hale and
hearty.
I'd like to invite you to attend my wedding party next week on 1st July. If you come, I'll
introduce you to my family and my bridegroom ()ﺍﻟﻌـﺭﻴﺱ. You'll enjoy too much, we'll have
different kinds of food and take photos. Please accept my invitation.
Yours sincerely,
Mona
3) Your name is Shaker. You live at 20, El-Remal Street, Gaza. Write a letter to your friend
Tom who lives in England thanking him for the present he sent you on the occasion of
passing the exam.
.
20, El-Remal Street,
Gaza,
Palestine.
15th Jan.,2002
Dear Tom,
I would like to thank you for the nice present you sent me on the occasion of my passing the
exam. You proved that you are a good friend. It is very nice watch indeed. It will make me
remember you every time I look at it.
With my best wishes and regards to my good friend.
Yours sincerely,
Shaker
4) Write a letter to your friend Harry, who lives in Paris thanking him for hospitality when
you visited him. Your name is Mohammad. Your address is P.O.Box 7145, Raffah,
Palestine.
.
P.O.Box 7145,
Raffah,
Palestine.
26th Oct., 2001
Dear Harry,
After I had arrived safely last night, I wrote this letter to thank you most hearty for your
hospitality. I will always remember the visit I paid to your country. I really have spent the happiest
10
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weeks in my life. I am sure that you will do the same and visit us very soon. I also learnt many
things while staying in your country.
Again, many thanks for what you have done for me.
Sincerely yours,
Mohammad
5) Write a letter to a new pen-friend whose name is Mickle who lives in England giving him
some information about yourself. Your name is Hassan and you live in 20, Jaffa Street,
Gaza.
.
20, Jaffa Street,
Gaza,
Palestine.
25th Aug., 2002
Dear Mickle,
My teacher gave me your name and address. He told me you would like to have pen-friends.
My name is Hassan. I am 18 years old. I live in Gaza. I am at school and will be taking my General
Secondary Certificate this year. I enjoy playing football in my spare time. I'd like to visit London
one day.
Please write soon. I enclose a photo of myself.
Yours faithfully,
Hassan
6) Write a letter to your friend Samy who studies in Cairo congratulation him on his success
in the final examination this year. Your name is Ramy. You live at 13, Al-Karmel Street,
Gaza, Palestine.
. 13, Al-
Karmel Street, Gaza,
Palestine.
21st December, 2001
Dear Samy,
It is great pleasure to write this letter. I was delighted to hear of your success in the final
examinations this year. Please accept my congratulations. I hope that you get a good job soon.
Pass my regards to your family.
Yours sincerely,
Ramy
11
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7) Write a letter to your Egyptian friend Amr who had an accident and is now in hospital.
Your name is Karim Fikry, and you live at 22, El- Samer Street, Gaza, Palestine.
. 22, El-
Samer Str., Gaza,
Palestine.
14th May, 2002
Dear Amr,
I was greatly shocked to hear about your accident and the necessary operations. I called your
father on the telephone and he assured me that you will be as good as new. I pray God that we will
soon hear your hearty laugh. I'll do my best to come and see you in Egypt within the next few days.
Until we meet, have Faith and Courage.
Yours as always,
Karim Fikry
8) Write a letter to your friend Samih condoling him ( )ﺘﹸﻌ ﺯﻴـﻪafter you heard of his father's
death. Your name is Abed Allah. You live at 65, El-Wehda Street, Al-Daraj, Gaza.
.
65, El-Wehda Str.,
Al-Daraj,
Gaza.
8th Feb.,2002
Dear Samih,
It has grieved me ( )ﺃﺤﺯﻨﻨـﻲvery much to hear about the loss of your good father. He was really
kind. It is a great loss to all of us. However, his life is not in our hands. It is in the hand of Allah.
Please give my condolences to all family. I'll come as soon as possible.
Yours sincerely,
Abed Allah
9) Write a letter to your friend Mustafa apologizing for not keeping an appointment. Your
name is Fadel and you live at 12, El-Naser Street, El-Remal, Gaza.
.
12, El-Naser Street,
El-Remal,
Gaza.
Jan.2nd, 2002
Dear Mustafa,
Please forgive me for not keeping my appointment with you on Tuesday but I can assure
you the matter was I afraid you will think me very rude ( )ﺨـﺸﻥbeyond my control. Just as I was
leaving home, my father was taken suddenly ill. I could not of course leave him in that condition
and I was obliged to stay with him.
I am happy to say that my father is much better now, and I hope to be able to visit you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Fadel
12
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10) Write a letter to your cousin Nabil who studies in England to make the necessary
arrangements for you to study at a university there. Your name is Ahmed and you live
117, El-Mansoura Street, Khan Younes.
.
117, El-Mansoura Street,
Khan Younes,
Palestine.
June 14th ,2002
Dear Nabil,
I hope that you are enjoying your time in England making much progress in your studies.
I have finished my exams, but as I didn't get high marks, I intend ( )ﺃﻨـﻭﻱto join an English university
to follow up my higher studies. I'm interested in studying medicine. Please send me an application
form and find me a cheap dwelling ( ﺩﺍﺭ/ )ﻤﻨـﺯلas near to the university as possible. I am looking
forward to hearing from you.
With best wishes,
Your loving cousin,
Ahmed
11) Write a letter to your father asking him to send you some money. Your name is Wael. You
live at 75, New Castle Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. U.K.
.( )
75, New Castle Street,
Edinburgh,
Scotland
U.K.
31st March,2002
Dear Father,
I'm glad to tell in this letter that I'm doing well in my study. I've passed the final exams of
the spring term, and I've got high grades in all the tests.
For the next term, I need to buy new books and clothes. So I need some money. Please, send
me 200 dollars to my account in the Scotland Bank.
Please, accept my best regard and wishes and pass them to all of my family and thank you
very much.
Your loving son,
Wael
13
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12) Write a letter to your friend Akram who borrowed books from you. You live at
12, Shuhada Street, El-Remal, Gaza. Your name is Salah.
. .12
12, Shuhada Street,
El-Remal,
Gaza.
12th July,2002
Dear Akram,
I hope that you are well and enjoying yourself. May I remind that you a long time has
passed, since you borrowed some books from me. Please send them back to me. I need them badly
to study my lessons, because the exams are approaching ()ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺏ.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Salah
*** Official Letters (Business Letters ):( m) m ***
1) Write a letter to the Arabic Bank asking to stop payment of your cheques as your cheque-
book has been stolen. You live at 2, Nozha Street, Zeitoun, Gaza. Your name is Nabil
Khaddar.
.
The Arabic Bank, 2, Nozha Str.,
Gaza Branch, Zeitoun,
Attention General Manager Gaza.
17th Oct.,2001
Dear Sir,
Please, stop immediately payment of any cheque on my account No. 256483 without
consulting with me first. The reason is that my cheque-book has been stolen and I have lodged
a complaint with the police. Please arrange for issuing ( )ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭa new cheque-book in my name.
Thank you very much,
Yours sincerely,
Nabil Khaddar
Nabil Khaddar
14
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2) Write a letter to The National Co. Ltd., in Jordan at Amman Street to apply for a job as
Salesman which was published in "El-Ayiam" newspaper. Your name is Samy Nasser and
you live in Palestine at 99, Al-Amal Street, Gaza.
. 99, Al-
The secretary, Amal Street, Gaza,
The National Co. Ltd., Palestine.
Amman Street, 31st Oct.,2001
Jordan.
Dear Sir,
With reference to your advertisement in "El- Ayiam" newspaper of 29th Oct., I wish to
apply for the position of Salesman.
I enclose details of my qualifications and experience. If my application is successful, I am
prepared to work hard to justify your selection.
Yours faithfully,
Samy Nasser
3) Ask the National Crystal company about their products and price lists.
.
The National Crystal Co. Ltd., 55, El-Wafa Street,
23, Nahada Street, Gaza.
Al-Faggalah. 22nd, Mars,2002
Attn. Sales Manager
Dear Sir,
Please send us a catalogue of your range complete with price lists. We would be obliged if
you send us some samples to examine. We are only interested in good which can be shipped within
tow weeks from receipt of order. If your prices are satisfactory, we shall place a trial order
immediately.
We look forward to having your reply as soon as possible.
Yours faithfully,
Ahmed Yousef
Eng. Ahmed Yousef
General Manager
El-Salam Trading Co.
15
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4) Reply to the previous letter.
.
The National Crystal Co. Ltd.
23,Nahda Street, Al-Faggalh, Cairo, Egypt.
Tel.: 333677 – 333678
Fax: 333679
55, El-Wafa Street, 1st April,2002
Gaza. Al-Salam Trading Co.
Atten. Eng. Ahmed Yousef
General Manager
Dear Sir,
Thank you for your letter of 22nd, Mars. With reference to your inquiry, we are sending you,
under separate cover, our catalogue with price lists of the items that are immediately available.
Samples will be sent by special messenger. Due to the unstable economic conditions, all prices are
subject to change without notice. But I shall keep these prices for you if I receive your order within
10 days. Our terms are cash with order on new accounts.
Looking forward to continuing co-operation between our companies.
I remain always,
Yours Truly,
Walid Rashed
Walid Rashed
Sales Manager
To err is human.
Good Luck
Ahmed El-louh
16
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Com position ( )
ﺇﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ :
ﺕ ) ،(spellingﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﹼﺏ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘِﻬﺎ ،ﻤﺜل ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺎ ِ
ﻟﻠﺠﻤل ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒِﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﹼﺘﻌﺎﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ
…… ﺍﻟﺦ ،ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔِ ﻭﺨﻴﺎ ِل ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺘﺏ.
? How To Write A Com position ?
.1ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏِ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻙ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻲ ،ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺠ ﻤل ﻤ ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻤ ﻔﻴﺩﺓ.
.2ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ،ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻁِﺭ ،ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻜل ُِ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔٍ ﻤـﻥ ﻋﻨـﻭﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑِ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ) ،(Capital Letterﻤﺜل:
Countries and Languages ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺕ
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﹸ
Living in the Village ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺔ
.3ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴِﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠ ﻤﻠِﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ،
ﻤﺜل:
Water is very important ﺍﻟﻤــﺎﺀ ﻤ ﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ )ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ(
especially for peoples, animals and plants. ﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﻟﻠﻨﹼﺎﺱِ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕِ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕِ. )ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ(
.4ﻴ ﺘﹾﺭ ﻙ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴِﺔ ﻜلُّ ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻁﺭ ﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ 1ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ.
: .5
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺃﻓﻀل
:ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉِ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻔﺤﺔٍ ﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﹼﻠٍﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩِ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻤﻼِﺀ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ،ﻷﻥ ﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭﻙ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉِ.
:ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻔﺤٍﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩٍﺓ ﺤﻭ ل ﻨﻔ ﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭ ﻉ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭِﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴ ﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ
ﻤﺔ ،ﻓﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜل ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﺠﺎﺀ ﻜل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﹰ .
ﻨﻅ ٍ
ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﺼﺤﻴﺤٍﺔ ﻭﻤ ﹼ
: .6
ﺃﻱ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺤ ﺴﺏ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻭ ﻤـﺸﻭﻗﹰﺎ ،ﻭﻟﺘﻨﻅـﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜـﺎﺭ ﻨـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ- :
ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ , to conclude .....ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ , and after that ...ﺜﻡ , then ....ﺃﻭﻻﹰ 1. First ....
, On the secondﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ،ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ( ﺍﻷﻭل )2. On the first (day, month, year ﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ،ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ( ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ
, At lastﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ , then in 1984ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 3. In 1981 ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ
, lastﺜﻡ , then ....ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ , .... next ....ﺃﻭﹰﻻ 4. First... ﺃﺨﻴﺭﹰﺍ
ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ , to conclude .....ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ , after that ....,ﺜﻡ , .... then ....ﻟﻨﺒﺩﺃ 5. To begin ...
17
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: .7
ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺨﺎﺼ ﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﱡﺏ ﺤ ﺸﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﺭ.
:
ﻤﺜل-: (
or ﺃﻭ but ﻟﻜﻥ and و
ﻭﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ:
Doctors in hospitals treat people, and they visit their patients on beds.
ﺴﺭﺓ.ﺕ ﻭﻴﺯﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﻤﺭ ﻀﺎﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻷ ِ
ﻴ ﻌﺎِﻟﺞ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎ ِ
) (Conjunctive Adverbsﻤﺜل-: ﺏ(
and so ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ therefore ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ however
However, our readers can get confused. ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﹸﻗﺭﺀﺍﻨﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻭ ﺸﻭﺍ
) (Relative Adverb sﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻤﺜل : (
whose, whom, who, where, which, that
ﻤﺜـﺎل Example
Makkah is a place . ﻤﻜﹼﺔ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ.
ﺠ ﻤﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻤ ﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﺎﻥ
Everyone wants to see it. ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻴ ﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺍﻫﺎ .
Makkah is a place that (which) everyone wants to see. ﺩ ﻤﺠﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﹸﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ.
ﻤﻜﺔ ﹸﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻴ ﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺍﻩ.
ﹼ
ﻤﺜل: (
1. For this reason ... ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒ ﺏ
2. In addition to ... ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ /ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔِ ﺇﻟﻰ
3. On the other hand .... ﻤِﻥ ﺠﻬﺔٍ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ /ﻤِﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔٍ ﺃ ﺨﺭﻯ
.8
.
. .9
: .10
ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻤ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﹶﺘﺠﻨﹸﺏ ﺍﻷﺨ ﻁﺎﺀ ﺨﺎﺼﹰﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﻴﻀ ﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺘﺒﺘﻬﺎ .
ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ- :
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ﻋ ﺩ ِﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ .
( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ِ
ﺏ( ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕِ ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺎﺌﻴ ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺜل-:
history ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ harmony ﻤﺘﺫﺒﺫﺏ nine ﺘﺴﻌﺔ time ﻭﻗﺕ
victory ﻨﺼﺭ fine lineﺠﻤﻴل /ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﺨﻁ
( ﹶﻗﺴ ﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻅ ﺘﻬﺠﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ.
com - fort - a - ble comfortable ﻤ ﺭﻴ
in - ter -me - di - ate intermediate ﺢ
for - give - ness forgiveness ﻤ ﺘﻭﺴ
ﻁ
(: ) .11
ﻴ ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎﺍﻟﻌلﻔُِﻭ/ﻋﺍﻨﻟﺩﺴﺍﻤﻟﺎﹼﺘﻌﺡﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺼٍﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﺍ ٍ
ﺙ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀـﻴﻊ
ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ.
.12ﺇﻥ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻴﺠﻌل ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀﻙ ﻤ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ.
.13ﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔِ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﹸﺭ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ.
.14ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓٍ ﺴﻬﻠﺔٍ ﻭﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔٍ ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥِ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ.
USEFUL PHRASES FOR COMPOSITION
) plays a vital (an important) role in our life.ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ( No one can deny that
1.
ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﻨﻜﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ( ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺤﻴﻭﻴﹰﺎ )ﻤ ﻬ ﻤﹰﺎ( ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ.
2. We cannot deny that …. ﻨﺤﻥ ﻻ ﹸﻨﻨﻜﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ …
3. All over the world …. ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊِ ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ….
4. It is an established fact that …. ﹼﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﹲﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺃﻥ …
5. All evidence prove that …. ﻜل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻭﺍ ﻫﺩ ﹸﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ….
6. There is a general agreement that …. ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﺎﹰ ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ…
7. As a matter of fact …. ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ …
8. It needless to say that …. ﻻ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻭلُِ ﺃﻥ ….
9. No doubt …. ﻻ ﺸﻙ ….
10. In fact …. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔِ …
11. Not only ........ but also …. ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ …… ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ …
12. Sooner or later …. ﻋﺎﺠﻼﹰ ﺃﻡ ﺃﺠﻼﹰ ……
13. My mind is full of hopes for …. ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﻤﻠﻲﺀ ﺒﺎﻵﻤﺎلُِ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ …
14. With the help of …. ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓِ ….
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15. From my view point …. …. ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﺔِ ﻨﻅﺭﻱ
16. In my mind (To my mind ...... ) …. … ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻴﻲ
17. In general …. … ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ
18. In a word (In summery) (In short) (In brief) …. … ٍﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ
19. First of all …. … ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﻗﺒل ﻜﹸ ّل ﺸﻲﺀ
20. Moreover …. … ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ
21. Besides …. … ﻋﻼﻭﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ
22. Above all …. … ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﺫﻟﻙ
23. In addition to the above mentioned …. … ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓِﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ
24. On the other hand …. … ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔٍ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
25. Last but not least …. … ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺃﺨﺭﺍﹰ
26. We can come to the conclusion that …. … ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔٍ ﺃﻥ
27. Thanks to …. ... ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﺇﻟﻰ/ … ﺒﻔﻀ ِل
28. In spite of …. … ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏِﻡ ﻤﻥ
29. As soon as …. … ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ
30. Statistics show that …. … ﺘﺩﱡل ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ
31. There is no exaggeration to say that …. … ﻟﻴﺱ ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ ﻤ ﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭلُِ ﺃﻥ
32. ( )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉis the backbone of any nation. .)ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ( ﻴ ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﻱ ﻷﻱ ﺃﻤﺔ
1. Compu ter in Our Life
Needless to say that computer has been playing a vital role in our life. It provides an
invaluable services to humanity.
Computer has been used in many areas of our life. A lot of medical operations, banking,
industrial processes, office work are based on computer nowadays.
Many complicated mathematical and scientific performances can never be carried out
without computers.
Computerization of businesses and companies could save a lot of money and labor ( )ﺠﻬـﺩ.
Their operations are performed quickly and thoroughly thanks to computers.
Due to the increasing importance of computer, it is being taught nowadays to school
students. I t is said that 2000 anyone who does not have computer knowledge will be considered
illiterate ( ﺃُﻤﻲ/ )ﺠﺎﻫل.
Computer can store huge quantities of data which can never be stored by any other means.
Such stored data can be obtained when needed.
In spite of the above mentioned, computers will never replace man. Computers cannot do
without man's brain.
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2. Smok ing and Its Harm s
Needless to say that smoking destroys the health and wealth. Many scientists consider it is
main resources of many diseases and cancers in particular.
It has been shown that smoking can cause harms not only to smokers but also to non-
smokers as well. Due to its great harm, Islam bans ( )ﻴﺤﺭﻡsmoking and consider it a fault ( ﺇ ﺜﻡ/ )ﺫ ﻨﺏ.
Some people have this bad habit. They say that smoking helps them to think and forget their
problems. Some lazy people, who have no work to do, smoke to pass their time and amuse ( ﻴﺴـﻠﻲ/ ) ﻴﻠﻬﻲ
themselves. If a smoker has a strong will, he will immediately stop such dirty habit.
It is a national duty that smokers must give up smoking to save their money and protect their
health.
3. Science and Techno logy
In fact, we live in the age of science and technology. Much of our progress is a result of
them.
The great inventions we enjoy nowadays can undoubtedly ()ﻤـﻥ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺸـﻙ, provide invaluable
services to all mankind. Thanks to such inventions, you can contact, for example, the farthest place
in the world in a short time, store food stuff for a long time and watch the world while drinking a
cup of coffee in your home.
No doubt such inventions are based on scientific and technological principles. Without
them, our life would be as hard as it used to be in the past.
Does the use of such inventions have any harms? The use of calculator, for example, makes
us neglect our minds. Riding comfortable cars, for the most time, makes us grow fatter. This,
I think, can show the disadvantages of the great dependence on such technologies.
Moreover, science can also be used for destruction if it badly used. The new weapons and
atomic bombs can destroy the world in a very short time.
4. Electr icit y
Electricity plays a vital role in our daily life. It is used as a source of power to operate
nearly everything we use.
At home, electricity is used for light, radio, television, washing machine and many other
sets. Our food is kept fresh in a refrigerator. Air conditioning makes the air cool in summer and
warm in winter. Our clothes are washed in electric-washing machines. This saves time, effort and
trouble, most means of amusement move by means of electricity.
Moreover, electricity is also used in hospitals. Doctors use it to operate many machines like
x-ray and kidney machines. It is also used for computers.
But electricity is dangerous if it is badly used. If there is a fault ( ﺨﻁـﺄ/ )ﻏﻠﻁـﺔ, call an electrician
immediately.
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5.Water
Man cannot live without water. Without water, there would be neither plants nor animals.
Without water, there would be no life.
Man can do without food for some weeks, but he would certainly die if he remained for
some days without water.
Water is very important for life. We need it for drinking, farming, putting out fire and
washing. Water is a source of power. When it is heated, we obtain steam which drives ships, trains
and machines. Water behind waterfalls and dams is used to generate electricity. We get water from
rivers, lakes, seas and oceans.
6. Unemp lo yment
No one can deny that unemployment is one of the means of destroying society. The
dangerous disease can attributed ( )ﻴ ﻌـ ﺯﻯ ﺇﻟـﻰto many special reasons. For example but not limited to the
high rate of birth, the increasing number of college graduates and the limited efforts of the
government to establish new projects.
When young people are left unemployed, they will suffer from psychological troubles and
get bored. This makes them decline to misconduct ( )ﺴـﻭﺀ ﺘـﺼﺭﻑsuch as drinking drug abuse...etc. As
a result they may resort to committing crimes such as theft ( )ﺴـﺭﻗﺔand killing. Thus we can realize the
great dangers of unemployment.
Despite the danger of this problem, yet it is not impossible to solve. A number of high
secondary graduates can be directed to vocational and technical education. Birth rates can be
controlled, and new projects can be established by the government.
7. Pollut ion
No one can deny that pollution is a dangerous disaster. Pollution plays an important role in
spreading diseases.
Pollution-free environment can be a resource of health and beauty to its inhabitants reflect
their character and makes them gain higher social positions.
Pollution can normally be caused by many resources, for example but not limited to
accumulation of dirties and trashes ( ) ﻗﻤﺎﻤـﺔacross streets, car exhaust fumes, blowing ( ) ﻨﻔـﺦcar horns
()ﺒﻭﻕ...etc.
For overcoming such a problem, authorities in charge such as municipality should provide
containers for collecting trashes, and equipment and workers for removing such trashes to specific
places. Cooperation should exist between such authorities and the citizens.
Children should be instructed on observing the public cleaning rules and not throwing
trashes in the streets.
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8. Reading
Needless to say that reading is the food of thought. It is as important to mind as to the body.
It can illuminate (enlighten) ( ) ﻴ ﻨﻴ ﺭour minds and increase our ability to think.
Reading is a useful hobby. It can tell us a lot about other peoples, their traditions () ﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴـﺩ, habits
( )ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕand customs. A great deal of knowledge can be obtained through reading.
In addition, it is one of the best ways of spending the leisure time ()ﻭﻗـﺕ ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﺍﻍ. The book is the
friend of man. Man can never feel lonely so long as he has a book or a magazine as a friend.
Due to the above, parents should encourage their children on reading through providing
them with interesting books and useful stories and even establishing a mini-library at home.
9. Nat ure
Nature is sometimes the friend of man and sometimes it acts as his formidable foe ()ﻋـﺩﻭ ﻫﺎﺌـل.
The water we drink, the air we breathe, the sun which gives us warmth, the rain which converts the
barren land ( )ﺍﺭﺽ ﺠﺩﺒﺎﺀin fertile soil are all blessings of Allah.
The earth yields, metals and oil upon which our industrial life depends. Primitive man
depends completely on nature. Food was good and plentiful ()ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ.
On the other hand, nature sometimes becomes angry and it casts terror ( )ﻴﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻋـﺏ. Volcanoes,
earth-quakes, floods and storms cause great havoc ( ﺩﻤﺎﺭ/ )ﺨﺭﺍﺏand the loss of considerable number of
lives.
Science now aids man to subdue ( )ﻴ ﺨﻀﻊnature to be his servant.
10. Cleanliness
It is the best habit we should follow. "Cleanliness is next to godliness" . To keep healthy, we
should always follow the roles of the cleanliness. We should keep our clothes, our bodies and our
houses clean. By cleanliness we can prevent the spreading of diseases.
Islam call Muslims to wash five times a day before prayers. It calls for cleanliness of the
body and the heart.
We should have a bath from time to time. We should keep away from dirty places. We
should also keep our schools, streets and gardens clean.
In a word, cleanliness show the culture and public understanding that people must have.
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Use the following ideas to write a paragraph of about 5 sentences
(about 8 lines) on:
: ( )
1. Man cannot live alone
depending on other people
the progress of a society and co-operation of its members
the results of living apart from others
2. The best friend one can have is a book
the choice of a book
increasing general knowledge
plays, stories for pleasure
a faithful friend that never disappoints ( )ﻴ ﺨ ﻴﺏ ﺃﻤﹰﻼyou
3. The importance of newspapers
the different kinds of newspapers (political, cultural, scientific...etc)
as means of communication, information and entertainment
the contents of newspapers
the benefits of newspapers
4. The merits of school life
why school life appeals ( )ﻴ ﻌﺠﺏto you
your favorite activities
friends and mates ()ﺭﻓﻘﺎﺀ
the branches of knowledge you like most
5. Joys of travelling abroad
enjoyable trips ( )ﺠﻭﻻﺕwhether by air or sea
mixing with people of other nationalities
gaining more experience and widening the scope of thinking ()ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﺃُﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ
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Use the following guiding words to write a paragraph of about 5
sentences (about 8 lines)on
: ( )
1. The Importance of Education
basis of progress - sets up schools - technical education - very important - no use - fill minds -
education - serves no real purpose
2. Health is better than Wealth
health - treasure - happiness - enjoy - life-healthy - sound bodies - ill - unhealthy - life -
miserable ( )ﺒﺎﺌﺱ- money - useless
3. Nature is The Friend of Man
arms of nature ( )ﺃﺤﻀﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ- moonlit night ( )ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﻤ ﻘﻤﺭﺓ- more charming ( ﺴ ـﺎﺤﺭ/ )ﻓ ـﺎﺘﻥ- any music - trees
adorned with blossoms ( )ﻤ ﺯ ﻴﻥ ﺒﺄ ﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎ ﺭ- beautiful - life - water - air - sun.
4. Good and Bad Neighbors
on good ( )ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ- others - help others - selfish - seek ( )ﻴﺒﺤﺙtheir interest - radio - loudly - make -
noise
5. The Importance of Historical Places
ancient castles ( ) ﻗﻼﻉ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ- temples )ﻤﻌﺎﺒﺩ- statues ( )ﺘﻤ ﺜﺎل- past history - remind - glorious past () ﻤﺎﻀ ﻲ ﻤﺠﻴـﺩ
record - story of mankind - achievements ()ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ
Good Luck
Ahmed El-louh
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Dialogu e
ﻴ ﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﹼ ﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﺭ ).(dialogue
:
ﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺜل :ﻜﻴﻑ ﹸﺘﻜﻭ ﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ،ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﹸﺠﻴـﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺫﻟـﻙ
ﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠ ِ
ﺇﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﹼﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍ ِ
ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍلُِ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺭﻗﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩِ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ … ﺍﻟﺦ.
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?How to write a dialogue ?
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ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉٍ ﻤ ﻌﻴﻥٍ ﻭﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺎﻭﺭﻴﻥ. ﺤﻭﺍﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺤﺩﻴ
.1ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟ ِ
ﻼ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل-:
.2ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤِﻭﺍﺭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻌﺒﻴِﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻘﺼِﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺯ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻘﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤل ُِ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
?Can I help you ﻫل ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ؟ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل
Of course.ﺃﻭ Certainly ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩِ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﹼﺒﻊِ. ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴِﻪ
Yes, you can help me. ﻨﻌﻡ ،ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩﻨﻲ. ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭِﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺩ
.3ﻟﻜﻲ ﹸﺘﺘﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺭ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﺘﻘﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل.
.4ﻫ ﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤ ﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍِﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔِ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ-:
I’m = I am don’t = do not
he's = he is, he has, he was doesn’t = does not
you’re = you are didn’t = did not
I’ve = I have isn’t = is not
I’ll = I will, I shall aren’t = are not
I’d = I would, I had can’t = can not
.5ﺃﻥ ﹸﺘﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺭﻗﻴﻡ ) (Punctuation marksﺒﺩﹼﻗﺔ ،ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﹸﺘﹶﻜﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺅِﻜﺩ ﻩ .
.6ﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﹶﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ ﻤﹶﻠﻙ ﻭﺃﺴﺌﻠﺘﻙ ﻤ ﻬﺫﺒﹰﺔ ﻭﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﹸﺸﻭﻨﺔِ.
.7ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﻠـﺔ ) ،(question - tagsﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫـﻲ ﹸﺘﻌـﺎِﺩل
)ﺃﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ( ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐِﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ) ،ﺃﻱ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﹼﺫﻴﻠﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ( ،ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻙ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔﹰ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﹼﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔِ-:
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?1. You’ re coming, aren’t you ﹼﺇﻨﻙ ﺴﺘﺄﺘﻲ ،ﺃﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ؟
?2. You’re not coming, are you ﹼﺇﻨﻙ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ،ﺃﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ؟
?3. She saw you, didn’t she ﻫﻲ ﺭﺃﺘﻙ ،ﺃﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ؟
?4. She didn’t see you, did she ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺭﺍ ﻨﻲ ،ﺃﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ؟
?5. He is a doctor, isn’t he ﺇﻨﻪ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ ،ﺃﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ؟
?6. He hasn’t seen it, has it ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺭﺍ ﻫﺎ ،ﺃﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ؟
. 8ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻤﺴﻙ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻋِﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒِﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﹼﻨﻪ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠ ﻤل ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ-:
?1. Any news? = Is there any news ﻫل ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ؟
?2. Where to? = Where are you going to ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﻫﺏ؟
3. Never mind = It does not matter. ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻬﻤﺎﹰ.
4. I see = I understand. ﺇﻨﻨﻲ ﻓﺎﻫﻡ.
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺩِ ﺒـ No, Yesﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎِﻨﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ-:
.9ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻨﻭﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﺌﻠِﺘﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺘﻴﺭٍﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍﺓ ،ﻓﺒﺩ ﹰ
Of course ﺒﺎﻟﻁﹼﺒﻊ Good idea ﻓﻜﺭﺓﹲ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺓ Impossible ﻤ ﺴﺘﺤﻴل All right ﺤﺴﻨﺎﹰ
Certainly ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩ Not bad ﻟﻴﺱ ﺴﻴﺌﺎﹰ It is nice ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ /ﺤﺴﻨﺎﹰ
.10ﺤﺎﻭل ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﺍﺭﻙ ﺒﺘﺤﻴٍﺔ ﻁﻴﺒٍﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺩﺍﻉٍ ﺭﻗﻴﻕٍ.
USEFUL PHRASES FOR DIALOGUE
1. Good morning. ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭ.
2. ?Hello sir. Would you tell me where's the ... ﻤﺭﺤﺒﺎﹰ ﺴﻴﺩﻱ .ﻫل ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻟﹼﻨﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ……؟
3. ?Excuse me sir. Can I ask you about ... ﻤﻌﺫﺭﺓﹰ ﺴﻴﺩﻱ .ﻫل ﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﺄﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ……؟
4. ?I'd be glad if you tell me about ... ﺴﺄﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺭﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ …؟
5. ?Can I help you sir ﻫل ﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻴﺎ ﺴﻴﺩﻱ؟
6. Pardon. ﺹ ﻭﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴ ﻌﻴﺩﻫﺎ .
ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻭ :ﻭﹸﺘﻘﺎل ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨ ٍ
7. ?What about going to ... ﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻙ )ﺭﺃﻴﻜﻡ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺎﺏِ ﺇﻟﻰ……؟
8. I agree with what you say. ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﺘﻔﻕﹲ ﻤﻌﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭل.
9. You are right. But you see ... ﺃﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻕ .ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ …
10. It's very kind of you. ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻁﻑﹲ ﻤﻨﻙ.
11. Thanks very much. ﺸﹸﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺯﻴﻼﹰ.
12. Not at all. ﻋﻔﻭﺍﹰ
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13. Good-bye. .( )ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺀ.ﻤﺔ
ِ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻼ
14. See you soon. .ﺃﺭﺍﻙ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ
15. See you later. Good night. . ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻴﺭ.ﺃﺭﺍﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ
Talking with a visitor from abroad
Ahmed: Welcome, sir. Where do you come from?
John: I come from England.
Ahmed: Do you like your visit to our country?
John: Yes, I do. The weather here is fine and the people are friendly and generous. ( ﺴﺨﻲ/ ) ﺴﻤﺢ
Ahmed: Do you speak Arabic?
John: Just a little. I've a book that help me a lot.
Ahmed: How long will you stay here?
John: Three weeks.
Ahmed: Did you visit our country before this time?
John: No, this is the first time I come here.
Ahmed: I wish you a happy stay.
John: See you again.
Inviting to a wedding party
Nader: You know, Ramy, my wedding is next Thursday.
Ramy: Yes, and I wish you a happy wedding.
Nader: Well, I invite you to come on that day. Are you free?
Ramy: Yes, and I'd love to come.
Nader: I'll be very happy for your coming.
Ramy: Where is the party going to be?
Nader: In my father's villa. You know it is very big.
Ramy: Is your brother who is studying in America going to come for the party?
Nader: Yes, we are expecting him to arrive tomorrow.
Ramy: Do you need any help then?
Nader: Thank you very much. Everything is ready.
Ramy: See you then.
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Between a doctor and a patient
Doctor: How do you feel, my man?
Patient: Very sick.
Doctor: What are you suffering from?
Patient: A sever headache and a sore throat. ()ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻕ
Doctor: How long have you been like this?
Patient: Four or five days, sir.
Doctor: Let me examine you. Take a deep breath. Don't cough.
Patient: It isn’t anything serious, is it, sir?
Doctor: No, it isn't. You caught a bad cold.
Patient: Is it necessary that I should lie in bed?
Doctor: Yes, of course. Don't get up till I come and see you again.
Patient: All right, sir. I'll do as you say.
Asking direct ions
A man: Excuse me, sir. Can you show me the way to the post office?
Fadi: It's very near from here.
A man: How can I reach it?
Fadi: If you go along this street you'll come to crossroads.
A man: Where should I turn then?
Fadi: Turn left, then the first road to the right.
A man: Should I go far along this road?
Fadi: The third building to the left is the post office.
A man: It's very easy.
Fadi: Yes, and you can see a mosque in front of the post office.
A man: That's very kind of you.
Fadi: Thank you.
In the library
A dialogue between a librarian (Mr. Adel) and a student (Sameer)
Mr. Adel: Is this your first visit to the library?
Sameer: Yes, sir. Where is the librarian?
Mr. Adel: I'm the librarian. Can I help you?
Sameer: I'm looking for a book to read during the mid-year holiday.
Mr. Adel: Is there anything you would like to choose?
Sameer: I like history books with pictures and maps.
Mr. Adel: Well we keep history books on those two shelves over there.
Sameer: I like to read about the history of Palestine.
Mr. Adel: You'll find all books on the history of Palestine on the second shelf.
Sameer: Thank you. I'll have a look at them.
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Talking about examinat ions
Beesan: How was the examination, Tagreed?
Tagreed: Not too bad. I think I passed the English exam.
Beesan: The English paper wasn't easy enough for me. I hope I haven't failed.
Tagreed: As for me, the History examination was too difficult.
Beesan: I answered most of its questions.
Tagreed: Really! Then you are lucky. I'll get a low mark in History.
Beesan: Do you know what our friend Samia did?
Tagreed: I know. She looked at the paper for two hours and didn't write a word.
Beesan: I wish you good luck.
Tagreed: Thank you very much.
At the restaurant
Officer: Your passport, please.
Adnan: Here you are.
Officer: You are coming on business, aren't you?
Adnan: No, not on business. I'm coming on a holiday.
Officer: How long will you stay?
Adnan: Two or three weeks. I'm not sure.
Officer: Do you have any references here?
Adnan: I'm afraid not.
Officer: Where are you going to stay, sir?
Adnan: At the Palestine Hotel.
Officer: Sign here, please.
Adnan: All right.
Officer: You can pass. I wish you a happy stay.
Adnan: Thank you.
At the restaurant
Khalil: Waiter! I'd like the menu, please.
Waiter: Here you are, sir.
Khalil: thanks. I'd like some soup.
Waiter: Tomato soup?
Khalil: Yes, please. And I'd like chicken with rice.
Waiter: Which vegetables would you like?
Khalil: I'd like some potatoes, please.
Waiter: What about desserts (?)ﺤﻠﻭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺎﻜﻬﺔ
Khalil: I'd like fruit salad, please.
Waiter: Everything will be ready soon, sir.
Khalil: Thank you.
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At the bookshop
Abdullah: Good morning.
Assistant: Good morning. Can I help you, sir?
Abdullah: I'm looking for a dictionary.
Assistant: What's its title?
Abdullah: Longman Dictionary.
Assistant: Sorry. We haven't it. But we've "The Oxford English Dictionary".
Abdullah: Can you show it to me, please?
Assistant: Of course. Here you are.
Abdullah: It's all right. How much is it?
Assistant: Twenty dollars.
Abdullah: Could you bring me the bill ()ﻓﺎﺘﻭﺭﺓ, please?
Assistant: Surely
Abdullah: Thank you.
On the phone
Hassan: Hello, Hassan is speaking. Can I speak to Ahmed?
A man: I'll just see if he is here.
Hassan: Right you are.
A man: I'm afraid he's out.
Hassan: When will he return?
A man: He won't be back till ten o'clock. Do you want to tell him any message?
Thank you. I just wanted to ask him about our English homework. Will you tell him to
Hassan: ring me up when he returns?
A man: Does he have your telephone number?
Hassan: Yes, he does.
A man: O.K. I'll tell him.
Good Luck
Ahmed El-louh
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How to deal with an examination paper
)(The Paragraph
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.1ﺍﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ.
.2ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺒﺠﻤﻠٍﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺤﻴٍﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻥ ﺘﻁـﻭﻴٍﺭ ﺃﻭ
ﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ .ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﹰﺎ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ.
ﻁ ﺨﺎلٍُ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ.
.3ﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏٍ ﺴﻬلٍُ ﻤ ﺒﺴ ٍ
ﺤﺭﻑ ﻜﺒﻴﺭٍ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﹰﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
ٍ .4ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﻜل ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺒ
.5ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ.
)(The Letter
:
.1ﺘﺄﻜﹼﺩ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻴ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻘﺭﻴﺏٍ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻕٍ.
.2ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ.
.3ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺘﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺨﺘﻤﻪ.
.4ﻋ ﺒ ﺭ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺴﻬلٍُ ﻭﺍﻀﺢٍ.
ﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻼﺕ.
.5ﻜﹸﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻤ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺴﺭﺍ ٍ
.6ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﹸﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ.
)(The Conversation
:
ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤ ﻌﻴﻥ ﻜﻲ ﺘﻭﹼﻓﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻙ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل.
ٍ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺎﺩﺜﻴﻥ ﺒ
.1ﺍﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
.2ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺨﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ.
.3ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ .ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ.
.4ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸٍﺔ ﻋﻘﻴﻤﺔٍ.
.5ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ .ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ.
.6ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﹸﺘﺴﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﹼﺘﺤﻴﺎﺕ.
.7ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺎﺩﺜﻴﻥ.
)(The comprehension
.1ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ.
.2ﺇﺫﺍ ﺼﺎﺩﻓﺘﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﹸﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
.3ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻫﻨﻙ ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺈﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻤ ﺭﺍﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺘﻙ:
ﺃ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠ ﻤلٍُ ﺘﺎﻤٍﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔٍ.
ﺏ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ.
ﺝ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤ ﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ.
32
:
)(Questions on Text Books m
:
.1ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﻪ.
.2ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺄﹼﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻬﻤﻙ ﻟﻠﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺈﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ-:
ﺃ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠ ﻤلٍُ ﺘﺎﻤٍﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔٍ.
ﺏ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ.
ﺝ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤ ﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ.
ﺩ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ.
)(The Language Exercises
:
.1ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﺤﻠﹼﺔ.
.2ﻻ ﺘﺘﺴﺭﻉ ﻭﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﹸﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﹰ.
.3ﺘﺄﹼﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﻭﺨﻠﻭ ﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺌﻌﺔ.
)(The Translation Passage
:
.1ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ.
.2ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹸﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺠ ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﺨﺭ ﻯ ﻤ ﺭﺍﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ-:
ﺃ( ﻻ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﻤ ﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ.
ﻼ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ ﺔ.
ﺏ( ﻻ ﺘﺘﻘﻴﺩ ﺒﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﺝ( ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﺩ( ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ )ﻭ ،ﻓـ( ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺜل :ﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ،ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ،ﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ – ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ.
No gains without pains.
.
33
:
Refer e nce s
.1ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ؟ )? (How to write in Englishﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ /ﻋﺩﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻨﻌﻴﻡ.
.2ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ؟ )? (How to write a compositionﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ /
ﻋﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻨﺠﻴﺏ – ﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ 2000ﻡ.
.3ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ) (Composition subjectsﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ /ﺴﻼﻡ ﺸﹸﺭﺍﺏ.
.4ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻨ ﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤ ﻌﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ /ﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ـ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ .
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