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Manual Fo Analysis

This document provides tests to identify various anions, cations, gases, and metal ions. It lists the analyte being tested, the reagents used in the test, and the expected observation or result of the test. Tests are outlined to detect carbonate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, and sulfate anions, as well as ammonium, aluminum, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, zinc, and other cations. Common gases like ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide can also be identified. Finally, flame tests are described to distinguish lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, and copper metal ions.

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Sabeeha Mansoor
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54 views

Manual Fo Analysis

This document provides tests to identify various anions, cations, gases, and metal ions. It lists the analyte being tested, the reagents used in the test, and the expected observation or result of the test. Tests are outlined to detect carbonate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, and sulfate anions, as well as ammonium, aluminum, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, zinc, and other cations. Common gases like ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide can also be identified. Finally, flame tests are described to distinguish lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, and copper metal ions.

Uploaded by

Sabeeha Mansoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Notes for use in qualitative analysis

Tests for anions

anion test test result


2–
carbonate, CO add dilute acid, then test for carbon effervescence, carbon dioxide
3
dioxide gas produced
chloride, Cl – acidify with dilute nitric acid, then white ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
bromide, Br – acidify with dilute nitric acid, then cream ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
iodide, I– acidify with dilute nitric acid, then yellow ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
nitrate, NO 3– add aqueous sodium hydroxide, ammonia produced
[in solution] then aluminium foil; warm carefully
sulfate, SO42– acidify with dilute nitric acid, then white ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous barium nitrate
2–
sulfite, SO add a small volume of acidified the acidified aqueous potassium
3
aqueous potassium manganate(VII) manganate(VII) changes colour
from purple to colourless

Tests for aqueous cations

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia


aluminium, Al 3+ white ppt., soluble in excess, giving white ppt., insoluble in excess
a colourless solution
+
ammonium, NH ammonia produced on warming –
4

calcium, Ca2+ white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt. or very slight white ppt.
chromium(III), Cr3+ green ppt., soluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess
copper(II), Cu2+ light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess,
giving a dark blue solution
iron(II), Fe2+ green ppt., insoluble in excess, green ppt., insoluble in excess,
ppt. turns brown near surface on ppt. turns brown near surface on
standing standing
iron(III), Fe3+ red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
zinc, Zn2+ white ppt., soluble in excess, giving white ppt., soluble in excess, giving
a colourless solution a colourless solution
Tests for gases

gas test and test result


ammonia, NH3 turns damp red litmus paper blue
carbon dioxide, CO2 turns limewater milky
chlorine, Cl 2 bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen, H2 ‘pops’ with a lighted splint
oxygen, O2 relights a glowing splint
sulfur dioxide, SO2 turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless

Flame tests for metal ions

metal ion flame colour


lithium, Li+ red
sodium, Na+ yellow
potassium, K+ lilac
calcium, Ca2+ orange-red
barium, Ba2+ light green
copper(II), Cu2+ blue-green

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