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Lect 1 Laminar - Flow

This document discusses laminar flow and the factors that determine whether flow in a pipe will be laminar or turbulent. It defines laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow based on streakline patterns. It also introduces the Reynolds number formula that is used to predict flow regime based on fluid properties and flow characteristics. Key equations are provided for laminar flow velocity profile, discharge rate, head loss, wall shear stress, and power required for pumping. An example problem demonstrates applying these equations to calculate values for a given laminar flow scenario.

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عبدالرحمن محمد
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15 views

Lect 1 Laminar - Flow

This document discusses laminar flow and the factors that determine whether flow in a pipe will be laminar or turbulent. It defines laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow based on streakline patterns. It also introduces the Reynolds number formula that is used to predict flow regime based on fluid properties and flow characteristics. Key equations are provided for laminar flow velocity profile, discharge rate, head loss, wall shear stress, and power required for pumping. An example problem demonstrates applying these equations to calculate values for a given laminar flow scenario.

Uploaded by

عبدالرحمن محمد
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Laminar Flow

Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912)

- A closed conduit is called a pipe if it is round in cross section includes water


pipes, hydraulic hoses. Circular cross section is able withstand higher pressure
differentials without distortion.
- A closed conduit is called a duct if it is square in cross section, Heating and
air-conditioning ducts. The water flowing down the conduit completely fills the
duct. Storm water drains, sewers.
- If water does not fill the conduit, the flow is called channel flow. Since channel
is not filled, no pressure differential between ends of pipes. Gravity is usually
the driver for channel flows.

- When the fluid is moving slowest, get a well-defined streak-line. This flow
situation is called laminar flow.
- When the fluid is moving faster, get an irregular streak-line which blurs and
spreads the dye out. The streak-line also fluctuates randomly with time, this is
called turbulent flow.

- When the fluid is moving at an intermediate velocity, there are irregularities in


the streak-line, but the streak-line is still well defined. This is called transitional
flow.

Examine the x -component of the velocity, uA at a point A.

1) The laminar flow has a constant uA which is smallest.

2) The transitional flow has a mostly constant uA with the occasional fluctuation.

3) The turbulent flow has a fluctuating uA about some mean value. The flow rate is
largest.
Whether a flow will result in laminar or turbulent flow is primarily determined by the
Reynolds number,
Re = ρ v D/ µ

Density is ρ, diameter of pipe is D, fluid velocity is v and dynamic viscosity is µ.


- The flow is laminar for Re < 2000
- The flow is transitional between 2000 < Re < 4000
- The flow is turbulent for Re > 4000
Values depend on shape of pipe, roughness, shape of pipe inlet. The limits are also soft numbers.

What happens when fluid enters a pipe?


- Fluid adjacent to the wall sticks to the wall due to friction effects. This is the no-slip
condition and occurs for all liquids. This boundary layer grows until it reaches all
parts of the pipe. Inside the in-viscid core, viscosity effects are not important.

- The entrance region for laminar flow is given by le/D = 0.06Re. Past here the flow is fully
developed.
Assumptions,
- Outside entrance region du/dx = 0, flow is steady and horizontal.
- Apply (F = m a) to a cylinder. The cylinder becomes distorted as t → t + δt.
The pressure is constant along the vertical direction. The pressure along
horizontal direction does change. Δp = p2 - p1 < 0. There is viscous shear
stress acting along the surface cylinder and τ = τ[r]
- The shear stress is a function of the radius of the cylinder.

Application of F=mxa

p1 π r2 – (p1 - Δp) π r2 = 2 π r ℓ  → Δp / ℓ = 2  / r
Neither, p or ℓ depend on r, so  is dependent on r Then  = C x r where C is constant.

- At center r = 0,  = C x 0 = 0. At wall let  = w where w is the wall sheer


stress →  = w (r / R)
- If the viscosity was zero, there would be no shear stress. The shear stress also
causes the pressures to drop along the pipe.
Δp = 2  ℓ/r = 2 w ℓ/R …………….(1)

Laminar velocity profile


To determine the laminar velocity profile, assume we have a Newtonian fluid, so:

→  = - µ du/dy, but du/dr = -du/dy and this gives

du/dr = - (Δp/2µ ℓ) r ……………………….…(2)


Integrating, u(r) = - (Δp/4µ ℓ) r2 + constant, at wall r = R = D/2 → u(R) = 0.

Constant = (Δp/4µ ℓ) R2, so the velocity profile is given by

u(r) = (Δp/4µ ℓ) R2 [ 1 – (r / R)2 ] …………..(3)

u(r) = (w / 2µ ) R [ 1 – (r / R)2 ] … ………..(4)

At r = o → umax = Vc = (Δp/4µ ℓ) R2 … …..(5)


u(r) = Vc [ 1 – (r/R)2 ] ………………………………(6)
The flow rate is parabolic, with largest velocity in middle of pipe and zero velocity at
wall.

• Discharge (Hagen – Poiseuille) :


• dQ = V dA = (Δp/4µ ℓ) R2 [ 1 – (r / R)2 ] 2  r dr,
• Integrating ,
Q =  Δp D4 / 128 µ ℓ ……………(7)

• Average Velocity
Vav = Q/A = Δp D2 / 32 µ ℓ ………(8)

• Head Loss (horizontal pipe)

Apply B.E. HL = Δp/  = 32 µ ℓ Vav /  D2….… (9)

Boundary Shear Stress


(2  R) L w = Δp  R2…………… (10)

Using Equations (9) and (10) with { Rh = hydraulic radius = A/P, A = area, P =
wetted perimeter in pipe under pressure Rh = (πd2/4)/ (πd) = d/4} , S = (HL / ℓ)
we get;
w =  Rh S = 0 …………………… (11)
Example
A crude oil of density 920 kg/m3 and viscosity of 0.068 Pa. sec. is pumped through
a horizontal pipeline 100 mm diameter, at rate of 10.4 L/s. Estimate;
i) The type of flow
ii) The head loss in each kilometer length of the pipe
iii) The shear stress at the wall
iv) The power supplied by the driving pump per kilometer

Solution
Given: ρ = 920 kg/m3, µ = 0.068 Pa.sec, D = 100 mm, Q = 10.4 L/sec, L =1000m

- Vav = Q/A = (10.4x10-3 m3/sec) / (π x(100x10-3)2/4) m2 = 1.324 m/sec


i) RN = (ρ .V .D)/ µ = (920 kg/m3 x 1.324 m/sec x 0.1m)/0.068 Pa.sec
= 1791< 2000  laminar flow

ii) HL = 32 µ ℓ Vav /  D2
= (32 x 0.068Pa.sec x 1000m x 1.324m/sec)/((920x9.81) N/m3 x 0.12m2)
= 31.92 m/km length

iii) w =  Rh S =  (A/P) (HL/L)


= (920x9.81) N/m3 x (0.1/4) m x (31.92/1000) = 7.2 N/m2

iv) Power = weight flow (N/sec) x head loss m = ( x Q) x HL


= (920x9.81) N/m3 x 10.4x10-3 m3/sec x 31.92 m = 2996watt

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