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Phy Part 2

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Phy Part 2

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oum.patel.54
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FLUID:~That can flow. ex-liquid and ges. Stati¢ Fluid: - > Relative density: Poti RD. = Unitless. Purser Oy = bgm/em? Pot = 0.8 gm /emm® Pay = 23-6 gm em? Prise = 2.04 gem fem” Density of Mixtare:~ (a) M= same 9 = diff. 2m 040, Posie a mm Pa a ae (b) V= same 9 = diff 0,V+p,V Pmic = ay * Pressure (P):- F % Scalar, Néw?, [ML tL atm = 1.05 x 107 N/m “Pp” with depth: “Variation of AP = gh 9 = density of liquid. AP does not depend upon amount of liquid, shape of container. Pascal's Law:~ Static fiq, “P’ on horizontal level must | be some. Relation between Absointe & Gauge Pressure: Pabiotubie * Pree Preaage = Prue to tg. ony *Moving Container “P® Calculation: ~ (Be “a,j?” [elena hail) Lift up:~ (with a") Pace = (G+ @)H Lift down:- (with “a”) Pree? OCG - a)H 3. Free Fall:- (a= 9) Prot =O *Note:- bf Pascal Ufay Static fluid me pressure balance kerte hai Fy FL iar r h = depth When air bubble move From bottom to surface of lake then pv, = Pv. 2> MRS : Agar Koi Cheez linearly vary Krti hai toh uska Avg:~ Measurement of ATM. Pressure:- 2. Barometer: - “Torricilli” Po f c's Fy = Po * Puig gh H = 76 cm of Hg = 1 atm ‘The Garib Ravalal Exp:~ vacua Height of water column in Barometer: - Fluid Mechanies U-Tube:- Initialy one liquid is on same horizontal level, other liquid is put in left arm of container then 1 liquid moves x down from initial level in left arm of U-tube, Po Bit Tia xy A 4G « (Guat = 6.9020) er ek aise line select Karo jiske about “P" same hona chahiye Important Case:~ 41> When U-tube is given horizontal ace!” (a) vise is fig. coluwan:~ aH. B> A vessel is rotated about vertical axis Find rise in water “H":~ 3 Po= AGH * Pays “Pays = Povegl Ip Archimedes Principle:— F (Buoyant Force) = Weight of displaced L liqui. depends on density of liquid, volume of solid submerged in liquid. * does not depends on density, location of object inside liquid. Volume of = Volume of displaced liq. Solial in tg. Reason SP difference liquid * Apparent Weight:- 0 = object p= Liquid oe o=9 op Sink! Submerge &| Float on Float. Surface ° wemaa[s- | Neo N=o 3 chown) | eect Ne ongg| £- —— | | Remains trade | | where its Placed! : Vz, Chota Ne mga t= 2 Wada “Object of density “a” is released then find acc!” of object inside liquid:~ (o>) A Eail of density “D” is immersed in liquid of density “d” to a depth “h” below the surface of liquid & then released. Upto what height will be ball jurap out of the liquid: Phases *A container is at rest then inside volume is Vi, and when ace!" up with ag the inside volume is V,.! of an object then:~ Container Ke acl" se up/down volurae ennerged in liquid depend hi nai Krta. Buoyant Foree with Cavity:- Vmatter = Vr ~ Ve N= ofV, — Velg ~ Vag To Find Veavity = D> N=mg~ Fe Fa= a. aa Problem ™ Solvin Vote? “ | Strategy * Rise / Fall of liq:~ When ICE placed on liquid will Melt: 0, > Op = Rise 0 < Bo = Fall PL = Py = Same. Po = density of water. 6, = Surr. Liquid. Fluid Dynamics- Ideal Fluid:~ 0 Non-viscous 9 incompressible 0.9 = const" 9 Streamline é& Irrational Flow. Equation of Continuity: (Conserv” of Mass) Fluid Mechanies *Area x Velocity = Const” ‘\ rate of Volume Flow remains Const”. Bernouli's Eqn:~ (Conserv of Energy) Ay aN ly a A eee est Po Py Thy v, F | » Ground Ce toy: ie wee 2 ee er ( Divide by 0g Pressure Gravit"™ head. head Velocity head. Ramlal House:~ Wind is flowing outside then pressure inside P, and outside house Py PoP, Hence upthrust force will act on roof F=(P, ~P,) x Area 1 PSV" = cost AV = const” Potential energy same on horizontal level Velocity of Efflux:- Closed! Vimp: ~ H = height of water column from hole Py= Prop = liquid Py = atin P. Open Container (Torvicilli IPT) aa Py Po V= fagh ) bi- height of lig. level Frova hole, Velocity of efflux does not depends on density of liquid. Range, Heights, Time of Flight:- Physics * Height at which Range is maximum & its value:~ Just like Motion in 1-D Force on Container: F= pa? * F = 29 ag" 0 = density of lig. H = Height of liquid column from Hole. a= Area of orifice. For massless container, “Hi” to keep container at rest:- a= hole wing = 2pagh A = Container Area. Time Taken to Move Liquid from Height H, to H,:- Fluid Mechanies Time to Fall down :~ a [aw ata hk © Ratio rom h-» = & = -» bottom Dust eh Venturimenter:- 9 To bottom :~ © Measure vate of Volume Flow © Based on Bernoulli's Principle, * a, = AV, = V= Rate of Volume Flow: Pres pvee0=P,+2 pv20 2 2 Dynamic Lift & Magnus Effect:- — . Se x Se viet Football Spining about vertical axis Football without Spining Vy = Vg 2 Vet ¥ Viscocity:- [Cohesive Force between Lig. molecules] Force between two lig = coeff. of viscocity Shear Strain Rate __ Shear Stress " Velocity gradient SS ” Poissulle = 10 Poise.” Stoke's Law:- Only For Sphere. Jab Force between Solid -ligs~ CEs ernrv3 9 Terminal Velocity:~ mg = Fy + f, ae a (6 - ey oS a v= object, @ = object, o = liquid & Graph:~ cae Kove Kort Vz a Ps Bigger vain drops velocity is greater! > Ball is thrown down with velocity greater than terminal velocity in viscous lig. then variation of “v” v/s “t''? (NEET-2022) v t 2 Coalesce of Drops:~ Aye WV, PRE 9 Temperature dependence of 1:- 2 Nig Poiseuille Equn:- Ly For Viscous tig Ls Bernoulli is not valid Wok sirf ideal tig kelige Fluid Current: AP = Press difference v= radius of pipe | = length of pipe. n= coefficient of viscocity Physics Parallel Q= Diff AP = same ap Q=— Ry s RR, eee RG Reynolds Number:~ Inertial Force pvd ‘ Viscous Force = d = diameter of pipe pov liquid. Laminor :- R, < 4000 Turbulent :- R, > 2000 Unsteady :- 4000 < R, < 2000 Surface Tension e 2> Rod i= $= — 2i : F 2> Disc $= —— Bree Ri s : B> Ring: $= ———— ea Dar + aR 4> Annular Disc -- T Rod :~ Fite t Mg Fire = For + Mg = aS + Mg Fluid Mechanics Surface Energy :- + E=SA < Sphere. S.A = 4n0R* R Vol. = > THR’ 3 7 Circum = 2nR Splitting of Drops into Droplets :~ 2° igo, 2% 9 2 ° OA= 41 [wi*-R7]; AA = 4? [04 af AA = 4nr?| = 4 r Bubble Drop As 41? x2 As 40k? Film: Take Area double Energy Released when Droplets Combine to Form a Drop :~ AE = E(n-n®?) © S4ne*(n-n?) ag -2] «300 AE = netrer® = 4nR* V= vol of sees AE = 3VT -= + R| larger drop @ Pressure is always high in concave side P P>Pa>Py Values of Excess Pressure :~ Drop 2s eee 2s R Bubble AP = Pi, - Py, Radius of Coalesce :~ Two drops of radius r, & ¥, cowlesce under isothermal condition. Angle of Contact obtuse Acute sO AES @> 40° @< 40" Cohesion > Adhes. Coke. « Ades Capillary Tube Rise Fall o> 40" Convex Meniscus < 90° Concave Meniscus "P=PyePoy of) Due to excess pressure 2s Py- = =P, (2) R Due to pressure variation in liguid Porogh = Pg=Po Putting value of Py From (2) - = + pgh= Po R 28 pgs be 28 R gk 0 pe ree = radius of tub. = R cos Height of liq: rising in CT. 6 org, a Sef? “Mass of lig. in tube” Rise of lig. in tube of insufficient length :~ don't overflow Radius of Interface :~ ° Height/Depth of liquidl 0 $/r Mass of liguid 0 Potential energy of liquid o r® If container with capillary in a fe falling lift, liquid vise upto complete length and does not overflow. mer an Fluid Mechanics 6 fit at or of aR, arg ai we a et ay TAL? 2 h ee e088 « 5 For two different liquid iF h, $ and r sanae then find relation b/w density and contact angle 2ScosO ear cos 8x0 Temperature:- Measure of hotness’ and coldness. > Two body A at T, and B at contact. ©—® If T, > T then S-2 Some temp" will flows from A to B = False S-2 Some heat will flows from A to B = True T,, put in $-3 Heat will increase in B => False S-4 Tempr of A will decrease => True Heat can not be stored it can Flows from Body A to B F-52 K-273 242-32 BTS-273 Se ane ee MCAS Relation betvieen Kelvin & Celcius :~ ° ace at | ‘5° Ce K-273 % “273 K 273 Ks C+2735 Cc 0 Relation between °F & Kelvin :~ 4a F-32= (K-273) 5 © Change in Temperature AC = AK = AF Q. The freezing point on MR® scale is 20° and boiling point 250°. A temperature of 0° thermometer will be read as. Ans. Let x is resting at 60°C x-20 60-0 150-20 100-0 x= 40°C hange i change in physical quantity - constant er unit raise in temperature 1> Resistance Thermometer :~ Re- Ro te «100 Ryoo Ro. 2> Pressure thermometer :— P.-P, ts . os 100 Prco~Po 3> Volume Thermometer :- V.-V, pee ee ao Vs00~Vo 4> Length Thermometer :~ ye eaee bscobo Q Length of rod at 20°C is 40m and at 80°C is 40 m then find temperature when its length is 30 wa. Ans.Change in length per unit raise temperature = const 40m-40m £-10m AL=L, KOO; L, = ly (t+ ad 6) 25 Areal Exp. :~ AA = ABAB 3 Ay = Ay (4 +B A 6) B> Volume Exp. :~ AV= V7 485 V,=V,(L+7 46) Imp velations :~ Bulk modulus and thermal coefficient of volume expansion. av AP = B— = BYae Vv B = Bulk Modulus of Elasticity © For anisotropic crystal YEOH ay + a, For Isotropic «, Thermal Properties of Matter 9 For Two Rod Gl Gb (i * If difference in length of these two rod independent upon each other then 4G, = Lamy Ramlal Ne socha winter me gold buy karunga, summer rae sold karurga tab length Increase ho Jayga © > Ramalal ko koi benifit nahi hoga (Cavity Problems. Photographic Enlargement. Tho Lt lt Tl3euUN Me m Convex Concave y my o, High Temperature Room Temperature F A Ys Young's Modulus A rod of length & and area A placed on smooth surface then due to to increase in temprature thermal stress is zero @ TS. = — = aYA@ Temperture? Temperturel a E Loss or gain Cin time eee Le _alaeiuuutosmunmautane variation of density with temperature :- 0, = Pkt - YAR) Anomalous Behaviour’ of Water :~ Vv, em _ Max Min 7 Ms \ { \ lace 14sec itt, ee Yeontainer # if %FY%s y Level Unchanged # if Y2%s Y Lig. Over‘lows. IY SYs vis ve Lig, go down OTT Effect of Expansion on Appai Weight in Liquid :~ Nemg - eM yy Y=, N= Same VS¥5° N= dee. Vs t VWs Nein Vet @ nap Note :~ Ly Wy [2-2 aA} Bee ie cnt wl [ Meter Seale Only one type will be asked :- True length = Reading + AL of Rod taken AL=L a6 : CALORIMETRY :- Heat Capacities 14> Specific Heat Capacity :- Heat required to raise the temperature by unit degree °C of unit mass Q= msae raise T of “nv” Kg by A6 unit of $ = J/kg kelvin 2> Heat Capacity (C) :~ Heat required to raise temperature by unit of m mass. C=ms (a6 = 1°C) raise T" of object by °C MR® = Joh Jaldi Garam hoga woh jaldi Thanda hoga. Uska specific heat capacity kava hai. Physics at high - tevaperature st 2> Molar heat Capacity [C] Q= cag raise T* of 1 mole Sub’ by 2°C Note : $,, = 4 cal/gna’C = 4200 J/KgK Sieg = 0.5 cal/gm°C = 2400 J/KgK Seteam = OS cal/grn°C = 2400 J/KgK Leal=42J 4 Latent Heat :~ Q= mL * heat veg. to change state Lice = 80 cal/gun Leteam = 540 cal/grn MR* feel © Water Can't exist below O°C. Ice can't exist above O°C. at O°C both can exist Mixture of (Ice + water) only Possible at 0°C. Zero se upar gya matlb sab pani ho {gya, zero se Niche sab ice oO Steam + water mixture only exist at 200°C. Thermal Properties of Matter Q. 30 gm ice at O°C mixed with 10 gm water at 40°C then mass of water in mixture? Ans Qi, = mL = 800 Quaten = Wt = 10 x 40 = 400 only 5 gro ice will melt mm (water) = 15 gm. Principle of Calorimetry :~ Heat Loss = Heat Gain Mixture :- © Final aes of Mix. :~ IM, +My tJ Final Temperature of = when two liquid of mass m, & m, of specific heat capacity 5, and S, at temperature T, and T, mixed. > m,S,7, + m,S,T, mS, +m, Mixture of ice & water :— rn gran ice at O°C mixed with W gram water at TC Bring both ice & water at common Temp" and sarae phase. Required :- Q = mL (m gram [ce melt into m gram water at 0°C) Supply :- Q = WT = mSAT (When W gram water cool down from T to 0°C) 2 mb WT Twig °C (ant), =O (ame), = Wo me 2> mL > WT T.=0€ Tes (aint gg = -V0' (amt), = Were! ‘Amt. of ice converted to water. B> mL WT wr mL *Poani Wi m+W — Rahega Mixture of ice & steam~ Required :- Q= mL = 80m Supply :~ Q = WL + WSA8 = 40 W 2> Qsuppty * Prea se mar 25 i s4ow : Steam pete 200°C, 100°C 3 180m = S40W The MR* Mie + Weteanc Tie sea 100°C 2 \3 2 Tie fe q eaeaaa ©? to 100°C 6 4 7 2 fa 4 Tmax POC 4 a L Q: 200 grrn ice at -20°C is mixed with 500 grim water it 20°C, then find temperature of mixture and amount of water, ice in mixture ‘Ans. MR* Dono ko kisi ek phase me same temperature par le ke aaa. Q, = ms AT + mL = 2000 eal + 46000 cal heat given to ice to melt AC. Q, = msAt = 10000 cal. Heat given by water when it fall from 20° to 0° Q, > Qy hence complete ice will not melt, out of 10000 cal heat given by water 2000 cal used to increase temperature and 8000 cal use to vaelt ice miL = 8000 wa’ = 2.00 ice will melt T.,., = O° because (ice + water) mixture Mater My, = 100 grm = G00 grm Q. Sgmwater at 30°C and 5 grnice at 20°C mixed then teemperature of mixture. Ans. Tye = OF requirement < supply Water Equivalent :~ Woh liquid utnahi Heat (ega AT Tevap. Rise Keliye jitna’ W,,, water le raha hh! Toh Aapko uss Liquid Ko Na Assume Karke Water Ko uss liquid Ki tarah Treat Karna hai! Body mS 46 dQ dQ J SBR = Wc x OB eq :~ Water equivalent = 559 at 40°C. WT = 55 x 40 = 2200 cal, Physics V. Imp Question :~ © lee Formation :— Kom ice - V Foren +A bullet of mass “va” moving with “u” hits | an ice block of “M’ gm Kept ona frictionless | floor & gets stuck in it. How much ice will welt if x% of the lost KE goes to ice ? (initial Formation of ice :~ temp! of block & bullet = 9°C)- O tox: x to. ax: 2x to Bx eee st Otox : Oto2x : Otoax t at: ot aE Sits okay to feel up and down Its normal and natural, don't overthink, move forward and work hard 9 ‘Thermal Properties of Matter & Conduction Heat flows from hot end to cold end, medium required but particles of medium simply oscillate but do not leave their position. 2 Slow process + Takes places in solid «Path may be zig-zag «Temperature of medium increases. Convection © Media required, each particle of medium absorbs heat and moves Frorn hot end to cold end © = Slow process © Occurs in fluid not in solid Temp” of medium increases Radiation «Heat flows in the form of electromagnetic: waves © Medium is not required © Path straight line «No change in temp" of medium Law of Thermal Conductivity:— K = Coefficient of Thermal Conduetivity (Material Property) Q= Heat, SOM UST ES Heat Curvent:- AT Hs —R,= R, kA R, := Thermal Resistance Combination of Rod 9 Series Combination :~ “me add Ry, = Ry # Ry Rayne Junction Temp :- Rate of heat flow sane in series combination. Hy = Ha KD kK, (T ~ To) ° 2 Combination of Conductor :~ L> Series :~ Teor Length Should be same Heat Transfer Radiation :- Black Body :- & Absorptive a= — Q & Reflective r= — Q a@ Transmitive t = — POWER © Emissive Power [Intensity] -- Q J Es — 5 — = Watt/m? At wis Stefan's Law :~ E=oT' T = Kelvin. Watt o = 5.67 x10 ——> wk! Emissivity :~ e Power of Normal body (¢) Emissive Power of Black body (E) For Black Body (e) = 3 Emissive Power of Normal Body (é) : €= eE = eoT* Q Pe—= AcoT™ t Stefan-Boltzmann's Law :~ Poors = Femit ~ Pabsorb Prog # 0A [T* ~ T3] To = Sure, Temp", T = body Temp” @ Wien's Law :~ 0 Kivchoffs Law :- ' iF A good absorber is a good emitter! Ayr eb A> AL > Ay Solar Constant :- ToT Ts i" Total Thermal Energy falling per unit aaa a area per sec an ba 29x50 mk ; pete, ae emissivity of slensth corresponding 2 to which Energy 8 monies ts ee [e | sun. Newton's Law of Cooling :~ UP J yo = Stephan's const — = + Tine 't! taken to fall temperature T, lo to T, where Tp is the terperature of St] R= Radius of Sun. surrounding. Tan || = Dist of sun & (G2 ) earth. -% t 2 + Rate of cooling xc Teraperature difference | Weisman Praz Law :~ 8 40°C 9 80°C 9, 70°C <> 60°C Ratio of thermal conductivity and Time t, AV=+ve Wt o Compression > AV=—ve WL Ip Work=+ Su, V,XP,~P,) Internal Energy (U) :- —> “Path independent” U= KE + PE —> “Temp" dependent.” Vat Due to 4 molecule TON Df molecule N = No. of molecules. = No. of moles Ky = 2.38 x 1077? mkg $ JK Degree of Freedom :~ | 4> Moroatoraic Gas :~ (Ne, He, Ar) f23T+0R 2% Diatomic gas :~ (Nz, 05, H) f23T+2R 3> Triatomic Linear gas :- (CO,) fe 3T+2R 42° Polyatomic gas/Triatomic Non-linear gus:~ (SOq, CHy, NH) fr 3T+3R When Considering Vibrational Motion:~ 0 No effect for Monoatomic gas © Diatowie = f = 3T + 2R+ 2V=7 © Triatoraie > Linear f= 3T+2R+2V=7 > Non-Linear f = 37 + 3R+2V=8 Heat Capacities :~ 14> Specific heat Capacity (S) :- dQ Se m dt 2> Heat Capacity (C) :- | Molar Heat Capacity :~ dQ a Const" P Const" V 3> Molar heat Capacity :~ Coe 4Q dg = du dQ dn R "nat a Relation between Specific & Molar Sp.| Note :- HC. w Cp ep GyeR * MS) Cu? —$ \ aa n v > Cy & C, denote the Specific Heat per unit mass of an ideel gas of Mwt “M” oe 2 then :~ ve a Ae Cp ~ 6, = R > Molar Sp. heat R =~ (Specific heat per M unit mass) | MR* Table :~ Gas DOF (F) °C, (RE/2) Cp (C, +R) ¥(C,/ 0) Monoatomic 3 3R SR a ass ~ 22166 2 3 Diatomic s SR 7R 7 ean — 2144 2 2 s Triatomic Linear s SR 7R rd a —_ 214 2 Ss Triatomic Non-linear é BR 4R 4 a 2138 3 Diatomic at high} 7 7R aR 4 Temperature > : 7 Gas Mixture :~ (Die * ) ) _ Codie mm Cae fate qe tals + abt mer ta & Phases Ast Law of Thermodynamics :~ dQ = dU + dw Based on Energy Conservation dQ du [aw Given=+ | Tt=+ | by gas= To gas of gas Taken=- | TL=~ | ongas=- from gas | of gas (a) 9 V= Const" (P oT) Isochorie Process ! WD=0 Q=AU=nC, AT nfRAT Gay-Lusaae Law :~ Q= 2 Graph:- PA PY v () ATG & Thermodynamics (®) Charles Law :~ P = Const" 'sobavic Process | W = PAV= P(V, - V,) Fraction of Heat goes in Work :~ Ven v v1 0c Loe P v Boyle's Law :~ 2 T= Const” PV = Const™ 2 (sothermal Process ! 2 Reversible i... V slow. @ > AU = 0 > Hum jitna Kam Karenge sab heat mein jayega! aQ v, \] w= 2.303 nrT | !09,,|— |) = d@ vy Pp. W = 2.303 nRT loa.e{ al =dQ ta Graph :- Pp T (d) Adiabatic Process :~ 0 AQ=0 PV’ = Const” Ce 9 Y= Adiabatic Coefficient = = Q 9 Sudden Process. dws - du ‘Tyre burst Expansion :- VP Wetve Us —ve TY Compression :- VWs -ve Use TT a aq ie sit eee eo ee 9 Note :~ ART -T) \ isothermal ta a NS pttatomie akoonie adiabatic MonoaEbowie v Pi isobaric P| Wy ww ea fsothermal tw adie | wy ‘isochorie = isobaric Expansion Compression VV W, > W > Wy Wy > Wy > Wy wW, 20 WwW, 20 « Note :- Adiabatic Elasticity = Bulk Modulus = yP Tr PMT" = Const” You Power of P< 1 P s TeV yax? Rectangular hyperbola Vv Polytropic Process :~ PV" = TVX? = PP*T* = const” A>B=P= Const? VI TY B>C=V= Const Ph Tt CoD Const" Vf Tt D>A=V= Const PL TY AIG & Thermodynamies P Plc —~ A ieee A v A>B Pitt v= Const® B>C WT) P= Const® CA PLYP T= Const™ > Pp B ¢ A D —-———_ V (ial: paseo A D ADB T=Const* PP vy B>C P= Const’ Tt vt C>D = T= Const™ PL vb DA P= Const" TL Efficiency (m) :~ WD nC,AT + nCAT titi oan, AB BC Heat Engine :- working Gas cian % | keejecty Sine Senne Given) work 14> Carnot Engine :~ Output :~ Work Input := Heat AB = IT Exp. BC = AB Exp. cD = IT = Comp DA= AD = Comp Q Ty Carnot Theorern :- — Qe Work 2> Heat Pump :- Output : Heat input: Work working 3> Refrigerator :- Output :~ Heat Input :~ Work # Same as Pump. Ort a Room a Electricity Work Q. The efficiency of a Carnot heat engine is = Find the coefficient of performance 3 of Carnot refrigerator when both heat engine and vélrigerator are working between similar source and sink. t Sol. Efficiency of heat engine is, = — 3 The relation between B é& 9 when same Carnot engine is used, am eee eee ” 2 3 Acarnot engine works as a vefrigerator in between-250 K and 300 K. if it acquires 750 calories from heat source at low temperature, then what is the heat generated at higher temperature. (in calories)? Physics Q ” psa & 300-250 Q-750 A system is taken from state A to state B along two different paths 4 and 2. If the heat absorbed and work done by the system along these two paths are Q,, Q, and W,, W, respectively, then (@) Q, =, (0) Wi, = W, Sol. Sol. TG (6) Q,-W, = Q,-W,, (A) Q, + W, = Q + We Internal energy does not depends on path. Heat & work depends (¢) Q,-W, = Q,-W, Is correct. Ina given process, dW = 0, dQ <0, then for the gas: (a) Temperature increases (0) Volume decreases (0) Pressure decreases (d) Pressure increases dw=o0 dQ Wy (a) W, = 2W, () During an experiment and ideal gas is * Found to obey an additional law Ve2 Sol, = constant. The gas is initially at a temperature T and volume V. When it expand to a volume 2V, the temperature becomes. Ideal gas: V P* = constant Again PV = RT From equation of state, Hence, VP x P = constant ie. WRT x P= constant aRT Again, P (RT) = constant Vv constant Vv Thus volume V when expanded to 2V, temperature T, By Q. A carnot engine having an efficiency 1 of —~ th of heat engine, is used as a 10 refrigerator. if the work done on the systera is 10 J, the amount of energy absorbed from the reservoir at lower temperature is: Coefficient of performance refrigerator of a Sal. Q Also B =

7 ete) For an adiabatic process, Pv.” bs Pav," S Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gas :~ mol > py ar Ideal gas TOTP Ts Real gas Low P & proach ideal gas at igh 7 is | (PV, * PoVa) ToT | PV, Tq + P2VQT, | Pressure of ideal gas :~ - 2 N P= —nmV2,, sno. density = — 3 v wa = mass of each molecule Physics Kinetic interpretation of temperature :- 3RT KE = — 2 © Energy density KE 3P Ee © Rotational KE :~ RT PTW st (For a given Temp’) Now = / $8 =/2 Vane) a fam /sa Vs Vayg + 0:92 Vane vet fae. Maxwell Distribution Curve :~ Velocity KTG & Thermodynaies a Ny dv = no. of molecules Temp" independent. Mean free path :~ n= number density = ) d = diameter = 2r Density of gas :~ Amixture of petrol and air when ignited is not in egullbriun state Rts temperature and pressure not yniforen, Ans.:~ Both and corvect explanation ave correct A > AQ is extensive Rit is propotional to total mass of system. Ans.:~ Both are true and correct explanation. @ os ean Los Periodie Motion:~ (Repeat itself after a regular interval of time) ot abe A) nea eae (repeat not about mean) (To & Fro) Oscillation Not Oscillation| ~y large # Srrall amplitude Amplitude © Energy conserved oF mn Not ction] Sivaple harmony # Vibration Oscillation with high a = Aus sin(wt + @) frequency. A= Amplitude # Periodic but not oscillation = ail uniform circular snotion. > earth around sun © AILSHM is oscillatory and periodic w = Angular Frequency = = = ant @ = initial phase = 0 for mean 4 start All oscillatory is periodic but need not = 1/2 for extreme ® start SHM All periodic need not to be oscillatory — | = 1/6 for half of extreme & start & SHM A b= w/4 for x = start SHM :~ (Araplitude is srnall) BR Note: ~ n= even = Translat” pon = odd but not 4. dees: ae \_5Oscillation but not SHM” 9 Equation of SHM :~ x= A sin(wt + >) v= Aw cos(wt + o) Fire Concept MR* x= A sinwt se na rail pay Mai -> Velocity Wo - Position Simple Harmonic Motion Motion From Mean :~ Mai tere piche, wo mere piche hai re Kismat mai turn se na vail pau, wo mere tum > acc” 2> az -wK Note :~ 2804 wae (eae \ aur Wvap :- TP of a particle executing SHM along straight line its velocity at position x, and x, from vaean are V, and V, & Then TP :- 2 yA Tsan | Ving Energies :~ L Kes mw 2 K we know m= —> @ © a? =) = = Ka? coP(wt + 6) ai eA K = Force Const” = vaw Energy graphs :~ v PE —A MP aac PE= Max KE = mak PE = Max Ke=o KE=O ® Kiet itt jge given time wea SR Patten at etl ae Repeat FU. MR* Physical Time | ‘Frequency Quantity Period Position li F | Velocity T ft Speed Wa ar Acceleration ae fF KE 2 2f PE W2 2F KE-PE V2 2F |ke-PE| 4 at ME = KE + PF ° o TP of SHM :~ Force Method Energy Method Fe -kx pe dr az - Mex | asf -w%x m w= 2 we2t T T TP of Spring Mass System :~ F = const" at Al SHM TET independent of "g? ke shape of object Physics MR* © Equilibrium 2 oa RY Ae mass Bt at aa sr F extra MEE HY Osciate i ° _. filekkar Equilibriuen &T Kx, = wg Put fro at aa ay ear 2 Ae em Combination of Spring :~ 1> Series Combination :- F = same, elongation different 2> Parallel Combination :~ ifferent, elongation = same Cutting of Spring :- Spring constant K cut in two equal part then ORT I 2k 2k Q. Cut into three part of ratio 1:2:3 then vatio of spring constant. Length of spring Kyi ky: Kye G2 3:2 Ky = 2k K.=6K K,=3K Simple'Harmonic Motion ° ° ast Libel 24k, 4K red Parallel :~ Kyy « s ak Fake 3k + Ks OK s Reduced mass Concept :~ MM, (MK ewe Ts 20 Rotation + Translation wale Que. :~ 1 = Moment of inertia 2 Constrain Motion :- Time Period of Simple Pendulim :- Te 20 Geft. N © Special Cases : > Life = t © Up r22" | — gra © Down i= p22 | —! ga © Free Fall = T= 00 2> Cav: —E(Electric field) | —sostor— on oo K T=2nf Physics 4> Pendulum in liquid :~ V= Vol. of bob, lensity of liquid. Mass of bob. }o = density _ 2) 5 of bob. 7 Pendulurn A POA eid aon ot TER TP. ea | 9 Angle made by pendulum with ceiling is 90°. o> TRINER: Simple Harmonic Motion mg 7> TP. when length of Simple Pendulum is very large :~ 2 [rR rae [& ' 9 o 1KcR Te2n g T= 84.6 min. teae [E = an ‘9 m released fe T=2n[— g Vv 49> Second Pendulum length = 1m Tine period = 2 sec FeOS Hz @ TP of Physical Pendulum :- Te wagd 1= MOL of object wrt point of suspension. d= dist” of O & CM! o Ad gsind Mg Vertical Rod hinged about one end > Special Case 4> TR. of Solid Cylinder performaing SHM if it is slightly displaced downward & released :~ lenathofeylinder inside liquid 2> Oscillation of liquid column (I) :- DA = Area m xp TeAe [oo 29g Vx i t 7 Te2n|— g sala l= 2 vaass of liquid 0 = density of liquid A= Area of liquid column. L = Total length of liquid colunn. Oscillation of liquid column (IT) :~ L = total length of water column fot g(sina+sinB) Te20 Superposition of SHM of two object Oscillating in Same Direction :~ Ae, [a2 +A? + 2A,A,cos0 0 = initial phase difference. ind + A,cos® = Angle b/n Ay & 2% SHM Physics © Phasor diagram :~ | Damped SHM :~ cost = sin t=) | * KKH a sin(wt+0) |, 2 a, Ay = initial Amplitude FY = Age sin(wt) ‘sinwt wom A, = Amplitude A,= Age Ses en n= Ap em singoot 8) C de after "0. of oscillation ae a-oscillation Equation of | Equation of | Eaustion of roe spine lip i Equation of | Eauation of | superimposed F(t) = F, cosw,t w," must be +H Hh SHM x(t) = Asinw,t 5 equal to “w,” ee xyZA md bdx ks = Asin(wt) Acos(wt) _| sin (wtrn/4) FE art Re Fo coswt XyzAcs | xKX=A | Asin(wt) Je) | sin (tens) || Oh aapka Force a Freq. aan at suagk Asin | x,=Acos | x= JB Asin | Body a Frea.& aR ar safe: resonance (wt-n/6) | (wt - 2/3) (wt) Hye ae ~~] | Q. Amplitude becomes half in 4-oscillation Asin(we)) 927 Circle then find amplitude after 16 - oscillation. Acos(wt) | x2 + y? =A? AzA,e7* = | Straight line A Yo eran Mas Asin(we! asian | a = g x,=Asin | x =Acos | xafBA (ut + 2/3) | (wt+n/e\ | costwt) Simple Harmanic Motion aR Srailuve is the first step of success. # Ture wave si ho main tumhara median Ten aati ho meri zindagi mein Mera use krti ho, main apne mean position ke about aage piche oscillate krta rehjata hu tumbare liye, aur tum Mera use krke aage nikal jaati ho. a WAVE — Mechanical Non-Mech wove wave Medium \~ Medium x # Sound, Wave # EM Wave on string, wave ie, Light on water, Wave. Mechanical Waves :- 4> Transverse Wave :~ Particle upar niche wave aage: Ex + String Wave Longitudinal Wave Particle age -piche aur wave aage. Ex. :~ Sound. Equation of Propagating Harmonic Wave :~ Y= Asin (wt + Kx tg) SHM ek particle Ka oscil” hai wave hazaro lakho particle Ka oscillation hai ! | ‘Wave. Motion initial phase [t=O x= 0] tt jave ving = A sin [ky + wt + 6] en te 2% Dono Same Longitudinal Wave : atic wd © Transverse Wave :- << viet Dy = A sin (Ky + wt) Particle Ve a angie wavs i inte” Dono different Ly y= Asin (Kx - wt) } eck @dusraQy wave is moving in +x-axis a> y= Asin (Kx + wt) ao Wave is moving in —x-axts Note :- Vp = Aw eos (Kx + we) (aman ® AW Relation Between wave Velocity & max Particle Velocity :~ "(Wplmae = ARV ave Estivaation of Particle Whether ITLL Go UP/DOWN Vparti ‘ove * Slope of wave MR* Na Tumhe Forvaula likhna na slope dhekhna direct answer bs wave jis direction mein | travel Kr rahi hai uss direction mein thoda shift Krdo ! Condition of Wave Eq. :~ fy oF eae ot ae dGetaditeaNe: “y’ > Finite hona chahiye at all position of "x’: y= Rlax + bt) = (ax + be) IMP Relation :— eae o dx At Q The maximum particle velocity is 3 times the wave velocity of a progressive wave. If A is the amplitude of oscillating particle, find phase difference between two particles of separation x. Sol. The maximum particle velocity = 3 time wave velocity Aw = 3v av we A AS we know veat oe Baa Wave Motion = phase difference = ar =] 20a |x 3 3x axe Q. The velocity of waves in a string fixed at both ends is 2 m/s. The string forms standing waves with nodes 5.0 cm apart. The frequency of vibration of the string in Hz is Sol. Here the distance between the two nodes is half of the wavelength a “P+ Fem =H A= 06m v 200 Hence n= = — = 20Hz A 40 Velocity of T. Wave in A String :- serain = As yar i & = coefficient of liner expansion B= M/L Y= Young Modulus vate [7 _ [stress [¥. Strain w jPA fe e ee Ved ce Cy ote ets ote ote 7, Te 7, Jaise~Jaise Upar jaoge T, TH Veuve t a @ MR* wl = px T, = 9 = HGK Tire taken to reach top point SMOOMOKNGA fe T22/— I ee g Pave Ratio of transvers wave at bottom ee ae TL. to top V = Af = Frequency same Aava [tension Ac (eae Ay ‘hy Sound Wave :- > Speed of := 1 Sound :~ Vz > Vig ? Vue 2> Light °~ Veacuum ? Yeas ” Vig? Vs > Range Infrasonic Sound '- F< 20 Hz Audible Sound :- 20 Hz sf < 20 KHz Ultrasonic Sound :- f > 20 KHz ¥ Vg or Vi = ee i of y= Young modules 6 = Bulk modules @ Speed of Sound :~ | jo. Newton's Formula :- (isothermal P) _[P p=P V2 280 m/s Yawn? [> © Laplace's Correction :- (Adiabatic P.) YP Vege = |= JP {= v= M Note :~ Vieist air i Vary air Prncist air © Pay air oa ‘ems? Vsound in gas Speed of sourd in gas varies with temperature. Let speed of sound is Vp at 0°C. Speed of sound is V, at T°C. Then find the relation between them a} avs Yh = 06st 546 Change in Velocity of Sound is [0.6% ws. per unit raise in temperature ie. [028% Sound Wave Travel Due to Pressure & Density Variation. :~ Compression Ravefraction Yer Mo [a Sab °C mein Chalega P > Max Min p> Max Min Physics S> Min Max > between disp” (5) & Pressure wave in sound wave is 1/2. Relation Between Pressure Amplitude & Displacement Amplitude :~ Angular wave no. P. amplitude Disp™ amplitude Bulk Modulus Intensity of Wave :~ ie a [3 = = = pvatw* \e 2 p22, watt msec wn? Energy Density of Wave :- Energy , Kintensity) . 2 par Volume V(Velocity) 2 2 Where, | aoe pVAtw? MR* > divection se feel karo Intensity Variation Due to Diff. Point Linear Planar gee taX tar? e Aa Loudness of Sound Wave :~ Watt 1, = 10°? ——— lo mat L= 10 logy () dB 4Bel = 1048 , Mee AL = 10 [09.9 Wave Motion. Principle of Superposition of Waves :- APs AP + AZ + 2A,A, c05 @ feheh+2fi li cos@ 2 (e+ fe) A +AP ‘mn (a-Jay AWAY Interference :- Aaise doh wave Ka superposition jiska A & F same hai ! Constructive Destructive Ane =Az+A, | Aum =A; ~ baa? (f+ SE) |i? (WG Sa) cos g = 3 cos = 4, 20, 20, 41, ox, gem, 31, Su, 7x, ; BA SA x = 0, A, 2A, 3A, Perera rere = i ~~ Ww a cm | (rane ea Two wave same amplitude A, :- Constructive Destructive Amex ® Ao Awin =O be (ATP = 41 Igy FO Ua) 4 Cone * fad? (0) 2487 (4 +B (d) (2 + BAB [nae 7 @) (c) 272 +B) so he Apply MR* Bet a cin Reflection of T. Wave in String :- (String S4t Sound & Same hai) (a) Raver > Denser :- Reflected | Transmited f f fe Speed | Same uy Wavelength | Same A Stationary Wave :- Aaise doh wave ka superposition jiska sab Huch same hoga bs direction opposite The intensity ratio of the two interfering | 4> Y = 2A sin (Kx) cos (wt) bears of light is 6. What is the value of | |Antinode n = KK = (2ned) = 2 a Ke (ans) 2 Different equation of Stationary Wave :- Y = 2A sin (Kx) . cos (wt) Y = 2A cos (Kx). sin(we) Y = 2A sin (Kx) . sin (wt) Y = 2A cos (Kx) . cos (wt) Q. node is formed at origin then araplitude which is at between node and antinode. Sol. x= 2A sin (kx), X= = 2Asin REA 4 Piysics | Difference Between Stationary & Progressive Wave :~ Stationary wave | Progressive wave > Particle at [42> No Particle at Node > rest rest, 2> No Transfer of |2> Transfer of E & E&P. P occurs, "A" samme 3> Sabka “A” diff. | 3> 4> Allinsame phase|4> All ave in aiff. between N. phase s> All particles} s> All particles cross MP with’ cross MP with diff. speed at| same speed at same time. diff. time. Stationary Wave :~ y= 2A sin (Kx) 08 (we) S sum Amplitude Formation of Stationary Wave in String Sonometre Wire :~ Wave Motion (a) Fundamental or 1° harmonic :~ a ~ harmonics or (n—2) overtone :~ toni No. of AN =n tar] No.of N= ned Difference between any two consecutive harmonies ;~ Open Organ Pipe :- (a) Fundavaental Freq, or 2% harmonic =~ Gey aL (b) 2™ harmonic or 1* overtone i- AN_AN AN xx) EY (0) 3" harmonic or 2" overtone :~ AN AA AA o xa) Bs AA) Na ape eye ee ee eee a) 2efe 2) M oo nz harmonic — (n-2) = overtone No. of N=" vd, No. of AN = n+ 2 eye te { Rihikesiasiny For Pressure wave :~ 2) owt 2077" AN, ) A N JN Mininnuen isp wave, Disp" wave & Pressure wave have = W/2 Closed Organ Pipe :~ (a) Fundamental or 2* harmonic G8) i @ (b) 3" harmonic or 2* overtone :~ AA KES Wie (0) 5® harmonic or 2™ overtone :- A AA . wa NaN © (2n+4)=Hormonic n= Overtone Fawn 2) fffyehisis 4b vi Difference between any two consecutive harmonics :~ expe The MR* Frequency Ka ratio likhdo aur uss ratio mein dhekho Konse wave form Ki baat chalrahi Jiss wave form Ki baat chal rahi hogi wahi turahara N & AN hoga. i wy 2” overtone 3" overtone B wave form — 4 wave forvn BN&ZAN 4N & 4AN End Correction :- Closed OP :~ A ji eet = ma Open OP al (Qneav 4(L+e) e20er. LQ. The length of an open organ pipe is | Sol. The fundamental Frequency of open pipe | twice the length of ancther closed organ =f, = > = 100Hs pipe. The fundamental Frequency of cael = the open pipe is 100 Hz. The frequency Hence the shi aaa of closed of the third harmonic of the closed organ Pipe yay pipe is. oe Resonance Tube :~ i $ is a fi ee ve Doppler effect is observed when 4, () The source is moving observer is “Resonance” stationary. cay (ii) The observer is moving source at rest 4L, 4ly (iil) Both are moving. See ae ee Condition when doppier effect will not he occur: () When both ave at rest. (ii) When both are moving with same velocity, (iil) Both are moving exactly perpendicular to each other. Doppler Effect :~ {iv) When they are moving greater than There is apparent change in Frequency due | ‘Peed of wave to relative motion of source and observer. (v) When once is moving on circular-path Valid in sound and electromagnetic wave and other is exactly at centre. also. (vi) Does not depends on distance b/w thers ‘wave Motion @ Se Man is standing and source is crossing hina then graph of frequency observed with distance ov time. f time/distance Frequency only depends on relative welocity does nat depends on distance and time. The MR* (The pro-version of Mr*) a Rest o Ar v V-Vs i e Vs | f s ef ? Vs rtf 8> IMP Case :~ (a) Vt Vs Observer f Annee 3 O © Ot @-y 6 vest vest 2f, We ‘Af s —2e ws) @> Car is Moving Towards Stationary Wall :- (a) Man is standing behind CAR ¥, iY Observer 8h aainand A (00) FM) Minrop (Rest) Bf Ws. af VA Phases SS. () Man is standing b/w CAR and wall at res: %, Oe | ED es t f° "Sine (car) F, (wall) Mirror Gest) The MR* (The pro-version of MR") 10> When medium is moving opposite to the direction of sound :~ V, sound = V Vig ) Baki Sign dheklena pep, (Move V=Vy Vs When medium is moving in direction of sound :~ 2VEVy an> Vecurd Baki Sign dhekler.a V+ Vu Ve oly v, Peete 12> Beats! “f" slightly different. Af < 10. rele Amplitude 2 oscil” Ye Amplitude Ko decide Karega! Wave Motion Sol Sol . Tuning Fork :~ Sharp :- Ft Waxing :- fh Waring: (A AS? Waning :~ win (Ay - Ap)? Two tuning forks when sounded together produced 4 beats/see. The frequency of one fork is 256. The number of beats heard increases when the fork of frequency 256 is loaded with wax. The frequency of the other fork is fi, - fy = 4Hz f= 256Hz _y 260H2 fe me (Possible) >> 2sae in waxing of A f, will decrease but frequency difference is increasing hence 260 Hz will be answer. A tuning fork A produces 2 beats per second when sounded with a tuning fork of frequency 200Hz. When A is loaded with wax the beats stop. What is the Frequency of fork A? There are 2 beats per second MR -f=2 = 200 -f, f,= 20022 f= 202 or f, = 198 Wher loaded with wax the beats stop since the Frequency decreases on loading

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