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Territorio, Turismo y Desarrollo Sostenible

2º Grado en Turismo

Facultad de Turismo y Finanzas

Universidad de Sevilla

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 TOPIC 2

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CONCEPTS AND RELATIONSHIPS IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

BACKGROUND AND APPEARANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

THE 1980s

• 1983: Creation of the Commission on Environment and Development by the UN General Assembly.

• Headed by Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norwegian Environment Minister. She is currently UN Special Envoy on
Climate Change.

• Objective: to design a Global Agenda for change to a fairer and more equitable development model, less
harmful to the environment and intended to ensure the survival of the planet.

• The Commission concentrated on 6 priority areas (Population, Food, Species and Ecosystems, Energy,
Industry and the Urban Challenge).

• Main result: report entitled “Our Common Future” or Brundtland Report.

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Brundtland Report

i. Argument or central idea: “need to attain economic development that is respectful of the
environment and that is equitable from a social point of view, and above all that is durable, that can
be maintained”.
ii. Concept of sustainable development: “development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

CONSOLIDATION AND EXTENSION OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

THE 1990s

• UN CONFERENCE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT; EARTH SUMMIT; RIO SUMMIT (1992)
CRUCIAL MILESTONE

Great success in terms of attendance and Great Future Importance

participation
180 Governments Rio + 5 (New York)
108 Heads of State 2 Rio +10 (Johannesburg)
400 NGO representatives Rio +15 (Jakarta)
Rio +20 (Rio de Janeiro)

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 AGREEMENTS REACHED AT THE RIO CONFERENCE

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Earth Charter.

• 27 general principles to guide states: search for progress and well-being.

• Emphasis on the need to foster human development, halt environmental degradation and reduce
poverty.

Programme 21 or Agenda 21. Action Plan to achieve sustainable development. 3 sections and 40
chapters

To deal with environment and development problems on a global scale.

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• SECTION 1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• SECTION 2. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• SECTION 3. STRENGTHENING THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTORS INVOLVED IN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

Convention on Biological Diversity.

• Agreement to conserve biological and genetic diversity.

• Ensure a fairer and more equitable sharing of the benefits arising from technology (Rich countries
beneficiaries of research and transformation vs. Poor countries as suppliers of resources)

Framework Convention on Climate Change (New York, 1992)

• Agreement to stabilize the emissions of greenhouse gases

• Controversial
• In 1997, governments agreed to incorporate an addition to the treaty, known by the name of the Kyoto

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Protocol, which included more energetic (and legally binding) measures: reduce emissions of
greenhouse gases by an average of 5%, using 1990 levels as a reference.
• Various Summits…The latest: Paris Summit (2015)

Paris Summit (2015) on Climate Change

“Strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and
efforts to eradicate poverty“, to which end three specific actions were determined:

a) Keep the increase of global average temperature well below 2 °C with respect to pre- industrial
levels, and pursue efforts to limit the temperature rise to 1.5 °C with regard to pre-industrial levels,
recognizing that this would considerably reduce the risks and effects of climate change;
b) Increase resilience to the adverse effects of climate change and promote climate resilience and
low-emission development of greenhouse gases, in a way that does not compromise food
production;
c) Increase financial flows at a level consistent with a path leading to climate resilient development
and low emissions of greenhouse gases.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

• 17 goals for transforming our world

• In 2015, the UN approved the Agenda 2030 on Sustainable Development, an opportunity for countries
and their societies to take a new path to improve the lives of everyone, without leaving anybody
behind. The Agenda has 17 Sustainable Development Goals, which range from the elimination of
poverty to combatting climate change, education, equality for women, the defence of the environment
or the design of our cities. On this site we provide you with information on what these goals are and
the efforts of the UN and its partners to build a better world.

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
SUSTAINABILITY AND TOURISM

“In our times, the relationship between tourism and the environment is very similar to that established between
industry and the environment during the Industrial Revolution” (Mangano, 2007).

Subsequently, reorganization of the sector:

• Flexibilization and diversification of supply

• Improvement in the quality of supply

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• More exigent demand, more and more informed
• Importance of the tourism experience
• Raising awareness of environmental issues
• Search for environmental and landscape quality

Conceptions that considered tourism and the environment as antagonistic have been overcome.

The environment is a crucial factor in the tourism product. Tourists are consumers of the environment:
landscape, climate, natural life, cultural heritage etc.

Why has sustainable tourism emerged?

• Greater awareness of environmental issues (Eco/Sustainable)

• The impact of conventional tourism has started to be taken into account
• Tourists are becoming more demanding
• Pressure from environmental groups

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

“is tourism that aims to satisfy the needs of tourists and tourist destinations, while protecting and increasing future
opportunities” (World Tourism Organization)

“manage the necessary resources in a manner that ensures that social, economic and aesthetic needs are met
while at the same time upholding :

- cultural integrity
- essential ecological processes
- biological diversity
- life support systems”
(World Tourism Organization)

The main aim is to continue over time with maximum profitability but protecting the natural resources that
sustain it and respecting and involving the population.

Responding to the 3 components of sustainability

Social Economic Environmental

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 should strengthen relationships, needs to collaborate in the
exchange of experience and Must be profitable protection and conservation of

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enrichment of visitors and the environment
inhabitants

A sustainable tourism experience is one whose goal is the combination of some of the following aspects (much
better if all are included in some way):

Environmental sustainability: recovery, conservation and good management of (cultural or natural) heritage
resources; control of the carrying capacity of (cultural or natural) heritage resources; efficient use of energy,
water, land and primary materials; effective control of dumping and pollution processes (air, noise, land, water,
etc.), control of waste generation and effective management of the same, etc.

Social sustainability: participation of the local population in the benefits of tourism through control and
sharing of the benefit-generating processes; control of the reception capacity of host populations; restoration,
conservation or promotion of the local culture and its manifestations, guaranteeing its authenticity;
commitment of tourists to host populations, etc. etc.

Economic sustainability: seeking long-term benefits; strategies for maintaining the activity throughout the

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year; stable employment; benefits that contribute to local development and generate multiplier effects,
combination with other economic activities avoiding functional specialization, etc.

Sustainable tourism ≠ Ecotourism

• Sustainable tourism is not a sector, it is the goal that should be pursued by all typologies and all sectors
involved in this industry.

There are 3 keywords in relation to this concept and which explain the 5 goals of the model

MAXIMS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

a) Moderation in the use of resources

b) Reduction of excessive consumption and waste generation
c) Maintaining geological diversity
d) Careful tourism planning
e) Supporting the local economy
f) Interaction and participation of the local population
g) Specific training of staff
h) Responsible marketing
i) Stimulating research

How do I manage to achieve these maxims?: working in these 10 priority areas

1. Reduction, re-use and recycling of waste

2. Energy efficiency, conservation and management
3. Adequate management of drinking water resources
4. Adequate management of sewage
5. Adequate management of hazardous substances
6. More sustainable transport
7. Adequate management and planning of tourism activity

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 8. Involve staff, customers and the local community in environmental tasks
9. Create a design for sustainability
10. Establishment of collaboration agreements to achieve sustainable development

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2017, International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development UNWTO The General International
recalling the Assembly of the United Nations designated 2017 as the Year of Sustainable Tourism for
Development, thereby recalling the potential of tourism to help to reach the Agenda 2030 on Sustainable
Development, of universal scope, and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Twelve months to celebrate and promote the contribution of the tourism sector to building a better world: this is
the major goal of the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development that has just begun.

The International Year was a turning point in policies, business practices and consumer behaviour towards

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a more sustainable tourism sector that can contribute effectively to the SDGs.

The International Year promoted tourism’s role in the following five key areas:

1) Inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

2) Social inclusiveness, employment and poverty reduction.
3) Resource efficiency, environmental protection and climate change.
4) Cultural values, diversity and heritage.
5) Mutual understanding, peace and security.

Why support sustainable tourism?

Ethical reasons

1) Scientific reasons
2) Ecological reasons
3) Economic reasons

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