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UNIT 1 they have all helped humans explore their land and
transport goods from one place to another. But is this
The mental skills of chimpanzees fair? What about animal rights? To argue for this issue
Narrator: For 30 years, scientists at Georgia State today we have Amy Johnson, an animal rights activist
University have been studying the mental skills of and writer. To argue against the issue is Dr Jacob
chimpanzees. They’re finding out if chimpanzees can Kuryan. Dr Kuryan is a professor of zoology, which is
plan ahead and how much they plan ahead. the scientific study of animals, and a writer of several
Man: OK, I’m going to set up the computer, books on animal welfare. You both have two minutes
right here. to introduce your point of view. Ms Johnson, would
Narrator: They use a computer maze to find you like to begin?
out about the chimpanzee’s ability. In the wild, Ms Johnson: Thank you for inviting me to this
chimpanzees have to find food and protect debate. It’s well known that animals have worked
themselves, so they probably need to make plans. side by side with humans for thousands of years.
But how good are they at planning? In fact, they helped us develop our civilization and
One of the chimpanzees, named Panzee, is excellent. helped humans survive. Animals, like elephants and
She can often complete difficult mazes that she’s horses, were used to build amazing structures, like the
never seen before better than humans. pyramids in Egypt. Yet their hard work and suffering
are hardly ever recognized. For example, horses,
Man: Tell me what you want.
camels and elephants were used to transport armies
Narrator: This is an amazing discovery! Panzee and soldiers during wars and many of these animals
doesn’t make many mistakes and she can sometimes died in these wars. And there are other examples.
see the solution to the maze faster than a human can. Even now, dogs are used to pull sleds in cold climates
The ability to look ahead and find the way from and elephants are used for logging. These animals
the beginning to the end of the maze means she’s work long hours and live in difficult conditions.
very smart. However, they get very little reward. Humans just use
And it means that planning before acting is not just a them to their advantage. My main argument is that
human skill. in the modern world, there is no longer any need to
Scientist: Chimpanzees do plan ahead. I don’t use animals for work. We have technology that can
believe that they can plan ahead nearly so far as we replace them. It’s similar to using children to work in
can. I think also that they reflect upon the past but factories. Two hundred years ago, factory owners got
not to the degree that we do. I would suggest that rich by using children. Nowadays, people still get rich
chimpanzees are able to plan ahead over the course by using animals to do work for them. The problem is
of several days, whereas we can plan ahead for years that the animals have no one to represent them and
or centuries if we wish. protect their rights. Even though animals work hard
for us, they are often abandoned when they get sick
1.1 or too old to work. They suffer. In short, I strongly
Host: Hello and welcome. Today’s debate is on believe that using animals for work is an old-fashioned
using animals for work. The first animal that was and cruel practice.
domesticated by humans is the dog. Even now, dogs Host: Thank you, Ms Johnson. Dr Kuryan – your
are still used to protect our houses and keep us introduction, please.
safe. Other domesticated animals – used for food Dr Kuryan: Thank you. It’s true that animals have
– include sheep, cows and goats. The first donkeys helped our civilization develop. Camels and horses
were used by humans approximately 6,000 years ago helped us carry goods across huge distances. Dogs
in Egypt. Horses were domesticated 5,000 years ago helped us hunt and protected us from wild animals.
in Europe and Asia. All these animals have been used Humans don’t have the skills or strength to do
to help human beings survive, either by providing these jobs. I want to argue that, in many developing
food or by working for us. Horses, camels, elephants – countries, poor people still need animals to survive.

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 These are people who can’t afford cars, house alarms increased threat of oil spills. Contact with oil will kill
or expensive machines. Another point is that not polar bears. And the oil ships are also dangerous to
all animal use is abuse. On the contrary, without polar bears.
humans, these domesticated animals would not have However, there is good news: it may not be too
been able to survive. They need us to take care of late to save the polar bear. Here’s what people are
them. There are many animal lovers around the world already doing.
who work in animal shelters and help animals. There First, Arctic communities are trying to reduce contact
are laws that stop animal suffering. And people give between humans and polar bears. More lights in
a lot of money to animal charities and organizations public places, electric fences and warning plans when
that help save wildlife. At the same time, there are still bears enter towns all help to protect both polar bears
millions of children in the world who don’t get this and humans.
kind of treatment. They go without food or clothing. Second, governments have made laws which limit
I strongly believe that, in a modern society, people the amount of oil production in the Arctic. And
often care more about animals than they do about environmental groups are creating plans to make
poor people. Arctic shipping safer.
Host: Thank you both for your arguments! Now, let’s Third, people are trying to stop climate change.
hear from our listeners … And you can, too. To help save polar bears, you
should use less electricity and petrol. And you
1.2 could tell government leaders your opinion about
Hello, and thank you all for coming. I know that climate change. It might also be a good idea to get
you’re all busy students and I appreciate that you’re involved with organizations which are working to
here today. save polar bears.
So, what do you think of when you hear the words So, to summarize, the main threat to polar bears is
climate change? You probably think about warmer loss of habitat due to climate change. Related threats
temperatures, floods, droughts, huge storms … and are human contact and industrial development.
maybe polar bears. That’s what I’m going to talk about If people don’t make changes quickly, polar bears
today – the polar bear and the human threats to this may disappear.
beautiful, powerful, majestic animal.
It’s widely known that polar bears are now an
1.3
endangered species. There are only about 26,000 1 First, Arctic communities are trying to reduce contact
polar bears in the world today and it’s believed between humans and polar bears.
that most of them will be gone by 2050 if nothing 2 Second, governments have made laws which limit the
changes. There are several threats to polar bears. amount of oil production in the Arctic.
The biggest threat is the loss of sea ice habitat. 3 So, to summarize, the main threat to polar bears is
Climate change damages the sea ice, which polar loss of habitat due to climate change.
bears depend on for survival.
The disappearing ice has several negative effects. For 1.4
example, polar bears have problems searching for … beautiful, powerful, majestic …
seals, their main source of food. Polar bears need to
stand on ice to hunt for seals. So when there isn’t 1.5
enough ice, the bears become hungry. … warmer temperatures, floods, droughts,
A second threat is contact between humans and huge storms …
polar bears. When the sea ice melts, polar bears
1.6
have to spend more time on land. When polar bears
go near towns, people sometimes kill the bears to 1 large, white, strong
protect themselves. 2 pandas, sea turtles, chimpanzees, tigers
A third human threat to polar bears is industrial 3 human contact, climate change,
development, such as oil production and shipping. industrial development
As the ice disappears, the ocean is growing. This
4 more lights, electric fences, warning plans
means more oil production in the Arctic and an

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 1.7 This was the answer.
Discovery is a special ship that can rise completely out
It’s often said that it’s cruel to use animals for
of the water on giant ‘legs’. It made a safe building area
entertainment. However, I would like to argue
in the middle of the sea possible.
against this idea. I know that many animal lovers
would disagree with me, but let me explain my And it could hold all the parts to build each
point of view. wind turbine.
First of all, keeping animals in zoos helps protect These huge pieces of the turbine look like airplane
them. For example, many species, such as the giant wings. They were designed to get as much energy as
panda and the snow leopard, are endangered in the possible, even from light winds.
wild, so they are safer in zoos. Another point is that But as you can imagine, they were difficult to
zoos have an important educational role. For instance, assemble, especially in windy weather.
children can see animals up close. When I was a child, It took a team effort. Everything had to line
my father took me to the zoo. I learned about exotic up perfectly.
animals and I also learned to care about animals. Success!
Modern zoos have improved their conditions. Animals Each one of these wind turbines is almost 400 feet
are no longer kept in small cages and zoos have large across. That’s 120 metres, about as big as the London
areas where animals can feel as if they are in their Eye. And they built 175 of them.
natural habitat. Every turbine can provide power for 3,000 homes. So
To summarize, zoos help protect animals and now, because of the London Array wind farm, over
educate us. In short, modern zoos are comfortable, half a million homes in England have clean electricity.
safe places for wild animals. In conclusion, I believe
that we should help zoos by visiting them and 2.1
donating money. 1 Today I want to explain some alternative solutions.
1.8 2 As we all know, in order to grow plants we need
water and sunlight.
1 First of all, keeping animals in zoos helps protect
3 I think that desert farms might be a very interesting
them.
way to farm in the future.
2 For example, many species, such as the giant panda
4 If you add the nutrients to water, you can grow fruit
and the snow leopard, are endangered
and vegetables in water.
in the wild.
3 Another point is that zoos have an important 2.2
educational role. Good morning. Today I want to explain some
4 To summarize, zoos help protect animals and alternative solutions which may help reduce some
educate us. of the problems related to climate change. The first
5 In short, modern zoos are comfortable, safe places for solution uses solar energy to grow food in the desert.
wild animals. First of all, I’ll explain how farming in the desert works.
Then, we’ll briefly discuss how this type of farming
UNIT 2 could solve some of the environmental problems we
are now facing. We’ll discuss some possible problems
Blowing in the wind: offshore wind farms with this system.
Narrator: We humans use a lot of energy and So, how does it work? As we all know, in order to
some traditional energy sources are running out. grow plants we need water and sunlight. There’s a
Where can we find alternative energy sources? lot of sunlight in the desert, but very little water.
These days, one popular source is wind. Scientists have combined solar energy with a farming
In 2013 the largest offshore wind farm opened here in technology called hydroponics. Hydroponics means
the open sea. growing plants in water. Plants don’t need to grow
It’s called the London Array and it’s located about 12 in the ground, but they do need nutrients to help
miles from the southeast coast of England. them grow. Nutrients are like food for the plants. So,
How was it possible to build this giant wind farm in if you add the nutrients to water, you can grow fruit
the water?
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 and vegetables in water. NASA scientists have been 100 metres from the shore. A line of mirrors reflects
developing this method of growing food because heat from the sun onto a pipe which has oil inside.
it could allow us to grow food in any climate – in The hot oil in the pipe heats up seawater, which
Antarctica, the Sahara desert or even on Mars. You is kept in special containers. When the seawater
might ask how this method of growing plants helps reaches 160 °C, the steam from this process provides
with the problem of climate change. I mean, after all, electricity. Some of the hot water is used to heat
it uses fresh water, which is a limited resource. the greenhouse during the cold desert nights. The
An Australian company, Sundrop Farms, combined plants grow in the greenhouse – a building with glass
hydroponics with solar energy. Traditional farming walls and a glass ceiling. The rest of the heated water
uses between 60 and 80 percent of our planet’s fresh goes to a desalination plant. Desalination is when we
water. However, Sundrop Farms doesn’t use fresh remove the salt from seawater to create drinkable
water. It uses seawater. Sundrop Farms is only 100 water – that is, water which is clean and safe to drink.
metres from the shore. A line of mirrors reflects heat The desalination plant can produce up to 10,000 litres
from the sun onto a pipe which has oil inside. The of fresh water every day. The farmer adds nutrients to
hot oil in the pipe heats up seawater, which is kept this fresh water and then grows fruit and vegetables.
in special containers. When the seawater reaches To summarize, solar energy removes the salt from
160 °C, the steam provides electricity. Some of the the seawater and the fresh water is then used inside
hot water is used to heat the greenhouse during the the greenhouse, where the plants are growing.
cold desert nights. The plants grow in the greenhouse Many people around the world are really excited
– a building with glass walls and a glass ceiling. The about this technology. So far, Australian farms have
rest of the heated water goes to a desalination grown tomatoes, peppers and cucumbers using
plant. Desalination is when we remove the salt from hydroponics. Many supermarkets are interested
seawater to create drinkable water – that is, water in buying these vegetables because they’re grown
which is clean and safe to drink. The desalination without pesticides or other chemicals. Some people
plant can produce up to 10,000 litres of fresh water think hydroponics is the perfect solution to the world
every day. The farmer adds nutrients to this fresh food crisis.
water and then grows fruit and vegetables. Finally, the desert farms use solar energy and not fossil
To summarize, solar energy removes the salt from fuels, thus their negative effect on the environment
the seawater and the fresh water is then used inside is minimal. Now, of course, the future of hydroponics
the greenhouse, where the plants are growing. is unknown. But I think that desert farms might be a
Many people around the world are really excited very interesting way to farm in the future. Now let’s
about this technology. So far, Australian farms have discuss some of the problems …
grown tomatoes, peppers and cucumbers using
hydroponics. Many supermarkets are interested
2.4
in buying these vegetables because they’re grown 1 Today I want to explain some alternative solutions
without pesticides or other chemicals. Some people which may help reduce some of the problems related
think hydroponics is the perfect solution to the world to climate change.
food crisis. 2 NASA scientists have been developing this method of
Finally, the desert farms use solar energy and not fossil growing food because it could allow us to grow food
fuels, thus their negative effect on the environment in any climate.
is minimal. Now, of course, the future of hydroponics
3 I think that desert farms might be a very interesting
is unknown. But I think that desert farms might be a
way to farm in the future.
very interesting way to farm in the future. Now let’s
discuss some of the problems … 2.5
2.3 Host: Welcome to today’s debate on the advantages
and disadvantages of nuclear energy. Some people
An Australian company, Sundrop Farms, combined
think that nuclear power is an environmentally
hydroponics with solar energy. Traditional farming
friendly source of energy because it creates less
uses between 60 and 80 percent of our planet’s
pollution than traditional power plants. However,
fresh water. However, Sundrop Farms doesn’t use
fresh water. It uses seawater. Sundrop Farms is only the opponents of nuclear energy believe that it has

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 more dangers than benefits. Debating this issue today Jack: I’m not sure about that. I think that building
are Emma Martinez and Jack Sullivan. Thank you for nuclear power plants is the perfect solution for many
joining us today to share your opinions about this poorer countries. Yes, it might be expensive to build
important issue. the plant, but once the nuclear plant is there, the
Emma: Thank you. I want to argue that there are cost of the production of energy is very low. Plus, the
many problems with nuclear power. It may be country can sell the electricity to its neighbours and
true that there are very few accidents caused by improve its economy. It’s a long-term solution. And
nuclear plants, but if there is an accident, then it it makes a country less dependent on oil and gas. At
will be huge and it will have long-term effects on the moment, whenever oil or gas prices go up, it’s the
the environment. For example, after the Fukushima poor countries and poor people who suffer. Some
nuclear disaster in Japan, the government had to people think that solar and wind energy are greener
tell people to leave their homes because of the than nuclear energy. But I don’t think that’s accurate.
possibility of radiation. The radioactive material Wind turbines are not exactly friendly for birds, not
spread to water and food, such as tea, milk, beef and to mention that solar panels and wind turbines take
fish. For months after the accident, the Fukushima up a lot of space. They’re also very expensive and
plant was dangerous. People will not be able to live in don’t last as long as a nuclear power plant. In short,
the nearby area for the next 20 years. This is the big wind and solar energy can’t solve the problem of
risk of building a nuclear power plant. In my opinion, climate change and they aren’t a good solution for
it’s irresponsible for governments to allow nuclear poor countries.
power plants to be built near cities. They’re just too Host: Thank you both very much. Let’s take some
dangerous. questions from the audience …
Jack: I have to disagree. I think we should look at the
bigger picture. Some people are worried that nuclear UNIT 3
power is a big risk. And yet there are hundreds of The air travel revolution
nuclear power plants all over the world and there
Narrator: In the past 50 years we’ve done the
have only been three major nuclear accidents in
impossible – we’ve made the world smaller. Today
the last 30 years. In fact, research shows that many
we can travel from continent to continent in no time.
more people die while working with coal, natural
gas and hydropower – that is, electricity powered Paris and London are closer than ever before.
by water. On top of that, nuclear power is the most North America and Europe are almost neighbours.
environmentally friendly and the most sustainable And South America and Asia are less than a day away
source of energy. In other words, it doesn’t damage from each other.
the environment and there will always be enough of Trips that used to happen once in a lifetime now
it. A nuclear power plant does not pollute the air, it’s happen weekly for many business people.
relatively cheap and it can provide a huge amount How have we done this? By taking to the air.
of electricity to our cities. And of course, our cities Aeroplanes have clearly revolutionized transportation.
are growing … Military planes travel faster than the speed of sound.
Emma: I’m sorry, can I interrupt? Some people say Commercial planes, like the Airbus A380 and the
that nuclear energy doesn’t pollute the air, but that’s Boeing 747, are much bigger than houses. More
not completely true. It takes many years to build people travel by air than ever in history.
a nuclear power plant. During this time, hundreds The airspace over London, for example, is among the
of machines work day and night and pollute the busiest and most crowded in the world.
air in the area. I don’t think it’s necessary to build Every day 3,500 flights take place overhead. And that’s
nuclear power plants when we have safer and more just one city.
environmentally friendly energy sources, such as In 2016, about 3.7 billion people travelled by plane.
solar and wind energy. They’re cheaper and they’re And that number will likely continue to grow.
unlimited sources of energy. Also they’re more The sky has become a place for us to work, rest
affordable for most countries, when compared with and play.
nuclear power. Building a nuclear power plant is not a
And right now, around the world, over a million
solution for poor or developing countries.
people are travelling in the air above us.

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 3.1 a detailed record of each crash, which investigators
check carefully.
1 There has been an increase in motorcycle accidents
over the past five years.
Host: But for you, I suppose this training had the
opposite effect. How did it influence you? Did it make
2 Airlines are always looking for new ways to increase you afraid of flying?
the safety of their planes.
Mark: Uh-huh, the course had a strong impact on
3.2 me. I actually became very scared of being on a plane.
When I told my colleagues about it, they just laughed.
1 There’s a detailed record of each plane crash.
They couldn’t believe that I had completed the flight
2 A machine called a ‘black box’ records everything the attendant training and now I was afraid to get on
pilot and co-pilot say during a flight. a plane. What was I supposed to do? I decided to
3 Some cities don’t permit cycling on the pavement. research it online and I read stories about people who
4 I’m sorry, but you need an employee parking permit managed to control their fear of flying.
to park in this garage. Host: Can it be cured?
5 The company presents an award for road safety to Mark: Actually, like any phobia, there’s not always a
the safest city. cure for it, but you can decrease its effects on your
6 He received a new car as a present from his parents. life. You need to have the right attitude. You can
achieve anything if you concentrate and stay positive.
3.3 The advice I got was very useful, but it was a challenge
Host: Have you ever been afraid of flying? Do and it took me a long time to get over my fear.
you feel scared when you sit on a plane? Are you
3.4
stressed when there’s turbulence? If so, you may have
aerophobia. The word aerophobia comes from the Host: Can you share some advice with our listeners?
Greek and it consists of two parts: aero, which means Mark: Of course. Well, the first method to reduce
‘flight’ or ‘air’, and phobia, which means ‘fear’. People your fear is to learn more about how planes work.
with aerophobia experience extreme fear or panic For example, many people believe that without the
when they sit on a plane. In today’s programme, we’ll engines, the plane will simply fall down from the sky,
discuss some steps which you can take to reduce but that isn’t true. The plane will stay up because its
this fear. With me today is Mark Knowling. Mark used wings push against the air. A plane can fly without the
to be a flight attendant who was afraid of flying. engines, and a well-trained pilot will be able to control
He has written a book about his experience and it without power. All pilots learn how to fly without
often gives presentations to help other people deal the engines.
with their phobias. Can you tell us more about your Host: What about turbulence? Whenever I fly, I get
experience, Mark? very scared during turbulence.
Mark: Yes, sure. So I took a flight attendant’s course Mark: Well, turbulence can be dangerous, of course.
right after college. My goal was to see the world and However, most turbulence is completely normal and
I thought it would be a good job for me. I learned won’t cause any trouble, so you shouldn’t be afraid
a lot more than I expected from the course. During of it. The only situation where it can cause problems
the training, we studied a lot about air safety, but is when the aircraft is already damaged or during a
there were also lectures about plane crashes. The storm. But, as you know, airlines study the weather
instructors would tell us horrible stories of serious and won’t carry passengers if they think the weather
problems – broken engines, birds hitting the aircraft, conditions aren’t safe for flying.
hijackings and even stories of planes crashing in the
middle of the desert or in the ocean.
Host: Is there any other advice that you can give?
Host: That’s terrible! Mark: Understanding where the emergency exits are
may help you relax. Not knowing where an exit is and
Mark: No, I don’t think so. They were trying to make feeling that you’re in a closed space can make you
us take the job seriously. They would also discuss afraid. Finally, to reduce the fear of flying, you should
the research done by air crash investigators to help avoid watching movies about plane crashes or other
us understand the reasons behind air crashes. There’s accidents. Some researchers say that aerophobia is

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 caused by people watching too many disaster movies. drive to or from work, and there’s very little space
I think we often forget that, compared to the many for cyclists. Many of the cycle lanes we have are too
forms of transport that we use every day, air transport narrow and some of the busiest streets don’t even
is actually very safe. have cycle lanes. What’s more, many drivers don’t
Host: In what way? have respect for cyclists. Cars sometimes even drive
in the cycle lanes to pass other cars. Of course, if
Mark: Well, there’s research which compares the
a car hits a bicycle, it’s going to injure or even kill
number of accidents per number of miles travelled
the cyclist.
on each form of transport. We can see that by far
the safest form of travel is air transport, and the most A second issue is storage. Many people don’t have a
dangerous is using a motorcycle. In recent years, safe place to put their bicycles while they’re at work.
there has been a significant decrease in the number They worry that if they leave their bicycle outside, it’ll
of plane crashes. In contrast, cars are considerably get stolen. Also, it’ll get wet when it rains and might
more dangerous. get damaged over time.
Host: Really? I didn’t know that. Thank you for your A third problem is that, for some people, cycling to
advice, Mark. You can let us know what you think work isn’t convenient. Maybe they live far from their
about air safety and share your stories by going to our job or maybe they sometimes work late and don’t
website at www … want to cycle home in the dark. And a lot of people
don’t like to cycle in the rain. What if you cycle to
3.5 work and then later it starts raining? From my own
1 The course was a lot more challenging than I expected. experience, I can tell you that it’s pretty terrible to
2 We can see that by far the most affordable form of ride home during a storm.
transport is walking. So, those are three of the biggest issues: safety,
3 The risks of driving a car are considerably more storage and convenience.
significant than those of flying. 3.7
4 For me, flying is much more comfortable than
Now I’d like to share some possible solutions. First,
travelling by train.
to improve safety, I’d suggest that police officers give
5 Taking a train is definitely more relaxing than driving. big fines to drivers who break the law by driving in a
6 Using the underground is a lot faster than travelling by cycle lane.
bus at rush hour. Also, I’d like to see wider cycle lanes to allow more
7 Driving is considerably more expensive than walking. bicycles to pass at the same time. We should also add
8 Cycling is absolutely the healthiest form of transport. cycle lanes to busy streets which don’t have them
yet. These proposals would prevent cars from hitting
3.6 cyclists and would save lives.
Hello, everyone. Thank you for being here today. As for the issue of storage, I think that city parking
Welcome to the first meeting of Wheels to Work. garages ought to create special parking sections for
As you know, the goal of this group is to make our bicycles. This would keep bicycles safe and dry while
city more bicycle-friendly. Specifically, we’d like to people are working.
make it easier for people to cycle to work. Cycling
Finally, convenience. In my opinion, we should make
to work is good for the environment and it provides
it easier to take bicycles on public transport. For
great exercise. And personally, I think it’s a lot of fun!
example, we could put cycle racks on the outside of
I’m hoping that we can work together to solve the buses. That way, people wouldn’t have to cycle at
problems which can make it difficult for city residents night or in bad weather. And people who live far from
to cycle to work. Today I’m going to talk about a work could cycle part of the way to work and take
few of those problems and share some ideas for public transport the rest of the way. As a result, more
solving them. people could cycle to work.
So, the biggest issue is safety. A lot of people would Well, thank you again for listening to my ideas. I hope
love to cycle to work, but they’re scared – they feel this is the beginning of a conversation about how we
that it’s just too dangerous. This is because there’s can make this a great city for cyclists!
a lot of traffic during rush hour, when most people
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 3.8 First, he makes the filling for the moon cakes.
Here he is mixing butter with sugar. To that he will
A: I’m really surprised by these statistics. I didn’t know
add other ingredients to make a thick, sweet paste.
that eating while driving is dangerous. I don’t think
Now the chef is taking a yellow ball of filling and
the government should do anything about it.
wrapping it in a thin layer of pastry. Moon cakes
Personally, I eat fast food in my car a few times a
can have a number of different fillings. For example,
week and I’ve never had an accident. And I’m not
in more traditional recipes, the filling is made from
convinced that driving while eating is a big problem.
sweet red beans, and you will find half of a salty duck
Have you ever eaten while driving?
egg inside that.
B: No, I haven’t. We should take this really seriously. Next, the chef takes a special wooden mould and
I think it would be better if they closed drive-
shapes each moon cake, one at a time. Each moon
through restaurants. This is because they only
cake has a decoration on top of it. Many different
encourage drivers to buy food and eat it while
patterns are used on moon cakes, including flower
they drive. How can you focus on the road if
patterns or Chinese letters. The decoration on top is
you’re holding a big burger in your hand? It seems
brushed with egg yolk. When baked in the oven this
dangerous to me. What do you think?
will turn a lovely golden brown.
C: I completely agree. I think it would be much better Then, the moon cakes must be left for a day or two.
if drivers weren’t allowed to eat or drink while they The butter from the filling will go into the pastry
drive. From my own experience, I can tell you that layer and make it soft and delicious.
it can be very dangerous. Last week, I bought some
And here we have it, a sweet treat perfect with a
coffee and something to eat on the way to work. As
cup of refreshing tea, on the night of the full moon.
I was driving, I had to brake suddenly and I spilled hot
coffee over my legs. I almost lost control of the car. 4.1
I think the police should give heavy fines if they see This Sunday on Book of the Week, we interview
someone doing it. Dr Kevin Lee, the well-known anthropologist and
D: OK, I understand, but it might be very difficult for author. In this podcast, he will tell us of his love for
the police to see drivers eating, especially if they’re Cultural anthropology and we’ll discuss whether
driving fast. The best thing would be to have more traditions are adapting to the modern world or
cameras on the roads to record what drivers are dying out.
doing. The reason for this is the police can check
the videos to see who’s eating, who’s texting and so 4.2
on. Then, I’d suggest that the police give the drivers Host: Welcome to this week’s book review. In
points on their licence. If the driver has a lot of the studio with me is Dr Kevin Lee, professor of
points, the police should take their car away for a Anthropology and author of the best-selling book
few months. Changing Traditions in the Modern World. First of
all, could you tell us what anthropologists study and
UNIT 4 what your own area of interest is?
Chinese moon cakes Dr Lee: That’s a good question! Anthropology, in a
Narrator: The Mid-Autumn festival is celebrated general sense, is the study of humanity. I know that’s
by Chinese people across the world. It is traditionally not very exact. That’s why we have many types of
a harvest festival, to celebrate the rice and wheat Anthropology, like Linguistic anthropology and Social
that has been grown that year, and it takes place on anthropology. My speciality is Cultural anthropology.
the full moon. People get together with family and I study different cultures around the world and how
friends to watch the moon, admire the lights and eat social and political changes affect these cultures.
the traditional sweet of this festival – moon cakes. Host: And when did you first become interested
Moon cakes are rarely made at home because the in Anthropology?
recipe is quite complicated. Most people prefer to Dr Lee: I grew up in a multicultural home. My
buy their moon cakes from a shop or a hotel. mother is American and my father is Korean. They
Here at the famous Peninsula Hotel in Hong Kong, were both English teachers, so we travelled a lot.
chef Yip Wing Wah shows how the cakes are made.

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 As a child, I lived in Japan, Thailand and Egypt. That’s Host: Hmm … I remember my grandmother working
why I decided to study Anthropology. Growing up in for days to make food. She had a huge cookery book
different cultures helps you realize that customs and which she got from her grandmother. Everything had
traditions are often local. Things that are acceptable to be exactly as it was when she was a little girl.
in one culture can be completely unacceptable in Dr Lee: That’s a good example of a tradition which
another. However, despite some differences between has been replaced by technology. You can find any
cultures, I have noticed that there are often more recipe you want on the internet. This means that
similarities than differences between people. many people don’t need cookery books any more.
Host: And do traditions change? Another thing is that many families now go out
Dr Lee: Absolutely! Customs and traditions change all instead of cooking at home. In India, for example,
the time. Some traditions die out because our way of families hire catering companies to provide food for
life changes, but most traditions adapt. weddings or special occasions. In the United States, at
Host: As I understand it, that’s one of the main points Thanksgiving, which is one of the biggest celebrations,
of your latest book. many families go to restaurants because they don’t
want to spend their holiday working in the kitchen.
Dr Lee: Yes. My book is about the effect of modern
technology on traditions around the world. It’s well Host: So people do continue their tradition of eating
known that things such as electricity, the telephone a special meal – they just do it in a different way.
and television have changed our lives significantly. Dr Lee: Yes. Traditions don’t always die out – but
The introduction of these inventions into our lives customs and traditions do change and adapt to the
has changed many of our customs. For example, in modern world.
the past, families spent time playing board games or
4.3
listening to the radio in the evening. These activities
would deepen family relationships. Now, due to 1 Anthropology, in a general sense, is the study of
developments in technology, people spend more time humanity. I know that’s not very exact. That’s why
interacting with other people over the internet. we have many types of Anthropology, like Linguistic
Host: Is that a bad thing? anthropology and Social anthropology.

Dr Lee: I don’t think so. There are people who 2 Some traditions die out because our way of
complain about the changes that technology has life changes.
brought to our lives. Personally, I think these changes 3 Now, due to developments in technology, people
are fine. We still spend time interacting with other spend more time interacting with other people over
people, but it’s not always face-to-face. the internet.
Host: In your book, you discuss how technology has 4 But now we don’t have to work so hard. This is
changed the way we celebrate important holidays. because we have modern kitchens and supermarket
Dr Lee: That’s right. A simple example is sending food.
cards or messages. In the past, people sent each 5 In the United States, at Thanksgiving, which is one
other cards to celebrate important events, like an of the biggest celebrations, many families go to
anniversary or a new baby. But now, more people restaurants because they don’t want to spend their
send messages through social networking sites or by holiday working in the kitchen.
text or email. Another example of changing customs 4.4
is holiday food. A few generations ago, people spent
I study different cultures around the world and how
a lot of time and effort preparing special meals for
social and political changes affect these cultures.
celebrations. It was usually the women who did this.
Some dishes could take up to a week to prepare. But 4.5
now we don’t have to work so hard. This is because
1 My book is about the effect of modern technology
we have modern kitchens and supermarket food. We
on traditions around the world.
don’t have to spend endless hours making our own
butter or bread any more. Everything is quicker and 2 People spent a lot of time and effort preparing
easier now. special meals.

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 3 Growing up in different cultures helps you realize that which could be spent on more important things.
customs and traditions are often local. Also, all that time you spent shopping you could have
4 We still spend time interacting with other people, but instead spent with the person you’re shopping for.
it’s not always face-to-face. David: I couldn’t agree more. And it’s not just holidays
5 In the past, people sent each other cards to celebrate which are a problem – personally, I think we give
important events, like an anniversary or a new baby. too many gifts for other special occasions, too. Like
when my sister graduated from university last year,
6 Traditions don’t always die out – but customs and
she got lots of gifts. And money, too. The focus was
traditions do change and adapt to the modern world.
all on opening gifts. I’ve heard that when people
4.6 receive more than a few gifts, they usually can’t even
remember who gave them which gift. Instead, why
Gabriela: So, our assignment is to discuss customs
not write letters of advice for the future? That would
which have been changing recently – you know, how
be more special.
modern lifestyles have changed people’s behaviour.
Any ideas? Gabriela: That’s a great idea!
Yildiz: Hmm … Let me think. Well, holidays are one Yildiz: Sorry, I don’t agree. I doubt that graduates
kind of custom. Can you think of any holidays which would be happy if we changed that custom! I think
have changed? that graduation gifts are practical. Don’t young
people need some gifts and money for starting their
David: Oh, don’t talk about holidays! It reminds me
new life? And they can always look at the gift and
that Mother’s Day is in two days and I haven’t bought
think of the person who gave it to them. I think it’s a
a gift for my mum yet.
nice custom.
Gabriela: Yeah, I haven’t either. Who has time for Gabriela: I’m still really not convinced. I mean …
shopping when we have so much work to do?
David: I agree. I get tired of shopping for gifts. 4.8
I actually don’t know why we have to get gifts for Gabriela: So, our assignment is to discuss customs
every little holiday. Wouldn’t our mothers be just as which have been changing recently – you know, how
happy if we just spent time with them – you know, modern lifestyles have changed people’s behaviour.
made it a special event, like taking them out to lunch Any ideas?
at a nice restaurant? How did this whole gift giving for
Yildiz: Hmm … Let me think. Well, holidays are one
every holiday tradition get started, anyway? It seems
kind of custom. Can you think of any holidays which
silly to me.
have changed?
Gabriela: That’s it! There’s our topic! How holidays David: Oh, don’t talk about holidays! It reminds me
have become too commercial.
that Mother’s Day is in two days and I haven’t bought
4.7 a gift for my mum yet.
Yildiz: Hold on, too commercial? I disagree. I like Gabriela: Yeah, I haven’t either. Who has time for
giving gifts. I think that it shows that you were shopping when we have so much work to do?
thinking of someone. David: I agree. I get tired of shopping for gifts. I
David: Because you went out and got someone actually don’t know why we have to get gifts for
some chocolate or jewellery or a scarf or something every little holiday. Wouldn’t our mothers be just as
at the last minute? Everyone knows that people happy if we just spent time with them – you know,
usually buy gifts because it’s an obligation, not made it a special event, like taking them out to lunch
because they really want to. at a nice restaurant? How did this whole gift giving for
every holiday tradition get started, anyway? It seems
Yildiz: Well, you have to spend time thinking about silly to me.
the gift and get something thoughtful, you know,
personal. Like maybe the new book by their favourite Gabriela: That’s it! There’s our topic! How holidays
author. have become too commercial.

Gabriela: I see your point. But I’m not convinced Yildiz: Hold on, too commercial? I disagree. I like
because then you have to spend money … money giving gifts. I think that it shows that you were
thinking of someone.
210 VIDEO AND AUDIO SCRIPTS
David: Because you went out and got someone 4.10
some chocolate or jewellery or a scarf or something
I completely agree that holidays have become
at the last minute? Everyone knows that people
too commercial.
usually buy gifts because it’s an obligation, not
I absolutely disagree that we should stop giving gifts
because they really want to.
on Mother’s Day.
Yildiz: Well, you have to spend time thinking about I really think that we should give fewer gifts.
the gift and get something thoughtful, you know,
personal. Like maybe the new book by their favourite UNIT 5
author.
Childhood obesity
Gabriela: I see your point. But I’m not convinced
because then you have to spend money … money Narrator: There are now three times as many
which could be spent on more important things. people in the world who are obese than there were
Also, all that time you spent shopping you could have in 1975. These days you are more likely to live in a
instead spent with the person you’re shopping for. country where being overweight or obese kills more
people than being underweight. The problems can
David: I couldn’t agree more. And it’s not just holidays
begin in childhood, when bad diet choices and not
which are a problem – personally, I think we give
enough exercise become habits. Across the world,
too many gifts for other special occasions, too. Like
19% of children between the ages of 5 and 19 are
when my sister graduated from university last year,
overweight or obese. In the UK, people are looking
she got lots of gifts. And money, too. The focus was
for ways to deal with the problem from childhood.
all on opening gifts. I’ve heard that when people
They are looking at what happens during the school
receive more than a few gifts, they usually can’t even
day. This report shows how good teachers can help.
remember who gave them which gift. Instead, why
not write letters of advice for the future? That would Mr Clark: One, two, good steps, lovely, and again!
be more special. Reporter: Laurence Clark is a PE teacher on a
Gabriela: That’s a great idea! mission, trying to revolutionize his lessons to
encourage the kids to be more active.
Yildiz: Sorry, I don’t agree. I doubt that graduates
would be happy if we changed that custom! I think Pupil 1: When you get fitter you also get healthier,
that graduation gifts are practical. Don’t young people so you can get more muscles what make them
need some gifts and money for starting their new stronger.
life? And they can always look at the gift and think Reporter: I bet you like eating sweets and
of the person who gave it to them. I think it’s a nice chocolates.
custom. Pupil 2: Only on Saturday, my mum says.
Gabriela: I’m still really not convinced. I mean … Reporter: But with 1 in 10 children in the UK now
obese, Mr Clark believes his role is now more
4.9
important than ever.
1 I couldn’t agree more. Mr Clark: If we can instil that confidence and get
2 How did this whole gift giving for every holiday them moving properly, and get that confidence
tradition get started, anyway? It seems silly to me. about their body and self-efficacy, then I feel if
3 I agree. I get tired of shopping for gifts. they … as they get older, they’re more inclined to
4 I disagree. I like giving gifts. lead that healthy lifestyle, especially when they get
to secondary school and so on.
5 But I’m not convinced because then you have to
spend money … money which could be spent on Narrator: So teaching children good exercise
more important things. habits can help. But eating habits are equally
important. A recent study found that only 1.6% of
6 Instead, why not write letters of advice for the children’s packed lunches were as healthy as the
future? That would be more special.
meals provided by schools. The healthy boxes all
7 Sorry, I don’t agree. I doubt that graduates would be contained the traditional sandwich with a protein
happy if we changed that custom! filling, such as meat or egg, and some salad. But
98.4% of parents are filling lunch boxes with too

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 many snack foods and sugary drinks. Vegetables or genes are more important than our lifestyle. Of
salad were found in only 1 in 5. Salty snacks, such course, I’m not going to give up exercising or start
as crisps, were found in 60% of packed lunches. eating fast food every day. The research shows I
The researchers understood that many find it should stay in shape because it makes me feel better
difficult to pack healthy meals for their children – but I won’t allow fitness to take over my whole life.
because of cost, lack of time or demands from their C: Well, first of all, I prefer to exercise and eat well.
children. But, they said parents must control what What’s wrong with being healthy? I also think that
their children are eating at lunch, for example by you won’t know whether or not you have the right
weighing out small amounts. If adults do not do genes until you get sick. So why take the risk and be
something to help children control their weight unhealthy? Also, don’t forget that you might get the
soon, it looks certain that health problems caused flu or a cold much more easily when you don’t eat
by being obese will continue to increase. healthy food or exercise. I’d say that it’s always better
5.1 to have a healthy lifestyle. There’s no doubt that
bad health habits increase the chances of getting a
Host: Today we’re talking about the key to a long serious illness.
and happy life. Recent studies of people who live to
D: Oh, that’s great. So now we should all eat fast food
be 100 years old have shown that a healthy diet and
and stop exercising? I mean I look around and I see
exercise may not be enough. In fact, many of the
overweight children everywhere. No matter how
people who celebrate their hundredth birthday have
good their genes are, I’m sure that these children
not eaten a healthy diet and have never exercised
won’t be able to enjoy a long and healthy life unless
regularly. This has led many people to believe that our
they give up crisps, chocolate bars, sugary drinks …
lifestyles are not important. What’s most important
Well, it’s great that some people can live to be 100
is that we have good genes. It seems that if you
and do whatever they want in their lives, but I prefer
have the right genes, then you’ll live for a long time,
to be careful and take care of myself because I don’t
whatever you do.
know if I have good genes!
5.2
5.3
Host: So, new research shows that having a healthy I’m really surprised about that.
lifestyle is not the most important thing if you want
I’m really surprised about that.
to live a long life. We asked four people on the street
for their reactions to this news. I’m really surprised about that!

A: I think it’s great news! Most people think that if 5.4

they eat healthy food and exercise a lot, they’ll live
1 I’m really happy about this new research!
forever. These people never drink coffee or sugary
drinks. They spend hours working out in the gym 2 There’s no question that happy people live longer.
or doing yoga. And none of this matters if you have 3 It’s ridiculous to get too worried about healthy eating
the wrong genes. I think that the key to a healthy life and exercise!
is to enjoy yourself. If you focus all your energy on 4 He certainly never went to a gym.
what to do and what not to do, you’ll be unhappy 5 There’s no doubt that bad health habits increase the
eventually. There’s no question that happy people chances of getting a serious illness.
live longer. I’d much rather go out and have a pizza
with friends than spend time in the gym. I’m really 5.5
happy about this new research! 1 I think it’s great news!
B: This research proves what I’ve known for a long 2 Oh, that’s great.
time. It’s ridiculous to get too worried about healthy 3 What’s wrong with being healthy?
eating and exercise! My grandfather lived until he
was 95, even though he never exercised. He ate lots
4 So now we should all eat fast food and stop
exercising?
of sugar and never ate vegetables. He was brought
up in a different world. He had different habits. He 5 I’d say that it’s always better to have a healthy
certainly never went to a gym. Yes, I’m sure that lifestyle.

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6 Well, it’s great that some people can live to be improves our memory and thinking skills – so after a
100 and do whatever they want in their lives, but I few days of cycling, your brain will be ready to learn.
prefer to be careful and take care of myself because So, be kind to your body and your mind and come
I don’t know if I have good genes! with us on an amazing adventure you’ll never forget!

5.6 Presenter 4: Are you interested in alternative

treatments? Have you ever wanted to explore
Presenter 1: Do you have problems focusing the secrets of traditional Chinese medicine? This
on your work? Are you under a lot of stress? spring, join our six-month course in acupuncture – a
Do you want to get more exercise while trying treatment for pain or illness which involves putting
something new and exciting? If so, it’s time to take needles under the skin at special points on the body.
up taekwondo! Taekwondo is great exercise. And The course covers the theory of acupuncture and
as we all know, exercise is good for your health. practical skills in using needles. Acupuncture is known
Taekwondo also has mental benefits – it has been to reduce pain, but it’s also a great alternative for
shown to improve your concentration. In addition, people who want to lose weight in an easy way. Learn
it makes you feel good about yourself. This martial more about the course and visit us on our open
art was developed in Korea, and is now popular house days on the first Saturday of every month.
around the world. Whether you are looking for
physical well-being, increased confidence or a life UNIT 6
with less stress, Black Belt Taekwondo has it all.
Sign up now for a free introductory class, starting A helping hand
on January the 15th. Anna Werner (reporter): Ask first grader Holden
Mora how his new hand works and he’ll be happy to
Presenter 2: Would you like to improve your social
demonstrate.
life, your intellectual performance, your physical
fitness and your team-building skills? Scientific Holden Mora: So when I bend my hand in like this,
research has proven that team sports offer all it closes. When I bend it like this, it opens.
of these benefits. Join us and take advantage of Anna Werner: At seven years old, he’s become an
the many benefits of team sports. We’re a group expert on the workings of this novel device made out
of energetic adults of all ages who get together of plastic for roughly $20.
on Sunday afternoons to play football and we’re Holden Mora: It’s an amazing $20.
always looking for new players to join in the fun.
Anna Werner: It’s an amazing $20.
Whether you’ve been playing football for years or
want to take up a new sport, you’re welcome to Holden Mora: And normally, the materials cost a
participate. Everyone can play – you don’t even lot. About, like, $1,000.
need to try out! If you’re interested in learning Anna Werner: He’s right. Children like Holden,
more about our group, check out our website at born without hands or fingers, in his case the fingers
www.footballsundays.cup.com. Sign up today and on his left hand, often require custom prosthetic
you can be part of a team as early as this weekend! replacements costing thousands of dollars. But this
Hope to see you on the field soon! inexpensive device was created by a college student
Presenter 3: Hi, my name’s Angie Stratton and I’m using a 3D printer.
the director of CultureCycle. CultureCycle is a new Jeff Powell: It builds it layer by layer.
concept in travel: educational fitness touring! We Anna Werner: Senior Jeff Powell studies biomedical
offer courses all over the world which combine engineering at the University of North Carolina at
learning with exercise and travel. Each course has an Chapel Hill. He took on the project after learning
educational theme, such as Brazilian cooking or the about Holden from one of his professors.
history of Turkey. As a small group, we cycle from Jeff Powell: OK, try that now.
place to place, stopping for several days in each
location to rest, relax and do some hands-on learning.
Anna Werner: He used instructions posted on the
internet, called the Cyborg Beast, then customized it.
Not only does this trip provide terrific exercise and
The 3D printer builds the parts in under 24 hours. And
a fascinating cultural experience, it’s the best way
at the end, what you wind up with, is this.
to learn. There’s no question that physical activity

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 Jeff Powell: Yes. Inventions and machines designed by medieval
Anna Werner: Right. scholars made a great contribution to society and
many are still in use today. And some of these
Jeff Powell: Yes. So the way this works is it straps
inventions are very common. For example, the first
onto Holden’s hand and onto the end of his forearm.
fountain pen was made in 953 in Africa. Before then,
When he moves his wrist in, the fingers close. When
people used bird feathers and ink to write with.
he moves his wrist out, the fingers open.
This method would often leave your fingers and
Anna Werner: And, do that again. Do they have grip clothes covered with black ink. So the first fountain
strengths? So, oh, they actually do have grip strength. pen had a small container with ink inside and did
Jeff Powell: Yes. not stain people’s clothes or fingers while the user
Anna Werner: His goal: for Holden to be able to do was writing. You can see a model of this fountain
things the rest of us take for granted. pen in Room 11B. In the same room, you’ll find early
examples of glasses. Glasses were invented in Italy in
Jeff Powell: To be able to eat dinner while holding,
the thirteenth century. No one knows who invented
you know, a knife and a fork at the same time. To be
them. The first glasses were held in front of the eyes
able to grab onto his scooter or his bike with two
or balanced on the nose. They were developed to
hands. Maybe even, you know, swing a baseball bat if
help people with bad vision to read. But let’s now
we get it that strong enough. I don’t want him to be
move on to some other inventions.
limited by the condition that he was born with.
In rooms 12A and 12B we have works by the great
Anna Werner: So this isn’t just about a hand for
medieval engineer, al-Jazari. Al-Jazari lived in twelfth-
him, is it?
century Turkey. His work The Book of Knowledge
Jeff Powell: No, no. It’s about enabling him to do of Ingenious Mechanical Devices lists one hundred
anything that he wants to do. different machines with instructions and diagrams
Anna Werner: And the payoff for this amateur explaining how to build them. In this exhibition, you
designer? When he picked up a cup, you were able to can see models of some of the devices which were
say to yourself, ‘Hey, this worked.’ designed by al-Jazari. Here, you can see his mechanical
Jeff Powell: Yes, yes. clocks. Water and weights make the clocks work.
However, his most important invention was the
Anna Werner: That had to be a great moment.
crankshaft. The crankshaft is a long arm which allows
Jeff Powell: Yes. It was nice to see it all pay off. machines to move in a straight line. It was first used
Anna Werner: Powell has now started a for watering gardens and fields on farms. In more
crowdfunding campaign to raise money so other kids modern times, a crankshaft is used in car engines.
can get the device too. As we move along, you’ll find one of the most
Holden Mora: Well, I’m actually really happy important inventions of medieval times. This
because I think it’s true that once I get the best hand, invention has changed the history of the world in
they’ll make more like it for those kids. And then ways that we can’t even imagine. It’s one of the four
they’ll have the best kind of hand, too. great inventions of Chinese culture: gunpowder.
Anna Werner: Eleven more children are already Gunpowder was invented in the ninth century
waiting for their new hands. For CBS This Morning, by Chinese scientists who were trying to create a
Anna Werner, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. powder which would make you live forever. They
weren’t successful, of course, but their attempts
6.1 led to the invention of fireworks and weapons.
Welcome to the Museum of Science! The exhibition The first instructions on how to make gunpowder
that we’re about to see is called Discovering were written in the eleventh century by Zeng
Medieval Science. As some of you may know, the Gongliang, Ding Du and Yang Weide. The invention
Middle Ages have often been called the ‘Dark Ages’. of gunpowder has changed the way we fight wars.
During this tour, you will find out that they were not. It changed the outcome of many medieval battles
The Middle Ages were an interesting time and they and affected the history of the world. Many people
were full of scientific discoveries. During this time, think gunpowder is the most important invention in
inventions and technology from India, China, North history. Now, let’s move to the next room, which is all
Africa and the Middle East were brought to Europe. about medieval medicine …

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 6.2 The first app store was opened in 2008. By 2011, it
was reporting over 10 billion downloads and people
1 Inventions and technology from India, China, North were using apps more than internet browsers on
Africa and the Middle East were brought to Europe. their phones. And by 2017, an estimated 180 billion
2 The first glasses were held in front of the eyes or apps had been downloaded. These numbers have
balanced on the nose. been growing ever since and they give us a good idea
3 The crankshaft is a long arm which allows machines to about how popular apps are and how quickly they’ve
move in a straight line. developed. People from all over the world use apps
4 As we move along, you’ll find one of the most for entertainment, travel and communication. So,
important inventions of medieval times. I’m going to briefly talk about how these apps have
changed our lives.
6.3 It’s hard to imagine life before smartphones and
1 The Middle Ages were an interesting time and they mobile phone apps – or, for those of us who are
were full of scientific discoveries. old enough, to remember it. But let’s go ahead and
make an attempt anyway. So, imagine for a moment
2 Inventions and machines designed by medieval
that you’re taking a road trip in the days before
scholars made a great contribution to society and
smartphones.
many are still in use today. And some of these
inventions are very common. Weeks before the trip, you go to the bookstore or
library to get some guidebooks about the places
3 Many people think gunpowder is the most important you’re going to visit. A few days before you leave,
invention in history.
you get some audio books to entertain you during
6.4 the long trip. You go to a shop and buy some maps
– yes, the paper kind. The day before the trip, you sit
Good morning! In today’s lecture I want to discuss
down at your computer and look up the directions
an invention which has changed our lives. This
and print them out. Then, you pack some of your
product has made a huge difference in the way we
favourite CDs to bring along. You also pack your
work, travel, communicate and socialize with friends.
camera – and your torch, in case your car breaks
Can you guess what it is? I’m talking here about
down. And you write down some phone numbers
mobile phone apps. The word app comes from
and addresses – of the friends you’ll be visiting and
application. Traditionally, applications were used in
the hotels where you’ll be staying.
computers to help them perform better. However,
with the invention of smartphones, the word app is While you’re driving, your passenger reads the
used to refer to phone applications. In this lecture, directions to you and looks for street signs. If you get
we’ll start by discussing the very first apps and their lost, you stop at a petrol station to ask for directions.
development. We will then discuss how apps have You have to write them down on a piece of paper.
changed our lives. Finally, we’ll focus on some of the OK, so I think you get the idea.
most popular apps used by people today. Now let’s make a comparison with the same trip
today. No books, no maps, no CDs, no lists of phone
6.5 numbers, no friend giving you directions – the
I’d like to start by talking a little bit about the first smartphone does it all! Think of the apps you’d use
apps. These were included with each smartphone. just for that one trip. You’d read reviews and book
These types of apps were placed in the phones your hotel with a travel app. The GPS would replace
to help users access the internet, check emails, the directions and maps and your friend in the front
send texts and so on. The first apps were designed seat. Of course, a music app would replace the CDs
to increase efficiency at work and allow people and you could listen to podcasts, as well as audio
to access important information. However, it was books. And, of course, you wouldn’t need to bring a
the second generation of apps that really changed camera or a torch. Yes, we’ve certainly made a lot of
things. These were downloadable apps. Users simply progress since the pre-smartphone days!
downloaded apps from the internet and installed So, now I’d like to mention another important effect
them on their phones. Since its introduction, the app of the invention of apps. It has created a whole new
market has grown far beyond anyone’s expectations. IT sector. It is one of the fastest-growing industries

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 and there is a great need for skilled software a very sustainable brand you know because you are
engineers. recycling, because you are doing your production
But apps have also had some negative effects. For because you are employing local people.
one thing, people have become more helpless This season we’re actually splitting the collection
because they’re so dependent on their phones for into three sections. We have the Remade that
information. For example, if they’re in a place with hopefully everyone knows and loves before, we’ve
no phone signal, they’re not very good at asking got our lightweight fabrics, you know the parachute
for and following directions. And apps have made and, erm … waterproof fabrics, but this season we’re
people less patient because they expect to have also working in a new British erm … section of the
information immediately. In fact, a recent study collection and that’s very much focused on, erm …
found that 50 percent of smartphone users leave a incredibly good quality British milled wools.
web page if it doesn’t load in 10 seconds. We’re actually doing my London Fashion Week
OK, in the next part of the lecture, I’ll discuss some presentation at Aldwych Tube Station. It hasn’t
of the most common apps in more detail … actually been used for proper underground, err …
trains for 10 to 15 years now and so we’ll be getting
6.6 in and doing a very different event, erm … it’ll be
I would like to present an invention which has made multimedia, I’ll be presenting my new film. And for
the way we organize our work easier. It’s a simple the first time I’ll also be working with um models
invention and most of you have used it. It’s a small as well presenting the garments, erm … both men’s-
yellow piece of paper which is known all over the and womenswear.
world. It’s the Post-it® note. A Post-it® note is a piece Narrator: The ideas for Christopher’s designs come
of paper with special glue on the back. Modern firstly from the old fabric or piece of clothing he’s
Post-it® notes can be any colour or shape. Post-it® recycling. Then he adds ideas he gets from other
notes are simple to use. You can stick them on places. He’s particularly interested in the military,
anything and the note will stay in place. The notes adventure, outdoor activities and cultures that
can be easily removed from any surface. First, I am come from cold places, like the Inuit. He connects
going to talk about the history of this invention. Then, all these ideas in the different garments in each
I will explain how it has made a difference in our lives. collection.

UNIT 7 7.1
Interview with College of Art graduate Clara: Do you have any ideas for our
Christopher Raeburn research project?
Narrator: Christopher Raeburn is a fashion designer Adele: I’ve been looking for an interesting topic, but
with a difference. His clothes are both extremely to be honest, I haven’t come up with anything yet.
fashionable and good for the environment, too. Can you give me a hand?
He started making recycled fashion items from old Clara: Well, I’ve been reading about fashion of the
military uniforms when he was at university. These future, new designs, new technology and all that.
days, his recycled brand, Remade, is a fashion success,
Adele: Do you mean the kinds of clothes that we’re
and he is now making clothes from other spare
going to be wearing in the future? I’m not really into
military materials, such as parachute material.
fashion …
Christopher Raeburn: I’m based here in London
in the East End, Hackney Wick, but err … originally
Clara: Actually, it’s more about future fabrics and
how we’re going to use them.
I’m from Kent in southeast England.
I … I never really set out to um to create an ethical Adele: Well?
or sustainable brand. For me it’s just more about Clara: OK. I’ve found out that there are designers
intelligent use of materials, it’s about um the fact who create eco-clothes.
that I knew I wanted to do my production here Adele: Eco-clothes?
in England and because I … I love the fabrics and Clara: Yeah. They’re clothes that are not only good
I recycle the fabrics. Inherently, you’ve already got for the community but also environmentally friendly.

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 The designers make sure that the clothes aren’t Clara: Are you sure? It seems pretty complicated.
made by people working in bad conditions. Local Adele: Yeah, I think it’ll be fine. I do think it’ll be
workshops are set up so that people can earn a interesting and there are a lot of different articles on
good salary. And eco-friendly clothing typically helps the topic.
protect the environment, too, apparently.
Clara: OK, let’s do it!
Adele: How do they work, exactly?
Clara: Well, there are fabrics that collect the energy 7.2
from when you move. Then, the energy is converted 1 a I’ve been reading about fashion of the future.
into electricity. b I have been reading about fashion of the future.
Adele: Interesting. So, a few years from now, we’ll 2 a That’s amazing.
probably be using this fabric to charge our phones,
b That is amazing.
right?
3 a I agree that it’s not very practical.
Clara: Well, as long as you keep moving, yes!
b I do agree that it’s not very practical.
Adele: That reminds me of smart fabrics. I saw an
exhibit about them at the science festival. Some 4 a I think it’ll be interesting.
scientists are working on fabrics which can kill b I do think it’ll be interesting.
bacteria and regulate body temperature.
7.3
Clara: Wow! How does that work?
1 I’ve been looking for an interesting topic, but to be
Adele: Well, these fabrics keep your body
honest, I haven’t come up with anything yet.
temperature the same in any kind of weather. And I
read that they can be used to make sports clothing, 2 And eco-friendly clothing typically helps protect the
which would help people who exercise in very cold or environment, too.
very hot climates. 3 Well, these fabrics keep your body temperature the
Clara: Really? That is amazing. same in any kind of weather.
Adele: I’ve also read that there are other fabrics 4 Anyway, it looks like we’ve finally come up with some
which can help reduce muscle aches and prevent us good ideas.
from getting ill. 5 There are a lot of different articles on the topic.
Clara: Wow, that is so cool. You know, I saw a fashion 7.4
show once where the designers used lights in the
clothes. It was a dress made from lights. They change Host: In today’s show, we’ll be interviewing the
colour as you move. talented fashion designer Aysha Al-Husaini. Hot on
the heels of her fashion week show, Aysha’s new
Adele: But what was the point of that?
collection is very popular in Doha. She got the
Clara: Well, I do agree that it’s not very practical.
attention of the fashion world with her unique
I don’t think many people are up for wearing a dress designs, which combine traditional Muslim fashion
made of lights. It sounds like someone designed it just with French chic. Aysha, thank you for coming to
for the fun of it. the studio.
Adele: I’m not a fan of that idea, to be honest. It’s Aysha: Thank you for having me.
pretty over the top! As far as I’m concerned, a dress
Host: First of all, can you tell me where you get your
made from lights is useless. Anyway, it looks like
ideas from?
we’ve finally come up with some good ideas.
Aysha: Well, I come from a Muslim family. My parents
Clara: Yeah, I agree. So, we have clothes which are
are both from Qatar. I was born there, but then we
environmentally friendly, clothes which help with our
travelled a lot. I went to school in New York and I
health and clothes which use technology. Which one
went to a design school there. These days, I spend my
should we focus on?
time travelling between Qatar and the United States.
Adele: I like the idea of clothes which help people
with health problems.

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 7.5 trends in other countries. When you look at the works
of other designers in China and India, you can see
Host: How did you feel about growing up in New that many traditional styles are being reused by young
York? designers. Above all, people like to be individuals and
Aysha: Well, as a teenager in New York, I had a lot show their cultural roots – they like to show where
of problems trying to dress in a modest way. For they come from.
example, when you look at summer fashion in New Host: As I understand it, your designs are must-haves
York, the trend is always to wear skirts, shorts and for Muslim women outside the United States as well.
sleeveless shirts. I didn’t feel comfortable wearing Could you tell me more about that?
them, but at the same time my friends thought it was
strange to wear long sleeves and jeans in the summer.
Aysha: Yes. In addition to New York and Paris, I sell my
collection in big cities like Doha, Dubai and Abu Dhabi.
So I’ve always tried to combine my culture with
Another thing is that I also receive requests for my
fashion. As a teenager, I would make my own clothes,
clothes from women in Pakistan, Indonesia, Singapore
like colourful skirts and scarves. I wanted my designs
and Malaysia, so someday I might open stores there.
to be individual. They were unique and, eventually,
people admired my clothes rather than laughed Host: Well, I hope you decide to go for it! That would
at me. make a lot of women around the world very happy.
So, Aysha, thank you for coming to the studio today.
Host: I see. So, do you know what ideas most people
have about Muslim clothes? Aysha: It was my pleasure. Anytime!
Aysha: Well, I think there’s a lot of misunderstanding 7.6
about Muslim clothes. The thing is that when you say
Host: In today’s show, we’ll be interviewing the
Muslim fashion, people in New York think of a burka.
talented fashion designer Aysha Al-Husaini. Hot on
You know, like the blue or black cloaks which cover
the heels of her fashion week show, Aysha’s new
women from head to toe.
collection is very popular in Doha. She got the
Host: And could you explain what you think Muslim
attention of the fashion world with her unique
fashion is?
designs, which combine traditional Muslim fashion
Aysha: Let me give you an example. When I first with French chic. Aysha, thank you for coming to
started at design school, my teachers would ask the studio.
me strange questions, such as how I was going
Aysha: Thank you for having me.
to stay in the fashion business if I’m not going to
design miniskirts or sleeveless shirts. But as far as Host: First of all, can you tell me where you get your
I’m concerned, there is much more to fashion than ideas from?
showing your body. There are millions of Muslim Aysha: Well, I come from a Muslim family. My parents
women who live in the United States and Europe are both from Qatar. I was born there, but then we
who want to wear fashionable clothes. There are also travelled a lot. I went to school in New York and I
women who simply like to dress in a modest way. went to a design school there. These days, I spend my
Host: So, are you saying that there is a need for time travelling between Qatar and the United States.
fashionable clothes for Muslim women? Host: How did you feel about growing up in New
Aysha: Absolutely. We want to be fashionable and be York?
ourselves at the same time. My feeling is this: I want Aysha: Well, as a teenager in New York, I had a lot
to create clothes which are modest, but at the same of problems trying to dress in a modest way. For
time, give women confidence – clothes which allow example, when you look at summer fashion in New
women to be themselves. York, the trend is always to wear skirts, shorts and
Host: I see what you mean. So, how would you sleeveless shirts. I didn’t feel comfortable wearing
describe your style? them, but at the same time my friends thought it was
strange to wear long sleeves and jeans in the summer.
Aysha: Well, many reviewers have described my style So I’ve always tried to combine my culture with
as ‘traditional chic’, and I guess I’d agree with them.
fashion. As a teenager, I would make my own clothes,
What I think is that combining traditional with chic is
like colourful skirts and scarves. I wanted my designs
a huge area in fashion. I keep my eye on the fashion to be individual. They were unique and eventually

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 people admired my clothes rather than laughed Host: Well, I hope you decide to go for it! That would
at me. make a lot of women around the world very happy.
Host: I see. So, do you know what ideas most people So, Aysha, thank you for coming to the studio today.
have about Muslim clothes? Aysha: It was my pleasure. Anytime!
Aysha: Well, I think there’s a lot of misunderstanding
about Muslim clothes. The thing is that when you say UNIT 8
Muslim fashion, people in New York think of a burka. Workshops for entrepreneurs
You know, like the blue or black cloaks which cover Reporter: When Marie LaQuerre got laid off, she had
women from head to toe. an idea to make and sell a line of children’s novelties.
Host: And could you explain what you think Muslim Marie LaQuerre: My company name is actually
fashion is? Goobity Goo.
Aysha: Let me give you an example. When I first Reporter: What she didn’t have was thousands of
started at design school, my teachers would ask dollars to buy a laser cutter to create her products.
me strange questions, such as how I was going
to stay in the fashion business if I’m not going to
Marie LaQuerre: That machine can do, like,
everything, it seems like.
design miniskirts or sleeveless shirts. But as far as
I’m concerned, there is much more to fashion than Reporter: The day the iPad was announced, Patrick
showing your body. There are millions of Muslim Buckley had an idea for a custom-made cover. What
women who live in the United States and Europe he didn’t have was the expensive, computerized
who want to wear fashionable clothes. There are also woodcutting machine he needed to produce a
women who simply like to dress in a modest way. prototype. LaQuerre, Buckley and scores of other
budding entrepreneurs have become members of
Host: So, are you saying that there is a need for
TechShop in Menlo Park, California, a place for do-it-
fashionable clothes for Muslim women?
yourselfers, inventors and dreamers.
Aysha: Absolutely. We want to be fashionable and be
ourselves at the same time. My feeling is this: I want
Mark Hatch: We believe that every kitchen should
come with compressed air, electricity and a vice.
to create clothes which are modest, but at the same
time, give women confidence – clothes which allow Reporter: Mark Hatch is TechShop’s CEO.
women to be themselves. Mark Hatch: Most don’t. You know, people get to
Host: I see what you mean. So, how would you come here and use ours.
describe your style? Reporter: Here’s the drill. Joining TechShop is a
Aysha: Well, many reviewers have described my style little like joining a health club, except here, for $100
as ‘traditional chic’, and I guess I’d agree with them. a month, instead of running on a treadmill, you get
What I think is that combining traditional with chic is to run industrial-strength machinery. Members have
access to the latest in computer-assisted design and
a huge area in fashion. I keep my eye on the fashion
machine tools that would cost a fortune to buy.
trends in other countries. When you look at the works
of other designers in China and India, you can see Mark Hatch: We teach people in an afternoon how
that many traditional styles are being reused by young to make things. We have a lot of entrepreneurs.
designers. Above all, people like to be individuals and Reporter: With the tools at TechShop, Phil Hughes
show their cultural roots – they like to show where developed a way to cool computer servers that could
they come from. save vast amounts of energy.
Host: As I understand it, your designs are must-haves Phil Hughes: This pulls at it. All the heat is at the
for Muslim women outside the United States as well. server, from the server to the lid.
Could you tell me more about that? Reporter: For now, his company, Clustered
Aysha: Yes. In addition to New York and Paris, I sell my Systems, has its world headquarters at TechShop.
collection in big cities like Doha, Dubai and Abu Dhabi. But a partnership with Emerson, the huge appliance
Another thing is that I also receive requests for my manufacturer, could change that.
clothes from women in Pakistan, Indonesia, Singapore
and Malaysia, so someday I might open stores there.

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 Phil Hughes: They expect to sell thousands and So, what do millionaires do and what can we learn
thousands of these things, which is going to make us from them? Well, millionaires are often financially
very happy. savvy. To put it another way, they’re smart about how
Reporter: And perhaps very rich? to save and spend money. The first important thing is
that millionaires always have a good handle on their
Phil Hughes: Well, yes. Why not?
budget. In other words, they know how much they’re
Reporter: For $100 a month another member spending. According to Holm, around 75 percent of
is building a lunar landing module for an millionaires know exactly how much money they have
XPrize competition. and they know exactly how much they spend on
Man: Where else can I find someplace I can store my food, bills, clothes, etc. As a result, they don’t spend
lunar lander? too much and they don’t get into debt. They can
Reporter: Marie LaQuerre is now selling her products plan for the future and save their money. To sum up,
online and in a few retail stores. Patrick Buckley’s iPad the lesson here is that you should never spend more
cover is taking off and 30 people have been hired to money than you have!
make it. Another surprising fact is that millionaires usually have
Patrick Buckley: We’re on track to do between $3 simple lifestyles. They have nice houses and nice cars,
and $5 million this year. but they don’t spend all their money on these things.
In fact, most rich people stay in the same place for a
Reporter: And TechShop is doing well too, expanding
very long time and don’t live in big, expensive palaces.
to eight more locations. Evidence that in America
Indeed, according to John Holm, half of millionaires
today, money may be tight, but ideas and ambition
have lived in the same house for 20 years. Also, around
are flowing freely.
65 percent of millionaires live in homes which cost
8.1 around the national average. Again, the important
lesson here is to live within your means – that is, don’t
In this week’s programme, I’d like to talk about a book
spend more money than you have. If you spend all
that has changed the way I think about money. It’s
your savings on a luxury BMW, then you probably
called The Secret of Being Wealthy. It was written
aren’t rich – you just want to look rich. In fact, the
by a business school graduate named John Holm
study reveals that 86 percent of luxury cars are bought
who decided to study the behaviour of wealthy
by people who can’t afford them. Most rich people
people. He paid close attention to what rich people
don’t have bank loans – they only spend a small
do: checking where they eat, what they buy, how
percentage of what they have and they save or invest
they live and so on. The results of his study were
the rest.
pretty surprising.
Now here is an interesting fact. The study shows that
8.2 most millionaires have very happy relationships. Not
When you think of someone who is very rich, what only are they married, but they stay married for a long
comes to mind? Most people think that rich people time. In John Holm’s opinion, this is very important
live lavish lifestyles – that is, they drive very expensive because of the golden rule about saving money.
cars, eat in expensive restaurants, own a yacht or live There is no doubt that it’s more difficult to save
in big houses. But, as John Holm discovered, people money if you are single. One effect of being a couple
who have money don’t actually do these things. Most is that it’s easier to save money. If there are two of
millionaires actually seem to have ordinary lifestyles. you, it’s easier to pay attention to what money you
In other words, they have normal cars, average houses have and what you’re spending.
and so on. On the other hand, people who look And of course, people who don’t have huge bank
rich – the people who drive the latest Ferrari or only loans and debts are happier. If you don’t have to worry
wear designer clothes – may not actually be rich at about the monthly credit card payments, you’re less
all. Instead, they have spent all their money trying to likely to buy things to make you feel better. People
show off – showing other people that they might be with debt often spend more time shopping, just to
wealthy. In other words, having expensive things is not make themselves feel happier, but real millionaires
always a sign that someone is rich. don’t need to do this.

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 So, what can we learn from the wealthy? The answer is The goal of paying students is to encourage them to
surprisingly simple. Don’t spend more money than you finish their education and be able to get a good job in
have. Don’t get into debt or take out bank loans. Pay the future.
close attention to your money and don’t spend time Host: I see. Let’s hear from our first caller. Mariam
trying to show other people that you’re rich. In John Hassan is the president of a medium-sized university.
Holm’s opinion, being ‘wealthy’ is a feeling. That is, it Dr Hassan?
doesn’t mean being rich or having millions. It means
Dr Hassan: Hello. Yes, I recently read about this new
being happy with what you have.
programme and I really don’t think it’s a good idea. I
8.3 understand that many students drop out of university
because of financial problems. At my university alone,
1 Most people think that rich people live lavish lifestyles,
the dropout rate is over 25 percent. However, will
that is they drive very expensive cars, eat in expensive
paying students really encourage them to continue?
restaurants, own a yacht or live in big houses.
In my experience, it won’t. Of course, the statistics are
2 In other words, having expensive things is not always a terrible, but I’m not confident that this programme
sign that someone is rich. will solve the real problems – it may just cover them
3 On the other hand, people who look rich – the people up. I think the money would be better spent on
who drive the latest Ferrari or only wear designer student services, like hiring additional professors and
clothes – may not actually be rich at all. advisors. Two of the reasons why students drop out
4 As a result, they don’t spend too much and they don’t are stress and poor time management. Advisors can
get into debt. help students learn to manage their time better. As a
5 There is no doubt that it’s more difficult to save consequence, students will do better at university and
money if you are single. will be more likely to graduate.
6 So, what can we learn from the wealthy? The answer is Dr Burns: I can see your point, but we have already
surprisingly simple. spent a lot on student services. I think that paying
students to study will show them that we treat them
8.4 like adults. It will give them a sense of responsibility.
Host: In today’s programme, we discuss the recent University students are young adults and so, when
decision made by several universities to give students they have a choice between staying at university and
money in return for good grades. Students will studying or going to work and making money, they
be paid by the hour to take additional Maths and often make the wrong choice. They want to have
Science classes. The students who improve their money so that they can buy things for themselves.
grades and keep their grade average high will be given Besides, we don’t want to pay them a lot. I think we’re
cash rewards at the end of each term. To discuss simply giving them an option: stay at university and be
this new project, we have invited education expert paid or get a minimum wage job.
Dr Michael Burns and we welcome your calls during Host: Christine Thorne is a parent with two children
the programme. We’d like to hear your opinion: at university.
Do you think university students should be paid for Mrs Thorne: Hello. I was very worried when I heard
good grades? about this new programme. I realize that students
8.5 need encouragement to stay at university, but are
we going in the right direction? First of all, I feel that
Host: Dr Burns, thank you for coming today. Can you we’re sending the students the wrong message.
tell us more about the project? Where does this idea
Learning should be about studying new things and
come from?
being responsible. Personally, I think the students
Dr Burns: Thank you. Well, the idea of paying who aren’t interested in studying will simply take the
students for their work isn’t new. For example, easy courses to keep their average grade high and
students in Denmark are paid about ¤760 a month get the cash. I believe that we should focus more on
to attend university. They receive the payments for rewarding excellent universities and teachers and not
a maximum of six years, starting at the age of 18. on students who might be lazy.

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 Dr Burns: These are all good points, but I don’t think
that this view applies to all students. Not all parents
are educated or interested in studying. They pass
this bad attitude on to their own children. Then the
children don’t see the benefits of learning. To change
this image, we need to show them a good reason for
studying.
Host: Thank you. Let’s have a look now at some of the
comments we’ve received during the programme.

8.6
Host: Dr Burns, thank you for coming today. Can you
tell us more about the project? Where does this idea
come from?
Dr Burns: Thank you. Well, the idea of paying
students for their work isn’t new. For example,
students in Denmark are paid about ¤760 a month
to attend university. They receive the payments for
a maximum of six years, starting at the age of 18. The
goal of paying students is to encourage them to finish
their education and be able to get a good job in the
future.
Host: I see. Let’s hear from our first caller. Mariam
Hassan is the president of a medium-sized university.
Dr Hassan?
Dr Hassan: Hello. Yes, I recently read about this new
programme and I really don’t think it’s a good idea. I
understand that many students drop out of university
because of financial problems. At my university alone,
the dropout rate is over 25 percent. However, will
paying students really encourage them to continue?
In my experience, it won’t. Of course, the statistics are
terrible, but I’m not confident that this programme
will solve the real problems – it may just cover them
up. I think the money would be better spent on
student services, like hiring additional professors and
advisors. Two of the reasons why students drop out
are stress and poor time management. Advisors can
help students learn to manage their time better. As a
consequence, students will do better at university and
will be more likely to graduate.

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