ECCE grammar topics

Verb Patterns
1. verb + to infinitive
2. verb + object + to infinitive
3. verb + object + infinitive without to
4. verb + -ing

1. agree, arrange, can’t, afford, decide, intend, learn, manage, offer, prefer, refuse,
remember, seem.
I decided to leave school and find a job.
I arranged to meet with my boss at 1 pm.
I remembered to hand in my essay.
2. advice, allow, cause, enable, encourage, expect, force,remind, urge.
My mom allowed me to buy a new cell phone.
The teacher expected us to pass the exam.
3. make, let.
My parents used to make me do a lot of house chores.
My mom let me buy a new phone.
4. admit, avoid, can’t help, can’t stand, enjoy, fancy, imagine, keep, miss, practice,
spend - waste time, stop.
I avoid using blue ink.
I can’t stand wearing a dress too short.

Past perfect simple and continuous.

Past perfect:
affirmative negative

I/You/He/She/It/We/They had worked I/You/He/She/It/We/They hadn’t

until 10 o’ clock. worked until 10 o’ clock.
had + past participle form

Past continuous:
affirmative negative
 I/You/He/She/It/We/They had been I/You/He/She/It/We/They hadn’t been
working for 8 hours. working for 8 hours.
had been + ing form.

Future forms:
AT 11 AM TOMORROW…
● Future perfect simple (will have + pp)
I will have taken an exam.
An action that will be completed before a certain time in the future.

● Future continuous (will be + ing)

I will be taking an exam.
Unfinished actions in progress at the time in the future.

● Future perfect continuous (will + have been + ing)

I will have been taking an exam for an hour.
How long an action will have been in progress before a certain time in the
future.

Question tags and reply questions:

The weather is really nice, isn’t it?
+ -
She didn’t do her homework, did she?
+ -
The sentence is positive = question tag negative
The sentence is negative = question tag positive

Reply question:
a: I don’t need a new phone
b: Don’t you?
both + or -
Exceptions:
order = will / Don’t lose them, will you?
let’s = shall / Let’s go start the homework, shall we?
Modals (past and present):
should
must
ought to
could
might
can (n’t)
may
would
● The present = always followed by an infinitive.
give advice: should (n’t) / ought to (oughtn’t to)
must / mustn't = strong advice.
necessary / not necessary = need to / don’t need to.
warning = had better / had better not.

● The past
not necessary = had to / didn’t have to / didn’t need to.
advice / criticism = ought to (not) / should (not) + have + past participle.
we should have booked another hotel.
my parents ought not to have sold their house.

Alternative structures:
● Be banned from = can’t
● be supposed to = must
● Success in = can
● Be allowed to = can
● Be committed to = should / ought to
● be permitted to = can
● Be required to = must / should

Reported Speech
Changes 3 things: - pronouns
- tenses
- time expressions
pronouns: I = she/he
You = I/she/he/we/they
We = they
Us = them
tenses: simple present = past simple
simple past = past perfect
past perfect = past perfect
past continuous = past perfect continuous
will = would
modal = modal
time expressions: yesterday = the day before / the previous day
tomorrow = the following day
next moth = the following month

questions:
● yes/no = Do you like chocolate?
She asked me if I liked chocolate.
● wh questions = What is your name?
She asked me what my name was
● order = Don’t cheat on the exam
She told me not to cheat on the exam
order of an affirmative sentence.

CONDITIONALS

First conditional: possibilities in the present or future.

If it’s sunny, we’ll go to the park.
simple present
Second conditional: imaginary situations in the present or future.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
simple past
Third conditional: regrets situations in the past
If the weather had been good, I would have gone.
past perfect
Mixed conditionals: 2nd and 3rd.
2nd conditional - 3rd result
If he was less famous, he would have gone out more.
3rd conditional - 2nd result
If he hadn’t played Harry Potter, he wouldn’t be rich.

Reporting verbs pattern

Reporting verb + to + infinitive agree, claim, decide, offer, promise,
refuse, threaten.

Reporting verb + ing admit, deny, propose, recommend,

regret, suggest.

Reporting verb + preposition + ing apologize for, insist on, object to.

Reporting verb + object (person) + to + advise, ask, beg, convince, encourage,

infinitive forbid, invite, order, persuade, remind
tell, urge, warn.

Reporting verbs + object + preposition accuse sb of, blame sb for, criticize sb

+ ing for, congratulate sb on, praise sb for,
suspect sb of, thank sb for.

Reporting verb + object + that clause assure, convince, inform, persuade,

remind, tell, warn.

Reporting verb + that clause add, admit, claim, complain, deny,

explain, insist, promise, propose,
recommend, regret, suggest, agree,
order.

Passive reporting structures (passive = to be + pp)

1) It + passive voice + that clause
It is thought that students…
2) Subj + passive + to inf
She is believed to be the creator of …
3) Subj + passive + to have + pp
He is considered to have discovered…
 4) There + passive + to be
There are said to be about 7 billion people in the world.
5) There + passive + to have been
There are thought to have been 400 people on the titanic.

Speaking of ECCE and finals.

Problem solving.
● Phrases for the elected option: Considering all the information you have given
me I think the best option is…
From what you have told me the most suitable option would be…
● Phrases for the other option: I wouldn’t choose option … because…
I’m not very fond of option … because…
● Extend the speaking: In my point of view…
I’d say that…
● FIND SOLUTIONS FOR THE DISADVANTAGES!!!!!!!!!!!
If clause
● if = If we had retouched the photo, you would have looked younger.
● unless = I won’t tell you what happened unless you promise to keep it a secret.
● provided/providing = You can go with us provided that you pay for your own
meal.
● imagine/suppose = Image/suppose someone published a private email from you
on facebook, would you be angry?

Mixed Conditionals: 2° and 3° conditional.