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Chapter Notes Life Process

The document discusses various life processes and modes of nutrition. It describes photosynthesis as the process by which plants perform autotrophic nutrition to produce their own food, using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight via chloroplasts. The document also discusses heterotrophic nutrition in animals and other organisms, and describes the human digestive system and the processes of ingestion, digestion and absorption of food.

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83 views

Chapter Notes Life Process

The document discusses various life processes and modes of nutrition. It describes photosynthesis as the process by which plants perform autotrophic nutrition to produce their own food, using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight via chloroplasts. The document also discusses heterotrophic nutrition in animals and other organisms, and describes the human digestive system and the processes of ingestion, digestion and absorption of food.

Uploaded by

carbooster2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter Notes: Life Process

Introduction

All living things perform certain life processes like growth, excretion,
respiration, circulation etc.
All the processes like respiration, digestion, which together keep the living
organisms live and perform the job of body maintenance are called life
processes.
Modes of Nutrition

Nutrition in Plants

(i) Plants are autotrophs.

(ii) Make their own food.

(iii) Eat animals for their food.


Nutrition in Animals

(i) Animals are heterotrophs.

(ii) Depends on plants or other


Autotrophic Nutrition

It is a kind of nutrition in which inorganic materials like CO2, water etc. are
utilized to prepare organic food by the process of photosynthesis.

E.g: Green plants.


The organisms which carry out autotrophic nutrition are called autotrophs
(green plants).
Autotrophs use simple inorganic material and convert it into complex high
energy molecules (Carbohydrates)
Autotrophic nutrition is fulfilled by the process by which autotrophs take in CO2
and H2O and convert these into carbohydrates in the presence of chlorophyll,
sunlight is called Photosynthesis.
Equation for Photosynthesis:

Raw materials for photosynthesis


Sunlight: It is inorganic material.
Chlorophyll: Sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll.
CO2: Enters through stomata and oxygen (O2) is released as by-product
through stomata on leaf.
Water: Water + dissolved minerals like nitrogen, phosphorus etc. are taken
up by the roots of the soil.
Site of Photosynthesis

Some cells contain green pigments which are cell organelles called chloroplasts
which contain chlorophyll.
Main Events of Photosynthesis

Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.


Conversion of light energy into chemical energy + splitting (breaking) of water
into hydrogen and oxygen.
Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
Stomata

Stomata are the tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves.

Functions of stomata
Exchange of gases O2/CO2.
Loses large amount of water (water vapour) during transpiration.
Heterotrophic Nutrition
Kind of nutrition in which organisms do not possess the ability to
synthesize their own food. They depend on autotrophs for their food
supply directly or indirectly.

Example: Animals, fungi.


Holozoic Nutrition: Animals take in solid food and breakdown inside the
body.

Example: Amoeba, animals.


Saprophytic Nutrition: Organisms feed on dead, decaying matter.

Example: Fungi.
Parasitic Nutrition: Parasites live inside or outside other organism (host)
and derive nutrition from it.

Example: Cuscuta (plant parasites), Ticks etc.


How organisms obtain their food

Unicellular/Single celled organisms: Food is taken up through entire surface.

Example: Amoeba, Paramaecium

Process of intake of food by Amoeba


Paramaecium: Cilia (Present all over the body) → Take in food → At a specific
spot
Nutrition

Different organisms utilize different nutritional processes as it depends upon


the source of carbon from where the food is taken.

Nutrition in Human Beings

The alimentary canal is basically a long tube extending from the mouth to the
anus. Various regions are specialised to perform different functions.
Human Digestive System
(i)Mouth: Intake of whole food.

(ii)Teeth: Chewing/grinding of food.

(iii)Tongue: Rolling of food + Tasting of food + Swallowing/Pushing down of the


food.

(iv) Salivary Glands: Secrete saliva + Mucus (It is a sticky, gelatinous material that
lines your lungs, throat, mouth, nose, and sinuses.) + Starch is converted into
glucose by saliva (Salivary amylase)

(v) Oesophagus: Taking food from mouth to stomach by Peristaltic movements


(Contraction and expansion of muscles of the oesophagus).

(vi) Stomach: Gastric glands present in stomach secrete gastric juice.


(vii) Small Intestine: The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of
carbohydrates, proteins and fats.(a) Walls of small intestine secrete intestinal
enzyme which convert Carbohydrates into glucose, fats in fatty acid + glycerol and
Proteins into amino acids.(b) It has Villi (finger like projection) which help in the
absorption of food into blood.(c) It receives the secretions of the liver and pancreas.

The food is acidic which is made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act. The
pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like trypsin for
digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.
Fats are present in the intestine in the form of large globules which makes it
difficult for enzymes to act on them. Bile salts break them down into smaller
globules which increases the efficiency of enzyme action.
(viii) Large Intestine:

(a) Absorb excess of water.

(b) The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus.

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