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Derivation of Class x1 Part 2

The document discusses three physics concepts: 1) Terminal velocity, which is the maximum constant velocity attained by an object falling through a viscous medium due to opposing forces of gravity, buoyancy, and viscous drag. 2) Bernoulli's theorem, which states that the total energy per unit mass remains constant for streamline flow of an ideal liquid at all cross-sections. 3) Torricelli's theorem, which says the velocity of liquid flowing out of an orifice equals the velocity of a freely falling object over the depth of the orifice.

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Chittransh Sharma
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154 views

Derivation of Class x1 Part 2

The document discusses three physics concepts: 1) Terminal velocity, which is the maximum constant velocity attained by an object falling through a viscous medium due to opposing forces of gravity, buoyancy, and viscous drag. 2) Bernoulli's theorem, which states that the total energy per unit mass remains constant for streamline flow of an ideal liquid at all cross-sections. 3) Torricelli's theorem, which says the velocity of liquid flowing out of an orifice equals the velocity of a freely falling object over the depth of the orifice.

Uploaded by

Chittransh Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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February 2, 2019 MR. S.

ARUNACHALAM (HOD PHYSICS)


February 2, 2019 MR. S. ARUNACHALAM (HOD PHYSICS)

TERMINAL VELOCITY
It is maximum constant velocity acquired by the body while falling freely in a viscous medium.
When a small spherical body falls freely through a viscous medium, three forces act on it.
(i) Weight of the body acting vertically downwards,
(ii) Upward thrust due to buoyancy equal to weight of liquid displaced.
(iii) Viscous drag acting in the directing opposite to the motion of body. According to stoke ‘s law, F ∝ v i.e. the
opposing viscous drag goes on increasing with the increasing velocity of the body.
As the body falls through a medium, its velocity goes on increasing due to gravity. Therefore, the opposing
viscous drag which acts upwards also goes on increasing. A stage reaches when the true weight of the body is
just equal to the sum of the upward thrust due to buoyancy and the and the upward viscous drag. At this
stage, there is no net force to accelerate the body. Hence it starts falling with a constant velocity, which is
called terminal velocity.
February 2, 2019 MR. S. ARUNACHALAM (HOD PHYSICS)

BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
Bernoulli’s theorem is an outcome of the principle of conservation of energy applied to a liquid in motion.
This theorem states that for the stream line flow of an ideal liquid, the total energy (the sum of the pressure
enegy, potential energy and kinetic energy) per unit mass remains constant at every cross – section
throughout the flow.
An ideal liquid is one which is perfectly incompressible, irrotational and non viscous.
February 2, 2019 MR. S. ARUNACHALAM (HOD PHYSICS)

T0RCELLI”S THEOREM – According to this theorem, velocity of efflux i.e. the velocity with which the liquid
flows out of on orifice (i.e. a narrow hole) is equal to that which of freely falling body would acquire in falling
through a vertical distance equal to the depth of orifice below the free surface of liquid.
Consider an ideal liquid of density ρ containing in a tank provided with a narrow orifice (hole) at o, and A is a
point in liquid at level of o.
February 2, 2019 MR. S. ARUNACHALAM (HOD PHYSICS)

RELATION BETWEEN α, β AND 𝜸


Consider a solid cube of each side L, and volume of cube V. V = L3. Let the cube be heated by a small range of
temperature ∆T. Suppose ∆L is the increase in length of each side of cube, ∆V is the increase in volume of the
cube. If α and 𝛾 are the coefficient of linear and volume expansion of the solid cube, then
∆L = α L ∆T and ∆V = 𝛾 V ∆T
New length of each side of cube = L + ∆L
New volume of the cube = V + ∆V
RELATION BETWEEN α AND 𝜸
New volume = V + ∆ V = (L + α ∆L)3 or V + 𝛾V ∆ T = L3 (1 + α ∆T)3
or V (1 + 𝛾 ∆T) = L3 (1 + 3α ∆T + 3α2 ∆T2 + α3 ∆T3)
As,α is a small quantity the terms with α2 and α3 being vary vary small can be negleted
so, V (1 + 𝛾 ∆T) = V(1 + 3 α ∆𝑇)
or 1 + 𝛾 ∆T = 1 + 3α ∆T
or 𝛾 ∆T = 3 α ∆𝑇 or 𝛾 = 3 α or α = 𝛾/3
α = β/2 = 𝛾/3
or = 6α = 3β = 2𝛾
Cp IS GREATER THAN Cv
When heat is given to a gas at constant pressure, it is spent in two ways:
(i) part of the heat is used in increasing the internal energy of the gas and hence the temperature of the gas.
(ii) remaining amount of heat is used in the expansion of the gas against the external pressure.

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