ABSTRACT

Air quality is a global provocation for governments, industries and citizens. Many
governments are spending huge amount in improving air quality and they are
educating people to improving air quality. Now a days, many industries and daily
activities generate huge air pollutions, especially in metropolitan cities of the
developing countries, such as china and India. In these cities, air quality of the urban
environment has seriously degraded people‟s work and life. Delhi, capital city of India,
has to release fed alarm of air pollution and stop nearly all of the public outdoor
activities several times per year. World Health Organization (WHO) reveals the fact
that only in 2016, 575 thousand people died if air pollution, which contributes t0 12.5%
of all the death, indicating that the air pollution is now the largest single environmental
health risk. To eradicate this problem we need to sort out In order to implement
effective policies and interventions there is an increasing focus on understanding the
levels and causes of air pollution. Today, air quality monitoring is performed by large,
expensive scientific instruments permanently installed and professionally maintained,
at a relatively small number of fixed locations. For example London has around 100
monitoring stations. This makes it difficult for citizens to understand the levels of
pollution they experience in their daily lives, as the monitoring data is not available in
real time and is very sparse. Advances in sensors, IoT platforms and mobile
communications technologies have led to the emergence of smaller, portable, low
cost, sensors that can measure and report air quality in near real time.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER No. CHAPTER NAME PAGE No.

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
1 INTRODUCTION 01
1.1 Arduino Uno 02
1.2 Software and Programming tool 02
1.3 Program Structure 03
1.4 Power 03
1.5 Memory 04
1.6 Input and Output 04
1.7 IDE 07
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 08
Automated Control System 08
Smart Vehicle Air Quality 09
Management
Control Scheme for Smart 09
Community
Home Mechanical Ventilation 10
Micro-Scale Air Quality 10
Management
Data Transferring Model for Urban 10
Areas
Air Scope 11
Parallel-Non Linear Optimization 11
Grid Computing Exploitation 12
Model for Air Quality 12
Management and Assessment
3 METHODOLOGY 13
3.1 Block Diagram 13
3.2 Receiver Side 13
3.3 Working 13
3.4 Requirements 14
 Hardware Requirements 14
Software Requirements 14
Pin Description 16
Zigbee Transceiver 18
Features 19
Language Description 20
Java 20
Importance of Java to Internet 20
Applications and Applets
Java Architecture 20
Compilation of Code 20
CSS 21
Servlets 22
Servlet Architecture 22
Major Tasks of Servlets 23
Apache Tomcat Server 23
RMI 23
Java Networking 23
Socket Programming 24
Uploading Data to Server 25
Shelf life of Uploading 26
files 26
Request Methods
26

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4 Screenshots 27
Login Form 27
Final Output 27
Performance Analysis 28
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 30
5 Conclusion 31
Future Work 31
REFERENCES 31
APPENDIX 32
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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No. FIGURE NAME PAGE No.

1.1 Arduino Uno Compatible 3
Board
1.2 Zigbee 6
3.1 Arduino Uno Block Diagram 13
3.2 Web Page Receiver Side 13
3.3 MQ135 Air Quality Sensor 14
3.4 Zigbee Sensor Value 17
3.5 Zigbee Transceiver 18
3.6 Zigbee Adaptor 18
3.7 Code Compilation 20
3.8 Servlet Architecture 22
3.9 CORBA Implementation 24
4.1 Active Arduino Board 27
4.2 Login Form 27
4.3 Arduino Uno 28
4.4 MQ2 Gas Sensor 28
4.5 Values of Gasses in Room 29

4.6 Values of Gasses in Office 29

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE No. TABLE NAME PAGE No.

3.1 Pin Description 15
3.2 Technical Specifications 16
4.1 PPM Values of Gasses 29

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Universal Serial Bus

USB
Vin Input Voltage

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity

YIQ Luminance In-Phase Quadrature

3-D Three Dimension

3.3v 3.3 Volts

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

HTML Hyper Text Mark-up Language

IDE Integrated Development Environment

I/O Input/output

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Air pollution can have a lasting effect on productivity in other ways, such as by
stunting plant growth which reduces agricultural productivity. It can also make cities less
attractive to talented workers, thereby reducing a cities competitiveness. For example,
some Indian cities are reporting a reverse migration trend16 from the city back to the country
as citizens take steps to avoid high pollution. Governments also face fines for non-
compliance to regional air pollution legislation. Many countries across Europe including the
UK, Germany, France, Italy and Spain face the prospect of huge fines arising from
persistent failures to comply with European air pollution laws17. The UK has been
threatened with a $400M fine and cities including London, Berlin, Lyon and Barcelona have
all been highlighted by regulators for their unacceptably high air pollution levels. The United
States has legislated to control air pollution, with California demonstrating how effective
regulatory approaches can be, with every dollar invested in air pollution control since 1970
reported to yield $30 in benefits20, giving an impressive $1.5 trillion return for a $65 billion
investment.
Internet of things was first introduced in 1999 at autoID centre and first used by
Kevin ashton. As evolving this latest burning technology, it promises to connect all our
surrounding things to a network and communicating with each other with less human
involvement. Still internet of things is in beginning stage and there is no common
architecture exists till today. There is lot of researches and implementations are currently
being going on in all the respective areas. Thus there is no guidelines or boundaries exists
to define the definition of internet of things. So depending on the context, application the
internet of things has different definitions. Shortly it is defined as the things present in the
physical world or in an environment are attached with sensors or with any embedded
systems and made connected to network via wired or wireless connections. And it consists
of smart machines which communicating interacting with other machines, environment,
objects etc. And also it incorporates to connect any two machines, machine to human and
vice versa etc. this communication is called as M-M communication. As M-M communication
is developing by the various standardization bodies such as Open Mobile Alliance (OMA),
European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) organization have
performed some activities on M-M communication . It makes daily life things to equip with
transceivers, sensors, actuators and microcontrollers etc. for communication. Some
important benefits of internet of things includes 1) tracking behaviour; 2) enhanced
situational awareness; 3) sensor driven decision analytics; 4) instantaneous control and

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response. Etc. IOT technology grows in various fields of smart applications but we have not
yet found boundary constraints of this technology.
ARDUINO UNO:
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and
user community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects
that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The project's products are
distributed as open-source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU
Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License, permitting the
manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards
are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced
to various expansion boards (SHIELDS) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which
are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are
typically programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C
and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides
an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.
to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that
interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such
devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and motion
detectors.
SOFTWARE AND PROGRAMMING TOOLS
A program for Arduino may be written in any programming language with compilers
that produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development
environment for their microcontrollers, AVR Studio and the newer Atmel Studio
The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE),
which is a cross-platform application written in the programming language Java. It
originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor
with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-
click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy
of operation menus.
A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a sketch. Sketches are saved on
the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE)

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pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which
provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and
linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with
the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the
program avr dude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding
that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

PROGRAM STRUCTURE

FIG. 1.1 ARDUINO UNO COMPATIBLE BOARD

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions

 setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is
used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in
the sketch.
 loop(): After setup() has been called, function loop() is executed repeatedly in the main
program. It controls the board until the board is 000000powered off or is reset.

POWER:
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB)
power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter
can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power

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jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the
POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with

less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may
be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator,
or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.

MEMORY:

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has
2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with
the EEPROM library).

INPUT AND OUTPUT:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead()functions. They operate at 5 volts.
Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-
TTL Serial chip.

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 connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and
1).

 A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins.

FIG. 1.2. ZIGBEE

Zigbee is n IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level

communication protocols used to create with small, low-power digital radios, such
as for home automation, medical device data collection, and other low-power low-
bandwidth needs, designed for small scale projects which need wireless connection.
Hence, Zigbee is a low-power, low data rate, and close proximity (i.e., personal
area) wireless ad hoc network.

The technology defined by the Zigbee specification is intended to be simpler

and less expensive than other wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such
as Bluetooth or more general wireless networking such as Wi-Fi. Applications
include wireless light switches, home energy monitors, traffic management systems,
and other consumer and industrial equipment that requires short-range low-rate
wireless data transfer.

Its low power consumption limits transmission distances to 10–

100 meters line-of-sight, depending on power output and environmental
characteristics. Zigbee devices can transmit data over long distances by passing