BDwbU

11
Av‡jvi Zi½ ZË¡
(Wave Theory of light)

f~wgKv

g¨v·I‡qj (Maxwell) Av‡jv‡K Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi½ wn‡m‡e MvwYwZKfv‡e †`wL‡q‡Qb| Gme Zwor †PŠ¤^Z
Zi½ t=0 mg‡q Drcbœ n‡j Ges †Kvb cÖKvi evavcÖvß bv n‡j A_©vr gy³ ¯’v‡b (Free Space) GKB †eM
C G cÖevwnZ nq| wewfbœ Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i g‡a¨ Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ λ Gi cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Z‡e gy³¯’v‡b
mK‡jiB †eM mgvb| AZGe †h‡nZz MwZ‡eM c = λγ| Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i cv_©K¨ _vK‡j K¤úv¼ (frequency)
γ Gi cv_©K¨ _vK‡e| Z‡e g¨v·I‡q‡ji Zwor‡PŠ¤^K Zi½ Z‡Ë¡i GK kZvãx Av‡M Ij›`vR weÁvbx
nvB‡Mbm (Huygens) Av‡jv‡K KwYKv †mªvZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ bv K‡i ïaygvÎ Zi½ wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i ZË¡ cÖ`vb
K‡iwQ‡jb| Aek¨ nvB‡Mbm Zi‡½i cÖK…wZ, †eM ev Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb Bw½Z cÖ`vb K‡ibwb|
g¨v·I‡q‡ji Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi½ Z‡Ë¡ †h we¯—vwiZ I c~Y©v½ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq nvB‡Mb‡mi Z‡Ë¡ Zv cvIqv hvq
bv| g¨v·I‡q‡ji ZË¡ m¤úK© GLv‡b Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbv Kivi AeKvk †bB|
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

Zi½gyL, nvB‡Mb‡mi ZË¡, nvB‡Mb‡mi Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ (Av‡jvi) cÖwZdjb I

cvV 1
cÖwZmiY m~‡Îi cÖwZcv`b|
D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


Zi½gyL Kv‡K e‡j Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
nvB‡Mb‡mi ZË¡ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 nvB‡Mb‡mi Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m~Î cÖwZcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 nvB‡Mb‡mi Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY m~Î cÖwZcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

11.1.1 t Zi½ gyL (Wave front), nvB‡Mb‡mi ZË¡ (Huygens Principle) t

awi Av‡jv cÖevwnZ n‡”Q X A‡¶i w`‡K, Zi½gyL nj mg`~iZ¡ X G Av‡jv Zi½gvjvi Dci ¯úk©K| Ij›`vR
weÁvbx wLªw÷qvb nvB‡Mbm (Christian Huygens) R¨vwgwZK wbg©v‡Yi Ici cÖwZwôZ nvB‡Mbm ZË¡ (Huygens
Principle) 1578 wLª÷v‡ã Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| nvB‡Mbm Z‡Ë¡i bxwZ n‡jv :

Zi½gy‡Li mKj we›`y‡K †Mvjxq †MŠY Zi½gvjv

(Spherical secondary waves) m„wói Drmwe›`y
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| t mgq ci Zi½gy‡Li
bZzb Ae¯’vb, †MŠY Zi½gvjv (Secondary waves)
Gi Dci Aw¼Z GKwU ¯úkx© c„ô‡`k n‡e|
gy³¯’v‡b (Free space) GKwU mgZj Zi‡½i wPÎ-
11.1-G Zi½ gyL †`Lv‡bv nj|

wPÎÑ11.1 t nvB‡Mb‡mi MVb Abyhvqx gy³¯’v‡b mgZj Zi‡½i mÂvjb

nvB‡Mb‡mi bxwZ Abyhvqx aiv hvq H Z‡ji Dci AmsL¨ we›`y †MŠY †Mvjxq DcZi½gvjvi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
t mg‡q Gme e„ËvKvi Zi‡½i e¨vmva© n‡e ct (c= cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û gy³¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM), t mg‡q Gme †MvjvKvi
¯úkx© Zj (tangential plane) DE wn‡m‡e wPÎÑ11.1 G †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| AZGe, t= 0 mg‡q AB Z‡ji mv‡_
DE Zj mgvš—ivj|

11.1.2 t nvB‡Mb‡mi Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ (Av‡jvi) cÖwZdjb I cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Î cÖwZcv`b t

(K) cÖwZdj‡bi m~Î t †Kvb `c©‡Y Av‡jvKiwk¥ AvcwZZ n‡j AvcZb †KvY cÖwZdjb †Kv‡Yi mgvb n‡e|
AvcwZZ iwk¥, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ I `c©‡Yi Dci Awfj¤^ Øviv MwVZ Zj GKB mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z n‡e| wPÎÑ11.2 G
MM© `c©‡Y Av‡jvi Zi½gvjvi wZbwU Zi½ cwZZ n‡”Q Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Zi½¸‡jv GK Zi½‰`N©¨ `~‡i Ae¯’vb
Ki‡Q e‡j †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b AvcZb †KvY θ1 a we›`y‡Kw›`ªK GKwU nvB‡Mbm DcZi½ λ/c c‡i l we›`y‡Z
cÖmvwiZ n‡e|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-284

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

wPÎÑ11.2 t nvB‡Mb‡mi MVb Abyhvqx mgZj Zi‡½i cÖwZdjb

wKš—z GKB Zi½gy‡Li p we›`y †_‡K Av‡jv `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b †h‡Z cvi‡e bv eis †Mvjxq nvB‡Mbm DcZi½ wn‡m‡e
Dc‡ii w`‡K hv‡e, λ e¨vmva© gv‡ci Pvc ˆZwi K‡i p we›`yi Pviw`‡K Pvc A¼b Ki‡j †h Aa©e„Ë cvIqv hv‡e
cÖwZdwjZ Zi½gyLwU Gi Dci ¯úk©K n‡e| j¶Yxq †h, mg‡KvYx wÎfzR alp Ges wÎfzR a'lp Gi lp evû mvaviY
(A_©vr Dfq mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri evû) Ges al evû = λ = a©p evû| A_©vr mg‡KvYx wÎfzRØq me©mg| AZGe, θ1
=θ1 © A_©vr AvcZb †KvY = cÖwZdjb †KvY|
AwaKš—z, nvB‡Mb&‡mi wbg©vY Abyhvqx cÖ`wk©Z Pvc¸‡jv (wPÎÑ11.2) †Mvjxq c„‡ôi Ask eySvq| AZGe, AvcwZZ
iwk¥ cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ I `c©‡Yi Dci Awfj¤^ Øviv MwVZ Zj 11.2 wP‡Îi mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z| Gfv‡e nvB‡Mb‡mi
Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m~Î cÖgvY Kiv hvq|

(L) cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Î (laws of refreaction)

Sinθ1
cÖwZmi‡Yi Rb¨ = n21 = aª“eK
Sinθ2
GLv‡b θ1 = 1g gva¨‡g AvcZb †KvY
θ1 = 2q gva¨‡g cÖwZmiY †KvY
Ges n21 = 1g gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ 2q gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiv¼|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv- 285

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

aiv hvK, AvcwZZ Zi½mg~n ci¯úi †_‡K cÖ_g gva¨‡g λ1 `~i‡Z¡ i‡q‡Q Ges Av‡jvi †eM cÖ_g gva¨g evZv‡m I
wØZxq gva¨g Kuv‡P h_vµ‡g v1 I v2 | GLv‡b v1 > v2 | [1840 mv‡j weÁvbx dz‡Kv (Foucault) cÖgvY K‡ib
λ1
v1 > v2 ] wPÎÑ 11.3 G †h mg‡q nvB‡Mbm DcZi½ e we›`y †_‡K C we›`y ch©š— hvq Zv nj v | GKB mgq h
2
we›`y †_‡K Av‡jv n«vmK…Z MwZ‡Z Kg `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡e|

wPÎÑ11.3
v2
A_©vr λ2 = λ1 v -------- (11.1)
1
h †Kw›`ªK GB `~i‡Z¡i e¨vmva© GKwU Pv‡ci Dci ¯úk©K (tangent) n‡e| C †h‡nZz GKwU Zi½gy‡L kvwqZ ZvB
¯úk©KwU GB we›`y w`‡q hv‡e (wPÎÑ11.3)| GLv‡b θ2 n‡jv cÖwZmiY †KvY| Gevi mg‡KvYx wÎfzR hce Ges hce©
Gi g‡a¨ Avgiv wjL‡Z cvwi,
λ1 λ2
Sinθ1 = he Ges Sinθ2 = he

Sinθ1 λ1 v1
∴ = = aª“eK ------ (11.2)
Sinθ2 λ2 v2

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-286

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

Sinθ1
∴ = n21 [cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Î]
Sinθ2
V1
Ges n21 =
V2
Sinθ1 v1
Avevi, = ‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi,
Sinθ2 v2
c c
Sinθ1 × v = Sinθ2 × v
1 2
k~b¨ gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ Avgiv cÖ_g gva¨g evZvm Ges 2q gva¨g Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiv¼ h_vµ‡g n1 I n2 n‡j wjL‡Z
cvwiÑ
n1 Sinθ1 = n2 Sin θ2 ------ (11.3)

Sinθ1 n2
G mgxKiY‡K cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Î wn‡m‡e †jLv hvq| GB mgxKiY‡K = n wn‡m‡eI †jLv P‡j|
Sinθ2 1

D`vniYÑ1
evqy mv‡c‡¶ wd¬›U Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiv¼ 1.55, evqy‡Z Av‡jvi †eM 3*108 m/sec. n‡j wd¬›U Kuv‡Pi g‡a¨ Av‡jvi †eM
KZ?
v1
mgvavb t Avgiv Rvwb, n21 = v
2
cÖkœvbymv‡i, n21 = 1.55

v1 = 3×108 m/sec.
v2 = ?
v1
∴ v2 = n
21
3×108
= 1.55

= 1.935 × 108 m/sec.

c~Y© Af¨š—ixY cÖwZdjb (Total internal reflection)

awi, GKwU Nb gva¨g Kuv‡Pi GKwU we›`y n‡Z Ggbfv‡e KZ¸‡jv Av‡jvKiwk¥ KuvP gva¨‡gi mgZj cÖv‡š—i Dci
AvcwZZ nq †h AvcZb †KvY 0° †_‡K e„w× †c‡q (wPÎÑ 11.4) a, b, c, d, e, f, g BZ¨vw` we›`y‡Z wfbœ wfbœ AvcZb
†Kv‡Y hvevi mgq e we›`y‡Z (wPÎÑ11.4) cÖwZmiY †KvY 90° nj, ZLb KuvP I evqyi ga¨Z‡j cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥
Avbyf‚wgKfv‡e hv‡e|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv- 287

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

wPÎÑ11.4t c~Y© Af¨š—ixb cÖwZdjb

†h AvcZb †Kv‡Y AvcwZZ n‡q cÖwZmiY †KvY 90° nj †mB AvcZb †KvY‡K msKU †KvY θc e‡j, hLb AvcZb
†KvY θc Gi †P‡q eo n‡e ZLb Av‡jvK iwk¥ Avi evZvm gva¨‡g cÖwZmwiZ n‡e bv eis m¤ú~Y© Av‡jvKiwk¥ cybivq
Kuv‡Pi g‡a¨ P‡j Avm‡e, G Ae¯’vq Av‡jvK iwk¥i c~Y© Af¨š—ixY cÖwZdjb (Total internal reflection) N‡U|
msKU †KvY θc Gi †¶‡Î cÖwZmiY †KvY 90° evqy gva¨g mv‡c‡¶Ñ
Sinθ1
... = n21
Sinθ2

Sinθ1
G‡¶‡Î, = n21
Sinθ2

ev, n1 sinθc = n2 sin 90°

n2
ev, sinθc = n ------- 11.3(K)
1
∴ cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Î 11.3 mgxKiY †_‡K msKU †KvY θc Gi gvb cvIqv hvq|

D`vniYÑ2
k~b¨ gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ KuvP I evZv‡m cÖwZmivsK h_vµ‡g 1.00 Ges 1.5 a‡i wb‡j Av‡jv KuvP gva¨g n‡Z evqy gva¨‡g
hvevi msKU †KvY KZ?
mgvavb t mgxKiY 11Ñ3(K) n‡Z cvB,
n2
sinθc = n
1
1.00
ev, sinθc = 1.5
= 0.667
-1
∴ θc = sin 0.667
= 41.8°
[j¶¨ Ki“b, GLv‡b KuvP gva¨g n‡Z evqy gva¨‡g Av‡jv hv‡”Q ZvB n21 =1 Ges n2 =1.5 n‡e|]

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-288

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

mvims‡¶c
 Zi½gyL t †Kvb gyn‚‡Z© Zi½gvjvi ev nvB‡Mb‡mi DcZi½gvjvi ¯úk©K‡K Zi½gyL (wave front) ejv nq|
 cÖwZdjb m~Î t †Kvb `c©‡Y AvcwZZ iwk¥ = cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥, θ1 = θ1´ AvcwZZ iwk¥, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ I
`c©‡Yi Awfj¤^ Øviv MwVZ Zj GKB mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z|
AvcZb †Kv‡Yi sin Sinθ1
 cÖwZmiY m~Î t cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi sin = aª“eK; = n21
Sinθ2
cÖ‡qvRbxq mgxKiY t
Sinθ1
cÖwZmi‡Yi Rb¨ = n21 = aª“eK Ges n1 sinθ1= n2 sin θ2
Sinθ2
v2
cÖwZmi‡Yi †¶‡Î Zi½‰`N©¨ λ2 n‡j λ2 = λ1 v
1
[λ1 = 1g gva¨‡g Zi½ ˆ`N©¨
v1 = 1g gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM
v2 = 2q gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM]

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv- 289

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ11.1
K. ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| nvB‡Mb‡mi Z‡Ë¡ ejv nqÑ
(K) Zi½gy‡Li mKj we›`y‡K †Mvjxq †MŠY DcZi½gvjvi Drm we›`y aiv hvq
(L) Zi½gyL Dc‡ii w`‡K _v‡K
(M) Av‡jvK KwYKvmg~n‡K Zi½gyL e‡j
(N) Zi½gyL wb‡Pi w`‡K _v‡K|
2| Av‡jvi †eM CÑ
(K) k~b¨ gva¨gmn mKj gva¨‡g mgvb
(L) k~b¨ gva¨‡g Gi †eM m‡e©v”P
(M) KuvP gva¨‡g m‡e©v”P
(N) evqy I KuvP gva¨‡g mgvb

L. msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| nvB‡Mb‡mi bxwZ eY©bv Ki“b| Aby‡”Q`Ñ 11.1.1
2| c~Y© Af¨š—ixY cÖwZdjb e¨vL¨v Ki“b| Aby‡”Q`Ñ 11.1.2

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-290

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

cvV 2 e¨wZPvi, Bqvs Gi wØ-wPi cix¶v

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Bqs Gi wØ-wPi cix¶v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

11.2.1 t Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi (Interference of light)

Avgiv B‡Zvc~‡e© †`‡LwQ (cÖ_g e‡l©i BDwbU 17, cvV-4 `ªóe¨) GKB K¤úvsK wewkó `ywU Zi½ hw` GKB w`‡K
AMÖmi nq Ges Zv‡`i `kv cv_©K¨ (Phase difference) mg‡qi mv‡_ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Z‡e Zi½Ø‡qi Ggbfv‡e
DcwicvZb N‡U hv‡Z jwä Zi‡½i †Kvb we›`y‡Z we¯—vi m‡e©v”P nq Avevi †Kvb we›`y‡Z we¯—vi me©wbæ nq, GgbwK
k~b¨I n‡Z cv‡i|
1801 mv‡j _gvm Bqvs (Thomas Young) Av‡jv‡K Zi½ we‡ePbv K‡i Av‡jvi Giƒc e¨wZPvi cÖwµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i
cix¶vwm× wfwˇZ Av‡jvi Zi½ZË¡‡K me©cÖ_g cÖwZwôZ K‡ib Ges Zvi cix¶v †_‡K me©cÖ_g Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨
wbY©q Ki‡Z m¶g nb|

11.2.2 t Bqvs Gi wØ wPi cix¶v (Young's double slit experiment)

wPÎÑ11.5 G Bqvs Gi wØ wPi cix¶v e¨e¯’v †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b g~j Drm So †_‡K Av‡jv `ywU wP‡i (slit) S1
Ges S2 wn‡m‡e Av‡jv AMÖmi n‡”Q| Bqs Gi cix¶vi a >> λ kZ© wn‡m‡e aivi cÖ‡qvRb bvB| GLv‡b a n‡jv
¶z`ª wP‡ii †e` Ges λ Zi½ ˆ`N©¨| GLv‡b nvB‡Mb‡mi ZË¡ Abyhvqx So n‡Z Zi½gyL AMÖmi n‡”Q Ges wPi `ywU
S1 I S2 nvB‡Mb‡mi DcZi‡½i Drm wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| S1 I S2 †_‡K wbtm„Z

wPÎÑ11.5| _gvm Bqvs Gi wØ-wPi cix¶vi g~j Drm So †_‡K S1 Ges S2 DrmØq †_‡K
DcZi½gvjv e¨wZPvi m„wó Ki‡Q| Zxi wPý Øviv AvcwZZ iwk¥‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv- 291

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

wPÎÑ11.6| 1803 mv‡j Bqvs Gi AvuKv wPÎ hv‡Z wØ-wPi cix¶vq e¨wZPvi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q
[ wdjmwdK¨vj UªvbR¨vKkb Ad w` iqvj †mvmvBwU, 1803 mv‡ji cÖeÜ †_‡K M„nxZ]
†mŠR‡b¨ t ievU© †iRwbK I †WwfW n¨vwj‡W|

DcZi‡½i DcwicvZ‡bi d‡j we¯—vi †Kv_vI m‡e©v”P Ges †Kv_vI me©wbæ nq [wPÎÑ11.5 I wPÎÑ11.6 `ªóe¨]
†`Lv hvK c`©vi Dci P we›`y‡Z jwä Zi½ wK `uvovq (wPÎÑ11.7)| P we›`ywU wPi `ywU S1 Ges S2 †_‡K h_vµ‡g
r1 Ges r2 `~‡i, GLb S1 †_‡K S2 P mij‡iLvi Dci S1A †iLvwU j¤^| AZGe, S1P = r1 = AP, d‡j `ywU
DcZi‡½i P we›`y‡Z Dcw¯’Z nevi ci c_ cv_©K¨ `uvovq S2 A|

wPÎÑ 11.7 t Bqs Gi cix¶vi c_-cv_©K¨

awi, GLv‡b `ywU wP‡ii (slits) ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ d, c_cv_©K¨ S2 A = r2 - r1 nvB‡Mb‡mi DcZi‡½i Drm †_‡K
c`©vi `~iZ¡ = D, P we›`ywU Po †_‡K x `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z| Bqs Gi cix¶vq D `~iZ¡ d Gi K‡qK nvRvi ¸Y eo wQj
hw`I GLv‡b wP‡Îi ¯úóZvi R‡b¨ d †K A‡bK eo †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| c_ cv_©K¨ S2A = r2 - r1 Gi g‡a¨ Aš—fz©³
Zi½msL¨vB P we›`y‡Z e¨wZPv‡ii cÖK…wZ wbiƒcY K‡i| `kv cv_©K¨ = c_ cv_©K¨ ×
2π 2π
(Phase difference = Path difference × ) P we›`y‡Z jwä Zi‡½i m‡e©v”P we¯—vi n‡e hLb c_ cv_©K¨
λ λ
= c~Y© msL¨K Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ n‡e ev Aa©Zi‡½i †Rvo ¸wYZK
λ
∴ S2 A = 2m  2  [ m = 0, 1, 2, ......]
λ
ev, d sin θ = 2m  2  ------------ 11.4

GLv‡b, D `~iZ¡, d `~i‡Z¡i Zzjbvq AZ¨waK nIqvq θ© Ges θ cÖvq mgvb|

P we›`y‡Z Av‡jv me©wbæ ev k~b¨ A_ev jwä Zi‡½i me©wbæ we¯—vi n‡e hLb c_cv_©K¨ = Aa© Zi‡½i †e‡Rvo
¸wYZK|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-292

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

λ
ev, S2 A = (2m+1)  2 

λ
ev, dsin θ = (2m+1)  2  --------- (11.5
x x
Avevi, sin POPo = D ev, sinθ = D
x
dsin θ = dD

dx λ
∴ mgxKiY (11.4) Abyhvqx jwäZi‡½i m‡e©v”P we¯—v‡ii †¶‡Î P we›`yi Ae¯’vb, D = (2m) 2 ----- (11.4 K)
Po we›`y †_‡K x `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z Ges mgxKiY (11.5) Abyhvqx jwä Zi‡½i me©wbæ we¯—vi n‡eÑ

dx λ
D (2m + 1) 2 ----- (11.5.K)
∴ cici `ywU D¾¡j we›`yi `~iZ¡ mgxKiY (11.4.K) n‡Z Ges ci ci `ywU Aby¾¡j we›`yi `~iZ¡ mgxKiY (11.5.K)
n‡Z cvIqv hvq|

D`vniYÑ1
Bqvs Gi wØ-wPi e¨e¯’vi wdëvi hy³ ¶iY wUDe (Discharge tube) n‡Z cÖvß cvi` ev‡®úi Av‡jv (λ = 5460A°)
e¨envi Kiv nj| wPi `ywUi `~iZ¡ 0.1mm, c`©v 20cm `~‡i Av‡Q, cÖ_g me©wbæ ZxeªZvi †KŠwYK Ae¯’vb wbY©q
Ki“b|
mgvavb t Avgiv Rvwb, me©wbæ ZxeªZv n‡e hLb jwä Zi‡½i we¯—vi me©wbæ n‡e| mgxKiY 11.5 †_‡K Avgiv jwä
λ
Zi‡½i me©wbæ we¯—vi cvB hLb dsinθ = (2m+1) 2

cÖkœvbymv‡i, d = 0.1 mm = 0.1×10-3 meter

λ = 5460A° = 5460×10-10 meter
cÖ_g me©wbæ ZxeªZvi Rb¨ m = 0
5460
∴ 0.1 × 10-3 sin θ = 1. 2 × 10-10

5460×10-10
ev, sinθ = = 0.0027
2×0.1×10-3
∴ θ = sin-1 0.0027
= 0.15 radian
= 8.8°

D`vniY-2
D`vniY-1 G c`©vi ga¨we›`y †_‡K KZ Dc‡i cÖ_g me©wbæ ZxeªZv Aew¯’Z n‡e?
mgvavb t mgxKiY 11.5 K Abyhvqx,
dx λ
D = (2m+1) 2

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv- 293

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

D λ
ev, x = d × 2 [cÖ_g ZxeªZvi Rb¨ m=0]
0.2 meter 5460
= × 2 × 10-10 meter
0.1*10-3 meter
= 1365 × 10-7 meter
= 136m × 10-3 meter
= 0.1365 mm.

msm³Zv (Coherence)
11.2.1 Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q `ywU Zi½ ev nvB‡Mb&m DcZi‡½i `kv cv_©K¨ mg‡qi mv‡_ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡Z n‡e|
e¨wZPvi nevi kZ© wn‡m‡e Drm؇qi msm³ (Coherent) nIqv GKwU †gŠwjK Avek¨KZv|
`ywU Drm msm³ (Coherent) nIqvi A_© nj GKB Zi½ ˆ`‡N©i Drm؇qi `„kv cv_©K¨ Zx¶è I my¯úó n‡Z n‡e Ges
mg‡qi mv‡_ Zv AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡Z n‡e| we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L¨ †h, wPÎÑ11.7 Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_‡g GKwU Drm S †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q Ges S n‡Z AvMZ Zi½gyL wPi S1 I S2 `yBfv‡M wef³ n‡q DcZi½gvjv m„wó K‡i| GKwU Drm S †_‡K
`yBwU Drm S1 I S2 ˆZwi Kivi GKgvÎ KviY n‡jv S1 I S2 †Z DcZi½gvjv †hb msm³ nq| Aek¨B g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e DrmØq msm³ bv n‡j e¨wZPvi n‡e bv, msm³ Drmmg~n (coherent sources) Ab¨fv‡eI cvIqv †h‡Z
cv‡i, †hgb †d«‡bj evBwcÖR‡gi mvnv‡h¨ (Fresnel briprism) hv GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e msm³
Drmmg~‡ni `kv-cv_©K¨ k~b¨ n‡Z †Kvb Amyweav †bB| ïay mg‡qi mv‡_ `kvcv_©K¨ AcwiewZ©Z n‡Z n‡e| Bqs Gi
cix¶vq cÖ_g Drm S. msKxY© n‡Z n‡e bZzev S1 I S2 †Z AvMZ Zi½gyL wewfbœ †Kv‡Y Dcw¯’Z n‡Z cv‡i|
Bqs Gi cix¶vi ZxeªZv (Intensity in Young's experiment) t awi `ywU Zi½ P we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nj
(wPÎÑ17.7)| GLb Zwor †¶ÎØq‡K wbæwjwLZ mgxKi‡Y cÖKvk Kiv hvqÑ
E1 = Eo sin ωt GLv‡b, ω = 2πn
E2 = Eo sin (ωt + φ) φ = `kv cv_©K¨|
∴ P we›`y‡Z jwä Zi½, E = E1 +E2
= Eo {sin ωt + sin (ωt + φ)}
ωt+ωt+φ ωt - ωt - φ
= 2Eo sin 2 Cos 2
... sinA+sinB = 2sin A+B A-B
 2 cos 2 
= Eo sin (ωt + β)
φ
GLv‡b, Eθ = 2Eo Cos 2
φ
β=2
Eθ Gi m‡e©v”P gvb awi, Em = 2Eo
ZxeªZv Iθ = Eθ2
∴ Iθ = 4Eo2 Cos2 β
2π
`kv cv_©K¨ = c_ cv_©K¨ ×
λ

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-294

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

2π
∴φ= dsinθ
λ
φ π
β = 2 = d sinθ
λ
m‡e©v”P ZxeªZvi Ae¯’vb n‡e hLb,
β = mπ [ m= 0, 1, 2, ..... ]
ev, dsinθ = mλ
π 1
me©wbæ ZxeªZv n‡e hLb dsinθ = m + 2 π [m= 0, 1, 2, 3....]
λ  

mvims‡¶c
 Av‡jvi e¨wZPv‡ii kZ© t mgK¤úvs‡K `ywU Zi½ GKB w`‡K AMÖmi n‡j Ges Zv‡`i `kv cv_©K¨ mg‡qi mv‡_
AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j Zi½Ø‡qi DcwicvZ‡bi d‡j jwä Zi‡½i †Kvb we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P we¯—vi Ges †Kvb we›`y‡Z
me©wbæ we¯—vi N‡U| G Ae¯’v‡K Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi e‡j|
 msm³ Drmmg~n t Zi½mg~‡ni `kv cv_©K¨ mg‡qi mv‡_ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j Zi½mg~n‡K msm³ Drm ejv
nq|
2π
 `kv cv_©K¨ = c_ cv_©K¨ × [ λ = Zi½ ˆ`N©¨]
λ
cÖ‡qvRbxq mgxKiY
Bqvs Gi wØ wPi cix¶vq t jwä Zi‡½i m‡e©v”P we¯—v‡ii kZ©,
λ
dsinθ = 2m  2  [d = `yB wP‡ii ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡]
 
dx λ
Ges D = 2m  2 

λ dx λ
jwä Zi‡½i me©wbæ we¯—v‡ii kZ©, dsinθ = (2m+1) 2 Ges D = (2m+1)  2 

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ11.2
K. ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi nevi kZ©Ñ
(K) Av‡jv mv`v n‡Z n‡e (L) Av‡jv AZ¨š— D¾¡j n‡Z n‡e
(M) DrmØq msm³ n‡Z n‡e (N) Av‡jv jvj n‡Z n‡e|
2| `kv cv_©K¨Ñ
2π
(K) c_ cv_©K¨ × λ (L) c_ cv_©K¨ ×
λ
π
(M) c_ cv_©K¨ × (N) c_ cv_©K¨ × πλ
λ
L. msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| msm³Zv ej‡Z wK †evSvq wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 11.2.2
BDwbU GMvi c„ôv- 295
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 3
AceZ©b, GKK wP‡ii `i“b AceZ©b, †MÖwUs Gi e¨envi
D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


AceZ©b Kv‡K e‡j Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
GKK wP‡ii `i“b AceZ©b wKfv‡e nq Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †MÖwUs Gi e¨envi Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

11.3.1 t AceZ©b (Diffraction): Av‡jv hw`I mij c‡_ Mgb K‡i ZeyI j¶ Kiv hvq Av‡jv hLb †Kvb Zx¶è
wKbvi m¤úbœ Am”Q e¯—zi cvk †Nu‡l hvq ZLb Av‡jv †eu‡K hvq| Av‡jvi mijc‡_ Mg‡bi GB e¨_©Zv‡K e‡j
AceZ©b (Diffraction), AceZ©b d«vb‡Pm‡Kv gvwiqv MÖxgvjw` (Francesco Maria Grimaldi) Avwe®‹vi K‡ib
Z‡e nvB‡Mb‡miI GB cÖwµqv Rvbv wQj| hw`I wZwb Av‡jvi Zi½Z‡Ë¡ wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, Av‡jvi AceZ©‡b Zvi Av¯’v
wQj bv| weÁvbx †d«‡bj (Fresnel) nvB‡Mb&‡mi bxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i AceZ©b e¨vL¨v K‡ib| Av‡jvi AceZ©b‡K
`yBfv‡M fvM Kiv nq; (1) d«vb‡nvdvi AceZ©b (Fraunhofer diffraction) Ges (2) †d«‡bj AceZ©b (Fresnel
diffraction)

(1) d«vb‡nvdvi AceZ©b (Fraunhofer diffraction) t hLb Av‡jvi Drm Ges AceZ©b c¨vUvb© (Diffraction
pattern)-Gi c`©v (Screen) AceZ©b c¨vUvb© m„wóKvix i›`ª (aperature) †_‡K Amxg `~i‡Z¡ _v‡K ZLb GB
AceZ©b‡K d«vb‡nvdvi AceZ©b ejv nq| i‡›`ªi (aperture) mvg‡b GKwU DËj †jÝ Øviv mgvš—ivj iwk¥ ˆZwi K‡i
i‡›`ªi Dci †djv nq Ges i‡›`ªi †cQ‡b Av‡iKwU DËj †jÝ ewm‡q d«vb‡nvdvi AceZ©b j¶ Kiv hvq| GLv‡b
i‡›`ªi mvg‡b I †cQ‡b DËj †jÝ ewm‡q Kvh©Z: Drm I c`©v‡K Amxg `~i‡Z¡ ¯’vc‡bi Ae¯’v m„wó Kiv nq|
(2) †d«‡bj AceZ©b (Fresnel diffraction) t †d«‡bj (Fresnel) AceZ©‡b †Kvb †j‡Ýi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
G‡¶‡Î Zi½gyLmg~n Acmvix (Divergent)| †d«‡bj AceZ©‡bi MvwYwZK cÖwµqv RwUj, ZvB GLv‡b †d«‡bj
AceZ©b m¤ú‡K© wek` Av‡jvPbv Kiv hv‡e bv|

wPÎÑ11.8 (K) †d«‡bj AceZ©b (L) Drm I c`©vq mgvš—ivjfv‡e Av‡jv hv‡”Q, ZvB c`©v I Drm Amxg `~i‡Z¡
(M) †j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ d«vb‡nvdvi AceZ©‡bi kZ©vejx m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-296

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

11.3.2 t GKK wP‡ii `i“b AceZ©b (Diffraction due to single slit)

aiv hvK GKK wPi (single slit) Gi †e` a Gi Dci mgZj Zi½gyL AvcwZZ n‡”Q Ges C c`©vq Av‡jvK Zi‡½i
Ae¯’v †`Lv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q (wPÎ11Ñ9 `ªóe¨)|
11.9 (K) wP‡Î Av‡jv Zi‡½i m‡e©v”P we¯—v‡ii (Ges D¾¡jZv) †K›`ª Po we›`y‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| KviY G‡¶‡Î
mKj Zi½gyL mgvb c_ Mgb K‡i c`©vi Po we›`y‡Z DcbxZ n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Zi½mg~‡ni c_ cv_©K¨ = 0, ZvB `kv
cv_©K¨ =0| AZGe, Po we›`y‡K D¾¡j Ae¯’vq †`Lv hv‡e, Avevi c`©vq Av‡iKwU we›`y P1 aiv hvK| wPÎÑ 11.9
(L) `ªóe¨| G‡¶‡Î Av‡jvKiwk¥ θ †Kv‡Y wbM©Z n‡q P1 we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q| r1 iwk¥ GKK wP‡ii Dcwifv‡M Ges r2
iwk¥ wP‡ii ga¨fvM †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q P1 we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| D‡j−L¨ †h, GKwU DËj †jÝ (Convex lens) GKK
wP‡ii mvg‡b ivLv n‡q‡Q †hb wbtm„Z mgvš—ivj iwk¥¸‡jv c`©vi GK we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv- 297

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

λ
c`©v †jÝwU †dvKvm `~i‡Z¡ Av‡Q| GLv‡b c_ cv_©K¨ bb©| θ Gi gvb hw` Ggbfv‡e †bqv nq †hb bb© `~iZ¡ = 2
nq| Zvn‡j r1 I r2 iwk¥Øq P1 we›`y‡Z wecixZ `kvq (out of Phase) wgwjZ n‡e Ges P1 we›`y AÜKvi n‡e|
a
e¯—zZt Gi cÖwZ †Rvov iwk¥i 2 Gi `~i‡Z¡ wb‡P Aew¯’Z iwk¥i Kvi‡Y P1 we›`y‡Z jwä Zi‡½i we¯—vi k~b¨ n‡e|
a λ
G‡¶‡Î c_ cv_©K¨, 2 sin θ = 2 ev, a sin θ = λ ------ (11.6)
Po wQj †K›`ªxq D¾¡jZg we›`y| P1 n‡e cÖ_g me©wbæ D¾¡j we›`y| GKK wPi a (single slit) hZ mi“ n‡e †K›`ªxq
D¾¡jZv ZZ we¯—„Z n‡e| hw` a = λ nq A_©vr GKK wP‡ii †Q` GK Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Gi mgvb nq Z‡e θ =90 nq
A_©vr GKK wP‡ii †Q` GK Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Gi mgvb nq Z‡e θ = 90° n‡e| A_©vr m¤ú~Y© c`©vwU D¾¡j _vK‡e|
a λ
Avevi hw` b we›`y‡K wP‡ii Ici †_‡K 4 `~i‡Z¡ †bqv nq| θ †KvY Ggbfv‡e †bqv nq †hb, bb© `~iZ¡ 2 nq|
Zvn‡j c~‡e©v³fv‡e DËj †j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ mgvš—ivj iwk¥¸‡jv PX2 we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡e| G‡¶‡Î r1 I r2 iwk¥i
jwäi we¯—v‡i P2 we›`y‡Z k~b¨ n‡e Ges GKB iƒc r3 I r4 iwk¥i jwä P2 we›`y‡Z k~b¨ n‡e|

a λ
G‡¶‡Î †jLv hvq, 4 sinθ = 2
ev, asinθ = 2λ
Abyiƒcfv‡e wjLv hvq, asinθ = mλ ------ (11.9)
(m = 1, 2 ........... )
∴ Bnv jwäZi‡½i wbæZg we¯—v‡ii mgxKiY|
GLv‡b we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L Kiv cÖ‡hvRb †h, AceZ©‡b Av‡jv †eu‡K hvq Ges euvKv‡bv iwk¥mg~‡ni e¨wZPvi nq Ges G
Kvi‡Y Av‡jv Zi‡½i we¯—v‡i †Kvb we›`yZ m‡e©v”P Ges †Kvb we›`y‡Z me©wbæ nq| dj¯^iƒc AceZ©‡b AvMZ †Kvb
we›`y‡Z D¾¡j Ae¯’v Avevi †Kvb we›`y‡Z Aby¾¡j Ae¯’v ev AÜKvi †`Lv hvq, g~jZ: Av‡jvi AceZ©‡bi cÖwµqvi
(Phenomenon) g‡a¨ Zi‡½i †eu‡K hvevi ciciB e¨wZPvi mwbœwnZ _v‡K|

wPÎÑ11.10 t d«vb‡nvdvi AceZ©‡b we¯—vi I ZxeªZv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q GKK wP‡ii Rb¨

11.3.3 t †MÖwUs Gi e¨envi (Uses of grating)

hw` N msL¨K wPi (Slit) mg`~ieZx© Ae¯’v‡b µgmw¾Z _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K AceZ©b †MÖwUs e‡j| AceZ©b †MÖwUs
GKgvwÎK, wØgvwÎK ev wÎgvwÎK n‡q _v‡K| Avgiv ïaygvÎ GKgvwÎK AceZ©b †MÖwUs m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kie|

eûmsL¨K wPi (Multiple Slits) t AceZ©b †MÖwUs GKLvbv eûmsL¨K wPi (Multiple Slits) Qvov wKQyB bq|
wPÎÑ11.11 †Z cuvP wPi wewkó GKwU †MÖwUs †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-298

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

wPÎÑ11.11 cuvP wPi wewkó GKwU AceZ©b †MÖwUs

GKLÛ mgZj Kuv‡Pi Ici KuvP-KvUv nxivi Kjg w`‡q A‡bK¸‡jv mij‡iLv KvUv n‡q (mvaviYZ: 1cm ˆ`‡N©¨i
g‡a¨ 5000 ev Abyiƒc †iLv _v‡K; GB msL¨v‡K N Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq)| we‡kl h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ G e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K AceZ©b †MÖwUs-Gi Dci AvcwZZ Ki‡j Av‡jvi AceZ©b n‡e Ges cÖavb D¾¡j we›`ymg~n
(Principal maxima) Ges cÖavb Aby¾¡j we›`ymg~n (Principal minima) †`Lv hv‡e| †MÖwUs G GK wP‡ii
ga¨we›`y †_‡K wbKUZg wP‡ii ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ aiv hvK d|
GKwU wP‡ii †e` = a
GKwU A¯^”Q evavi `~iZ¡ = b
∴ a + b = d, A_©vr †MÖwUs Gi Dcv`vb aª“eK nj d|
cÖavb D¾¡j we›`y Drcbœ nevi kZ© nj, dsinθ = mλ------- (11.8)
AceZ©b †MÖwUs cÖavbZ: wbæwjwLZ Kv‡R e¨eüZ nqÑ
(1) Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ cwigvc
(2) wewfbœ e‡Y©i Av‡jvK iwk¥ c„_KxKiY
(3) M¨vmxq ¶iY b‡j (gas discharge tube) eY©vjx mbv³KiY|

11.3.3 Aby‡”Q‡` D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q AceZ©b †MÖwUs Gi cÖwZ †mw›UwgUv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖvq 5000 †iLv (Ruling) _v‡K|
GK †mw›UwgUv‡i GZ †iLv _vK‡j d cÖvq (11.3.3. `ªóe¨) [a+b=d] Av‡jv Zi½iwk¥i Zi½‰`‡N©¨i KvQvKvwQ nq|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e mgxKiY sinθ=nλ †_‡K eySv hvq n=1 n‡j (cÖ_g AW©vi AceZ©b) d Ges λ Gi gvb Zzjbxq
(Comparable) n‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ †MÖwUs G GZ †iLv Uvbv nq|
wÎgvwÎK AceZ©‡b †Kjvm Crystal) e¨envi Kiv nq|

D`vniYÑ1
GKK wPi a Gi †e` a Ges jvj Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨ 6500°A †`qv n‡j, a Gi gvb KZ n‡j cÖ_g Aby¾¡j we›`y
30° †Kv‡Y cwZZ n‡e?
mgvavb t Avgiv Rvwb, aSinθ = mλ (mgxKiY 11.7)
λ
ev, a = [cÖ_g Aby¾¡j we›`yi Rb¨ m = 1]
Sinθ
6500Å
= Sin30°
6500Å
= 0.5
= 13000 Å
BDwbU GMvi c„ôv- 299
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

= 13×10-7 meter
D`vniYÑ2
Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ λ = 5461 Å I GKK wP‡ii †e` a = 0.45 mm n‡j GKK wP‡ii Rb¨ KZ †KŠwYK Ae¯’v‡b cÖ_g
me©wbæ D¾¡jZv †`Lv hv‡e?
mgvavb t †`Iqv Av‡Q, λ = 5461 Å
= 5461×10-10 meter
a = 0.45 mm
= 45×10-5 meter
cÖ_g me©wbæ D¾¡jZvq m = 1
Avgiv Rvwb, aSinθ = mλ
5461×10-10 meter
∴ Sinθ =
45×10-5 meter
= 9121×10-5
= 0.00121
∴θ = Sin-1 0.00121
= 0.07 radian
= 3.44°

mvims‡¶c
 AceZ©b nj †Kvb Zx¶è e¯—zi cvk †Nu‡l hvevi mgq Av‡jvi MwZ †eu‡K hvIqv| AceZ©b `yB cÖKvi: (1)
d«vb‡nvdvi AceZ©b (2) †d«‡bj AceZ©b, GKK wP‡ii `i“b AceZ©‡b c`©vq ga¨we›`y D¾¡jZg nq|

cÖ‡qvRbxq mgxKiY
GKK wP‡ii AceZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_g me©wbæ D¾¡jZv (jwä Zi‡½i me©wbæ we¯—vi) Gi kZ©, aSinθ = λ
A_ev me©wbæ D¾¡jZv n‡e hLb, aSinθ = mλ [m = 1, 2, 3, .....]

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ11.3
K. ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœt
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| AceZ©b cÖavbZ:
(K) `yB cÖKvi (L) GK cÖKvi
(M) wZb cÖKvi (N) Pvi cÖKvi|
2| d«vb‡nvKvi AceZ©b Drm I c`©v iÜ« †_‡KÑ
(K) i‡Ü«i wظY `~i‡Z¡ _v‡K (L) Df‡qB Amxg `~i‡Z¡ _v‡K
(M) ïay Drm Amxg `~i‡Z¡ _v‡K (N) ïay c`©v Amxg `~i‡Z¡ _v‡K|

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| d«vb‡nvdvi AceZ©b e¨vL¨v Ki“b| [Aby‡”Q`Ñ 11.3.1]
2| †MÖwUs Gi e¨envi wjLyb| [Aby‡”Q`Ñ 11.3.3]

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-300

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

cvV 4 → →
mgeZ©b, E, B I Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi w`‡Ki m¤úK©, ZxeªZv
D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Av‡jvi mgeZ©b Kv‡K e‡j Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;


 , → I Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi w`‡Ki m¤úK© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 B
 Av‡jvi ZxeªZv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

11.4.1 t mgeZ©b (Polarization)

Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi, AceZ©b BZ¨vw` ˆewkó¨ †_‡K G wm×v‡š— Avmv hvq †h Ab¨ me Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i gZ Av‡jv
GKwU Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi½| G Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨ nj GwU Avo Zi½ ev AbycÖ¯’ Zi½|
Z‡e Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi ev AceZ©b cÖwµqv cÖgvY K‡i bv GwU Avo Zi½ †Kbbv jw¤^K Zi‡½i †¶‡ÎI e¨wZPvi,
AceZ©b cÖwµqv j¶ Kiv hvq| Z‡e g¨v·I‡q‡ji Zwor †PŠ¤^K-ZË¡ (Maxwell's electro magnetic theory)
fwel¨ØvYx K‡i †h Av‡jv Avo ev AbycÖ¯’ Zi½, Av‡jv cÖevwnZ nevi Rb¨ †Kvb gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, cÖK…Zc‡¶
Av‡jvi Zwor‡¶Î I Py¤^K‡¶Î ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡Y †_‡K K¤úb Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges Df‡qi mg‡Kv‡Y kw³ mÂvwjZ
nq| Z_vwc Zwor‡¶Î I Py¤^K †¶Î ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡Y †_‡KI GKB mgZ‡j wb‡R‡`i w`K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e wKQy cÖwµqv Av‡Q hvi mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jv cÖev‡ni mgq Zwor‡¶Î‡K GKgyLx Kiv hvq (d‡j Py¤^K‡¶ÎI Aek¨B
GKgyLx nq)| G cÖwµqv‡K Av‡jvi mgeZ©b (Polarization) e‡j|

11.4.2 t cÖwZdj‡bi mvnv‡h¨ mgeZ©b (Polarization by reflection)

Av‡jvi mgeZ©b NUv‡bvi mnRZg Dcvq nj cÖwZdj‡bi mvnv‡h¨| gvjym (Malus) 1808 mv‡j G cÖwµqv Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib| hw` mv`v Av‡jv (White light) Gi iwk¥ †Kvb gm„Y Z‡j wbw`©ó †Kv‡Y AvcwZZ nq Z‡e †`Lv hvq
cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ mgZ‡j mgewZ©Z (Plane Polarized) n‡q‡Q|
aiv hvK, AmgewZ©Z (Unpolarized) Av‡jvK iwk¥ evqy gva¨g w`‡q mgZj I gm„Y Kuv‡Pi Dci θP †Kv‡Y
AvcwZZ n‡jv Ges evqy gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiv¼ 1.5|

wPÎÑ11.12
BDwbU GMvi c„ôv- 301
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

‡`Lv hv‡e AvcwZZ iwk¥i GK Ask cÖwZdwjZ Ges GK Ask cÖwZmwiZ n‡q‡Q (wPÎÑ11.12) cÖwZdwjZ Ask I
cÖwZmwiZ AskØq‡K h_vµ‡g σ-Dcvsk I π Dcvsk ejv nq| Z‡e kZ© nj †h, eZ©gvb †¶‡Î θP = 57° n‡Z
n‡e Ges BOC †KvY 90° n‡e| weÁvbx †eªv÷vi (Brewster) GB mZ¨Zv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib, wP‡Î †`Lv hvq,
SinθP
= n wKš—z ∠BOC = 90° e‡j θP +θr = 90° n‡e|
Sinθr
∴ sinθr = CosθP
SinθP SinθP
ev, =n= = tan θP ------- (11.8)
Sinθr Cosθp
mgxKiY (11.8) †K †eªv÷v‡ii mgxKiY ejv nq|

D`vniYÑ1 t GKwU Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiv¼ n=1.5 Ges KuvP †c−U‡K mgeZ©K (polarizer) wn‡m‡e †bqv nj| GLv‡b
cÖwZmiY †KvY KZ?
mgvavb t mgxKiY 11.8 n‡j, θP = tan-11.5
= 56.3°
Avevi, SinθP = nSinθr
SinθP
∴ Sinθr = n
SinθP
= 1.5
= .555
∴ θr = Sin-1 0.555
= 33.7°
→ → → →
11.4.3 I Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi w`‡Ki m¤úK© ( , and their relation with the direction of
E , B E B
velocity of light) :

BwZg‡a¨B D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q Av‡jv Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi½| cÖev‡ni mgq Gi Zwor‡¶Î → Ges Py¤^K †¶Î →
E B
ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡Y †_‡K K¤úY Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Df‡qi mg‡Kv‡Y Pjgvb _v‡K|

wPÎÑ11.13
→ I → mw`K (vector) ivwk `ywU → *→ ‡f±i ¸Yb wn‡m‡e ai‡j Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM mg‡Kv‡Y nq| wPÎÑ
E B E B
11.13 †Z → , → I Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM C Gi w`‡Ki m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv nj|
E B
BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-302
 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

11.4.4 t ZxeªZv (Intensity)

Av‡jvi ZxeªZv Av‡jv Zi‡½i we¯—v‡ii e‡M©i mgvbycvwZK| A_©vr I α A2 ; GLv‡b I = ZxeªZv Ges A = we¯—vi|

→2 →2 →2

  +   
E B E  → →
gy³¯’v‡b (Free space) kw³ = = iKr   =  
8π 4π   E   B 

 2 1
MvwYwZKfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq, Mo → = 2 A
E

... mKj m¤¢ve¨ †Kv‡Yi sin dvsk‡bi Mo 1

 2

2
A
∴ kw³i NbZ¡ ev Av‡jvi ZxeªZv I =
8π

mvi ms‡¶c

 mgeZ©b t Av‡jvi Zwor‡¶Î (ev Py¤^K‡¶Î) †K GKgyLxKiv‡K mgeZ©b e‡j|


→ , → I Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi w`‡Ki m¤úK© t → I → ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡Y _v‡K Ges Av‡jv Df‡qi
E B E B

mg‡Kv‡Y cÖevwnZ nq|

cÖ‡qvRbxq mgxKiY t
†eªv÷vi m~Î, n = tanθP
2
A
ZxeªZv, I =
8π

P~ovš— g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| nvB‡Mb‡mi ZË¡ e¨vL¨v Ki“b Ges nvB‡Mb‡mi Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb I cÖwZmiY m~Î cÖwZcv`b
Ki“b Ges c~Y© Af¨š—ixY cÖwZdjb e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
2| Bqvs Gi wØwPi cix¶vi eY©bv w`‡q c`©vq D¾¡jZg we›`ymg~n I Aby¾¡jZg we›`ymg~n Dcw¯’wZi kZ© †ei
Ki“b| msm³Zv e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
3| AceZ©b wK e¨vL¨v Ki“b Ges GKK wP‡ii `i“b AceZ©b nevi d‡j Aby¾¡j we›`ymg~‡ni Ae¯’vb wKfv‡e
cv‡eb wjLyb| †MÖwUs G A‡bK¸‡jv jvBb _vKvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
4| Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM, Av‡jvi Zwor‡¶Î I †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi g‡a¨ w`‡Ki m¤úK© wek` e¨vL¨v Ki“b| Av‡jvi ZxeªZv
e¨vL¨v Ki“b|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv- 303

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

MvwYwZK mgm¨vejx
Aby‡”Q`Ñ11.1
1| cvwbi cÖwZmivsK 1.33| cvwb‡Z Av‡jvi †eM 2.2556*108 m/sec. k~b¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM KZ?
[DËi-3×108 m sec–1]
Aby‡”Q`Ñ11.2
1| Bqvs Gi wØ-wPi cix¶vq wPi؇qi `~iZ¡ 0.1mm Ges c`©vi `~iZ¡ 25cm| †mvwWqvg Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨
5893A° n‡j †mvwWqvg Av‡jvi Rb¨ cÖ_g me©wbæ D¾¡jZvi †¶‡Î †KŠwYK Ae¯’vb KZ? [DËi-16.6°]
2| Dc‡iv³ D`vni‡Y c`©vi ga¨we›`y †_‡K KZ `~‡i cÖ_g me©wbæ ZxeªZvi Ae¯’vb? [DËi-0.74mm=0.74×10–3m]

Aby‡”Q`11.3
1| GKK wPi AceZ©‡b †`qv Av‡Q, †mvwWqvg Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨ = 5893A° wP‡ii †e` a Gi gvb KZ n‡j cÖ_g
Aby¾¡j we›`y 30° †Kv‡Y c`©vq AvcwZZ n‡e? [DËi-11786A° = 11786×10–10m]
2| GKK wPi AceZ©‡b λ = 5893A°, a = 0.5mm KZ †KŠwYK Ae¯’v‡b cÖ_g me©wbæ D¾¡jZv †`Lv †`‡e?
[DËi-3.8°]

DËigvjv
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
11.1 t 1(K); 2(L)
11.2 t 1(M); 2(L)
11.3 t 1(K); 2(L)
11.4 t 1(N); 2(M)

MvwYwZK cÖkœ t
11.1 t 1| 3*108 m/sec.
11.2 t 1| 16.6°
2| 0.74 mm
11.3 t 1| 11786 A°
2| 3.8°

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-304