IMS ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD (143)

B.Tech. First year Bridge Course

(Session: 2023-24)
Subject: Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering

1. Digital Electronics: Introduction, Digital Vs Analog System, Number system: various

number systems like decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number system.

2. Number System Conversion: Conversion of any number system like decimal, binary,
octal and hexadecimal number system into other number systems.

3. Arithmetic operations of different Number System: Arithmetic operations of number

systems like decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number system.

4. Arithmetic operations using complement method: 1’s and 2’s complement

representation of signed binary numbers. Their arithmetic operations, 9’s and 10’s
complement representation of decimal number system, Their arithmetic operations.

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 INTRODUCTION ABOUT DIGITAL SYSTEM

A Digital system is an interconnection of digital modules, and it is a system that

manipulates discrete elements of information that is represented internally in the binary
form.
Now a day’s digital systems are used in wide variety of industrial and consumer products
such as automated industrial machinery, pocket calculators, microprocessors, digital
computers, digital watches, TV games and signal processing and so on. Characteristics of
Digital systems
• Digital systems manipulate discrete elements of information.
• Discrete elements are nothing but the digits such as 10 decimal digits or 26 letters
of alphabets and so on.
• Digital systems use physical quantities called signals to represent discrete
elements.
• In digital systems, the signals have two discrete values and are therefore said to be
binary. • A signal in digital system represents one binary digit called a bit. The bit has a
value either 0 or 1.
Analog systems vs Digital systems
Analog system process information that varies continuously i.e; they process time varying
signals that can take on any values across a continuous range of voltage, current or any
physical parameter.
Digital systems use digital circuits that can process digital signals which can take either 0
or 1 for binary system.

Advantages of Digital system over Analog system

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 1. Ease of programmability
The digital systems can be used for different applications by simply changing the program
without additional changes in hardware.
2. Reduction in cost of hardware
The cost of hardware gets reduced by use of digital components and this has been possible
due to advances in IC technology. With ICs the number of components that can be placed
in a given area of Silicon are increased which helps in cost reduction.
3.High speed
Digital processing of data ensures high speed of operation which is possible due to
advances in Digital Signal Processing.

4. High Reliability

Digital systems are highly reliable one of the reasons for that is use of error correction codes.
5. Design is easy
The design of digital systems which require use of Boolean algebra and other digital
techniques is easier compared to analog designing.
6. Result can be reproduced easily
Since the output of digital systems unlike analog systems is independent of temperature,
noise, humidity and other characteristics of components the reproducibility of results is
higher in digital systems than in analog systems.
Disadvantages of Digital Systems
• Use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus
producing more heat as well.
• Digital circuits are often fragile, in that if a single piece of digital data is lost or
misinterpreted the meaning of large blocks of related data can completely change.
• Digital computer manipulates discrete elements of information by means of a
binary code.

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 NUMBER SYSTEM

Number System is a method of representing Numbers with the help of a set of Symbols
and rules.
Base or Radix of number system:

It is the number of symbols in the particular number system.

Ex:
Decimal Number System – Base 10 (0-9)
Binary Number system – Base 2 (0,1)
Octal Number System – Base 8 (0-7)
Hexadecimal Number System – Base 16 (0-9, A-F)
Types of Number Systems:
Based on the base value and the number of allowed digits, number systems are of many
types. The four common types of Number System are:
1. Decimal Number System
2. Binary Number System
3. Octal Number System
4. Hexadecimal Number System
1. Decimal Number System
Number system with base value 10 is termed as Decimal number system. It uses 10 digits
i.e. 0-9 for the creation of numbers. Here, each digit in the number is at a specific place
with place value a product of different powers of 10
Ex:
Decimal Number 10285 = (1 × 104) + (0 × 103) + (2 × 102) + (8 × 101) + (5 × 100)
= 1 × 10000 + 0 × 1000 + 2 × 100 + 8 × 10 + 5 × 1
= 10000 + 0 + 200 + 80 + 5
= 10285

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 2. Binary Number System
Number System with base value 2 is termed as Binary number system. It uses 2 digits i.e. 0
and 1 for the creation of numbers. The numbers formed using these two digits are termed
as Binary Numbers. Binary number system is very useful in electronic devices and
computer systems because it can be easily performed using just two states ON and OFF i.e.
0 and 1.
Ex: Decimal Numbers 0-9 are represented in binary as: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111,
1000, and 1001
3. Octal Number System
Octal Number System is one in which the base value is 8. It uses 8 digits i.e. 0-7 for
creation of Octal Numbers. Octal Numbers can be converted to Decimal value by
multiplying each digit with the place value and then adding the result.
Ex: (215)10 can be written as (327)8..
4. Hexadecimal Number System
Number System with base value 16 is termed as Hexadecimal Number System. It uses 16
digits for the creation of its numbers. Digits from 0-9 are taken like the digits in the
decimal number system but the digits from 10-15 are represented as A-F i.e. 10 is
represented as A, 11 as B, 12 as C, 13 as D, 14 as E, and 15 as F.
Ex: (4090)10 can be written as (FFA)16

CONVERSION BETWEEN BASES

Binary Number System to Decimal Number System:

To convert a binary number to decimal we need to perform a multiplication operation on

each digit of a binary number from right to left with powers of 2 starting from 0 and add
each result to get the decimal number of it.
Decimal Number = nth bit * 2n-1
Binary to Decimal Formula:
n = bnq + bn-1qn-2 +………+ b2q2 +b1q1 +b0q0 + b-1q-1 + b-2q-2
Where,

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 N is decimal equivalent,
b is the digit,
q is the base value.

steps to convert binary numbers to their decimal equivalent.

Step 1: Write the binary number and count the powers of 2 from right to left (starting from
0).
Step 2: Write each binary digit(right to left) with corresponding powers of 2 from right to
left, such that MSB or the first binary digit will be multiplied by the greatest power of 2.
Step 3: Add all the products in the step2
Step 4: The answer is our decimal number.
This can be better explained using the below examples:
Example 1: Let’s consider a binary number 1111. We need to convert this binary
number to a decimal number.
Sol.

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 Example 2: Convert (101010)2 = (?)10
Sol.

Example 3: Convert (11100)2 = (?)10

Sol.

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 Binary Number System to Octal Number System
Steps:
• Take binary number
• Divide the binary digits into groups of three (starting from right) for integer part and
start from left for fraction part.
• Convert each group of three binary digits to one octal digit.
Example-1 − Convert binary number 1010111100 into octal number. Since there is no
binary point.
Sol.;
(1010111100)2
= (001 010 111 100)2
= (1 2 7 4)8
= (1274)8
Example-2 Convert binary number 0110 011.1011 into octal number.
Sol;
(0110 011.1011)2
= (0 110 011 . 101 1)2
= (110 011 . 101 100)2
= (6 3 . 5 4)8
= (63.54)8

Conversion from Binary Number System to Hexadecimal Number System:

• Take binary number
• Divide the binary digits into groups of four (starting from right) for integer part and start
from left for fraction part.
• Convert each group of four binary digits to one hexadecimal digit.

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 Example-1 − Convert binary number 1010101101001 into hexadecimal number.
Sol.
(1010101101001)2
= (1 0101 0110 1001)2
= (0001 0101 0110 1001)2
= (1 5 6 9)16
= (1569)16

Example-2 − Convert binary number 001100101.110111 into hexadecimal number.

Sol.

(001100101.110111)2
= (0 0110 0101 . 1101 1100)2
= (0110 0101 . 1101 1100)2
= (6 5 . D C)16
= (65.DC)16

Octal Number System to Hexadecimal Number System:

Steps:
1. Convert the octal number into binary and then convert the binary into hexadecimal.
2. Convert the octal number into decimal and then convert the decimal into hexadecimal.

Example 1: Convert (56)8 into hexadecimal

Sol.:
First convert Octal number into binary number;
(56)8

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 = (101) (110)
= (101110)2

Next convert the binary number into equivalent Hexadecimal number:

(101110)2
= (10)(1110)
= (2)(14)
= (2E)16

Therefore, (56)8 = (2E)16

Example 2: Convert (178)8 into hexadecimal number.

Sol;
First convert Octal number into binary number;
(174)8
= (001 11 1100)2
= (001111100)2

Next convert the binary number into equivalent Hexadecimal number:

(0 0111 1100)2
= (0000 0111 1100)2
= (() 7 C)16

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 Complements:

In digital computers to simplify the subtraction operation & for logical manipulation
complements are used. There are two types of complements used in each radix system.

i) The radix complement or r’s complement

ii) The diminished radix complement or (r-1)’s complement

1’s complement of n number:

It is obtained by simply complementing each bit of the no.
For example complement of 10101 will be 01010.
1’s complement arithmetic:
In 1‘s comp subtraction, add the 1‘s comp of the subtrahend to the minuend. If there is a
carryout , bring the carry around & add it to the LSB called the end around carry. Look at
the sign bit (MSB) . If this is a 0, the result is +ve & is in true binary. If the MSB is a 1 (
carry or no carry ), the result is –ve & is in its is comp form .Take its 1‘s comp to get the
magnitude inn binary.
Methods of obtaining 2’s comp of a no:

By obtaining the 1‘s comp of the given no. (by changing all 0‘s to 1‘s & 1‘s to 0‘s) & then
adding 1.
2’s complement Arithmetic:
In the 2‘s compl subtraction, add the 2‘s comp of the subtrahend to the minuend . If
there is a carry out , ignore it , look at the sign bit I,e, MSB of the sum term .If the
MSB is a 0, the result is positive.& it is in true binary form. If the MSB is a ` ( carry
in or no carry at all) the result is negative.& is in its 2‘s comp form. Take its 2‘s
comp to find its magnitude in binary.

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9's and 10's Complement

If the number is binary, then we use 1's complement and 2's complement. But in case, when the
number is a decimal number, we will use the 9's and 10's complement.

9's Complement

The 9's complement is used to find the subtraction of the decimal numbers. The 9's
complement of a number is calculated by subtracting each digit of the number by 9. For
example, suppose we have a number 1423, and we want to find the 9's complement of the
number. For this, we subtract each digit of the number 1423 by 9. So, the 9's complement of
the number 1423 is 9999-1423= 8576.

Subtraction using 9's complement-

With the help of the 9's complement, the process of subtraction is done in a much easier way.
Generally, we subtract the subtrahend from the minuend, but in a case when we perform
subtraction using 9's complement, there is no need to do the same.

For subtracting two numbers using 9's complement, we first have to find the 9's complement of
the subtrahend and then we will add this complement value with the minuend. There are two
possible cases when we subtract the numbers using 9's complement.

Case 1: When the subtrahend is smaller than the minuend.

For subtracting the smaller number from the larger number using 9's complement, we will find
the 9's complement of the subtrahend, and then we will add this complement value with the
minuend. By adding both these values, the result will come in the formation of carry. At last,
we will add this carry to the result obtained previously.

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Case 2: When the subtrahend is greater than the minuend.

In this case, when we add the complement value and the minuend, the result will not come in
the formation of carry. This indicates that the number is negative, and for finding the final
result, we need to find the 9's complement of the result.

10's Complement

The 10's complement is also used to find the subtraction of the decimal numbers. The 10's
complement of a number is calculated by subtracting each digit by 9 and then adding 1 to the
result. Simply, by adding 1 to its 9's complement we can get its 10's complement value. For
example, suppose we have a number 1423, and we want to find the 10's complement of the
number. For this, we find the 9's complement of the number 1423 that is 9999-1423= 8576,
and now we will add 1 to the result. So the 10's complement of the number 1423 is
8576+1=8577.

Subtraction using 10's complement-

For subtracting two numbers using 10's complement, we first have to find the 10's complement
of the subtrahend, and then we will add this complement value with the minuend. There are
two possible cases when we subtract the numbers using 10's complement.

Case 1: When the subtrahend is smaller than the minuend.

For subtracting the smaller number from the larger number using 10's complement, we will
find the 10's complement of the subtrahend and then we will add this complement value with
the minuend. By adding both these values, the result will come in the formation of carry. We
ignore this carry and the remaining digits will be the answer.

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Case 2: When the subtrahend is greater than the minuend.

In this case, when we add the complement value and the minuend, the result will not come in
the formation of carry. This indicates that the number is negative and for finding the final
result, we need to find the 10's complement of the result obtained by adding complement value
of subtrahend and minuend.

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