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Os Notes Mod !

The document describes several types of computer systems: mainframe, batch, time sharing, parallel, distributed, client-server, clustered, real-time, and handheld. It also discusses operating systems, their functionality, design issues, and structuring methods like monolithic, layered, microkernel, and kernel-based approaches. Key components of operating systems are also outlined like the boot loader, bootstrap program, abstraction, and command interpreter.

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saikiransankar2004
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38 views

Os Notes Mod !

The document describes several types of computer systems: mainframe, batch, time sharing, parallel, distributed, client-server, clustered, real-time, and handheld. It also discusses operating systems, their functionality, design issues, and structuring methods like monolithic, layered, microkernel, and kernel-based approaches. Key components of operating systems are also outlined like the boot loader, bootstrap program, abstraction, and command interpreter.

Uploaded by

saikiransankar2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of systems:

1. Mainframe system
 Initial control in monitor
 Control to job
 After job completes, control to monitor
 Automated job sequencing
2. Batch system
 Similar jobs are taken as groups and processed as batches
at the same
3. Time sharing system
 Jobs are swapped in and out of memory
 Uses time slicing
4. Parallel systems
 Tightly coupled system
 Has a shared memory
 Multiprocessor with more cpus
 Advantages
o Faster processing
o Economical
o Reliability
5. Distributed systems
 Loosely coupled system
 Advantages:
o Reliability
o Resource sharing
o Faster computation
o Communication
6. Client server systems
 A central server is connected to various clients who send
requests to the server and the server sends the response
7. Clustered systems
 Storage sharing with 2 or more devices
 High reliability
 Two types
o Asymmetric: one server at a time runs the
application
o Symmetric: all servers run the application
8. Real time system
 Used as a control device in various applications
o Industrial
o Scientific
o Medical
 Has well defined fixed time constraints
 Has two types:
o Hard real time
 Conflicts with time sharing system
 Not supported by general purpose os
o Soft real time
 Limited application in robotics
9. Hand held system
 Personal digital assistants
 Cellular devices
 ISSUES:
o Limited memory
o Slow processor
o Small screen
1. Short note on OS
 It is a program
 It acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware
 Examples: Windows, MAC, Sun, Linux, Unix etc.,
2. Functionality of OS
 To Execute User Programs and make Solving User Problems Easier
 To Utilize the Computer Hardware Effectively
 Operating systems provide an environment for execution of programs and services to
programs and users
 User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI).
 Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User Interface (GUI), Batch
 Program execution - The system must be able to load a program into memory and to
run that program, end execution, either normally or abnormally (indicating error)
 I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may involve a file or an
I/O device
 Help in File-system manipulation
 Helps in Communications
 Helps in Error detection
 Helps in Resource allocation
 Helps in Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of
computer resources
 Protection and security:
i. Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled
ii. Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication, extends
to defending external I/O devices from invalid access attempts
3. OS design issues
4. Structuring methods
 Monolithic

All functionalities in the kernel (one layer)

Ex: Open VMS

 Layered

Lower levels independent of upper levels

The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of
lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user
interface.
Layers are selected such that each uses functions (operations) and services of only lower-
level layers

Ex: Windows NT

 Microkernel

OS built from many user-level processes

 Moves as much from the kernel into user space


 Communication takes place between user modules using message passing
 Benefits:
o Easier to extend a microkernel
o Easier to port the operating system to new architectures
o More reliable (less code is running in kernel mode)
o More secure
 Detriments:
o Performance overhead of user space to kernel space communication

Ex: Mac OS
 Kernel

Core kernel with Dynamically loadable modules

Most modern operating systems implement loadable kernel modules:

 Uses object-oriented approach.


 Each core component is separate.
 Each talks to the others over known interfaces.
 Each is loadable as needed within the kernel.
o Overall, similar to layers but with more flexibility.
o LINUX, Solaris, etc.
BOOT LOADER:
 Also called a boot manager
 Small program
 Places os into memory
 BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM
o Program stored in rom or eeprom aka firmware
o Locates kernel, loads it into memory and executes it
o Loaded at reboot or power up
 Booting : starting computer by loading kernel
ABSTRACTION:
 Hides complex hardware details
 Common api for applications and services
 Simplified application writing
COMMAND INTERPRETER:
 It is the shell (part of os)
 Understands and executes commands given by user or program

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