Mapping National Digital Learning

Platforms
Key trends and themes across 184 countries

Date July 2023

Authors Tingting Rui

Rachel Chuang
Sangay Thinley
Thaer AlSheikh Theeb
Xuzel Villavicencio Peralta
Hasiniavo Rasolohery

DOI 10.53832/edtechhub.0109

#EdTechHub @GlobalEdTechHub edtechhub.org

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EdTech Hub

About this document

Recommended Rui, T., Chuang, R., Thinley, S., AlSheikh Theeb, T.,
citation Villavicencio, X., & Rasolohery, Hasiniavo. (2023). Mapping
National Digital Learning Platforms [Helpdesk Response].
EdTech Hub. https://doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0109.
Available at https://docs.edtechhub.org/lib/HPWRQP7M.
Available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International.

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Reviewers Frank van Cappelle, Juan-Pablo Giraldo, Auken

Tungatarova, Christina Myers

Acknowledgement
This report was conceived and commissioned by UNICEF's Digital Learning
Team members Frank Van Cappelle, Juan-Pablo Giraldo, and Auken
Tungatarova. They provided the Digital Learning Solutions Rubric that served as
the basis for identifying key dimensions for this mapping exercise. They also
made substantial contributions to the methodology and structure of this report.
The authors are also grateful for UNICEF's socialisation of this mapping's key
findings in UNICEF's Pulse Check on Digital Learning report.

About the EdTech Hub Helpdesk

The Helpdesk is the Hub’s rapid response service, available to UNICEF regional and
country offices in over 190 countries and territories, FCDO advisers and World Bank
staff in 70 low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs). It delivers just-in-time
services to support education technology planning and decision-making. We respond
to most requests in 1–15 business days. Given the rapid nature of requests, we aim to
produce comprehensive and evidence-based quality outputs, while acknowledging
that our work is by no means exhaustive. For more information, please visit
https://edtechhub.org/edtech-hub-helpdesk/.

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Contents
List of figures and tables 4
Acronyms and abbreviations 5
Executive summary 6

1. Introduction 11

2. Methodology 12

3. Findings 15

3.1. Availability 16

3.2. Usability 19

3.3. Inclusivity 23

4. Case studies 27

4.1. Uruguay’s Plan Ceibal 27

4.2. Egypt’s E-Learning Portal 29

4.3. France’s Jules 31

5. Ways forward 34

Bibliography 36

Annex 1: Countries covered 38

Annex 2. Methodology: Search terms and process 41

Annex 3. Rubric criteria, dropdown options, and notes 42

Annex 4. List of digital learning platforms mapped 45

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Figures and tables

Table 1. Key findings from the mapping of 471 national digital learning
platforms 9
Figure 1. Average number of platforms per country across income-level
groupings 15
Figure 2. Countries with one or more platforms that offer offline functionality
across income-level groupings 18
Figure 3. Nigeria’s Learning Passport 19
Figure 4. India’s DIKSHA 21
Figure 5. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’ Education Alive 23
Figure 6. Colombia’s INSOR Educational portal 25
Figure 7. Description of UNICEF’s Accessible Digital Textbooks, an innovative
solution to make textbooks accessible for children with disabilities 25
Figure 8. Plan Ceibal login page for teacher and student portals 28
Figure 9. A selection of applications and games available on Domo 28
Figure 10. Materials (objectives, presentation, activities) for a unit on English
skills on Egypt’s E-Learning Portal 30
Figure 11. Options on the E-Learning Platform to change the website’s
brightness 30
Figure 12. Content customised to the student’s educational level (marked in
green) 32
Figure 13. Accessibility features offered by Jules (highlighted in red) 33

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Abbreviations and acronyms

ADT Accessible Digital Textbook

DIKSHA Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing

FLN Foundational Literacy and Numeracy

ICT Information communication technology

LMS Learning management system(s)

OOSC Out-of-school children

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

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Executive summary
At the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, many governments and partners
quickly moved to provide learning continuity during school closures. For many,
2020 catalysed an opportunity for change, prompting governments and their
partners to set up national digital learning platforms. In some countries, these
platforms already existed and were adapted to meet the needs of learners,
teachers, and parents. In other countries, such platforms were created for the
first time, often in partnership with or driven by other stakeholders.

As the world turns to a different moment, when education systems around the
world are facing the compounded effects of the global learning crisis and the
pandemic’s impact on learning, with 70% of children aged 10 in low- and
middle-income countries unable to read and understand a simple text (up
from 57% in 2019 (⇡World Bank et al., 2021), it is vital to reflect on the quality
and reach of national digital learning platforms and their potential
contribution to addressing this crisis.

Indeed, the quality and equity of public digital learning was one of the central
topics of the 2022 Transforming Education Summit (TES). Over 90% of National
Statements of Commitment made by UN Member States during the summit
mentioned digital learning as a strategic area for the effective transformation
of education systems.

To translate these commitments into action, UNICEF and UNESCO launched

Gateways to Public Digital Learning,1 the UN’s flagship initiative to make
digital education a public good. Its goal is to ensure equitable and quality
digital education by strengthening the accountability of Member States
through more robust global monitoring, increased cooperation between
governments, and the emergence of norms and standards. The Gateways
Initiative will map, describe, and analyse existing public platforms and content,
help countries create and strengthen national platforms, identify and share
best practices, and establish international norms and standards to guide the
development of platforms. This report presents key findings from a global
mapping exercise of national digital platforms conducted by EdTech Hub
following a Helpdesk request by UNICEF. The report fills a key gap in the
literature by capturing key information, including but not limited to the
number of platforms available and how platforms are accessed (web-based or
mobile?). It looks at whether platforms have working links and updated
content, whether they are available offline, and inclusive and accessible to
children with disabilities. This global mapping of national digital platforms is

1
https://www.un.org/en/transforming-education-summit/gateways-public-digital-learning
Retrieved on 20 July 2023

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one of UNICEF and the EdTech Hub’s contributions to one of the key
objectives of the Gateways e Gateways Initiative. Key findings from the
mapping exercise were already socialised in UNICEF’s “Pulse Check on Digital
Learning” (⇡UNICEF, 2022b). In this report, we provide detail about the
methodology, additional findings, and lessons learnt from case studies
selected from countries in different regions.

A first of its kind, the mapping exercise focused on examining three key areas
of availability, usability, and inclusivity in digital learning platforms available
to students and teachers in 184 countries. The mapping exercise covers a wide
variety of regions (East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America
and Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, North America, South Asia, and
sub-Saharan Africa) and income levels (high, upper middle, lower middle, and
low). The exercise identified 471 digital learning platforms owned, developed
and / or maintained by governments across 184 UNICEF programme countries
(see Annex 1).

Key findings
As summarised in UNICEF’s Pulse Check on Digital Learning report
(⇡UNICEF, 2022b), the key findings of the global mapping exercise are:

■ Progress on digital learning made during Covid-19 has stalled and

even backtracked in some countries — 32% of identified national
digital learning platforms no longer exist, have not been updated since
2020 or have links that do not work. This was especially prevalent for
platforms developed by countries based in sub-Saharan Africa and
South Asia.
■ Only 33% of platforms had content a student could interact with. This
is the case despite interactivity being a central component of
student-focused learning and a core characteristic of the quality of
digital learning solutions. Most platforms offered only static content,
such as PDFs of textbooks. Where available, interactive content takes the
form of quizzes, comments on videos, forums, messaging apps and
chatbots.
■ Just 22% of digital learning platforms contained features for
accessibility for children with disabilities. Further, many of the
features observed were rudimentary (e.g., closed captions on videos).
Notably, most of the platforms that contain accessibility features
were also mobile-accessible.
■ Only 30% of platforms offer offline functionality (e.g., the option to
download videos for offline use or to use a mobile app while not

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connected to the internet). In terms of equity, this functionality is

critical, with almost half of the world’s population still offline.
Forty-nine per cent of high-income and 33% of middle-income
countries have platforms that offer offline functionality. In contrast,
only 18% of low-income countries offer the same — even though this
functionality is more critical in low-income countries.
■ Sixty-five per cent of the countries surveyed have more than one
platform. The two most common types of platforms are
1. Resource hubs that collate existing content from other
platforms and sources
2. Learning management systems (LMS), such as Moodle or the
Learning Passport, with digital courses for various grades and
subjects.
■ Eighty-five per cent of platforms were accessible on a basic
smartphone — having passed the Google Mobile-Friendly Test and
assessed for compatibility on a USD 30–50 Android smartphone.2 Mobile
accessibility continues to be a critical factor for digital learning platforms,
as mobile phones are the most common device available for digital
learning in low- and middle-income countries.
■ Most digital learning platforms (84%) offered features across all the
respective countries’ national languages.
Findings on the availability, usability, and inclusivity of national digital learning
platforms are summarised in Table 1 below.

2
Basic Android smartphones (screen sizes 360 × 800 or 720 × 1440) were used to test each
platform. The platforms were tested using the smartphones and the Google Mobile-Friendly
Test.

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Table 1. Key findings from the mapping of 471 national digital learning platforms.

Findings

Availability ✅ Platforms around the world: 89% of the 184

mapped countries had at least one national digital
learning platform

✅ Mobile accessible: 85% of platforms can be

accessed via a basic smartphone

✅ Diversity of languages: 84% of platforms offered

features using all of a country’s national languages

➡️ Limited offline capacity: 49% of high-income

countries had platforms with offline functionality,
while only 18% of low-income countries offered the
same

Usability ✅ Easy access: 68% of platforms could be accessed

without an account

➡️ Interactivity: Only 33% of platforms contained

content that users could interact with (e.g., chatbots,
forums, games). However, levels of interactivity were
higher in South Asia and East Asia and Pacific regions,
where 63% of countries had at least one platform that
contained interactive content.

➡️ Out-of-date platforms: Of the identified platforms,

32% no longer exist, have not been updated since
2020 or have links that do not work. Out-of-date
platforms are especially prevalent in sub-Saharan
Africa and South Asia: 43% of countries in sub-Saharan
Africa and South Asia did not have a platform that had
been updated after 2020

Inclusivity ➡️ Limited features: 22% of the identified platforms

contained features to support accessibility for children
with disabilities (e.g., colour contrast, closed captions).
29% of low-income countries had platforms that were
inclusive for children with disabilities, compared to
49% of high-income countries

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Lessons learnt

Lessons learnt from case studies (see Section 4) included:

■ Ensuring both online and offline functionality in platforms is an

important mechanism to reach students now, while simultaneously
engaging in longer-term efforts to strengthen a country’s information
and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure.

■ Chatbots can help create an interactive and personalised user

experience for students. Chatbots can directly answer students'
questions and refer them to relevant resources and videos to
supplement their learning. Students can access a customised learning
path by engaging with a chatbot at their preferred pace.

■ Platforms designed to be accessible and engaging for all learners should

include both

1. Content that is inclusive (e.g., reading assignments spotlighting

girls).
2. Features such as playing audio files, adjusting text size, and
adjusting brightness levels.

The mapping exercise showcased many noteworthy efforts by governments

and partners worldwide to reach learners in the wake of the Covid-19
pandemic. Leveraging what has been done and what already exists, sustained
initiatives are now required to ensure that national digital learning platforms
remain up-to-date and interactive. The design, implementation, and iteration
of such platforms should further consider marginalised learners, including
those with limited access to the internet.

We recognise that the landscape of digital learning platforms is constantly

changing. This report serves as a snapshot in time of national digital learning
platforms around the world. Future mapping exercises and reports may be
carried out to expand on this work.

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1. Introduction
The start of the Covid-19 pandemic catalysed an opportunity for change within
many education systems, prompting governments and their partners to set
up digital learning platforms. Similarly, an increase in access to the internet
and mobile devices was observed during the pandemic as a part of efforts to
provide learning continuity during school closures. As education systems
move into a new phase of recovery, strengthening, and resilience, key
questions remain about the status of those digital learning platforms. How
many platforms are still functional? How are they accessed (web-based or
mobile-based)? Are they available offline? Do platforms have working links
and updated content? Are platforms inclusive and accessible to children with
disabilities?

To answer these questions and as part of the Gateways to Public Digital

Learning, the UN’s flagship initiative to make digital education a public good,
UNICEF submitted a Helpdesk Request to EdTech Hub to conduct a global
mapping of national digital learning platforms. This report presents key
findings from the mapping exercise across 184 UNICEF programme countries.
This exercise further serves as an advocacy tool to identify critical gaps across
platforms as it examines questions of equity such as: “Who cannot learn using
these platforms, and why?”

In Section 2, we describe the methodology of the mapping exercise. Key

findings are then presented under the subsections of availability, usability, and
inclusivity in Section 3. Case studies from Uruguay, Egypt, and France are
presented after the findings in Section 4. The report concludes with
recommendations for the way forward in Section 5.

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2. Methodology
National digital learning platforms were defined as “digital platforms
developed, owned and / or maintained by national governments that are
designed and used for educational purposes.” The list of mapped countries in
this study consisted of UNICEF programme countries. A total of 184 countries
across all regions of the world (see Annex 1) were included in the mapping.

A total of 471 digital learning platforms were identified through a web and
mobile app search on the Google Play App Store. Annex 2 presents details of
the search process and search terms used. UNESCO’s list of national learning
platforms and tools (⇡UNESCO, 2020) served as a useful starting point for
identifying platforms. National digital learning platforms were included in the
initial mapping if they met the following criteria:

■ The platform is developed, owned and / or maintained by national

governments for educational purposes. Any platform developed in
partnership with the government was included in this analysis.

■ The platform can be found through an online search of government or

other web pages.

■ The platform's target audience encompasses students and / or teachers

at the primary and secondary education levels.

All relevant platforms for a country were identified and mapped. In some
cases, the mapping exercise revealed that a country had more than one
national digital learning platform. Burkina Faso, for example, has two digital
learning platforms, Imaginecole3 and Faso e-education.4 Alternatively, other
countries did not have a national digital learning platform at all; this was also
noted during the mapping.

Following the identification of eligible national digital learning platforms, a

rubric on Google Sheets with 17 criteria points was filled out. The criteria points
and dropdown options are listed in Annex 3.

Data analysis was conducted at both the platform and the country levels.
During this process, the research team used Google Sheets pivot tables to
analyse data for each of the rubric criteria points. When analysing data across
criteria #7–16, we excluded platforms that

1. Were not searchable on the web and no longer had an existing link.

3
https://tactileo.africa/sso/logon/bangre-baore Retrieved on 19 July 2023.
4
https://fasoeducation.bf/ Retrieved on 19 July 2023.

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2. Could not be accessed without a free account or required a unique

school or national identifier for an account.

For country-level analysis, we condensed the data for countries with more
than one platform, including data points on the number of national digital
learning platforms available in each country. If a national digital learning
platform was available in both a web-based and mobile-based format, both
instances were counted because the mobile apps' functionality and objectives
differed from the web-based format. Counting websites and mobile apps as
distinct platforms allowed us to unearth new findings regarding the mobile
accessibility of each format (see Section 3.2). We selected ‘yes’ for a criteria
point if at least one platform in the country met the ‘yes’ criteria. For example,
if a country had three platforms, one that could be accessed without an
account and two that could not, we selected ‘yes’ for that criteria point.

Basic Android smartphones (screen sizes 360 × 800 or 720 × 1440) in the USD
30–50 range were used to test mobile accessibility (see details in Annex 3). For
a web page, this required opening the platform link using a web browser and
confirming that the content was viewable and accessible on a mobile screen.
The page also needed to pass the Google Mobile-Friendly Test.5 For a mobile
app, the team checked whether it was available on the Google Play Store
(some are only available on the Apple App Store), downloaded the app, and
navigated its features on a smartphone.

Countries were examined by regions (East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central
Asia, Latin America and Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, North
America, South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa) and income levels (high,
upper-middle, lower-middle, and low. This was done to understand trends and
differences across income groups.

While our methodology allowed us to gather valuable data, it also had some
limitations. We recognise that the process of identifying national digital
learning platforms is limited by what is readily available through a general web
search using Google. We did not confirm findings on the number of eligible
platforms and available features with governments; as a result, some
platforms and / or features may have been missed. In some cases, the search
may have been affected by the team’s location (United States, United
Kingdom, Jordan, Madagascar, Bhutan). For example, some websites did not
load, and certain mobile apps could not be found in the Google Play Store
based on a user’s location. Further, other platforms required unique identifiers,
such as National IDs or government-provided accounts, to access platform
content. In these cases, we could not capture all the platforms' features. Basic

5
https://search.google.com/test/mobile-friendly Retrieved on 18 July 2023

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smartphones were used to test mobile compatibility since they are the type of
phones most commonly purchased and used at the household level in most
low- and middle-income countries. Whether or not a platform is accessible on
a basic smartphone is a good indicator of its equity and potential to scale.
However, many households still use low-cost, basic mobile phones. Additional
research is needed to investigate how user-friendly (e.g., Can you navigate web
pages on a basic mobile phone? Is the text adapted to mobile screens?) these
platforms are on low-cost mobile phones. This mapping analysis also only
conducted basic mobile compatibility checks of the platforms and content
(see details in Annex 3, point 8). Extensive compatibility checks in the future
may reveal a lower percentage as being mobile-friendly.

The mapping exercise was conducted between June and July 2022. We also
acknowledge that the landscape of digital learning platforms is evolving
non-stop. As such, new platforms may have emerged, or existing platforms
may have been adapted with new features and functionalities after July 2022.
This information would not have been captured in our mapping exercise.
Further, some countries with higher populations (e.g., the United States) have
several digital learning platforms developed across the national, regional,
state, and district levels of government. Given the rapid timeline of this
exercise, we mapped no more than ten platforms from each country,
prioritising national-level platforms and noting countries with over ten
platforms that met the inclusion criteria.

The list of 471 national digital learning platforms can be found in Annex 4,
along with a datasheet that includes the authors’ organisation of the national
platforms under key indicators. Readers can use the datasheet to replicate or
conduct their own analysis.

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3. Findings
Overall, 471 eligible platforms, including 24 mobile apps, were identified across
184 countries. Of the countries surveyed, 89% had at least one digital learning
platform, and 65% had more than one platform. On average, each country had
2.6 platforms available, although this number was higher in high-income
countries and dropped in low-income countries (see Figure 1). For countries
with more than one platform, we often observed overlaps in and duplication of
content across platforms; however, the impact of this trend on a student’s or
teacher’s platform experience requires further investigation.

Figure 1. Average number of platforms per country across income-level

groupings

Many governments provide digital learning services through global-reaching

private providers of platforms and learning management systems such as
YouTube, Google, Microsoft, Coursera, and Moodle. Similarities across platforms
were observed, especially for countries within the same region. Examples
included:

■ Countries based in Latin America, the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa

were likelier to incorporate WhatsApp6 messaging into the digital
learning platform experience.

■ Fifty per cent of countries in South Asia and 44% of countries in the
Middle East and North Africa used a YouTube7 channel to support
student learning or embedded YouTube videos into a separate digital
learning platform; by comparison, 27% of all mapped countries globally
used YouTube

6
https://www.whatsapp.com Retrieved on 19 August 2022.
7
https://www.youtube.com Retrieved on 19 August 2022.

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■ Notesmaster8 provided online courses curated by ministries of

education in ten different countries across Latin America and the
Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa (e.g., Trinidad and Tobago, Malawi,
Zambia, etc.)

■ Learning Passport,9 a platform delivered by UNICEF and powered by

Microsoft Community Training, was found to be used in countries across
all seven regions (East Asia & Pacific, Europe & Central Asia, Latin
America & Caribbean, Middle East & North Africa, North America, South
Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa)

Despite the high percentage of countries with at least one digital learning
platform, sustained progress on digital learning following the Covid-19
pandemic has been uneven. In response to pandemic-related school
closures, countries developed new digital platforms for remote learning in
2020. However, since then, numerous national digital platforms have not
been maintained. One out of three of the identified national digital
learning platforms no longer exist, have not been updated since 2020, or
have links that do not work. This is especially true of platforms in
sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Additional findings from the mapping exercise are organised by the following
areas:

■ Availability, which we define as the quantity and quality of available

platforms in a country and the resources offered by the platform(s).

■ Usability, which we define as the overarching user experience for a

student or teacher navigating the platform.

■ Inclusivity, which we define as the capacity of platforms to meet the

needs of marginalised students, particularly students with disabilities.

3.1. Availability
The mapping exercise revealed two main types of platforms:

1. Resource hubs that collate existing content from other platforms and
sources.
2. LMS with online courses for various grades and subjects (e.g., Moodle or
Learning Passport).

8
https://notesmaster.com/ Retrieved on 19 August 2022.
9
https://www.learningpassport.org/about-learning-passport Retrieved on 19 August 2022.

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Eighty per cent of mapped platforms were identified as resource hubs and
13% as LMS.10 For example, Bahrain’s My Digital Library (Maktabati
al-Raqmiyya),11 is a resource hub that organises learning materials, videos, and
PDF assessments for primary and secondary students. Barbados’ Online
Learning Centre12 is a learning management system that offers free courses
from the National Transformation Initiative and Coursera to Barbadian citizens.

The availability of platforms was further examined through four criteria points:

1. Who is the target audience (students, teachers, or both)?

2. Are foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) resources presented?

3. Are all national languages represented?

4. Does the platform have offline functionality (i.e., resources or features

that could be downloaded / synced online and then accessed at a later
time offline)?

Out of all the eligible platforms, more than half (56%) targeted both students
and teachers. In many cases, the platforms included learning materials that
could be used directly by students or repurposed as a lesson plan or
curriculum guide for teachers. Although the Covid-19 pandemic drew
attention to an increasing need to support teachers and their professional
development, only 11% of the platforms were specifically developed for
teachers. In addition, the mapping exercise assessed whether platforms
offered FLN resources, given the role of FLN as building blocks for children’s
learning and later success in life (⇡World Bank, 2021a). Forty-seven per cent of
low-income countries offered a platform that provided FLN resources
(compared to 65% of the countries globally).

Most digital learning platforms (84%) offered features using all of a

country’s national languages. For example, the Philippines DepEd YouTube
Channel13 offered videos in both Filipino and English. Based on a regional
analysis of platform languages, we found that fewer countries in sub-Saharan
Africa, compared to other regions, had platforms that used all the national
languages. Many platforms in sub-Saharan Africa operated with only an
English system, making it difficult for non-English-speaking learners to
navigate. This trend may be due to the diversity of local languages observed in
the region; for example, Ethiopia has five official languages and more than 90
indigenous languages in the country. The level of effort required to translate
10
Around 8% of the platforms were mapped as ‘other’ or ‘unknown,’ where we could not
access the content to identify the platform type.
11
https://moedu.gov.bh/MyDigitalLibrary/ Retrieved on 19 August 2022.
12
https://training.nti.org.bb/ Retrieved on 18 August 2022.
13
https://www.youtube.com/c/DepEdTV/videos Retrieved on 18 August 2022.

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learning content and system languages may have hindered the development
of a platform with multiple languages.

Although almost half of the world’s population is still offline (⇡United Nations,
2021), platforms that provided offline features were a rare find. Among all
the eligible platforms, over 70% did not offer offline functionality. Further, the
gap in access to offline resources persists between low- and high-income
countries (see Figure 2). Forty-nine per cent of high-income countries had
platforms with offline functionality, while only 18% of low-income countries
offered the same.

Figure 2. Countries with one or more platforms that offer offline

functionality across income-level groupings

For platforms that provided offline functionality, standard features included

options to download multimedia content (beyond just PDFs), access to
courses or learning content without an internet connection and mobile apps
that supported offline learning. For example, Honduras’ Educatrachos14 offers
options to download multimedia content in a zip format; Montenegro’s UCI
DOMA15 allows video downloads for offline viewing; and Nigeria’s Learning
Passport16 enables learning to continue in areas with limited to no internet via
a hub device (see Figure 3 below).

14
http://www.educatrachos.hn/ Retrieved on 18 August 2022.
15
http://www.educatrachos.hn/ Retrieved on 19 July 2023
16
https://nlp.education.gov.ng/index.html Retrieved on 18 August 2022.

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Figure 3. Nigeria’s Learning Passport (⇡Nigeria Federal Ministry of

Education, 2021)

Nigeria’s Learning Passport is an online learning platform that enables

mobile and offline functionality to ensure continuous access to quality
education in places with low and no internet connectivity. The platform can
function without an internet connection, with a hub device located in an
offline classroom that acts as a local server and can be intermittently synced
to an online database. Content and data can be transported with USB flash
drives or SD cards.

3.2. Usability
While we observed significant variation across platforms, many national digital
platforms were either underdeveloped or lacked a cohesive user experience.
We used three criteria for our analysis to understand the usability of national
digital learning platforms.

1. Can it be accessed without an account?

2. Can it run on a basic smartphone?

3. Does the platform include content that users can interact with (e.g.,
chatbots, forums, games)?

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Sixty-eight per cent of the platforms could be accessed without an

account, although functionality and available content were limited in
some cases. Among these platforms, many required users to log in to access
additional features. The requirements for accessing platform content varied
significantly across platforms, with options including: enter as a guest; create
an account with simple information (e.g., name, email address, etc.); create an
account using unique identifiers (e.g., National ID, Teacher ID, etc.); or enter
using a third-party account from Google, Facebook, and Microsoft.

Eighty-five per cent of platforms were accessible on a basic smartphone.

Mobile accessibility continues to be a critical factor for digital learning
platforms, as mobile ownership rates have rapidly increased in low- and
middle-income countries (⇡Orozco, 2021). For example, India’s DIKSHA17 (Digital
Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing) platform has a web-based browser and
a mobile app version (see Figure 4 below). Of the 471 platforms identified, 16
had mobile-app counterparts to the web page versions. However, having a
mobile application does not always guarantee mobile compatibility. We found
six mobile apps that failed the mobile-accessibility test but web-based
counterparts that did not.

17
https://diksha.gov.in/ Retrieved from DIKSHA Google Play app store on 16 June 2023.

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Figure 4. India’s DIKSHA (⇡Government of India, 2021; ⇡UNICEF, 2022a)

The Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing platform, or DIKSHA, is a

resource hub offering students, teachers, and parents learning materials
aligned with school curricula. The platform’s open digital content can be
accessed using a basic smartphone without an account. DIKSHA has one
version based on a web browser and another as a mobile app. The website
indicates that yet another desktop app version will be available soon, which
will offer access to downloaded digital content to use offline on users’
personal computers.

Despite interactivity being a central component of student-focused learning,

only 33% of platforms contained content students could interact with. On the
regional level, interactivity was more commonly observed in platforms
developed for countries in the South Asia, East Asia, and Pacific regions. More
than 60% of the countries in these regions had at least one platform
containing interactive content or resources. Globally, however, more than half

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of the countries (52%) did not have platforms with interactive features.
Most platforms offered only static content, such as textbooks in a PDF format
and lecture videos.

For platforms where interactivity was observed, they often contained quizzes
where students could receive feedback on their answers, forums where
students could pose questions to each other or to moderators, and messaging
via WhatsApp and chatbots. For instance, New Zealand’s AnyQuestions18
platform connects students to librarians over live chats. Students can ask
questions about different topics, and in response, the librarian provides links to
books and other resources of interest. Online courses on Rwanda's REB
E-Learning Platform19 offer forums for learners to post questions and discuss
with each other. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’ Education Alive20 offers
quizzes, games, and options to submit questions or comments (see Figure 5
below).

18
https://anyquestions.govt.nz/ Retrieved on 19 August 2022.
19
https://elearning.reb.rw/ Retrieved on 19 August 2022.
20
https://www.svgcdu.org/home Retrieved on 19 August 2022.

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Figure 5. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’ Education Alive

(⇡Education Media Unit, no date)

Education Alive, developed by the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Ministry of Education’s Media Unit, provides educational resources for
students across the pre-primary to secondary education levels. The
platform offers various interactive features, such as games to review
educational content and a form to submit questions to the Curriculum
Development Unit in the Ministry of Education. Users are provided with an
option called “submit your own resource”, enabling the platform to
crowdsource learning resources from users.

3.3. Inclusivity
Learners with disabilities were among the most vulnerable and excluded
groups in remote learning during the Covid-19 pandemic (⇡World Bank,
2020b). We primarily focused our analysis on inclusivity for students with visual
and hearing impairments, while also acknowledging the range and
intersectionality of marginalisation and variety of special educational needs
and disabilities for students.

Our mapping exercise revealed that most of the existing digital learning
content remains out of reach for students with disabilities. Only 22% of the

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mapped platforms contained features that supported accessibility for children

with disabilities (e.g., colour contrast, captions, audio content, and text size
adjustments). Notably, most of these platforms were also mobile-accessible.
Although these platforms include features for a specific disability, additional
work is still needed to cover the complete range of features required for them
to be fully accessible to children with different types of disabilities. Resources
on inclusive education for teachers were more commonly observed than
resources directly designed for students with disabilities. For instance, Peru
Educa21 includes content on how to approach teaching children with
disabilities.

Despite this limited offering, a select number of platforms excelled in terms of

accessibility and inclusivity. One example is Colombia’s INSOR Educational
portal,22 which was specifically developed to support learning for deaf
students, teachers, and others in Colombia (see Figure 6 below). Another
example is the Accessible Digital Textbooks for All initiative23 supported by
UNICEF and partners.

21
https://www.perueduca.pe/#/home Retrieved on 19 August 2022.
22
https://educativo.insor.gov.co Retrieved on 19 August 2022.
23
https://www.accessibletextbooksforall.org/ Retrieved on 18 August 2023

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Figure 6. Colombia’s INSOR Educational portal (⇡National Institute for the Deaf, no
date)

Created by the National Institute for the Deaf in Columbia, the INSOR
Educational portal provides learning content in Colombian sign language for
deaf students, teachers, and parents. The platform contains educational
resources across science, language, and maths, a dictionary of terms in
Colombian Sign Language and Spanish, and a WhatsApp service to send
short video and audio messages between deaf and hearing people. Each of
the platform’s tabs includes instructions in sign language, making it easier
for deaf learners to navigate.

Figure 7. Description of UNICEF’s Accessible Digital Textbooks, an innovative solution

to make textbooks accessible for children with disabilities

UNICEF and its partners are driving an innovative solution called Accessible
Digital Textbooks (ADTs) to make textbooks available, affordable, and
accessible for children with and without disabilities. By adding specific
features to digital formats (such as sign language and audio) and following
Universal Design for Learning principles, textbooks can be made accessible
to students who are blind or have low vision, are deaf or hard of hearing, or
have intellectual, developmental, or learning disabilities, among others. ADTs
have been piloted successfully in nine countries in Africa and Latin America

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and have been shown to improve teaching and learning in classrooms

among children with or without disabilities.

In Jamaica, sign language, voice-overs, music, and interactive activities are

the features that will be available in the digital versions of the ADTs. UNICEF
is working with the Ministry of Education, Youth and Information, the
Jamaica Library Service, the Jamaica Association for the Deaf, the Salvation
Army School for the Blind, and Bookfusion, an open e-book platform. The
goal is that between 2021 and 2023, Jamaica will have adapted a core set of
12 picture books that the Ministry of Education, Youth and Information uses
in primary Grades 1, 2, and 3. The books are part of the national curriculum
and aim to be accessible for every child and adolescent by ensuring
narration, sign language, interactive activities, and audio descriptions of
images.

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4. Case studies
This section presents three case studies showcasing national digital learning
platforms in different regions of the world, including Plan Ceibal from
Uruguay, E-Learning Portal from Egypt, and Jules from France. These case
studies were selected by the research team among platforms that perform
well in terms of availability, usability, and inclusivity (see criteria points in
Annex 3). With the purpose of showcasing a few examples from different
regions, the three case studies below illustrate different approaches
governments have taken towards developing public digital learning platforms.

4.1. Uruguay’s Plan Ceibal

To address challenges around school retention rates of economically

disadvantaged students, Uruguay invested in equitable and inclusive
incorporation of digital technologies through Plan Ceibal. Plan Ceibal is
Uruguay’s national education policy, which started in 2007 with the objective
of developing technological and educational innovations. It focuses on public
primary and secondary education and stands out for its strategic
implementation process, which strongly emphasises equalising access to
digital infrastructure.

Phase 1 of the implementation process focused on decreasing the digital

divide by distributing devices and no-cost internet to all students and
teachers. Phase 2 provided the recipients of the digital devices with digital
skills training. Phase 3 focused on new educational initiatives that leverage the
strengthened technological infrastructure. The Plan Ceibal platform24 was
created to host initiatives and tools to provide targeted digital resources for
both students and teachers and gamification of learning resources.

A one-stop shop for digital resources

The Plan Ceibal platform hosts two targeted portals for disseminating digital
learning resources, one for students and another for teachers. The student
portal25 hosts a range of grade-specific digital resources and educational
applications for students to engage with independently. The teacher portal26
provides innovative educational resources and tools supporting teaching and

24
https://www.ceibal.edu.uy/es/ Retrieved on 22 August 2022.
25
https://estudiantes.ceibal.edu.uy/?_ga=2.241114369.325671212.1659757943-292405364.16597579
43 Retrieved on 22 August 2022.
26
https://ingreso.ceibal.edu.uy/loginunico/username.xhtml?_ga=2.41767456.325671212.16597579
43-292405364.1659757943 Retrieved on 22 August 2022.

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learning. Both portals act as a one-stop shop for all of Plan Ceibal’s content
offerings, organised in an interactive and user-friendly manner.

Figure 8. Plan Ceibal login page for teacher and student portals

Gamification and educational apps for students

Plan Ceibal strongly emphasises gamified learning and offers a range of
features and services that leverage technology to enhance learning through
playing. Plan Ceibal’s open-access video game website, Domo,27 provides a
safe, multiplayer space for children aged 9–14. The platform observes strict
selection criteria that screen for high-quality and violence-free content. Domo
users also have access to a range of audiovisual content. Additionally, to
support accessible offline content, educational applications designed to
support classroom teaching and learning can be downloaded from the
platform onto tablets or mobile devices and operate without an internet
connection.

Figure 9. A selection of applications and games available on Domo

Lessons learnt
Plan Ceibal’s keen attention to user experience and functionality contributes
to the platform's success. From having targeted user portals to providing
offline application functionality, the platform ensures high levels of
27
http://domo.ceibal.edu.uy Retrieved on 22 August 2022.

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interactivity and usability. “ERY”, the platform’s chatbot, can be accessed using
student identification, further enhancing the user experience. This model is
replicable and applicable to other learning environments that aspire to
motivate and retain users. The success of Plan Ceibal was especially evident
during the Covid-19 pandemic, based on high levels of connectivity28 and the
prior development of both the EdTech policy and the platform.

4.2. Egypt’s E-Learning Portal

In Egypt, interest in digital learning has been driven by both the need to
deliver learning virtually in response to Covid-19-related school closures and
the possibility of providing out-of-school children (OOSC) with learning
materials through digital platforms. According to the Egyptian Cabinet's
Vision for Sustainable Development 2030 (⇡Information and Decision Support
Center, 2021), “the education system is still unable to accommodate less than
half of the population of school age.” In light of existing gaps, the Egyptian
Ministry of Education’s E-Learning Portal29 is one of several national digital
learning platforms that the Ministry of Education (MoE) has developed and
maintained in the last decade to deliver learning to OOSC. The platform has
proved critical as a content repository in the wake of Covid-19.

A repository of varied content

The E-Learning Portal provides educational content covering the curriculum
for pre-primary, primary, and secondary levels. The platform also includes
some additional resources not covered by the curriculum. These are organised
by grade level, making navigation easier for users. The content hosted on the
platform includes different types of resources (including digitised books,
sample tests, maps, guides for teachers, and programmes). It is presented in a
wide range of media formats (PDF, audio, video, games, etc.).

28
In 2020, 86% of the population in Uruguay used the internet (⇡World Bank, 2020a).
29
https://moe.gov.eg/elearningenterypage/ Retrieved on 22 August 2022.

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Figure 10. Materials (objectives, presentation, activities) for a unit on

English skills on Egypt’s E-Learning Portal

Accessible content for children with disabilities

The Ministry’s E-Learning Portal is designed to be accessible by all learners
and includes inclusive resources. Providing audio resources is a significant step
towards ensuring accessible content for deaf and hard-of-hearing students is
available. The platform’s content repository includes audio files; however, it is
worth noting that not all platform content offers this feature. The website also
includes options for different text sizes and different levels of brightness, both
of which can help make the content accessible for visually impaired learners.

Figure 11. Options on the E-Learning Platform to change the website’s

brightness

Lessons learnt
The E-Learning Portal places concerted effort on providing learning materials
with interactive elements to accommodate learners across a range of
disabilities. For example, the website includes interactive Adobe Flash-based
games for various subjects and grades to meet learners’ different learning

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styles and interests. Additionally, it offers basic accessibility features to reach

hard-of-hearing learners and learners who have low vision.

As of July 2022, many learning resources on the E-Learning Portal are

unavailable (or available only after overcoming some difficulties); the platform
is one of many we found in our mapping exercise that has not been fully
updated since 2020. Additionally, a large amount of content on the E-Learning
Portal requires the use of Adobe Flash Player, which Adobe has not supported
since December 2020. While it is possible for learners to use a simulator (e.g.,
Ruffle)30 to run this content online, they will need to be educated about this
option and trained in how to use it safely, especially in light of security risks
and vulnerabilities (⇡Rudolph et al., 2014). Given the variety and richness of the
content available on the platform, it may be worthwhile to upgrade the
website’s content so that it uses HTML5 standards in place of Flash.

4.3. France’s Jules

The CNED (Centre national d'enseignement à distance)31 developed and
launched Jules,32 a digital learning platform commissioned by the French
Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports. The platform uses a
custom-developed AI-enabled chatbot to provide students with quick
resources and answers to their questions. With the primary objective of
assisting students with homework and educational exercises, Jules offers an
innovative approach to enhancing student autonomy and encouraging the
development of research skills.

The platform was piloted in 2020 with content for two subjects: French and
mathematics. As of 2022, it has grown to include content on history,
geography, physics, chemistry, and life and earth sciences. The platform
mainly operates in French, with a few features in English.

An interactive chatbot experience

The platform is designed to be an interactive and personalised experience for
users. When users first access the platform, the chatbot prompts them to
share their grade level and general area of inquiry (based on a list of choices or
an open-ended response). The chatbot then provides a wide range of
multimedia content, such as videos and audio clips, as well as further
branching options tailored to the user's needs. The chatbot only provides
content related to the user's specifications and limits the volume of content

30
https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ruffle/donbcfbmhbcapadipfkeojnmajbakjdc
Retrieved on 22 August 2022.
31
https://www.cned.fr/decouvrir-le-cned Retrieved on 22 August 2022.
32
https://jules.cned.fr/ Retrieved on 22 August 2022.

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presented at any given time. The chatbot then nudges the user to dive deeper
into any particular topic through prompts. Additional content is provided
upon request by the user.

Figure 12. Content customised to the student’s educational level

(marked in green)

Access to learning support

Jules is provided free of charge so that any French-speaking user can access
its resources. Access to Jules does not require creating an account or any
authentication. The platform saves user progress based on their IP address to
help ensure the continuation of learning. Additionally, with students with
visual impairments in mind, the platform offers features such as voice
recognition for students to ask questions, oral answers recited by the platform,
and enhanced text size, among others (see Figure 13 below).

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Figure 13. Accessibility features offered by Jules (highlighted in red)

Lessons learnt
The Jules chatbot provides resources based on questions from users and
sends prompts to nudge users further along their customised learning path.
This design enables students to engage in self-directed learning, going
through the content at their preferred pace and creating their own learning
path. Jules compares well to other digital learning platforms that frequently
present large volumes of resources without organising or associating them
with particular questions or topics. By combining its curation of resources with
AI (Artificial Intelligence) technology, Jules avoids overwhelming users with too
much information at any one time.

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5. Ways forward
As education recovery and transformation efforts progress, it is important to
build on existing initiatives and lessons learnt from the Covid-19 pandemic
(⇡UNICEF, 2022d). National digital learning platforms remain critical for
countries to mitigate learning loss and improve the quality of education by
reaching a broader range of students and teachers with timely educational
materials and different modalities. Investment in these platforms also
increases the resources available to countries to respond to school closures
caused by emergencies, strengthening the overall resilience of education
systems. We identified four key recommendations for policymakers to inform
future iterations of these platforms:

1. Establish alignment across all national digital learning platforms in a

country, with particular attention to

a. Ensuring cohesive content and guidelines

b. Enabling learners to quickly and easily find and access different

learning materials

c. Linking the platform to government and education ministry

priorities to ensure sustainable resource allocation and platform
management.

2. Optimise the platform user experience with more interactive features

and regularly updated learning resources. The platform should
encompass both online and offline functionality to achieve reach and
effectiveness.

3. Make sure that the platform is accessible for students with disabilities.
Provide content that can be readily adapted to the needs of different
marginalised learners, such as girls, minority groups, and refugees. For
countries with multiple spoken languages, ensuring digital learning
platforms are available in all languages is also critical.

4. Develop platforms for teachers and their professional development to

support teachers across education levels. Empowered, motivated, and
effective teachers are essential to education recovery (⇡World Bank,
2021b), yet only 11% of platforms examined in this study were specifically
developed for teachers.

Our mapping exercise was conducted between June and July 2022. Moving
forward, future studies and phases of mapping could, for example, expand on
additional factors and research questions in the following areas:

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■ Is the content open source and / or has a Creative Commons licence?

■ Of the platforms identified, which are best suited for which audience
groups (e.g., age, income levels, access to the internet)?

■ Which countries are using print materials in combination with digital

learning platforms? How effective is this hybrid approach?

Furthermore, the inclusion criteria of our mapping exercise could be

expanded horizontally to encompass:

1. Additional countries

2. Platforms developed for pre-primary and high education levels

3. Platforms with a target audience of parents and caregivers

4. Platforms used for education administration.

Given that the digital learning landscape is constantly changing, we

recommend conducting a follow-up study over the next 1–2 years. For now,
this current mapping exercise and report can serve as a benchmark for
availability, usability, and inclusivity across national digital learning platforms.
In the future, a similar mapping exercise of this kind can further complement
ongoing initiatives and their monitoring mechanisms, such as the ones
envisioned by UNICEF and UNESCO in the Gateways to Public Digital Learning
Initiative (⇡United Nations, 2023).33 Increased awareness and transparency will
help to ensure that transforming education through digital means is equitable
and sustainable for all.

33
https://www.un.org/en/transforming-education-summit/gateways-public-digital-learning
Retrieved on 16 June 2023.

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This bibliography is available digitally in our evidence library at

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Government of India. (2021). DIKSHA. DIKSHA – Government of India.
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Information and Decision Support Center. (2021). Education and Sustainable
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UNICEF. (2022b). Pulse Check on Digital Learning. UNICEF.

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UNICEF. (2022d). Where Are We on Education Recovery? UNICEF.
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Annex 1: Countries covered

The mapping exercise covered 184 UNICEF programme countries.

1 Afghanistan 25 Burkina Faso 49 Ecuador

2 Albania 26 Burundi 50 Egypt, Arab Rep.
3 Algeria 27 Cabo Verde 51 El Salvador
4 Andorra 28 Cambodia 52 Equatorial Guinea
5 Angola 29 Cameroon 53 Eritrea
Antigua and
6 Barbuda 30 Canada 54 Eswatini
Central African
7 Argentina 31 Republic 55 Ethiopia
8 Armenia 32 Chad 56 Fiji
9 Australia 33 Chile 57 Finland
10 Austria 34 China 58 France
11 Azerbaijan 35 Colombia 59 Gabon
12 Bahrain 36 Comoros 60 Gambia, The
13 Bangladesh 37 Congo, Dem. Rep. 61 Georgia
14 Barbados 38 Congo, Rep. 62 Germany
15 Belarus 39 Cook Islands 63 Ghana
16 Belgium 40 Costa Rica 64 Greece
17 Belize 41 Côte d'Ivoire 65 Grenada
18 Benin 42 Croatia 66 Guatemala
19 Bhutan 43 Cuba 67 Guinea
20 Bolivia 44 Czech Republic 68 Guinea-Bissau
Bosnia and
21 Herzegovina 45 Denmark 69 Guyana
22 Botswana 46 Djibouti 70 Haiti
23 Brazil 47 Dominica 71 Honduras
Hong Kong SAR,
24 Bulgaria 48 Dominican Republic 72 China

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73 Hungary 102 Malaysia 131 Paraguay

74 Iceland 103 Maldives 132 Peru
75 India 104 Mali 133 Philippines

76 Indonesia 105 Marshall Islands 134 Poland

77 Iran, Islamic Rep. 106 Mauritania 135 Portugal
78 Iraq 107 Mexico 136 Romania
79 Ireland 108 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 137 Rwanda
80 Israel 109 Moldova 138 Saint Kitts and Nevis
81 Italy 110 Mongolia 139 Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and
Montenegro
82 Jamaica 111 140 the Grenadines
83 Japan 112 Morocco 141 Samoa
São Tomé and
84 Jordan 113 Mozambique 142 Príncipe
85 Kazakhstan 114 Myanmar 143 Saudi Arabia
86 Kenya 115 Namibia 144 Senegal
87 Kiribati 116 Nauru 145 Serbia
88 Korea, Dem. Rep. 117 Nepal 146 Sierra Leone
89 Korea, Rep. 118 Netherlands 147 Slovak Republic

90 Kosovo 119 New Zealand 148 Slovenia

91 Kuwait 120 Nicaragua 149 Solomon Islands
92 Kyrgyz Republic 121 Niger 150 Somalia
93 Lao PDR 122 Nigeria 151 South Africa

94 Lebanon 123 Niue 152 South Sudan

95 Lesotho 124 North Macedonia 153 Spain
96 Liberia 125 Norway 154 Sri Lanka
97 Libya 126 Oman 155 State of Palestine
98 Lithuania 127 Pakistan 156 Sudan
99 Luxembourg 128 Palau 157 Suriname
100 Madagascar 129 Panama 158 Sweden
101 Malawi 130 Papua New Guinea 159 Switzerland

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160 Syrian Arab Republic

161 Tajikistan
162 Tanzania
163 Thailand
164 Timor-Leste
165 Togo
166 Tonga
167 Trinidad and Tobago
168 Tunisia
169 Turkey
170 Turkmenistan
171 Tuvalu
172 Uganda
173 Ukraine
174 United Arab Emirates
175 United Kingdom
176 United States
177 Uruguay
178 Uzbekistan
179 Vanuatu
180 Venezuela, RB
181 Vietnam
182 Yemen, Rep.
183 Zambia
184 Zimbabwe

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Annex 2. Methodology: Search terms and

process
The following search terms were used to identify eligible digital learning
platforms:

■ [country name] digital learning platform

■ [country name] educational platform

■ [country name] e-learning platform

■ [country name] online education platform

■ [country name] learning management system

■ [country name] digital learning app

■ [country name] educational app

■ [country name] e-learning app

■ [country name] Ministry of Education learning app

In addition to a general web search on Google, the team also searched in

Google within government and Ministry of Education web domain names. For
countries where English is not the official language, the search was conducted
in the country’s official language(s). The mobile app search was limited to
Android apps, given their ability to typically run on low-cost phones.

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Annex 3. Rubric criteria, dropdown

options, and notes
# Rubric criteria Rubric dropdown Notes
options

1 Country name Open-ended

2 Platform name Open-ended

3 Website Open-ended

4 App link Open-ended

5 Target audience students The scope of this initial mapping did not
teachers include parents / caregivers or
students and teachers education administrators.

6 Can it be yes Platforms that offered some features

accessed without no that were accessible without an
an account? unknown account, but required a user to create an
account to access additional
functionality were marked as ‘yes.’

7 Does it have yes For web pages and mobile apps, we

offline no looked for any functionality that could
functionality? unknown be downloaded / synced online but then
accessed at a later time offline. PDFs
that could be downloaded were not
counted as offline functionality;
multimedia content (including audio,
videos, games, and simulations) that
could be downloaded were counted.

8 Does it run on a yes Basic Android smartphones (screen

basic no sizes 360 × 800 or 720 × 1440) were used
smartphone? unknown to test each platform. The platform was
tested using the smartphones and the
Google mobile-friendly test (⇡Google, no
date).

We selected ‘yes’ for platforms that were

accessible via a smartphone and
successfully passed the mobile-friendly
test.

9 Available Open-ended
languages

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10 Are all national yes If some, but not all, national languages
languages no are represented within a platform, the
represented? unknown team selected ‘no.’

11 Working links? yes We checked if the majority of links were

no working on a platform and linked to live
unknown pages.

12 Regularly yes We selected ‘yes’ if two or more recently

updated? no published resources (within the past
unknown year) were identified and / or if the
platform was dated 2021 or 2022.

13 Content a user yes We selected ‘yes’ if the platform offered

can interact with? no at least one interactive feature (quizzes,
(i.e., beyond a unknown assessments, games). Animations and
collection of videos were not counted as interactive.
PDFs)
If the platform is not hosted on YouTube,
and it offers functionality for a user to
comment on a video or post, we
selected ‘yes.’

14 Foundational yes We looked for resources, content and /

literacy and no or activities on foundational literacy and
numeracy (FLN) unknown numeracy (FLN; meaning literacy and
resources? numeracy skills are typically acquired
during the early years of primary school
(⇡Evans & Hares, 2021).

15 Inclusive and yes We selected ‘yes’ if the platform

accessible for no included at least one of the following
children w/ unknown features:
disabilities? ■ provides audio content
■ colour-blind friendly (i.e., colour
contrast)
■ provides inclusive
content-curriculum
■ provides captions; text to speech
■ allows the user to adjust text size

16 Platform type resource hub The response options were defined as

LMS follows:
other ■ resource hub: a platform that
unknown collates and organises learning
resources and existing content
from one or more source(s)

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■ LMS: a learning management

system that includes
asynchronous and / or
synchronous courses for various
grades and subjects. Moodle is
one example of an LMS that
some governments have used for
their national digital learning
platform
■ other: this option was selected if
the above two platform types did
not apply

17 Other notes Open-ended

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Annex 4. List of digital learning platforms

mapped
# Platform name Country

1 Nasab- Alternative Education Services Afghanistan

2 Akademi (web) Albania

3 Akademi (App) Albania

Office national d’éducation et de formation à distance

(ONEFD) [in English: The National Bureau for Distance
4 Education and Training] Algeria

5 Escolinha em casa Angola

6 Google Classroom Antigua and Barbuda

7 Seguimos educando Argentina

8 Nuestra escuela Argentina

9 Biblioteca nacional de maestros y maestras Argentina

10 Sistema Integral de Información Digital Educativa Argentina

11 Biblioteca digital Argentina

12 Heravar Armenia

13 Dasaram Armenia

14 E-resurs Azerbaijan

15 TV Lessons from the Ministry of Education Azerbaijan

16 TV Lessons from the Ministry of Education Azerbaijan

17 Elektron Dərslik Portalı Azerbaijan

18 EduNET Bahrain

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19 eduNET.BH (Mobile App) Bahrain

20 My Digital Library (Maktabati al-Raqmiyya) Bahrain

21 eduTCC.BH (Mobile App) Bahrain

22 Cox's Bazar Education Sector - Learning Passport Bangladesh

23 Digital Content Bangladesh

24 E-learning Resource Center Barbados

25 Google G-Suite Barbados

26 National Transformation Initiative Barbados

27 National Education Internet Portal Belarus

28 Belizean Studies Belize

29 Teacher Learning Institute Belize

30 National School Portal Belize

Belize Education Management Information System

31 (BEMIS) Belize

32 INFRE Benin

33 Ecole au Bénin TV Benin

34 Imaginecole Benin

35 Indo-Bhutan e-Library Bhutan

36 Google Class Room Bhutan

37 Sherig Youtube: Self Instructional Materials Bhutan

38 Educa Bolivia Bolivia

39 Educa Bolivia

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Bosnia and
40 e-Nastava Herzegovina

41 EThuto Botswana

42 Plataforma MEC de Recursos Educacionais Digitais Brazil

43 Banco Internacional de Objetos Educacionais Brazil

44 AVAMEC Brazil

45 National Teacher's Electronic Library Bulgaria

46 Faso e-education Burkina Faso

47 Imaginecole Burkina Faso

48 Sistema de gestao de aprendizagem Moodle Cabo Verde

49 Aprender e estudar em casa Cabo Verde

50 think!think! Cambodia

51 Distance Education Cambodia

52 E-Learning MoEYS Cambodia

53 E-Learning MoEYS Cambodia

54 MINESEC Distance Learning Cameroon

55 Portail de la Renaissance du Tchad FHD Chad

56 Chad Educational TV Chad

57 EduChad Chad

58 GoClass Chad

59 Aprendo en línea Chile

60 China Education Network Television China

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61 Chang An Shu Yuan China

62 Smart Education of China (web) China

63 Smart Education of China (app) China

64 National Public Service Platform for Educational Resources China

65 Colombia aprende Colombia

66 Contenidos para aprender Colombia

67 INSOR educativo Colombia

68 Mi señal Colombia Colombia

69 Profe en tu casa Colombia

70 Classera Comoros Comoros

71 Ecole à Domicile Congo TV Congo, Rep.

72 Ecole à Domicile (EAD) Congo, Rep.

73 Portal Educ Costa Rica

74 Aprendo Pura Vida: learning passport Costa Rica

75 Imaginecole Cote d'Ivoire

76 Mon école à la maison: Primaire Cote d'Ivoire

77 Mon école à la maison:Préscolaire Cote d'Ivoire

78 Mon école à la maison: Lycée Cote d'Ivoire

79 Mon école à la maison: Collège Cote d'Ivoire

80 Nikola Tesla Portal Croatia

81 Skola za Zivot Croatia

82 Cuba educa Cuba

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83 Mi clase TV Cuba

84 Canal educativo Cuba

85 E-learning platform Menfop Djibouti

86 Plateforme des Dashboards Djibouti

87 Digital Classroom Dominica

88 Dominica Library and Information Service Dominica

89 Espacio virtual de soporte para educación no presencial Dominican Republic

90 Biblioteca virtual Dominican Republic

91 Inteligencia Quisqueya Dominican Republic

92 Radio televisión educativa dominicana Dominican Republic

93 Ma classe Congo, Dem. Rep.

94 Ma classe App Congo, Dem. Rep.

95 Educar Ecuador Ecuador

96 Educa Ecuador

97 Elearning Egypt, Arab Rep.

98 MOE E-Learning Egypt, Arab Rep.

99 E-Learning Portal Egypt, Arab Rep.

100 Egyptian Education Platform Egypt, Arab Rep.

101 Edmodo Egypt, Arab Rep.

102 hesas Egypt, Arab Rep.

103 Discovery Education Egypt, Arab Rep.

104 Electronic Vocational Training and Development Platform Egypt, Arab Rep.

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105 Live broadcast platform Egypt, Arab Rep.

106 MoE Egypt Edu Stream Egypt, Arab Rep.

107 Mi portal El Salvador

108 Enlaces con la educación El Salvador

109 Escuela en mi casa Equatorial Guinea

110 E-learning & D-Library Ethiopia

111 Learning Hub (web) Fiji

112 Telecom Learning Hub (app) Fiji

113 Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts Fiji

114 Gabon5000 Gabon

115 Apprendre à la maison Radio Gabon

116 Apprendre à la maison TV Gabon

117 Xgest mobile Gabon

118 Xgest Web Gabon

119 ilearngambia Gambia, The

120 Virtual Classroom Gambia, The

121 EL.GE Georgia

122 Email.Mes Georgia

123 Edmodo Ghana Ghana

124 icampusghana Ghana

125 National Teaching Council (NTC) E-learning Platform Ghana

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Photodentro- Greek National Aggregator of Educational

126 Content Greece

127 eBooks Greece

128 Mathainoumeasfaleis Greece

129 M-Star Learning Support Platform Grenada

130 Aprendo en casa y en clase Guatemala

131 Mineduc Digital Guatemala

132 DIGECADE Guatemala

133 M'Booré Guinea

134 Imaginecole Guinea

135 MoE Quiz Platform Guyana

136 MoE website Guyana

137 PR@TIC Haiti

138 Lakou Jou Haiti

139 Educatrachos Honduras

140 STVE TELEBÁSICA Honduras

Educatrachos-Pasaporte de aprendizaje (Learning

141 Passport) Honduras

142 DIKSHA (Web) India

143 DIKSHA (App) India

144 SWAYAM (Web) India

145 SWAYAM (App) India

146 Virtual Labs India

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147 O Labs India

148 E-Pathshala (Web) India

149 E-Pathshala (App) India

150 National Digital Library of India India

151 VidyaDaan India

152 Rumah Belajar "Home Learning Portal" (web) Indonesia

153 Rumah Belajar "Home Learning Portal" (mobile) Indonesia

154 Radio Edukasi Indonesia

155 m-edukasi Indonesia

156 Sima Education Network Iran, Islamic Rep.

157 Shadweb.iranlms.ir Iran, Islamic Rep.

158 Educational channel on YouTube Iraq

159 Iraq educational platform Iraq

160 Newton Iraq

161 MOEYI Book Fusion Jamaica

162 Educate Jamaica Jamaica

163 MoEYI eResources App Jamaica

164 Primary Exit Profile Jamaica

165 NoorSpace (web page) Jordan

166 NoorSpace Jordan (mobile app) Jordan

167 Darsak Jordan

168 Darsak (mobile app) Jordan

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169 Teacher Training Platform Jordan

170 JoLearn Jordan

171 JoLearn (mobile app) Jordan

172 Learning Bridges Jordan

173 Jordan's Youth Learning Passport Jordan

174 Learning Passport (mobile app) Jordan

175 National Open Educaton Platform Kazakhstan

176 Kundelik (Web) Kazakhstan

177 Kundelik (App) Kazakhstan

178 Samgau Digital- Learning Passport Kazakhstan

179 Elimika Kenya

180 Kenya Education Cloud Kenya

181 Kribati Learning Passport Kiribati

182 Learning Passport Kosovo Kosovo

183 MOE Channel Kuwait

184 Seraj Kuwait

185 Seraj (mobile app) Kuwait

186 IBILIM.KG Kyrgyz Republic

187 Kitep Kyrgyz Republic

188 Bilimduu Muun - Learning Passport Kyrgyz Republic

189 Open Library - “Ачык китепкана” Kyrgyz Republic

190 Khang Panya Lao (web) Lao PDR

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191 Khang Panya Lao (mobile app) Lao PDR

192 Tele Liban E-learning Lebanon

193 Mawaridy Lebanon

194 Digital Library Lebanon

195 School-ly Libya

196 Kilasy pour tous Madagascar

197 Bibliothèque numérique Madagascar

198 MoE Malawi COVID-19 Support Group (on NotesMaster) Malawi

199 TTC Digital Library Malawi

200 TTC Malawi Malawi

201 Digital Educational Learning Initiative Malaysia (Delima 2.0) Malaysia

202 Eduweb TV Malaysia

203 eLATiH Malaysia

204 Filaa Maldives

205 TeleKilaas by MOE Maldives Maldives

206 Google Classroom Maldives

207 So Kalan TV Mali

208 So Kalan Mali

209 Imaginecole Mali

210 Plateforme TAALIMI Mauritania

211 TAALIMI (mobile app) Mauritania

212 TELEsecundaria Mexico

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213 TELEsecundaria Mexico

214 Aprende en casa Mexico

215 CONALITEG Mexico

216 CONALITEG Mexico

217 Nueva escuela mexicana Mexico

218 Pasaporte al aprendizaje Mexico

219 FSM Education Distance Learning Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

220 Educati Online Moldova

221 Mongolian Education Learning System (MEDLE) - web Mongolia

222 Mongolian Education Learning System (MEDLE) - app Mongolia

223 UCI DOMA Montenegro

224 Digital Naskola Montenegro

225 Skolski Portal Montenegro

226 ABHATOO Morocco

227 TelmidTice Morocco

228 e-takwine-tanmia Morocco

229 douroussi Morocco

230 Massar Moudaris Morocco

231 Massar Moutamadris Morocco

232 Instituto de Educaçao Aberta e à Distância Mozambique

DAE-Myanmar School Education Lessons (YouTube

233 Channel) Myanmar

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234 MoE Radio Lessons Myanmar

235 Namibia Reads Namibia

236 Learn On One Namibia

237 E-Paath Nepal

238 E-Pustakalaya (Web) Nepal

239 E-Pustakalaya (App) Nepal

240 Learning Portal Nepal

241 Nicaragua Educa Nicaragua

242 Imaginecole Niger

243 TDP Resource Hub Nigeria

244 Nigeria Learning Passport (Web) Nigeria

245 Nigeria Learning Passport (App) Nigeria

246 Eduino Platform North Macedonia

247 Mawred - Youtube Channel Oman

248 MoE ICT platform Oman

249 eLearn (Web) Pakistan

250 eLearn (App) Pakistan

251 Taleem Ghar (App) Pakistan

252 Taleem Ghar (Web) Pakistan

253 E-taleem Pakistan

254 Educa Panama Panama

255 Biblioteca Digital Paraguay

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256 Tu escuela en casa Paraguay

257 Aprendo en casa Peru

258 Aprendo en casa Peru

259 Peru Educa Peru

260 DepEd Commons Philippines

261 DepEd Learning Resource Portal Philippines

262 DepEd Climate Change Philippines

263 Minecraft: Education Edition Philippines

264 DepEd YouTube Channel Philippines

265 Telescoala Romania

266 Educred Romania

267 Manuale Romania

268 REB elearning (YouTube Channel) Rwanda

269 REB elearning platform Rwanda

270 Min of Education SLU Moodle Platform Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the

271 Education Alive Grenadines

272 MESC Moodle Samoa

273 Learning Passport São Tomé and Príncipe

274 Future Gate Saudi Arabia

275 Noor Saudi Arabia

276 iEn Ethraia Saudi Arabia

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277 Madrasati Saudi Arabia

278 IEN Portal (mobile app) Saudi Arabia

279 Imaginecole Senegal

280 Apprendre à la maison Senegal

281 Canal Education Senegal Senegal

282 PROMET Senegal

283 PROMET Mobile Senegal

284 Tele Ecole Senegal

285 Learning Passport Serbia

286 Portal of the Ministry of Education for Online Teaching Serbia

287 MBSSE E-learning resources Sierra Leone

288 Sierra Leone Learning Passport Sierra Leone

289 iResource Solomon Islands

290 Western Cape Government E-learning portal South Africa

291 DBE Cloud South Africa

292 ECD Mobi South Africa

293 DBE Learners South Africa

294 e-Thaksalawa Sri Lanka

295 Nenasa Educational Mobile App Sri Lanka

296 Rawafid educational portal State of Palestine

297 Sudanese Electronic School Sudan

298 Syrian Educational Platform Syrian Arab Republic

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299 Syrian MoE YouTube Channel Syrian Arab Republic

300 Ravşanfikr Tajikistan

301 MoEVT E-learning System Tanzania

Office of the Private Education Commission (Digital

302 Learning Centre) Thailand

303 Digital Education Excellence Platform Thailand

National TV and Radio Broadcasting Platform (Office of the

Broadcasting Commission television business and the
304 National Telecommunications) Thailand

305 Timor-Leste Learning Passport Timor-Leste

306 Eskola Ba Uma (YouTube Channel) Timor-Leste

307 Eskola Ba Uma (app) Timor-Leste

308 Imaginecole Togo

309 TeleEduTogo Togo

310 TeleEduTogo App Togo

311 HAMA e-learning platform (HeLP) Tonga

312 Student E Resources Trinidad and Tobago

313 School Learning Management System Trinidad and Tobago

314 MoE Virtual Class on Notesmaster Trinidad and Tobago

315 CNTE Tunisia

316 The Virtual Educational Library Tunisia

317 Watania Educative YouTube Channel Tunisia

318 EBA (Web) Turkey

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319 EBA (App) Turkey

320 Kolibri Uganda

321 MON Youthube Channel Ukraine

322 All Ukranian School Online Ukraine

323 Alef Education United Arab Emirates

324 EduShare United Arab Emirates

325 Al Diwan United Arab Emirates

326 Al Diwan (mobile app) United Arab Emirates

327 Abu Dhabi Activity Platform United Arab Emirates

328 Training Management United Arab Emirates

329 Plan Ceibal Uruguay

330 Crea Uruguay

331 Crea Uruguay

332 Matlific Uruguay

333 Plataforma de lengua Uruguay

334 Biblioteca País Uruguay

335 TV educativa Uruguay

336 Edu Portal Uzbekistan

337 Maktab Uzbekistan

338 Ministry of Education & Training SoundCloud Vanuatu

339 Ministry of Education & Training Vanuatu

340 Cada familia una escuela Venezuela, RB

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341 MOET E-learning Platform Vietnam

342 MoGE-Notesmaster program Zambia

343 The Learning Passport Zimbabwe

344 MoE radio lessons Zimbabwe

345 Banco de recursos educativos Andorra

346 ABC TV Education Australia

347 Scootle Australia

348 Digital Learning Packs (NWS Government) Australia

349 Resources, Anywhere: Digital Backpack (ACT Goverment) Australia

350 ARC Education (State of Victoria) Australia

351 FUSE (State of Victoria) Australia

352 Edu Thek Austria

353 Edu Tube Austria

354 digi.konzept MOOC Austria

355 digi4school: Digital Library Austria

356 Happi Belgium

357 Portail de l'enseignement en fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles Belgium

358 E-Classe Belgium

359 KlasCement Belgium

360 Alberta Education Canada

361 LearnAlberta Beta Canada

362 Curriculum Nova Scotia Canada

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363 My learning at home: Manitoba Canada

364 Angirrami Illinniarniq Nanavut Canada

365 Learn at Home/Apprendre à la maison Canada

366 Keep Learning Canada

367 Open School /Ecole ouverte Canada

368 Matières à emporter Canada

369 Saskatchewan Canada

370 Ucitelka Czech Republic

371 Edu Česká Televize Czech Republic

372 Nadalku Czech Republic

373 iVysílání České televize Czech Republic

374 ČT Déčko Czech Republic

375 Přijímačky bez obav Czech Republic

376 HistoryLab Czech Republic

377 iŠkolství.cz Czech Republic

378 emu.dk Denmark

379 UddannelsesGuiden Denmark

380 Opintopolku.fi portal Finland

381 Yle Lapset Finland

382 Yle Etäkoulu (Yle Distance School) Finland

383 Lumni France

384 Deutsch für Schulen CNED France

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385 English for School, CNED France

386 Jules, à tes côtés pour tes devoirs France

387 Classe virtuelle CNED France

388 MaSpé Maths CNED France

389 MobiCNED France

390 Bayerischer Rundfunk: Schule daheim -Online lernen Germany

391 Bildungsserver Berlin-Brandenburg Germany

392 Bildungsserver Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Germany

393 Thematic portal: online-supported learning Germany

394 Hamburger Bildungsserver Germany

395 Hessischer Bildungsserver Germany

396 Mebis- Landesmedienzentrum Bayern Germany

397 ODiMSaar - the online media library Germany

Mundo (The open education media library of the federal

398 states) Germany

399 Thüringer Schulportal Germany

400 Educational Resources online platform Hong Kong SAR, China

401 Education Bureau Online Self-learning Courses Hong Kong SAR, China

402 Oktatási Hivatal Hungary

403 Digitalis oktatas Hungary

The Public Education Registration and Study Basic System

404 (KRÉTA) Hungary

405 Up2University – Digital Educational Environment Hungary

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406 Tankönyvek és segédletek Hungary

407 Menntamalastofnun Fraedslugatt Iceland

408 Scoilnet Ireland

409 PDST Ireland

410 Ministry of Education YouTube Channel Israel

411 National broadcasting system YouTube Channel Israel

412 Pedagogical – Portal of Teaching Staff Israel

413 Student Portal Israel

414 WEBEX Israel

415 INDIRE Italy

416 RAI scuola Italy

417 Steam Library Japan

418 Learning inovation Japan

419 Future Classroom Japan

420 NHK for School Japan

421 EBS Korea, Rep.

422 KERIS e-learning Korea, Rep.

423 KERIS Wedorang Korea, Rep.

424 On-school Korea, Rep.

425 Science all Korea, Rep.

426 CareerNet Korea, Rep.

427 Knowledge Spring (knowledge wall) Korea, Rep.

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428 Naujienos Lithuania

429 Idomiosios pamokos Lithuania

430 Schouldoheem.lu Luxembourg

431 Enfance Jeunesse Luxembourg

432 Education Lu Luxembourg

433 Oli education Luxembourg

434 Lesopafstand Netherlands

435 Wikiwijs Netherlands

436 Learning from home New Zealand

437 Home Learning TV New Zealand

438 Ki te Ao Mārama New Zealand

439 Any questions New Zealand

440 NR Skole Norway

441 Zintegrowana Platforma Edukacyjna (ZPE) Poland

442 ZPE Mobile Poland

443 Skola Z Poland

444 Apoio a escolas Portugal

445 Estudo em casa Portugal

446 Estudo em casa Portugal

447 RTP Ensina Portugal

448 Viki Slovak Republic

449 ucimenadialku.sk (We Teach Remotely Portal) Slovak Republic

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450 SIO Slovenia

451 Aprendo en casa online Spain

452 Aprendo en casa TV Spain

453 Pro comun Spain

454 Pro comun Spain

455 INTEF Spain

456 Proyecto Edia- CEDEC Spain

457 Educlan Spain

458 Skola Hemma Sweden

459 Educa agency Switzerland

460 BBC Bitesize United Kingdom

461 Oak Academy United Kingdom

462 NCES: Kids' Zone United States

463 DoDSTEM: Department of Defense United States

464 Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress United States

465 NASA STEM Engagement United States

466 Smithsonian Science Education Center United States

Data in the classroom: National Oceanic and Atmospheric

467 Administration United States

AK Learns: Alaska Department of Education and Early

468 Development United States

469 Digital DE: Government of Delaware United States

470 Florida Virtual School: Florida United States

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MOOSE: Maine Online Opportunities for Sustained

471 Education United States

The full dataset of digital learning platforms can be found here. The datasheet
includes the authors’ organisation of the dataset under key indicators. Readers can
use the datasheet to replicate or conduct their own analysis.

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