Unit 10 - Nervous system

● Communication system of the body

● Nervous system uses electrical impulses and its much faster than
endocrine system (uses hormones)

Talking about the neuron and the neuroglia

For the nervous system to work it need 3 things:
. Sensory input; ability to respond to stimuli outside the body, respond to
stimuli through our special senses (all on the face) & general senses (all
throughout the body; touch, hunger, pain
. Integration in the brain when senses come through the body the use an
Efferent pathway in to the CNS. We don’t see with our eyes, we see with
our brain (integrate process)
. Motor response; motor output going through afferent pathway going
somewhere (usually muscle or organ)

Organization of the nervous system

. Nervous system- goes back and forth from CNS (central nervous system;
brain & spine) and PNS (peripheral nervous system; everything else)
. PNS- Sensory input (afferent) and Motor output (efferent; response)
4
. Motor output- Sensory response (voluntary; skeletal muscles) and
Autonomic response (involuntary; cardiac & smooth muscles, glands)
3
. Autonomic- Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (rest or
2
digest)
1
Neuron
– Sensory neuron; outside the axon & does not look like typical motor
neurone cell body
– Multi polar neuron; typical neutron, 1 axon and cell body at beginning,
3
multiple dendrites
– Bipolar neurone; cell body is along the axon line
– Unipolar neurone;
2
– Dendrites; finger like projections from cell body - to receive an impulse
– Neurosoma; correct name of cell body
– Axon hillock; beginning of the axon (wide base from neurosoma and
1
becomes more narrow towards axons) going to determine if the impulse
is proccessed or not
– Axon; nerve fibour (yellow part) only one axon per neuron, impulse travels
along axon
– Schwann cell: bubble like cells coating the axon, part of the PNS,
neuroglial cells (forming of myelin sheath)
 – Nodes of ranvier; little gaps between the Schwann cells, helps to make
the impulse travel faster by bouncing from each node
– Ganglion; bump on dorsal root to make room for cell body

Types of Myelin (protective) cells - NEUROGLIAL

– ; part of the protective & housekeeping functions
– Astrocytes ; most abundant glial cells in the CNS; provide support
framework for the tissues (looks like a star & has extension that goes into
vessels & wraps around them)
– Microglial; go through tissue and destroy debris
– Ependymal cells; looks like epithelial cells but are not, ependymal cells
have no basement membrane, waves in order to direct CFS to where it
needs to go & also produces it, found in ventricles and open spaces in
the brain
– Oligodendrycytes; have arms that reach out to nearby nerve fibber,
provides myelin sheath so provide insulation. Found only in the CNS , in
the brain
– White matter; part of the spinal cord, myelinated that’s why its white in
colour, and faster in moving signals (outer part of spinal cord, inner part
of brain, reversed)
– Schwann cells; mulit layer myelin sheath wrapping, once it is fully
wrapped it is now a myelin sheath and is protecting the axon, Schwann
cell does the wrapping, once finished it is considered a Schwann cell
– Neaurolemma; outer later of the Schwann cell including the outlet later of
each wrap around the axon

Spinal cord
~Cauda equina; top of lumbar region, where vertebrae stop, epidural is placed
past the lumbar region
~Vertebrae; boney prominence, sticks out, nerve usually underneath it, protective
mechanism
~Cervical spinal nerves; Only one that starts with nerve first then boney
prominence, 1st vertebrae= nerve C1, 8 nerves total (FROM TOP OF SPINE)
~Throcic spinal nerves; Bony prominence then nerve, 12 nerves total - starts after
cervical spinal nerves. 1st nerve = nerve T1
~Lumbar spinal nerves; 5 total ….
~Sacral spinal nerves; 2-3 total …
~Plexus; multiple nerves joining together only in the spinal cord, nerves coming
off of spinal cord individually and joining together
~Spinal nerve; dorsal and ventral roots bunch together in the PNS
~Central canal; hole in centre of spinal cord where CSF flows through
 ● Layers of the spinal cord (outer to inner most)
. Dura mater; hugs spinal cord, most outer layer, hard
. Arachnoid later; web like appearance,
. Pia mater; surrounding white matter of spinal cord, soft
– Starts at the medulla oblagota of brain cell; is 45cm long in average
adults, officially ends at the first vertebrae of the Lumber nerve L1, turns
into the Cauda Equina

● Structure of nerve
~Endoneuriums; wraps around myelin sheath
~Perineurium: the wrapping around bundle of a bunch of endoneuriums (without
perineurium is just a bundle called a fascicle) (all go to different places)
~Epineurium; Many perineuriums wrapped together
~These wrapping makes sure that the signal is successfully carries

Reflex
The 5 steps of a reflex arc;
Sensory receptor turns into electrical impulse
Sensory neuron
Integration centar
Motor neuron

Inter-neuron; Needed for a reflex, space between the neurones in the spinal cord
3 neuron reflex; multiple (2) spaces in the interneuron

Brain
~Diacephalon; made up of separate parts, found inside the cerebrum, does not
grow much from childhood
~Brainstem; midbrain, pons, medulla oblagonta, impulse’s going in from the spine
to the brain
~Cerebrum= largest part of Brian, includes thin band around
Thalamus=epithalamus, hypothalamus= below Thalamus, Pituitary gland=hanging
piece below hypothalamus
~Top parts of the ridges & grooves called Gyrus,
~grooves going downward called Sulcus
~Central sulcus; divides the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe
~Lateral sulcus; separates temple lobe form frontal & parietal lobe
~Pareto-occipital sulcus; separates occipital lobe from parietal lobe
~deep sulcases are2 then called fishers
~Transverse fissure, very deep sulcus separating cerebrum & cerebellum
~Longitudinal fissure, deep root front to back of middle of brain
~Corpus collosum; allows for coordination between left & right side of brain
( wouldn’t be able to walk without it or damaged), wraps top part of thalamus
~Basal nuclei
~Medulla oblongata; below pons, part of breathing centre
~Pons; area posterior to Thalamus and above Medulla Oblongata, looks like bean
~Cerebral cortex= grey matter of brain

~Superior sagittal sinus; along the longitudinal fissure (back forth)

~Transverse sinus; along the transverse fissure (left to right)

Scull
. Skin on scalp
. Periosteum; bone around bone
. Bone of skull
. Dura mater; 2 sections- periostea dura mater (boney part) & Meningeal
dura mater (tissue layer that follows fissure & makes space for vein/
sagittal sinus which is triangle in nature)
. Subdural space; subdural hematoma (bleeding in space), between Dura
mater & arachnoid
. Arachnoid mater; spider & hair like layer, arachnoid villus= certain parts
goes into the sagittal sinus
. Subarachnoid space; between arachnoid & Pia matter
. Pia mater; stuck on brain matter, meninges of the brain (infection =
meningitis)

● Verticles (all connected, all flows)

. Left Lateral ventricle- top left arch
. Right lateral ventricle- top right arch
. Interventricular foramen (left & right) - ending of each lateral ventricle
connecting to the third ventricle
. Third ventricle- thin line leading to fourth ventricle ( can look like weird
shape at different angles)
. Fourth ventricle; diamond shape near brainstem , left & right lateral
aperture= small holes in fourth ventricle ( can look like thin line at
different angles)
~ Choroid plexus= bunched capillaries in each ventricle, produce CSF

CSF circulation
. Left ventricle choroid plexus will filter out fluid = CSF then goes to inter
ventricular foramen
. Goes into third ventricle, makes its own CSF with choroid plexus, both
 .
CSFs flow to fourth ventricle
. Fourth ventricle makes its own CSF to add, with goes down through
central canal, out through lateral apertures, or medial apertures
. Carried by the transverse sinus to make it back to the CNS, flows around
spinal cord and subarachnoid space comes across sagittal sinus and
travels through superior sagittal sinus
. Ependymal cells filter out RBCs and push CSF in proper direction while
providing protection

~Difference between periatal nerves and cranial nerves;

Peripheral nerves based on location
Cranial nerves named after roman numbers